Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office
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. EASTERN NILE TECHNICAL REGIONAL OFFICE TRANSBOUNDARY ANALYSIS FINAL COUNTRY REPORT ETHIOPIA September 2006 This report was prepared by a consortium comprising Hydrosult Inc (Canada) the lead company, Tecsult (Canada), DHV (The Netherlands) and their Associates Nile Consult (Egypt), Comatex Nilotica (Sudan) and A and T Consulting (Ethiopia) DISCLAIMER The maps in this Report are provided for the convenience of the reader. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in these maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Eastern Nile Technical Office (ENTRO) concerning the legal or constitutional status of any Administrative Region, State or Governorate, Country, Territory or Sea Area, or concerning the delimitation of any frontier. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT CRA CONTENTS DISCLAIMER ........................................................................................................ 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................... x 1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Primary Objectives of the Watershed Management CRA ....................... 2 1.3 The Scope and Elements of Sustainable Watershed Management ........ 4 1.3.1 Watersheds and River Basins 4 1.3.2 Concepts and Approaches to "Watershed Management" Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3.3 Approach Adopted to the Eastern Nile Watershed Management CRA 5 1.4 Scope and Purpose of the Transboundary Analysis Country Report ...... 8 2. NATIONAL SETTING - ETHIOPIA ................................................................. 10 2.1 Bio-physical and Socio-economic Setting ............................................. 10 2.2 Administrative Structure........................................................................ 13 2.3 National and Regional Policy Framework ............................................. 15 2.3.1 Introduction 15 2.3.2 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia 16 2.3.3 Agricultural Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI) 16 2.3.4 Millennium Development Goals (2000) 17 2.3.5 Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (2002) 17 2.3.6 Food security strategy (2002) 19 2.3.7 New Coalition for Food Security Programme (2003) 19 2.3.8 Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (2005) 19 2.3.9 Federal Policy on Rural Development 20 2.3.10 Regional States Development Policies 21 2.3.11 Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamations 22 2.3.12 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (1999) 23 2.3.13 Water Resources Management Laws 24 2.3.14 Environmental laws 24 2.4 Eastern Nile Basin in Ethiopia .............................................................. 25 2.5 Overview of Situation and Issues ......................................................... 27 3. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY IN THE EASTERN NILE BASIN .............. 31 3.1 Irrigation and drainage development: ................................................... 31 3.1.1 Evolution of irrigation development: 31 3.1.2 Categories of irrigation schemes 32 3.1.3 Role of irrigation in agricultural production, economy and society. 34 3.1.4 Status and evolution of drainage systems: 35 COUNTRY REPORT - ETHIOPIA ii WATERSHED MANAGEMENT CRA 3.1.5. Water management (WM): 35 3.1.6 Finances of Water Development 35 3.2 Agriculture Production .......................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Inputs Use 36 3.2.2 Crop Production 37 3.2.3 Crop Yields and Productivity: 38 3.3 Livestock production ............................................................................. 40 3.3.1 Livestock Production Systems 40 3.3.2 Livestock Numbers 41 3.4 Agricultural Marketing ........................................................................... 41 3.4.1 Crop Input and Output Marketing: 41 3.4.2 Livestock Marketing: 43 3.5 Agricultural production and market limits .............................................. 43 3.6 Forestry and Agro-forestry In the East Nile Basin ................................. 45 3.6.1 Structure of the Forestry Sector 45 3.6.2 Types and Extent of Forest Resources with the Eastern Nile Basin 46 4. ABAY RIVER BASIN - BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION 50 4.1 Biophysical Characteristics ................................................................... 50 4.1.1 Location and Physiography 50 4.1.2 Climate 54 4.1.3 Geology 60 4.1.4 Soils 60 4.1.5 Land Cover / Land Use 62 4.1.6. Water Resources 64 4.2 Socio-economic Characteristics ........................................................... 67 4.2.1 Population Distribution 67 4.2.2 Population Projections 71 4.2.3 Socio-cultural Aspects of population 73 4.3 Farming Systems .................................................................................. 74 4.3.1 Classification 74 4.3.2 Northern Highlands 74 4.3.3 Western Highlands 77 3.1.4 Western Lowlands 78 4.4 Social Infrastructure: Health and Education .......................................... 80 4.4.1 Health Infrastructure and Health 80 4.4.2 Educational Infrastructure and Educational Enrolment 81 4.5 Transport Infrastructure and Markets................................................... 82 4.5.1 Transport Infrastructure 82 5. THE TEKEZE RIVER BASIN - BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION ......................................................................................................... 86 5.1 Biophysical Characteristics ................................................................... 86 5.1.1 Location and Physiography 86 5.1.2 Climate 90 5.1.3 Geology 95 COUNTRY REPORT - ETHIOPIA iii WATERSHED MANAGEMENT CRA 5.1.4 Soils 95 5.1.5 Land Cover / Land Use 97 5.1.6 Water Resources 99 5.2 Socio-economic Characteristics ......................................................... 100 5.2.1 Population Distribution 100 5.2.2 Population Projections 105 5.2.3 Socio-cultural Aspects of population 106 5.3 Farming Systems ................................................................................ 107 5.3.1 Classification 107 5.3.2 Northern Highlands 107 5.3.3 Western Lowlands 111 5.3 Social Infrastructure: Health and Education ........................................ 112 5.3.1 Health Infrastructure and Health 112 5.3.2 Educational Infrastructure and Educational Enrolment 113 5.4 Transport Infrastructure and Markets ................................................. 114 5.4.1 Transport Infrastructure 114 6. BARO-AKOBO RIVER BASIN RIVER BASIN - BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC SITUATION .................................................................................. 118 6.1 Bio-physical Characteristics ................................................................ 118 6.1.1 Location and Physiography 118 6.1.2 Climate 121 6.1.3 Geology 129 6.1.4 Soils 130 6.1.5 Land Cover/Land Use 132 6.1.6 Water resources 143 6.2 Socio-economic Characteristics ......................................................... 145 6.2.1. Population size and Distribution 145 6.2.2 Population Projections 149 6.2.3 Socio-cultural Aspects of population 150 6.3 Farming Systems ................................................................................ 151 6.3.1 Ethnic Groups and Livelihoods 151 6.3.2 The Cereals + Enset System 153 6.3.3 Coffee cultivation Systems of the high forest (not mapped) 153 6.3.4 Sorghum-Maize-coffee 153 6.3.5 Lowland Sorghum-maize (sedentary and shifting cultivation) systems of the Berta/Komo/Mao 154 6.3.6 Shifting Cultivation Systems of the Majangir 154 6.3.7 The Cereal Cultivation Systems of the Anuwak, Opo and Komo Peoples 156 6.3.8 Agro-Pastoral Systems of Extensive Livestock Production of the Nuer 156 6.3.9 Land use systems of the refugee camps 157 6.3.10 Land use systems Integration 157 6.4 Social Infrastructure: Education and Health ....................................... 158 6.4.1. Health 158 6.5 Transport Infrastructure and Markets ................................................. 159 COUNTRY REPORT - ETHIOPIA iv WATERSHED MANAGEMENT CRA 6.5.1 Transport 159 6.5.2 Markets 161 7. PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF NATURAL RESOURCE DEGRADATION .......... 163 7.1 A Framework for Analysis ................................................................... 163 7.2 Pressure-Shift Factors: The Underlying Causes of Land Degradation and Investment in Sustainable Land Management Technologies ................. 165 7.2.1 Poverty and land Degradation 165 7.2.2 Population Pressure and Land Degradation 167 7.2.3 Poor Access to markets, roads and off-farm employment opportunities and Land Degradation 169 7.2.4 Issues of Land Tenure 170 7.2.5 Impact of Agricultural Extension and Credit programmes on adoption of Land Management Technologies 171 7.2.6 Impact of Public projects 171 7.2.7 Economic Impacts of Land Management Technologies 172 7.2.8 Institutional and Policy Issues 173 7.3 Abay River Basin ................................................................................ 175 7.3.1 Overview of the Watershed Management Problems and Potentials 175 7.3.2 Assessment of the Extent Soil Degradation 175 7.3.3 Assessment of the Extent Deforestation and Degradation of Vegetation Cover in the Abay Basin 185 7.3.3 Assessment of the Extent and Degradation of Wetlands in the Abay Basin 193 7.3.4 Assessment of the Extent Reforestation and Increases of Vegetation Cover in the Abay Basin