DOCSLIB.ORG

The Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan Objectives, Design, and Performance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan Objectives, Design, and Performance WTP- 120 0; RL rE , -<3zP R 'C 1t1;'-Nd.'94 Public Disclosure Authorized The Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan Objectives, Design, and Performance Herve Plusquellec Public Disclosure Authorized EVEL ANDTr upA Public Disclosure Authorized ESO IcO RONM MECN --- ~JAA4IJI!E~NUFABTSA Public Disclosure Authorized RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No.58 Levitsky and Prasad, CreditGuarantee Schemes for Smalland Medium Enterprises No. 59 Sheldrick, WorldNitrogen Survey No. 60 Okun and Ernst, CommunityPiped Water Supply Systemsin DevelopingCountries: A PlanningManual No. 61 Gorseand Steeds, Desertificationin the Sahelianand SudanianZones of West Africa No.62 Goodland and Webb, The Managementof Cultural Propertyin WorldBank-Assisted Projects: Archaeological,Historical, Religious, and Natural UniqueSites No. 63 Mould, FinancialInformation for Managementof a DevelopmentFinance Institution: Some Guidelines No. 64 Hillel, The EfficientUse of Waterin Irrigation:Principles and Practicesfor ImprovingIrrigation in Arid and SemiaridRegions No. 65 Hegstad and Newport, ManagementContracts: Main Featuresand DesignIssues No. 66F Godin, Pre'parationdes projets urbains d'amenagement No. 67 Leach and Gowen, HouseholdEnergy Handbook: Ar, Interim Guideand ReferenceManual (also in French, 67F) No. 68 Armstrong-Wright and Thiriez, Bus Services:Reducing Costs, Raising Standards No. 69 Prevost, CorrosionProtection of PipelinesConveying Water and Wastewater:Guidelines No. 70 Falloux and Mukendi, DesertificationControl and RenewableResource Management in the Sahelianand SudanianZones of West Africa (also in French, 70F) No. 71 Mahmood, ReservoirSedimentation: Impact, Extent, and Mitigation No. 72 Jeffcoate and Saravanapavan, The Reductionand Controlof Ulnaccounted-forWater: Working Guidelines (also in Spanish, 72S) No. 73 Palange and Zavala, WaterPollution Control: Guidelines for ProjectPlanning and Financing(also in Spanish, 73S) No. 74 Hoban, EvaluatingTraffic Capacity and Improvementsto RoadGeometry No. 75 Noetstaller, Small-ScaleMining: A Review of theIssues No. 76 Noetstaller, IndustrialMinerals: A TechnicalReview (also in French, 76F) No. 77 Gunnerson, WastewaterManagement for CoastalCities: The OceanDisposal Option No. 78 Heyneman and Fdgerlind, UniversityExaminations and StandardizedTesting: Principles, Experience, and PolicyOptions No. 79 Murphy and Marchant, Monitoringand Evaluationin ExtensionAgencies (also in French, 79F) No. 80 Cernea, InvoluntaryResettlement in DevelopmentProjects: Policy Guidelines in WorldBank-Financed Projects(also in Spanish, 80S,and French, 80F) No. 81 Barrett, UrbanTransport in WestAfrica No. 82 Vogel, CostRecovery in the HealthCare Sector: Selected Country Studies in WestAfrica No. 83 Ewing and Chalk, TheForest Industries Sector: An OpgerationalStrategy for DevelopingCountries No. 84 Vergara and Brown, The New Faceof the WorldPetrochemical Sector: Implications for Developing Countries No. 85 Ernst & Whinney, Proposalsfor Monitoringthe Performanceof ElectricUtilities No. 86 Munasinghe, IntegratedNational Energy Planningand Management:Methodology and Applicationto Sri Lanka No. 87 Baxter, Slade, and Howell, Aid and AgriculturalExtension: Evidence from the World Bankand Other Donors No. 88 Vuylsteke, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. I:Methods and Implementation No. 89 Nankani, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. 11:Selected Country CaseStudies (List continues on the inside back cover) WORLDBANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 120 The Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan Objectives, Design, and Performance Herve Plusquellec The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1990 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1990 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to Director, Publications Department, at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'1ena, 75116Paris, France. ISSN:0253-7494 Herv6 Plusquellec is an irrigation engineering adviser in the Agriculture Production and Services division of the Agriculture and Ruxal Development department of the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plusquellec, Herve L., 1935- The Gezira irrigaiton scheme in Sudan: objectives, design, and performance / Herve Plusquellec. p. cm.-(World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494;no. 120) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN0-8213-1536-6 1. Irrigation-Sudan--Gezira Region. I. Title. II. Series. TC919.S74P58 1990 333.91'3'096264-dc2O 90-12459 CIP CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Official Rate Commercial Rate US$1 = LS 4.5 12.1 Sudanese Pound (LS) = US$ 0.22 0.082 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Feddan (Fd) = 0.42 hectare (ha) Kantar (seed cotton) = 143 kilogram (kg) ABBREVIATIONS ARC Agriculture Research Corporation ELS Extra Long Staple Cotton EMC Earthmoving Corporation FOP Field Outlet Pipe GRS Gezira Research Station HRS Hydraulic Research Station GOS Government of Sudan MOI Ministry of Irrigation MS Medium Staple Cotton RPMU Rehabilitation Project Management Unit SGB Sudan Gezira Board Government of Sudan Fiscal Year July 1 to June 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . .vi Preface .vi Summary and Conclusions ... 1 Considerations for the modernization of the Gezira Scheme--8 I. The Project Area . 13 II. The Project Description . 16 Storage Dams .... 16 Conveyance and Distribution System . 17 III. Design Operational Requirements . 25 IV. Actual Performance ... 34 Operation Activities ... 35 Maintenance Activities . 40 Operation and Maintenance Budgets . 48 VI. Agricultural Production . 50 VII. Recovery of Operation and Maintenance Costs . 54 VIII. Improvement of System Performance . 58 Tables 1-14 .... ..... 68-81 Annex 1 Main Features of Gezira Scheme . 82 References .... ..... 89 Figure 1: Typical Field Layout . 91 Figure 2: Mean Monthly Evaporation and Rainfall at Wad Medani 92 Figure 3: Effect of Prolonged Soil Wetness on Crop Coefficient 93 Map IBRD 22155 Location of Project Area . Map IBRD 22156 Irrigation and Drainage System . Vi. FOREWORD For the Sudan Gezira scheme, the eighties have been a decade of missed opportunities. Despite considerablemomentum on rehabilitation,the scheme is operating well below its potential. Unless its key actors embark on a major reform of production arrangementsin the scheme, Gezira will not be the engine of growth that Sudan desperatelyneeds in the nineties. Placing the farmer at the center of the production process, with the Government and parastatal providing the enabling environment through a policy framework and basic facilities such as research, extension and investment promotion, is the key to Gezira's future. Efforts, such as the present case study, should assist decision makers in the task of realizing Gezira's potential in the nineties. J. Shivakumar Chief, Agriculture OperationsDivision Eastern Africa Department World Bank vii PREFACE This report is part of a series of case studies on the performance of irrigation systems in different countries. These studies focus on the extent to which the design of the irrigation system fosters effective water management and provides equitable, reliable, timely water distribution to farms (analyzes water efficiencies, the effectiveness of maintenance, and cost recovery). Case studies have been prepared by the Bank's Operations Evaluation Department (OED) in cooperation with the Agriculture and Rural Development Department (AGR)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SUDAN COVID-19 Situation Overview & Response 30 September 2020
    SUDAN COVID-19 Situation Overview & Response 30 September 2020 Confirmed Cases by state No. of Activities by Organization as of 1 October 2020 IOM 839 13,653 International boundary UNHCR 234 Confirmed cases State boundary Undetermined boundary Red Sea Save the children 193 Abyei PCA Area ECDO 150 384 RIVER RED SEA UNFPA 135 836 6,764 Confirmed cases per state NILE Plan International Sudan 39 Welthungerhilfe (WHH) 34 Deaths Recovered 39 438 WHO 23 NORTHERN HOPE 22 Highlights 146 NCA 20 9,810 The Federal Ministry of Health identified the first case of COVID-19 on 12 March WVI 19 OXFAM 12 2020. United Nations organisations and their partners created a Corona Virus 227 NADA Alazhar 12 Country Preparedness and Response Plan (CPRP) to support the Government. EMERGENCY NGO Sudan 12 NORTH DARFUR KHARTOUM On 14 March 2020, the Government approved measures to prevent the spread of KASSALA EMERGENCY 12 Khartoum the virus which included reducing congestion in workplaces, closing schools 1,135 TGH 11 By Org. Type: NORTH KORDOFAN and banning large public gatherings. From 8 July 2020, the Government started AL GEZIRA World Vision Sudan 11 GEDAREF NORWEGIAN 9 174 7 WEST REFUGEE COUNCIL to ease the lock-down in Khartoum State. The nationwide curfew was changed 203 (9.64%) (0.39%) DARFUR WHITE 274 Italian Agency 7 from 6:00 pm to 5:00 am and bridges in the capital were re-opened. Travelling Development Co. NGO Governmental 34 NILE 241 Near East Foundation 7 between Khartoum and other states is still not allowed and airports will 190 SENNAR CAFOD 6 CENTRAL WEST gradually open pending further instructions from the Civil Aviation Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • SUDAN Situation Report Last Updated: 17 Oct 2019
    SUDAN Situation Report Last updated: 17 Oct 2019 HIGHLIGHTS (17 Oct 2019) Sudan hosts the largest South Sudanese refugee population in the region, with an estimated 8600,000 reported in the country as of 30 September 2019. • Cholera outbreak continues, with 288 cases— including eight deaths—reported in Blue Nile and Sennar states as of 15 October 2019. Oral Cholera Vaccination Campaign launched in Blue Nile and Sennar states, targeting 1.6 million people in high risk areas. Humanitarian partners have developed a cholera readiness and response plan and are seeking US$ 20.3 million for the next three months. KEY FIGURES FUNDING (2019) CONTACTS Paola Emerson 364,200 288 $1.1B $503.6M Head of Office People affected by Suspected cholera Required Received [email protected] floods cases ! j e Mary Keller , r y d r Head, Monitoring and Reporting r n 44% o 17 2 PA rogress [email protected] S States affected by States with cholera floods (HAC & outbreak Partners) FTS: https://fts.unocha.org/appeal s/670/summary FEATURE (17 Oct 2019) Sudan hosts the largest South Sudanese refugee population in the region In 2019, South Sudanese refugees continued arriving to the country as instability in South Sudan persists. When conflict erupted in South Sudan in mid-December 2013, over 2.2 million South Sudanese citizens fled their homes and took refuge in neighbouring countries. The Government of Sudan has maintained an open border policy, allowing safe and unrestricted access for those fleeing conflict and conflict-related food insecurity and granting them refugee status. As of 30 September, Sudan hosts the largest number of South Sudanese refugees in the region with an estimated 859,000 refugees, with approximately 467,000 living in Sudan prior to the conflict in South Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • SUDAN Situation Report Last Updated: 3 Oct 2019
    SUDAN Situation Report Last updated: 3 Oct 2019 HIGHLIGHTS (3 Oct 2019) Humanitarian partners have developed a cholera readiness and response plan and are seeking US$ 20.3 million for the next three months. Number of suspected cholera cases continues to rise, with 226 cases—including eight deaths— reported in Blue Nile and Sennar states as of 30 September 2019. Federal Ministry of Health has requested Oral Summary of Sudan cholera response plan budget Cholera Vaccine (OCV) to target 1.6 million people in high risk areas of Blue Nile and Sennar states. Forecasts estimate up to 13,200 cholera cases in the next 6 months in high risk states of Sudan. KEY FIGURES FUNDING (2019) CONTACTS Paola Emerson 364,200 226 $1.1B $452.1M Head of Office People affected by Suspected cholera Required Received [email protected] floods cases j e r , Mary Keller d y n r r A Head, Monitoring and Reporting o 39% 17 2 S Progress [email protected] States affected by States with cholera floods (HAC & outbreak Partners) FTS: https://fts.unocha.org/appeal s/670/summary EMERGENCY RESPONSE (3 Oct 2019) Humanitarian Cholera Readiness and Response Plan The major disease outbreaks in Sudan for the past decades are grouped into three categories based on type of transmission: water-borne, vector-borne and vaccine-preventable diseases. This is mainly attributed to low access to and coverage of safe drinking water, and sanitation, environmental sanitation and low vaccination coverage; exacerbated by weak health and WASH infrastructures. The country experienced the worst flooding since 2015 creating favourable ground for emergence and aggravation of water-borne and vector-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, dengue fever, malaria, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Gedaref District Studv Area
    ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING & MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA (ETMA) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE SUDAN GEDAREF DISTRICT STUDV AREA Final Report Edited 3y Qalal El 2)in 01 TCayeb, Ph. 2). INSTITUTE OF ENVIRQONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM SUDAN SEPTEMBER 1985 Prepared for: The United States Agency for International Development -- I Project No. 698-0427 CONTRIBUTORS PART ONE Galal El Din El Tayeb, Ph.D & Anne Lewandowski CONTRIBUTORS PART TWO Group Leader : Galal El Din El Tayeb, Ph.Do Group members who took part in the field work or contributed to Part Two of this report Anne Lewandowski salah Sharaf Ei Din :Dr. Yustaf% 19. 2iuiiman Dr. Abbas Shasha Musa Yousif Yohamed : El Tayeb Zil Rahiu Ahmed Aid. Lohman SSamirn Moqhamed : Ea Tayeb El Falci Amreal Kurna CONTENTS Page List of Figures.............. ................... iv List of Tables..................................... v Ackyiowledgemerit ..................................viii INTRODUCTION..................................... 1 PART ONz BAS MINE DATA AND TN!1LD ANALYSIS I. INTRODJUCTION TO THE STUDY t,A ............ 4 A. Criteria for Selection ................. 4 B. Location ................................ 6 C. ,V'hn InrTica torc UJ-e........................ 6 D. Criteriu for Ba:ellre Selectior ...... 7 II. PHYSICAL SVIHOcrILN..................... 8 A. Climate ................................... 8 B. Geology .................................. 1i C. Soils ..................................... D, Vegetation ........ .. ... .. .. 38 16 " Wil dl if e .. .. .1 III. SOC!0 .- LO;ONOIC Cc.9,D iI'r2,M.; .............. 23 A. lopula tiocn _ .... ........... i......... 23 :. Ljvelihood and Land Uce Systems ........ 25 1V. KAAhOS VIL-AG ., GLDAIl, DTRJq'......... 40 v. ( , OSBS OF CHANG 11 , BASEKMIAE cnrITlONS AN) THE RHLATiC I,;EIP OF 'TIVIRO M; 1i1-i'I, IDICATORS TO 1iiRh'£ BA$S5LINE CO0,TI''TONS... 41 TREND AVALYSIS............................. 43 ". I.'2.O T ..........
    [Show full text]
  • WRM-2020-05 NBI Technical Reports: Water Resources
    NBI Technical Reports: Water Resources Management Series Scenarios for Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture WRM-2 020-05 Document Sheet This Technical Report series publishes results of work that has been commissioned by the member states through the three NBI Centers (Secretariat based in Entebbe- Uganda, the Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office based in Addis Ababa - Ethiopia and the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program Coordination Unit based in Kigali - Rwanda. The content there-in has been reviewed and validated by the Member States through the Technical Advisory Committee and/or regional expert working groups appointed by the respective Technical Advisory Committees. The purpose of the technical report series is to support informed stakeholder dialogue and decision making in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development through equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the shared Nile Basin water resources. Document Citation NBI Technical Reports - WRM 2020-05, Scenarios for Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture Title Scenarios for Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture Series Water Resources Management 2020-05 Number Responsible and Review Responsible Nile-Secretariat NBI Center Responsible Dr. Abdulkarim Seid, Dr. Yohannes Gebretsadik NBI Document Nile-Secretariat experts review. Working Group Meeting and Review Workshop in Kigali Process Final Version endorsed 2019 Author / Consultant Consultant Firm Authors Dr. Semu Moges and Dr. Amare Haileslassie Project Funding German Cooperation BMZ, implemented by GIZ Source Project Support to Transboundary Cooperation in the Nile Basin Name Project 16.2083.0-004.00 Number Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of NBI’s Member States or its development partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation Water Pricing : the Gap Between Theory and Practice 1Edited by François Molle and Jeremy Berkoff
    Irrigation Water Pricing The Gap Between Theory and Practice Edited by f. Molle and J. Berkoff 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CABI is a trading name ofCAB International CAB! Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue 1 Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA 1 Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 * Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org 1 OCAB International 2007. AlI rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the 1 copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 1 Irrigation water pricing : the gap between theory and practice 1edited by François Molle and Jeremy Berkoff. p. cm. - (Comprehensive assessment ofwater management in agriculture series) Includes bibliographical references and indax. 1 ISBN 978-1-84593-292-3 (alk. paper) 1. Irrigation water--prices. 2. Water-supply, Agricultural--Economic aspects I. Molle, François. n. Berkoff, Jeremy, 1943- m. Titre. Iv. Series. 1 HD1714.1774 2008 333.91'3--dc22 2007021697 1 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King's Lynn. 1 1 1 Mon.. &, S..rkon_FM.lndd Iv 11/1312007 1:16:31 PM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Irrigation Water Pricing 1 The Gap Between Theory and Praetice 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Molle & BerkofCFM.indd i 11/1312007 1:16:31 PM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ·1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mol.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholera Outbreak
    ACAPS Briefing Note: Sudan Cholera Outbreak Briefing Note – 16 June 2017 Anticipated Without immediate intervention in WASH and health sectors, scope and infection is likely to spread further. While previously concentrated SUDAN scale in less densely populated states, it has now spread to the capital, Khartoum, a much more densely populated area. The onset of the Cholera outbreak rainy season this month is also likely to act as an aggravating factor. The areas most at risk are White Nile and Khartoum, while the population group most at risk are vulnerable South Sudanese Need for international Not required Low Moderate Significant Major refugees. There is also a risk that it will spread to Darfur in the assistance X rainy season, where poor infrastructure, vulnerable IDP Very low Low Moderate Significant Major populations, and ongoing conflict would heighten the Expected impact X humanitarian impact of the outbreak. Key priorities WASH: Lack of clean drinking water and poor sanitation facilities create favourable conditions for the spread of infection. Crisis overview Health: Lack of medicines, and overcrowded and understaffed health facilities are a major problem. A cholera outbreak that started in Blue Nile state in August 2016 began to spread rapidly as of April this year. Conservative estimates suggest a minimum of between 15,000- 23,000 people infected, with 280-820 deaths. It is currently affecting Gedarif, White Nile, Humanitarian Humanitarians are denied access to populations in SPLM-N Khartoum, Sennar, River Nile, North Kordofan, and Gezira states. White Nile is host to a constraints controlled areas of Sudan. Information on the health status of large South Sudanese refugee population and has had the highest number of cases so populations in these areas is largely unavailable.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan
    A Management Perspective on the Performance of the Irrigated Sub-Sector: Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan By Osman Roman Jermalili Kiri B.Sc. (Agric. Engineering), Alexandria University (1980) M.Sc. (Agric. Engineering), Cranfield University, U.K. (1988) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in fulfillment for the requirements of the degree PhD (Agric) Supervisor: Dr. Amir Bakhiet Saeed Co-Supervisor: Dr. Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum June 2007 i ABSTRACT It is widely recognized that the performance of large scale schemes in the Sudan (Rahad Scheme as an example) has not fulfilled the objectives supposed to be furthered by the agricultural development strategy. The performance of these projects has been below any expectation. Therefore much attention has been given to the question of how these large scale schemes can be made to perform efficiently and effectively in order to increase their potential contribution. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of irrigation water management of Rahad schemes and what steps can be taken to improve its performance with reference to planning, implementation and progress monitoring processes of water supply activities. The study was carried out using different data collection methods, a survey- questionnaire, in-depth group and individual interviews, document reviews and personal observation. Results of assessment of the water supply activities indicated that there was no acceptable planning, implementation and monitoring processes available in the scheme for the following reasons: - The detailed operational procedures available in the scheme were only perfunctorily applied. - There is lack of proper management functions.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: an Eco-Systemic Construct of Northern Riverain Sudan
    University of Pretoria etd – Osman, A O S (2004) CHAPTER 3: AN ECO-SYSTEMIC CONSTRUCT OF NORTHERN RIVERAIN SUDAN 3.1 SUB PROBLEM 2 The study context needs to be identified eco-systemically. This needs to be initiated by the articulation of social, political, cultural and religious descriptions and the identification of the recurring themes in the literature of the region. 3.2 HYPOTHESIS 2 It is believed that through the eco-systemically based identification of recurring themes in the literature of/on the region, essential and incidental attributes of the place and culture can be articulated. This can become a tool in interpretation of tangible/ intangible artefacts, spatial interventions, and social practice. 3.3 OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 3 This chapter is initiated by looking at the history of the region. The reasons behind the delimitation of the area of study are articulated and justified. The recurring themes are then expressed through an intensive literature review. The origins of the people are explained and elaborated. The identity of the northern riverain people is established as a political and a religious concept. The northern Sudanese riverain people are thus introduced. 3.4 THE CONTEXT: ITS HISTORY AND ITS VALIDITY AS AN AREA OF STUDY Three main civilizations lived on this land, extending along the Sudanese Nile valley from the present northern border with Egypt to the town of Sennar on the Blue Nile and Kosti on the White Nile: the Kushites, the Meroites and the Funj (refer to Table 3.1). The Kushites had their centres at Kerma and then at Napata.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 an Extension to the Gezira Scheme International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement
    I 1 THE MANAGIL SOUTH-WESTERN EXTENSION: . 1 AN EXTENSION TO THE GEZIRA SCHEME INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR LAND RECLAMATION AND IMPROVEMENT Reprint from: Tgdschryt van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap; Vol. 82, 1965, 2 iI AN EXTENSION TO THE GEZIRA SCHEME AN EXAMPLE OF AN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN D. J. SHAW Senior Lecturer in Rural Economy, University of Khartoum (Republic of the Sudanj H. VEENMAN &ZO.NEN N.V. / WAGENINGEN /THE NETHERLANDS / 1965 International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement I I Institut International pour 1’Amélioration et la Mise en valeur des Terres Internationales Institut fur Landgewinning und Kulturtechnik Instituto International de Rescate y Mejoramiento técnico de Tierras P. O. BOX 45 / WAGENINGEN I THE NETHERLANDS 800,000 feddans 3, and more than doubles the area in the Gezira Scheme cultivated I under extra-long staple cotton. Its development has been based largely on the pattern uf the Gezira Main Area 4. There are, however, important differences between the two components of the Scheme. These are partly the result of experience gained in the original Scheme area, and partly the result of differing physical and human conditions. The Managil Extension is essentially part of a wider programme for developing 5 shortage (January 1 to July 15) when the flow of the Nile is at its lowest 7. The new agreement enabled the Sudan Government to proceed with its plans for an enlarge- ment of the Getira Scheme, and other irrigation projects. Early plans for a dam at Roseires, supported by investigations made in the 1950’s 8, could now be put into operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Prof. Mm Ninan
    PROF. M. M. NINAN AL GEZIRA: THE COTTON CAPITAL M.M.NINAN San Jose, CA 95123 2015 CONTENTS I Al Gezira 1 II The Gezira Scheme 5 III The University of Gezira 11 AL GEZIRA: THE COTTON CAPITAL M. M. NINAN I Al Gezira Al Jazirah (Madani), also spell “Gezira”, is one of the 18 states of Sudan. The state lies between the Blue Nile and the White Nile in the east-central region of the country. It has an area of 27,549 sq.km . The name comes from the Arabic word for island. Wad Madani is the capital of the state. Al Jazirah ( Gezira) is a well populated area suitable for agriculture. The area was at the southern end of Nubia and little is known about its ancient history and only limited archaeological work has been conducted in this area. It was part of the kingdom of Alodia for several centuries and with that state's collapse in the early sixteenth century became the center of the Funj Kingdom of Sennar. Alodia or Alwa was the southernmost of the three kingdoms of Christian Nubia; the other two were Nobatia and Makuria to the north. Much about this kingdom is still unknown, despite its thousand-year existence and considerable power and geographic size. Due to fewer excavations far less is known about Alodia than its northern counterparts. Most of what is known about Christian Nubia comes from either contemporary Egyptian sources and the intensive archaeological work done in Lower Nubia prior to the flooding of many sites by the Aswan High Dam.
    [Show full text]
  • Refugees from South Sudan As of 31 March 2020
    SUDAN: KHARTOUM POPULATION DASHBOARD Refugees from South Sudan as of 31 March 2020 Total number of refugees¹ 283,895 BY DATA SOURCE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION UNHCR/COR² registered refugees 84,711 IPP³ registered and/or unregistered 199,184 Total arrivals in 2020 - Total arrivals in March 2020 - 1 Government sources estimate the number of South Sudanese refugees in Sudan to be higher; however, data requires verification. Biometric registration (30%) Out-of-camp registered with UNHCR/COR (30%) 2 Commission for Refugees IPP Registered & Unregistered (70%) Out-of-camp - IPP registered & unregistered (70%) 3 Immigration and Passport Police AGE-GENDER BREAKDOWN⁴ SCHOOL- AGED REPRODUCTIVE- HOUSEHOLD CHILDREN (6-17 YRS)⁴ AGED WOMEN/GIRLS DISTRIBUTION⁴ (13-49 YRS)⁴ Age (years) Male Female 0-4 6% -20 6% 20 5-11 10% 10% 19% 33% 28% 12-17 7% 8% 18-59 23% 25% 60+ 3% 3% Primary ‘6-13 yrs’ (23%) Women-headed (19%) 4 Population distribution statistics are based on biometrically registered individuals only Secondary ‘14-17 yrs’ (10%) 101 Karari 7,850 Khartoum North 717 Umm Badda Nivasha 2,745 AL-Takamol 12,173 John Madit 191 Hy Baraka Block 3 Hy Baraka Block 4 7,251 EGYPT 58 Angola 3,454 1,164 LIBYA Red Sea 508 Red Sea 82 Northern 4,738 Sharq El Nile 1,920 19,105 River Nile Khartoum CHAD North Darfur 7606 Khartoum Kassala SUDAN 122 North Kordofan El Gazira 2,895 603 Gedaref West Darfur White Nile Sennar 63 Central Darfur West Kordofan KHARTOUM South Kordofan Blue Nile South Darfur East Darfur ETHIOPIA 3,054 14,126 SOUTH SUDAN 2,586 Um Durman 1,422 6,468 12,375 Jabal Aulia NORTHERN NORTH KORDOFAN 9,676 NILE 2,885 Umm Badda 1,558 Al GEZIRA Karari Khartoum North Bantiu Legend KHARTOUM Sharq El Nile 12,270 Khartoum UNHCR Oce Um Durman Jabal Aulia Open Areas GEDAREF Dar El Selam 8 Dar El Selam 7 Undetermined boundary 1,696 3,464 Al GEZIRA State boundary WHITE NILE Locality boundary 5km The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply ocial endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]