WTP- 120 0; RL rE , -<3zP R 'C 1t1;'-Nd.'94 Public Disclosure Authorized The Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan Objectives, Design, and Performance Herve Plusquellec Public Disclosure Authorized EVEL ANDTr upA Public Disclosure Authorized ESO IcO RONM MECN --- ~JAA4IJI!E~NUFABTSA Public Disclosure Authorized RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No.58 Levitsky and Prasad, CreditGuarantee Schemes for Smalland Medium Enterprises No. 59 Sheldrick, WorldNitrogen Survey No. 60 Okun and Ernst, CommunityPiped Water Supply Systemsin DevelopingCountries: A PlanningManual No. 61 Gorseand Steeds, Desertificationin the Sahelianand SudanianZones of West Africa No.62 Goodland and Webb, The Managementof Cultural Propertyin WorldBank-Assisted Projects: Archaeological,Historical, Religious, and Natural UniqueSites No. 63 Mould, FinancialInformation for Managementof a DevelopmentFinance Institution: Some Guidelines No. 64 Hillel, The EfficientUse of Waterin Irrigation:Principles and Practicesfor ImprovingIrrigation in Arid and SemiaridRegions No. 65 Hegstad and Newport, ManagementContracts: Main Featuresand DesignIssues No. 66F Godin, Pre'parationdes projets urbains d'amenagement No. 67 Leach and Gowen, HouseholdEnergy Handbook: Ar, Interim Guideand ReferenceManual (also in French, 67F) No. 68 Armstrong-Wright and Thiriez, Bus Services:Reducing Costs, Raising Standards No. 69 Prevost, CorrosionProtection of PipelinesConveying Water and Wastewater:Guidelines No. 70 Falloux and Mukendi, DesertificationControl and RenewableResource Management in the Sahelianand SudanianZones of West Africa (also in French, 70F) No. 71 Mahmood, ReservoirSedimentation: Impact, Extent, and Mitigation No. 72 Jeffcoate and Saravanapavan, The Reductionand Controlof Ulnaccounted-forWater: Working Guidelines (also in Spanish, 72S) No. 73 Palange and Zavala, WaterPollution Control: Guidelines for ProjectPlanning and Financing(also in Spanish, 73S) No. 74 Hoban, EvaluatingTraffic Capacity and Improvementsto RoadGeometry No. 75 Noetstaller, Small-ScaleMining: A Review of theIssues No. 76 Noetstaller, IndustrialMinerals: A TechnicalReview (also in French, 76F) No. 77 Gunnerson, WastewaterManagement for CoastalCities: The OceanDisposal Option No. 78 Heyneman and Fdgerlind, UniversityExaminations and StandardizedTesting: Principles, Experience, and PolicyOptions No. 79 Murphy and Marchant, Monitoringand Evaluationin ExtensionAgencies (also in French, 79F) No. 80 Cernea, InvoluntaryResettlement in DevelopmentProjects: Policy Guidelines in WorldBank-Financed Projects(also in Spanish, 80S,and French, 80F) No. 81 Barrett, UrbanTransport in WestAfrica No. 82 Vogel, CostRecovery in the HealthCare Sector: Selected Country Studies in WestAfrica No. 83 Ewing and Chalk, TheForest Industries Sector: An OpgerationalStrategy for DevelopingCountries No. 84 Vergara and Brown, The New Faceof the WorldPetrochemical Sector: Implications for Developing Countries No. 85 Ernst & Whinney, Proposalsfor Monitoringthe Performanceof ElectricUtilities No. 86 Munasinghe, IntegratedNational Energy Planningand Management:Methodology and Applicationto Sri Lanka No. 87 Baxter, Slade, and Howell, Aid and AgriculturalExtension: Evidence from the World Bankand Other Donors No. 88 Vuylsteke, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. I:Methods and Implementation No. 89 Nankani, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. 11:Selected Country CaseStudies (List continues on the inside back cover) WORLDBANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 120 The Gezira Irrigation Scheme in Sudan Objectives, Design, and Performance Herve Plusquellec The World Bank Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1990 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1990 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. 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ISSN:0253-7494 Herv6 Plusquellec is an irrigation engineering adviser in the Agriculture Production and Services division of the Agriculture and Ruxal Development department of the World Bank. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plusquellec, Herve L., 1935- The Gezira irrigaiton scheme in Sudan: objectives, design, and performance / Herve Plusquellec. p. cm.-(World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494;no. 120) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN0-8213-1536-6 1. Irrigation-Sudan--Gezira Region. I. Title. II. Series. TC919.S74P58 1990 333.91'3'096264-dc2O 90-12459 CIP CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Official Rate Commercial Rate US$1 = LS 4.5 12.1 Sudanese Pound (LS) = US$ 0.22 0.082 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Feddan (Fd) = 0.42 hectare (ha) Kantar (seed cotton) = 143 kilogram (kg) ABBREVIATIONS ARC Agriculture Research Corporation ELS Extra Long Staple Cotton EMC Earthmoving Corporation FOP Field Outlet Pipe GRS Gezira Research Station HRS Hydraulic Research Station GOS Government of Sudan MOI Ministry of Irrigation MS Medium Staple Cotton RPMU Rehabilitation Project Management Unit SGB Sudan Gezira Board Government of Sudan Fiscal Year July 1 to June 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword . .vi Preface .vi Summary and Conclusions ... 1 Considerations for the modernization of the Gezira Scheme--8 I. The Project Area . 13 II. The Project Description . 16 Storage Dams .... 16 Conveyance and Distribution System . 17 III. Design Operational Requirements . 25 IV. Actual Performance ... 34 Operation Activities ... 35 Maintenance Activities . 40 Operation and Maintenance Budgets . 48 VI. Agricultural Production . 50 VII. Recovery of Operation and Maintenance Costs . 54 VIII. Improvement of System Performance . 58 Tables 1-14 .... ..... 68-81 Annex 1 Main Features of Gezira Scheme . 82 References .... ..... 89 Figure 1: Typical Field Layout . 91 Figure 2: Mean Monthly Evaporation and Rainfall at Wad Medani 92 Figure 3: Effect of Prolonged Soil Wetness on Crop Coefficient 93 Map IBRD 22155 Location of Project Area . Map IBRD 22156 Irrigation and Drainage System . Vi. FOREWORD For the Sudan Gezira scheme, the eighties have been a decade of missed opportunities. Despite considerablemomentum on rehabilitation,the scheme is operating well below its potential. Unless its key actors embark on a major reform of production arrangementsin the scheme, Gezira will not be the engine of growth that Sudan desperatelyneeds in the nineties. Placing the farmer at the center of the production process, with the Government and parastatal providing the enabling environment through a policy framework and basic facilities such as research, extension and investment promotion, is the key to Gezira's future. Efforts, such as the present case study, should assist decision makers in the task of realizing Gezira's potential in the nineties. J. Shivakumar Chief, Agriculture OperationsDivision Eastern Africa Department World Bank vii PREFACE This report is part of a series of case studies on the performance of irrigation systems in different countries. These studies focus on the extent to which the design of the irrigation system fosters effective water management and provides equitable, reliable, timely water distribution to farms (analyzes water efficiencies, the effectiveness of maintenance, and cost recovery). Case studies have been prepared by the Bank's Operations Evaluation Department (OED) in cooperation with the Agriculture and Rural Development Department (AGR)