DOCSLIB.ORG

Rainfall Consistently Enhanced Around the Gezira Scheme in East Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rainfall Consistently Enhanced Around the Gezira Scheme in East Africa SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2514 Rainfall consistently enhanced around the Gezira Scheme in EastSupplementary Africa Information due to irrigation Ross E. Alter, Eun-Soon Im, Elfatih A. B. Eltahir Mechanistic Framework Two sets of theoretical pathways have been discussed in previous studies connecting irrigation to rainfall modification – a dynamical framework and a moisture budget framework. Both frameworks begin with increased soil moisture and plant growth due to irrigation, which create a repartitioning of the surface energy budget, i.e., smaller sensible heat flux and greater latent heat flux. This results in lower surface air temperatures and greater evapotranspiration, which increase the specific humidity and relative humidity of the air. Then the two frameworks diverge. The dynamical pathway (Supplementary Fig. 6) assumes that the air becomes more convectively stable, the height of the planetary boundary layer is lowered, and subsidence occurs over the irrigated area. This subsidence forms an area of anomalous high pressure, which decreases the potential for convective storms, and thus rainfall, over the irrigated area. However, this area of higher pressure also causes an anomalous anti-cyclonic circulation emanating from the irrigated area. The clockwise wind anomalies from the anti-cyclonic circulation would then converge with the southwesterly background winds to the south and east of the irrigated area and cause anomalous upward vertical motion, which could serve as a trigger and catalyst for storm development1. This mechanism would thus support enhanced rainfall relatively close to (within a few hundred kilometers of) the irrigated area. The above mechanism may offer a hint as to why surface air temperature in Gedaref experienced a greater temperature decrease than irrigated Gezira, according to the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. Over Gezira, the increase in soil moisture due to irrigation causes a subsequent decrease in land NATURE GEOSCIENCE | www.nature.com/naturegeoscience 1 © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved surface temperature (see Fig. 1). However, the irrigation-induced development of anomalous high pressure may reduce the amount of cloud cover over Gezira and allow more radiation to penetrate to the surface, potentially causing a negative feedback on the original decrease in surface air temperature. However, horizontal convergence and subsequent ascent in Gedaref may cause an increase in cloud cover, which prevents further radiation from reaching the surface. Combined with the cooling effect from enhanced rainfall wetting the soil (akin to irrigation), temperatures would be expected to cool considerably in Gedaref. Thus, the cooler temperatures in Gedaref in comparison to Gezira may be consistent with the physical mechanism described above. Another potential mechanism for irrigation-induced rainfall involves the moisture budget2,3. The large increase in evapotranspiration over the irrigated area would create a surplus of atmospheric water vapor and thus increase convective available potential energy (CAPE) over the irrigated area. To a lesser degree, CAPE would also be enhanced downwind of the irrigated areas since excess moisture would likely be advected by the background wind into these non-irrigated regions. Over the irrigated areas themselves, the decrease in surface air temperature could increase convective inhibition (CIN)1, which would reduce the frequency of convective rainfall events over the irrigated area. Downwind, the increase in CAPE and little change in CIN would create an environment that is more conducive for convective storm development. Even if large- scale, synoptic processes are the dominant control on the frequency (i.e., triggering) of rainfall events in these downwind regions, moisture transport and convergence downwind could still feed more water into existing storms, thereby increasing the intensity of rainfall events. This mechanism would theoretically result in irrigation-induced rainfall several hundred kilometers © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved from the irrigation source. On smaller spatial scales, excess moisture over the irrigated area could also be absorbed by a passing frontal system and potentially intensify rainfall locally4. References 1. Im, E.-S., Marcella, M. P. & Eltahir, E.A.B. Impact of potential large-scale irrigation on the West African monsoon and its dependence on location of irrigated area. J. Clim. 27, 994–1009 (2014). 2. DeAngelis, A., et al. Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the Great Plains of the United States. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D15115, doi:10.1029/2010JD013892 (2010). 3. Alter, R. E., Fan, Y., Lintner, B. R., & Weaver, C. P. Observational evidence that Great Plains irrigation has enhanced summer precipitation intensity and totals in the Midwestern US. J. Hydrometeorol., in press (2015). 4. Barnston, A. G. & Schickedanz, P. T. The effect of irrigation on warm season precipitation in the Southern Great Plains. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. 23, 865–888 (1984). © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved (a) (b) Elevation (m) © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Supplementary Fig. 1: (a) A map of major irrigated (green) and rainfed (pink) agricultural schemes in Sudan, with a larger Sudan reference domain in the bottom right corner. Note the locations of Wad Medani (irrigated, analyzed in Fig. 3), Gedaref (rainfed, analyzed in Figs. 3 and 4), and (Northern) Kordofan (minimal agriculture, analyzed in Fig. 4). (b) Land elevation (m) inside the model domain. The Gezira Scheme is encompassed by a black rectangle in both panels. The top figure has been altered from the original figure from UNEP / GRID Europe, which was sourced from SIM (Sudan Interagency Mapping); FAO; vmaplv0, gns, NIMA; The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth, NASA; various reports, maps and atlases; UN Cartographic Section. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved (a) (b) - Control Observed (c) (d) Mean Rainfall © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Supplementary Fig. 2: (top) Differences in mean rainfall (mm day-1) between the control (CONT) simulation of the model and UDel gridded observations for 1979-2008 during (a) July and (b) August. (bottom) Mean July-September rainfall (mm day-1) for (c) CONT and (d) UDel over 1979- 2008. The Gezira Scheme is encompassed by a black rectangle in all panels. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved July August (a) (b) Simulated (c) (d) Observed © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Supplementary Fig. 3: Same as Figure 2, except for two differences: 1) The shaded grid cells are percent differences (%) in rainfall, and 2) the center of the “observed” scale is shifted below zero to account for the general decrease in rainfall over the Gezira region. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved (a) (b) (c) Wad Medani Gedaref GHCN spatial and temporal trends for AugustDifference in Normalized Aug Rainfall © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Supplementary Fig. 4: Same as Figure 3, but for August. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved (a) (b) (c) © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Supplementary Fig. 5: (a) A map of different tributaries of the Nile River and their watersheds (http://entroportal.nilebasin.org/OSIKit/Lists/Basin%20Definiti on/DispForm.aspx?ID=2). The black rectangle, denoting the Gezira Scheme, was added by the authors. The Blue Nile extends southeast of the Gezira Scheme, the White Nile extends southwest of the Gezira Scheme, the Main Nile extends north of the Gezira Scheme, and the Atbara River lies to the east of the Gezira Scheme (shaded in dark brown). (middle and bottom) Differences in normalized streamflow discharges during (b) July and (c) August. Comparisons between 1965-74 and 1975-89 (blue) and 1965-74 and 1975-99 (yellow) are shown for streamflow gauges on four major Nile tributaries: Blue Nile (Deim), White Nile (Malakal), Main Nile (Hasanab), and Atbara River (Kubur). © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved Supplementary Fig. 6: A mechanistic pathway from irrigation to rainfall modification. The diagram on the left shows how irrigation may lead to local (red outline) and remote (blue outline) effects on rainfall in the model experiments (reference 14). The colored arrows point to corresponding panels of simulated, irrigation-induced absolute differences in: (top left) July 2-m air temperature (K), (bottom left) July omega (Pa s-1; negative values correspond to upward vertical motion), and (top right and bottom right) July rainfall (mm day-1; from Fig. 2). © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gedaref District Studv Area
    ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING & MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA (ETMA) ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE SUDAN GEDAREF DISTRICT STUDV AREA Final Report Edited 3y Qalal El 2)in 01 TCayeb, Ph. 2). INSTITUTE OF ENVIRQONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM SUDAN SEPTEMBER 1985 Prepared for: The United States Agency for International Development -- I Project No. 698-0427 CONTRIBUTORS PART ONE Galal El Din El Tayeb, Ph.D & Anne Lewandowski CONTRIBUTORS PART TWO Group Leader : Galal El Din El Tayeb, Ph.Do Group members who took part in the field work or contributed to Part Two of this report Anne Lewandowski salah Sharaf Ei Din :Dr. Yustaf% 19. 2iuiiman Dr. Abbas Shasha Musa Yousif Yohamed : El Tayeb Zil Rahiu Ahmed Aid. Lohman SSamirn Moqhamed : Ea Tayeb El Falci Amreal Kurna CONTENTS Page List of Figures.............. ................... iv List of Tables..................................... v Ackyiowledgemerit ..................................viii INTRODUCTION..................................... 1 PART ONz BAS MINE DATA AND TN!1LD ANALYSIS I. INTRODJUCTION TO THE STUDY t,A ............ 4 A. Criteria for Selection ................. 4 B. Location ................................ 6 C. ,V'hn InrTica torc UJ-e........................ 6 D. Criteriu for Ba:ellre Selectior ...... 7 II. PHYSICAL SVIHOcrILN..................... 8 A. Climate ................................... 8 B. Geology .................................. 1i C. Soils ..................................... D, Vegetation ........ .. ... .. .. 38 16 " Wil dl if e .. .. .1 III. SOC!0 .- LO;ONOIC Cc.9,D iI'r2,M.; .............. 23 A. lopula tiocn _ .... ........... i......... 23 :. Ljvelihood and Land Uce Systems ........ 25 1V. KAAhOS VIL-AG ., GLDAIl, DTRJq'......... 40 v. ( , OSBS OF CHANG 11 , BASEKMIAE cnrITlONS AN) THE RHLATiC I,;EIP OF 'TIVIRO M; 1i1-i'I, IDICATORS TO 1iiRh'£ BA$S5LINE CO0,TI''TONS... 41 TREND AVALYSIS............................. 43 ". I.'2.O T ..........
    [Show full text]
  • WRM-2020-05 NBI Technical Reports: Water Resources
    NBI Technical Reports: Water Resources Management Series Scenarios for Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture WRM-2 020-05 Document Sheet This Technical Report series publishes results of work that has been commissioned by the member states through the three NBI Centers (Secretariat based in Entebbe- Uganda, the Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office based in Addis Ababa - Ethiopia and the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program Coordination Unit based in Kigali - Rwanda. The content there-in has been reviewed and validated by the Member States through the Technical Advisory Committee and/or regional expert working groups appointed by the respective Technical Advisory Committees. The purpose of the technical report series is to support informed stakeholder dialogue and decision making in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development through equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the shared Nile Basin water resources. Document Citation NBI Technical Reports - WRM 2020-05, Scenarios for Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture Title Scenarios for Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture Series Water Resources Management 2020-05 Number Responsible and Review Responsible Nile-Secretariat NBI Center Responsible Dr. Abdulkarim Seid, Dr. Yohannes Gebretsadik NBI Document Nile-Secretariat experts review. Working Group Meeting and Review Workshop in Kigali Process Final Version endorsed 2019 Author / Consultant Consultant Firm Authors Dr. Semu Moges and Dr. Amare Haileslassie Project Funding German Cooperation BMZ, implemented by GIZ Source Project Support to Transboundary Cooperation in the Nile Basin Name Project 16.2083.0-004.00 Number Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of NBI’s Member States or its development partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation Water Pricing : the Gap Between Theory and Practice 1Edited by François Molle and Jeremy Berkoff
    Irrigation Water Pricing The Gap Between Theory and Practice Edited by f. Molle and J. Berkoff 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CABI is a trading name ofCAB International CAB! Head Office CABI North American Office Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue 1 Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA 1 Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 * Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org 1 OCAB International 2007. AlI rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the 1 copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 1 Irrigation water pricing : the gap between theory and practice 1edited by François Molle and Jeremy Berkoff. p. cm. - (Comprehensive assessment ofwater management in agriculture series) Includes bibliographical references and indax. 1 ISBN 978-1-84593-292-3 (alk. paper) 1. Irrigation water--prices. 2. Water-supply, Agricultural--Economic aspects I. Molle, François. n. Berkoff, Jeremy, 1943- m. Titre. Iv. Series. 1 HD1714.1774 2008 333.91'3--dc22 2007021697 1 Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King's Lynn. 1 1 1 Mon.. &, S..rkon_FM.lndd Iv 11/1312007 1:16:31 PM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Irrigation Water Pricing 1 The Gap Between Theory and Praetice 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Molle & BerkofCFM.indd i 11/1312007 1:16:31 PM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ·1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mol.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan
    A Management Perspective on the Performance of the Irrigated Sub-Sector: Case Study: Rahad Scheme - Sudan By Osman Roman Jermalili Kiri B.Sc. (Agric. Engineering), Alexandria University (1980) M.Sc. (Agric. Engineering), Cranfield University, U.K. (1988) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Khartoum in fulfillment for the requirements of the degree PhD (Agric) Supervisor: Dr. Amir Bakhiet Saeed Co-Supervisor: Dr. Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum June 2007 i ABSTRACT It is widely recognized that the performance of large scale schemes in the Sudan (Rahad Scheme as an example) has not fulfilled the objectives supposed to be furthered by the agricultural development strategy. The performance of these projects has been below any expectation. Therefore much attention has been given to the question of how these large scale schemes can be made to perform efficiently and effectively in order to increase their potential contribution. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of irrigation water management of Rahad schemes and what steps can be taken to improve its performance with reference to planning, implementation and progress monitoring processes of water supply activities. The study was carried out using different data collection methods, a survey- questionnaire, in-depth group and individual interviews, document reviews and personal observation. Results of assessment of the water supply activities indicated that there was no acceptable planning, implementation and monitoring processes available in the scheme for the following reasons: - The detailed operational procedures available in the scheme were only perfunctorily applied. - There is lack of proper management functions.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 an Extension to the Gezira Scheme International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement
    I 1 THE MANAGIL SOUTH-WESTERN EXTENSION: . 1 AN EXTENSION TO THE GEZIRA SCHEME INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR LAND RECLAMATION AND IMPROVEMENT Reprint from: Tgdschryt van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap; Vol. 82, 1965, 2 iI AN EXTENSION TO THE GEZIRA SCHEME AN EXAMPLE OF AN IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN D. J. SHAW Senior Lecturer in Rural Economy, University of Khartoum (Republic of the Sudanj H. VEENMAN &ZO.NEN N.V. / WAGENINGEN /THE NETHERLANDS / 1965 International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement I I Institut International pour 1’Amélioration et la Mise en valeur des Terres Internationales Institut fur Landgewinning und Kulturtechnik Instituto International de Rescate y Mejoramiento técnico de Tierras P. O. BOX 45 / WAGENINGEN I THE NETHERLANDS 800,000 feddans 3, and more than doubles the area in the Gezira Scheme cultivated I under extra-long staple cotton. Its development has been based largely on the pattern uf the Gezira Main Area 4. There are, however, important differences between the two components of the Scheme. These are partly the result of experience gained in the original Scheme area, and partly the result of differing physical and human conditions. The Managil Extension is essentially part of a wider programme for developing 5 shortage (January 1 to July 15) when the flow of the Nile is at its lowest 7. The new agreement enabled the Sudan Government to proceed with its plans for an enlarge- ment of the Getira Scheme, and other irrigation projects. Early plans for a dam at Roseires, supported by investigations made in the 1950’s 8, could now be put into operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmers Actions and Improvements in Irrigation Performance Below the Mogha
    FARMERS ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE BELOW THE MOGHA How farmers manage water scarcity and abundance in a large scale irrigation system in South-Eastern Punjab, Pakistan Robina Wahaj CENTHALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0873 2931 Promoter Prof. L.F .Vincent , Hoogleraar in Irrigatie & Waterbouwkunde, Wageningen Universiteit Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof.dr. P.Richards , Wageningen Universiteit Prof.dr. W.Bastiaanssen , International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Enschede. Dr. J. Gowing,Universit y ofNewcastl e upon Tyne,Unite d Kingdom. Prof.dr. P.A.A. Troch, Wageningen Universiteit. FARMERS ACTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN IRRIGATION PERFORMANCE BELOW THE MOGHA How farmers manage water scarcity and abundance in a large scale irrigation system in South-Eastern Punjab, Pakistan Robina Wahaj Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof.dr . ir. L. Speelman in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 5decembe r 2001 des namiddags te 16.00 uur in de Aula Farmers actions and improvements in irrigation performance below theMogha : How farmers manage water Scarcity and abundance ina larg e scale irrigation system in South-Eastem Punjab, Pakistan. Wageningen Universiteit. Promotor: Prof. L.F.Vincent . -Wageninge n : Robina Wahaj, 2001. -p.24 5 ISBN 90-5808-497-3 AJ/00X^\13O^ Propositions 1. Nay were yet okno w withcertaint y ofmin d (yeb eware) . Al-Quran 2. For farmers, control over irrigation water is like control over their own lives - aswate r is life. This thesis 3. It is better toclea n yourow nwatercours e than toborro w anirrigatio n waterturn . This thesis:A farmer from watercourseFD 84-L 4.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan a Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2011 On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan A Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes Joseph M. Snyder West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Snyder, Joseph M., "On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan A Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes" (2011). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4792. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4792 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan A Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes Joseph M. Snyder Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Modern African History Robert Maxon, Ph.D., Chair Joseph M.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank and the Gezira Scheme in the Sudan
    June 30, 2010 69873 Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank and the Gezira Scheme in the Sudan Public Disclosure Authorized Political Economy of Irrigation Reforms June 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 4 I. Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 5 A. History and Evolution of the Gezira Scheme .............................................................................. 5 B. Structural Organization of the Gezira Scheme ............................................................................ 7 II. The World Bank Involvement with the Gezira Scheme ................................................................ 10 A. Early Bank Involvement in the Gezira Scheme: 1958 – 2000 ................................................... 10 B. Recent World Bank Involvement in the Gezira Scheme: 2000 to Present ................................ 12 III. Developments in the Gezira Scheme Since February 2009 ....................................................... 32 I. Report on “The Gezira Scheme: Current Status and the Way to Reform” ............................ 32 II. Developments on Implementation
    [Show full text]
  • Omer M.A. Elawad Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor Of
    UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING MULTICRITERION APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE Omer M.A. Elawad Thesis Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1991 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to my two supervisors: Mr. J.W. Gowing of the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Dr. J.A. Mawdsley of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Their guidance and constructive comments were invaluable in completing this work. The Ministry of Irrigation, Sudan, granted me with a study leave in addition to full financial support during the time of this study. This is fully acknowledged. I am also indebted to many of my colleagues and friends for their help, particularly the staff of the Hydraulics Research Station of the Ministry of Irrigation, Wad Medani, Sudan, for their help in the data collection. Special thanks go to Dr. Ahmed Salih Hussain for his support and encouragement. Last and not least, I am deeply grateful to my parents and wife Sarnia for their patience and encouragements throughout the time of this study. This gratefulness is also extended to my sons Ehab and Harith. ABSTRACT Multicriterion Approach to the Evaluation of Irrigation Systems Performance In recent years the importance and the lack of comprehensive methodologies for measuring the performance of existing irrigation schemes has been widely expressed. The objective of this study is to develop a systematic procedure by which some use can be made of the large quantities of data, already routinely collected in irrigation schemes, for the purpose of their regular seasonal evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan
    water Article Impacts of Legal and Institutional Changes on Irrigation Management Performance: A Case of the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan Ahmed E. Elshaikh 1,2,* , Shi-hong Yang 1,* , Xiyun Jiao 1 and Mohammed M. Elbashier 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; [email protected] (X.J.); [email protected] (M.M.E.) 2 Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation, and Electricity, Wad Medani 318, Sudan * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.E.E.); [email protected] (S.Y.) Received: 25 September 2018; Accepted: 30 October 2018; Published: 5 November 2018 Abstract: This study aims to offer a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of policies and institutional arrangements on irrigation management performance. The case study, the Gezira Scheme, has witnessed a significant decrease in water management performance during recent decades. This situation led to several institutional changes in order to put the system on the right path. The main organizations involved in water management at the scheme are the Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources (MOIWR), the Sudan Gezira Board (SGB), and the Water Users Associations (WUAs). Different combinations from these organizations were founded to manage the irrigation system. The evaluation of these organizations is based on the data of water supply and cultivated areas from 1970 to 2015. The measured data were compared with two methods: the empirical water order method (Indent) that considers the design criteria of the scheme, and the Crop Water Requirement (CWR) method. Results show that the MOIWR period was the most efficient era, with an average water surplus of 12% compared with the Indent value, while the most critical period (SGB & WUAs) occurred when the water supply increased by 80%.
    [Show full text]
  • Report for Economic Mapping for Elgazira State
    Socio-economic and opportunity mapping Assessment report for Gazira State 26th – 28th October 2010 Table of contents: Abstract (summary)………………………………………………………………………………….. Back ground information…………………………………………………………. Goal………………………………………………………………………………………….. Objectives………………………………………………………………………………… Steps and Methods…………………………………………………………………… Target groups………………………………………………………………………….. Limitations of the Study……………………………………………………………………………. Outcomes………………………………………………………………………………… Lesson learned and Recommendations……………………………………………….. Abstract(summary): . Socio-economic opportunity mapping assessment for Gezira state was conducted during from 26 th Oct up 28 th Oct.2010 the assessment was carried out by a joint team from Central Sector Commission and UNDP central the team members are two , one from Central Sector Commission and one from UNDP central. The main purpose of the assessment is to identify the operational environment, institutional setup, community services, and socio-economic situation in Gezira state which may enhance or delay implementation of reintegration activities and to use the gathered information for better planning for the reintegration services to DDR programme. The assessment also will act as starting point for community sensitization about DDR programme and come up with recommendations and lesson learned on best strategy that could be adopted for DDR programme as well as to identify strategy on how to cover this state by DDR programme. The assessment team adopted different approaches for information collection and
    [Show full text]
  • SPECIAL REPORT 2019 FAO CROP and FOOD SUPPLY ASSESSMENT MISSION (CFSAM) to the SUDAN 28 February 2020
    ISSN 2707-2479 SPECIAL REPORT 2019 FAO CROP AND FOOD SUPPLY ASSESSMENT MISSION (CFSAM) TO THE SUDAN 28 February 2020 SPECIAL REPORT 2019 FAO CROP AND FOOD SUPPLY ASSESSMENT MISSION (CFSAM) TO THE SUDAN 28 February 2020 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2020 Required citation: FAO. 2020. Special Report - 2019 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to the Sudan. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7787en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed lines on the maps represent approximate borderlines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The final boundary between the Republic of the Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. The final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISSN 2707-2479 [Print] ISSN 2707-2487 [Online] ISBN 978-92-5-132253-6 © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved.
    [Show full text]