Research Report Received January 13, 2020; Accepted July 6, 2020 Creating inclusive environments, New Jersey: John Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20(2), 177-191, Wiley & Sons, 3, 276, 2012 2000 [22] Fogg, B. J., A behavior model for persuasive design. [34] Schmitz, S., Gender-related strategies in PERSUASIVE 2009: The Fourth International environmental development: Effects of anxiety on SOCIAL INTERACTION CONDITIONS FOR CULTURAL Conference on Persuasive Technology (2009) wayfinding in and representation of a SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF HAKKA OLD BLOCK [23] Rahimi, F. B., A model for sociocultural interactions three-dimensional maze, Journal of Environmental Based on Two Community Organizations in Dongshi District, Taichung City, in museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, Psychology, 17(3), 215-228, 1997 29 (2), 174–187, 2014 [35] Kato, Y., and Takeuchi, Y., Individual differences in [24] Rahimi, F. B., Levy, R. M., et al., Human behaviour wayfinding strategies, Journal of Environmental * Ying-Hsun CHEN, Ming-Chyuan HO ** and cognition of spatial experience; a model for Psychology, 23(2), 171-188, 2003 enhancing the quality of spatial experiences in the [36] Hund, A. M., and Minarik, J. L. Getting from here to built environment. International Journal of Industrial there: Spatial anxiety, wayfinding strategies, direction * Doctoral Student, Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology No.123 University Road, Section 3, Ergonomics, 68, 245–255, 2018 type, and wayfinding efficiency, Spatial Cognition and Douliou City, Yunlin County 64002, Taiwan, R.O.C. [25] Zomer, L.-B., Schneider F. et al., Determinants of Computation, 6(3), 179-201, 2006 ** Professor, Department & Graduate School of Industrial Design National Yunlin University of Science and Technology No.123 urban wayfinding styles, Travel Behaviour and University Road, Section 3, Douliou City, Yunlin County 64002, Taiwan, R.O.C. Society, 17, 72-85, 201 [26] Kirasic, K.C., Age differences in adults' spatial Abstract: Based on the investigation of two community organizations, a craft association and a folk abilities, learning environmental layout, and society, which are located on two nearby old Hakka streets in Dongshi District of Taichung City, with wayfinding behavior. Spatial Cognition and document analysis and in-depth interviews, the paper analyzes social interaction conditions for cultural Computation 2, 117–134, 2000 sustainable development of the Hakka Old Block. By the induction of the phenomenon, we can [27] Taillade, M., N'Kaoua, B., et al., Age-Related understand the intention of members of community organizations to participate in the community Differences and Cognitive Correlates of revitalization so as to know the impact of the vision on the success or failure of a social design project as Self-Reported and Direct Navigation Performance: one of the forms of social responsibility. The Effect of Real and Virtual Test Conditions Keywords: community revitalization, Hakka culture, social design, social interaction, sustainability Manipulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2034, 2016 . [28] Taillade, M., Sauzéon, H., et al., Age-related 1. Introduction revitalization policy promoted by the Japanese Government wayfinding differences in real large-scale 1.1. Background Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of the Japanese government, environments: detrimental motor control effects The population growth of advanced countries around put forward the proposal of "local revitalization" and shot during spatial learning are mediated by executive the world is slowing down rapidly. Japan reached its the "three arrows" simultaneously to use information, talent decline?, PloS one, 8(7), e67193, 2013 population peak about 2010, and it has declined every year and financial support to promote local spontaneous thinking [29] Shimomura, K. and Ashizawa, S. et al., Effects of since then. It is estimated that Taiwan will be 10 years later and create job opportunities in towns and villages in order color and illuminance level on the legibility of colored than Japan and reach zero population growth in 2022. to activate the local economy. letters for older people, Color Science Association of Hence, Japan is an important leading indicator that deserves The of Taiwan Government has Japan, 36(1), 15-26, 2015 Taiwan’s reference. designated 2019 as “the first year of regional revitalization”. [30] Knutson, B. J., and Beck, J. A., et al., Identifying the Local Extinctions: Population concentration in Tokyo The “National Strategy for regional revitalization” dimensions of the experience construct, Journal of causing sharp population decline was one of the approved by the Executive Yuan has planned to shoot “five Hospital Leisure Market. 15 (3), 31–47, 2007 best-selling books in 2014 written by Hiroya Masuda, arrows”. The first of which is “the hometown of enterprise [31] Zheng, D. X., and Li, C. X., et al., Effects of Chinese former Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications of investment”, which aims to reinforce the lack of industrial Characteristics on Reading Performance, Journal of the Japanese Government. It is a detailed report of aspects of the community and encourage enterprises to base Far East University, 21(1), 37-46, 2004 (in Chinese) population changes that used the latest official statistics on their passion for hometown, fulfill corporate social [32] Colucciaa, E., Iosueb, G. et al., The relationship from the National Institution of Population and Social responsibility, engage in local occupations, and promote the between map drawing and spatial orientation abilities: Security Research to show that 896 cities, towns and rise of local industries. The township office is set as the unit A study of gender differences, Journal of villages throughout Japan were facing extinction by 2040 for forming and implementing regional revitalization

Environmental Psychology, 27, 135-144, 2007 [1]. This book aroused the sense of crisis of the Japanese projects from the bottom up. Within the township, the [33] Prestopnik, J. L., and Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., The people across the country, attracted their attention to the township office provides top-down policy guidance. relations among wayfinding strategy use, sense of issues such as declining birthrates, border settlements, and As pointed out by Yong-Zhan Li in 2019, what should direction, sex, familiarity and wayfinding ability, local economies, and paved the way for the follow-up local be introspected are: First, do Taiwan's 368 township offices

Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx 1 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx 8 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 2 2020 75 have the ability to take charge of the crucial responsibility two characteristics of the in Taichung City, for promoting regional revitalization? Township offices not Taiwan: First, it is the main settlement area of Taiwan only perform trivial and numerous official duties; they are Hakka people from Dapu County, Guangdong Province. often understaffed. Second, even worse, in order to bid for Second, the main distribution districts of Hakka in Taichung the regional revitalization projects scheduled by the City are currently in Dongshi, Shigang and Xinshe. township offices, the bidders often duplicate the frame According to a survey by the Hakka Affairs Committee provided by the township offices or plagiarize the so-called of the Executive Yuan on the distribution of Hakka people successful cases, so that the written proposal pretended to in Taichung City in 2016, the districts with the largest be based on the focal points of the revitalization, and in fact proportion of Hakka people in Taichung City are Dongshi, completely ignores the cultural and historical characteristics Shigang and Xinshe. The Hakkas in these three districts of the community and the spatial texture. Consequently, account for 13%, 11% and 9% of the total Hakka almost all projects that receive government subsidies are population of Taichung respectively [5]. unlikely to spawn any responsible company. [2] With the prosperity of the Dapu Hakka clan in Taichung, Some mechanisms must be clarified before they can their clan leaders become the local leaders. As a result, The help different stakeholders to form alliances through Dapu accent of Hakka dialect followed by everyone. different industries, put forward a plan of regional Dongshi was developed during the Qing Dynasty, about revitalization and career that suits local needs, and play a 200 years ago. The residents of the old days mainly lived on synergistic effect to achieve the beauty of regional rice cultivation. Residents today prefer to plant fruits. revitalization and rediscover the “sense of place” of The Hakka ethnic group headed by Dapu clans, hometown or new hometown. Regional revitalization is not developed by Shigang, Dongshi and Xinshe in Taichung only a policy promoted by the government, but more City, is larger in scale than any other clan. The Hakka important vigor comes from the autonomy of local people in Taichung realized that their ancestors all had a self-governing groups. We should take advantage of this common immigration experience. Moreover, they faced the bottom-up dynamism, and plan to encourage local same situation after moving to their current residence. industries, universities, associations, and companies to seek Therefore, they all hope to unite local members and to exert local DNA and develop local consensus and vision. [3] collective power by building their own identity with In 2015, Your profitable town changed this area, ten reinterpreting their own history. rules nobody said, written by Hisashi Kinoshita, indicated Owing to the importance attached to the Hakka that local revitalization should be positioned as a “career”, community identity in recent years, the process of ethnic and the key to the success of its activities can be roughly cognition of the Dapu Hakka culture in Taichung has divided into three points: First, “Economic groups” gradually focused on the three aspects of local, academia, participate in local activation activities with the theme of and officials. It has taken 30 years for them to work “environment”. Second, this local revitalization business together. depends on making money on its own, not on subsidies. Previous Taichung Hakka studies focused on building Third, to adopt the structure of civil leadership and collective memory through historical research to strengthen administrative participation. [4] Hakka identity. The paper pays close attention to the Local revitalization should proceed step by step. Before important role that the Hakka cultural power in Taichung establishing local industry, it is necessary to assist local plays within the social participation of the community. associations to become spontaneous units for local Among the issues related to social design, there are revitalization. Based on this point of view, we study the relatively few studies on community organizations. Most Taichung City Dongshijiao Cultural and Creative research has focused on community services, such as caring Association and the Taichung City Hakka Folk Artistry for the elderly and post-disaster reconstruction. Based on Development Association. They were established with the the investigation of two community organizations, a craft assistance of Dongshi Youth Helper Group. The paper association and a folk society, on two nearby Hakka old examines the effectiveness of these two local associations streets called “Main Street” & “Cultural Street” in Dongshi as spontaneous units for local revitalization. District of Taichung City, the paper presents the results in The above two associations are both Hakka community the form of evaluation criteria. On this basis, social organizations in the Hakka area of Taichung City. There are designers can more easily understand the features of local

2 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx 76 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 2 2020 have the ability to take charge of the crucial responsibility two characteristics of the Hakka people in Taichung City, communities. practice. The community design method based on local for promoting regional revitalization? Township offices not Taiwan: First, it is the main settlement area of Taiwan 1.2. Research Motivation revitalization has been practiced in Japan and achieved only perform trivial and numerous official duties; they are Hakka people from Dapu County, Guangdong Province. In recent years, Taiwan’s population has continued to satisfactory results. Thus, the paper aims at the social often understaffed. Second, even worse, in order to bid for Second, the main distribution districts of Hakka in Taichung age rapidly. Finding ways to deal with the aging problem of interaction projects in social design and analyzes two the regional revitalization projects scheduled by the City are currently in Dongshi, Shigang and Xinshe. the rural population has become an important issue in community organizations in Dongshi District, in order to township offices, the bidders often duplicate the frame According to a survey by the Hakka Affairs Committee Taiwan society. Faced the problem of an aging population find the conditions for the revitalization of the old blocks. It provided by the township offices or plagiarize the so-called of the Executive Yuan on the distribution of Hakka people earlier than Taiwan, Japan, Taiwan's neighbor, put forward has reference value for future community design. successful cases, so that the written proposal pretended to in Taichung City in 2016, the districts with the largest the concept of local revitalization to ensure the sustainable 1.3. Significance of Research be based on the focal points of the revitalization, and in fact proportion of Hakka people in Taichung City are Dongshi, operation of aging communities. Local revitalization entails The paper investigates the Hakka community on “Main completely ignores the cultural and historical characteristics Shigang and Xinshe. The Hakkas in these three districts flexible use of the personalities or characteristics of each Street” and a “Culture Street” in Dongshi District of of the community and the spatial texture. Consequently, account for 13%, 11% and 9% of the total Hakka region to build a self-disciplined and sustainable society. Taichung City with document analysis and in-depth almost all projects that receive government subsidies are population of Taichung respectively [5]. However, to achieve this goal, residents should be interviews. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how unlikely to spawn any responsible company. [2] With the prosperity of the Dapu Hakka clan in Taichung, willing to maintain their place, discover its intrinsic value to utilize local culture as the social design resource in Some mechanisms must be clarified before they can their clan leaders become the local leaders. As a result, The and take the lead in action [6]. Yamazaki Ryo once revitalizing a Hakka old block. help different stakeholders to form alliances through Dapu accent of Hakka dialect followed by everyone. personally promoted community design cases by inviting Main Street is the first shopping street in Dongshi, and it different industries, put forward a plan of regional Dongshi was developed during the Qing Dynasty, about community residents to participate in the design process, to is now a lively traditional market. Culture Street has always revitalization and career that suits local needs, and play a 200 years ago. The residents of the old days mainly lived on interact equally, and to communicate closely about the been a religious street. There are 7 temples on the synergistic effect to achieve the beauty of regional rice cultivation. Residents today prefer to plant fruits. design schemes, proving that such a mode can inject fresh 500-meter street, which is arguably the densest temple in revitalization and rediscover the “sense of place” of The Hakka ethnic group headed by Dapu clans, ideas to the social design. Taiwan. There are various religious festivals throughout the hometown or new hometown. Regional revitalization is not developed by Shigang, Dongshi and Xinshe in Taichung The term “social interaction” discussed in the paper year. Taichung City Dongshijiao Cultural and Creative only a policy promoted by the government, but more City, is larger in scale than any other clan. The Hakka refers to the interpersonal network established in the Association (TCDCCA) and the Taichung City Hakka Folk important vigor comes from the autonomy of local people in Taichung realized that their ancestors all had a traditional rural society such as Dongshi District in Artistry Development Association (TCHFADS) are self-governing groups. We should take advantage of this common immigration experience. Moreover, they faced the Taichung City. Due to past developments, the central blocks established on these two streets respectively (Figure 1). bottom-up dynamism, and plan to encourage local same situation after moving to their current residence. and rural residential areas of the area provide a good industries, universities, associations, and companies to seek Therefore, they all hope to unite local members and to exert network of people. local DNA and develop local consensus and vision. [3] collective power by building their own identity with The paper adopts the sense of interaction between In 2015, Your profitable town changed this area, ten reinterpreting their own history. people and society as the basic idea of design strategy, and rules nobody said, written by Hisashi Kinoshita, indicated Owing to the importance attached to the Hakka refers to the community design concept advocated by that local revitalization should be positioned as a “career”, community identity in recent years, the process of ethnic Yamazaki Ryo. In other words, social design is some and the key to the success of its activities can be roughly cognition of the Dapu Hakka culture in Taichung has beautiful “thing” or “object” created through the joint divided into three points: First, “Economic groups” gradually focused on the three aspects of local, academia, efforts of common people and experts, which are neither participate in local activation activities with the theme of and officials. It has taken 30 years for them to work professional nor amateur. Through such activities, the “environment”. Second, this local revitalization business together. participants become friends in the process of interaction and depends on making money on its own, not on subsidies. Previous Taichung Hakka studies focused on building produce affections toward the town in which they live. Third, to adopt the structure of civil leadership and collective memory through historical research to strengthen Consequently, both the common people and the experts are administrative participation. [4] Hakka identity. The paper pays close attention to the willing to continue to participate in the community design Local revitalization should proceed step by step. Before important role that the Hakka cultural power in Taichung voluntarily [7]. establishing local industry, it is necessary to assist local plays within the social participation of the community. A regional community can be formed by strengthening associations to become spontaneous units for local Among the issues related to social design, there are the cohesion of social responsibility that is linked through revitalization. Based on this point of view, we study the relatively few studies on community organizations. Most social associations and by reestablishing people’s affections

Taichung City Dongshijiao Cultural and Creative research has focused on community services, such as caring toward their life. Such a regional community should go Figure 1. Location of TCDCCA and TCHFADS Association and the Taichung City Hakka Folk Artistry for the elderly and post-disaster reconstruction. Based on beyond the community in its generally recognized After an in-depth investigation of these two Development Association. They were established with the the investigation of two community organizations, a craft definition and is a social practice of the community life [8]. organizations, a social design strategy is being reconsidered. assistance of Dongshi Youth Helper Group. The paper association and a folk society, on two nearby Hakka old David Harvey advocates that the community should not be In line with the long-standing experience and contacts of examines the effectiveness of these two local associations streets called “Main Street” & “Cultural Street” in Dongshi regarded as a specific object, asset or social process, but as the traditional carpentry skills operators in the old block, as spontaneous units for local revitalization. District of Taichung City, the paper presents the results in an unstable and fabricated social relationship between the these factures are resulting the social design strategy of The above two associations are both Hakka community the form of evaluation criteria. On this basis, social community and its life or livelihood-related environment. effectively utilizing the resources of Hakka culture organizations in the Hakka area of Taichung City. There are designers can more easily understand the features of local (Zhou, C. M.,2015). In fact, it is a “communing” social

2 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx Journal ofJournal the Science of the Science of Design of Design Vol. Vol. 4 No. xx 2No. 2020 x 20xx 77 3 communities is proposed that the revitalization of the have become the main activity area with high density Hakka town can be promoted with the co-creation of the population (Figure2). elderly and the youth, so to eliminate the unsustainable dilemma after the withdrawal of government subsidies. Based on the research motivation, the paper aims to understand community resilience as the basis of social design. After the September 21st 1999 earthquake, the residents of Dongshi could still maintain their positive attitude and strive to overcome difficulties and adversities. This ability is called social resilience. The paper is based on social design theory. The targets are two local associations of craftsmanship and folk culture. The members of the association are local seniors. Their average age is over 60 years old. They have experienced community reconstruction after the September 21st 1999 earthquake and have a long-term concern for local affairs. After analyzing the background and gender of the association members, we use the experience of consulting to organize cases to build a correlation analysis based on social design orientation. 1.4. The research Issue Figure 2. Population Density Distribution Map of Village in The term “community” discussed in this paper mainly Dongshi District has three connotations: (1) geographical area; (2) social Because residents live close to each other, it is easier to network; and (3) social interaction. The initial definition is exclude outsiders. Community activities and community often associated with “geographical area”, but then evolved members are local residents. It is difficult for outsiders to into the definition of geographical area, in which the degree obtain community information. The paper relies on the of social interaction goes beyond the geographical area. The establishment of the old street resident base named Dongshi definitions of both geographical area and social network Youth Helper Group. In order to obtain the trust of the encompass the view of partial “boundary”, with the residents, two communities were used for the object academic field advocating the concept that emphasizes analysis: Taichung City Dongshijiao Cultural and Creative common consciousness and collective interaction. The Association and the Taichung City Hakka Folk Artistry paper analyzes the two communities in line with the three Development Association. connotations of “community”: from geographical area to Analyzing the social design practice might involve social network and finally to social interaction. The purpose personal statements or sensitive subjects for members of is to demonstrate that the key to the success and sustainable those two associations. Therefore, the respondents were operation of social design cases on the revitalization of old approached individually, and the communication was streets is to understand whether the connotations of the carried out in personal ways that allow them to open up and operations of social associations have evolved to the level discuss their experiences, so their perception of the social of social interaction. Therefore, the aim of the paper is that design practice could be revealed as is required in social the sustainable development of the revitalization of old sciences research. To overcome this limitation, this research streets requires social interaction within the community, focuses on social design projects with a tangible outcome. which means that people in a defined geographical area By focusing on these members of associations, it is likely have social and psychological interactions with each other that the steps taken by the members and their leaders to in the community. realize the social projects are similar and therefore 1.5. Research limitation comparable. Thus, it is possible to gain insights into which Dongshi District of Taichung City is a Hakka settlement, values in common. It is difficult to tell what are the where local residents speak the Dapu Hakka dialect. Local limitations of social design and how to break through these residents live in the old block, part of the riverbank, which

4 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx 78 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 2 2020 communities is proposed that the revitalization of the have become the main activity area with high density limitations. Faced with these difficulties, this time is a good activities, help young people in Dongshi to return to their Hakka town can be promoted with the co-creation of the population (Figure2). opportunity to evaluate social design strategies. hometown and start their own business. The establishment elderly and the youth, so to eliminate the unsustainable time, functions and members of the above three dilemma after the withdrawal of government subsidies. 2. Research Method organizations are described in the following. Based on the research motivation, the paper aims to Document analysis of member profile and in-depth 2.2.1 DYHG. understand community resilience as the basis of social interviews of founders are employed to explore the The project was proposed by the Hakka Affairs design. After the September 21st 1999 earthquake, the importance of a craft association and a folk society in social Committee, Taichung City Government, and as a case for residents of Dongshi could still maintain their positive design. These two organizations originated from the social entrusting labor procurement undertaken by Ding-xin attitude and strive to overcome difficulties and adversities. design initiated by the Dongshi Youth Helper Group Landscape Limited Company. This ability is called social resilience. The paper is based on (DYHG), a workstation located in the local area set up in The implementation period of the project was from social design theory. The targets are two local associations 2018 by the Council for Hakka Affairs of Taichung City. A November 2017 to November 2018. The work of this of craftsmanship and folk culture. The members of the criterion was adopted to assess the intention of members of project is the settlement development planning survey, association are local seniors. Their average age is over 60 community organizations to participate in the community community disturbance, resident workstation space creation, years old. They have experienced community revitalization and to understand the impact of the vision on Hakka industry and crafts empowerment. reconstruction after the September 21st 1999 earthquake the success or failure of a social design project. Organizational attributes of DYHG are short-term and and have a long-term concern for local affairs. After 2.1. Research Design task-oriented types. The office of DYHG is located in analyzing the background and gender of the association The paper analyzed the background of members to Beixing village, Dongshi district. members, we use the experience of consulting to organize understand how their personality characteristics are related 2.2.2 TCDCCA. cases to build a correlation analysis based on social design to their involvement in local activities. The semi-structured Established on February 26, 2018, with 45 members, orientation. approach during the interviews has both negative and TCDCCA is located in Beixing village, Dongshi district. 1.4. The research Issue Figure 2. Population Density Distribution Map of Village in positive implications. Nevertheless, the non-guiding TCDCCA was established to foster cultural and creative The term “community” discussed in this paper mainly Dongshi District characteristic of the interview can cause an effect by the industries, and promote community hardware and software has three connotations: (1) geographical area; (2) social interviewer on the interviewees by steering the question construction, life aesthetics, and local prosperity. Because residents live close to each other, it is easier to network; and (3) social interaction. The initial definition is towards specific predetermined directions, which is a weak 2.2.3 TCHFADS exclude outsiders. Community activities and community often associated with “geographical area”, but then evolved point in a qualitative approach. Established on February 21, 2019, TCHFADS is located members are local residents. It is difficult for outsiders to into the definition of geographical area, in which the degree The research results provide a reference for social in Dongan village, Dongshi district, which has 30 members. obtain community information. The paper relies on the of social interaction goes beyond the geographical area. The design strategies in an attempt to make social design The purposes of TCHFADS are to develop Hakka establishment of the old street resident base named Dongshi definitions of both geographical area and social network implementation more feasible. Firstly, by taking two nearby folklore skills, set up traditional craft, and participate in Youth Helper Group. In order to obtain the trust of the encompass the view of partial “boundary”, with the Hakka old streets called “Main Street” and a “Culture Street” Hakka cultural charity activities. residents, two communities were used for the object academic field advocating the concept that emphasizes in Dongshi District of Taichung City to investigate how to 2.3. Research Framework analysis: Taichung City Dongshijiao Cultural and Creative common consciousness and collective interaction. The utilize local culture as the social design resource in The paper focused on the education background of Association and the Taichung City Hakka Folk Artistry paper analyzes the two communities in line with the three revitalizing a Hakka old block. association members as a possible area where they may Development Association. connotations of “community”: from geographical area to Secondly, the sampling survey was executed by have more social capital to join the activities of the Analyzing the social design practice might involve social network and finally to social interaction. The purpose collecting data from two groups to analyze by using association. Stereotypic education materials and gender bias personal statements or sensitive subjects for members of is to demonstrate that the key to the success and sustainable statistical methods. and education background are important factors to consider those two associations. Therefore, the respondents were operation of social design cases on the revitalization of old 2.2. Research Object when addressing gender stereotypes in education. These approached individually, and the communication was streets is to understand whether the connotations of the There are three social organizations in this study. For aspects influence members of association starting at a carried out in personal ways that allow them to open up and operations of social associations have evolved to the level convenience of reference, the following abbreviations are younger age than other residents and may help them to discuss their experiences, so their perception of the social of social interaction. Therefore, the aim of the paper is that used as follows: acquire social design ideas. design practice could be revealed as is required in social the sustainable development of the revitalization of old 1) Dongshi Youth Helper Group is hereinafter referred The paper is a descriptive research, focusing on sciences research. To overcome this limitation, this research streets requires social interaction within the community, to as DYHG. collecting and presenting facts and discovering what has focuses on social design projects with a tangible outcome. which means that people in a defined geographical area 2) Taichung City Dongshijiao Cultural and Creative existed. The research design includes: research area, object, By focusing on these members of associations, it is likely have social and psychological interactions with each other Association is hereinafter referred to as TCDCCA. method, limitations and the importance of research. that the steps taken by the members and their leaders to in the community. 3) Taichung City Hakka Folk Artistry Development realize the social projects are similar and therefore 1.5. Research limitation Society is hereinafter referred to as TCHFADS. 3. Literature Review comparable. Thus, it is possible to gain insights into which Dongshi District of Taichung City is a Hakka settlement, TCDCCA and TCHFADS are the sources of the data In the preface of Designing for Society: Products and values in common. It is difficult to tell what are the where local residents speak the Dapu Hakka dialect. Local collected for this study. DYHG is a resident workstation. Its Services for a Better World, Tromp and Hekkert stated: limitations of social design and how to break through these residents live in the old block, part of the riverbank, which function is to assist local community organizations “Typically, when designers see opportunities to improve

4 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx Journal ofJournal the Science of the Science of Design of Design Vol. Vol. 4 No. xx 2No. 2020 x 20xx 79 5 people’s lives, they feel the urge to take action. When they understanding of an "ethnic group" and "ethnic interaction" see parents struggling with a stroller, they design a better to explore the feasibility of Hakka associations in the one; when they see people lost in airport terminals, they Dongshi District of Taichung City to participate in social design better signage systems or develop new navigation design. Social Design, which has been more and more apps; when they understand the power of interactive frequently mentioned in recent years, can be said to be a flip storytelling, they design compelling video games.” and expansion of the concept of "design". From now on, the According to Tromp and Hekkert social design means scope of design is not only the plane, product or service, designing for society; they suggested that society is what anything "designed for society" can be the object of the we share. Different from the above discussion, they further design. mentioned the value construction of social design. Everything that's designed affects society, and how we live; 4. Research result designers have a responsibility to understand this, and In the paper, we are grateful that the main goal of social design with attention to the impact of their work on the design is to improve the quality of life of most people; on present and future generations. Tromp and Hekkert cared the other hand, it also means that social design should be a about people’s life. They mentioned that, “In our view, process in which most people can participate. It is because concerns can be pragmatic, like a concern for punctuality, everyone is a member of society and has his own position and/or quite fundamental, like a concern for freedom.” [9] and vision. Furthermore, they proposed procedures and method of Recently, the research on local-characteristics industry social operation. This paper discusses the background of the has developed vigorously. Among them, industrialization of members of local communities as the basis for social Hakka culture and products has become the major concern. implication design. Tromp and Hekkert applied a thoughtful The Council for Hakka Affairs has sought to facilitate the and well-informed set of ways to approach this complex integration of culture and industry in Hakka areas, working and wide-ranging subject, demonstrating the power of to develop cultural and leisure industries with Hakka designing products, services, and systems with a focus on features. Among those Hakka community developing social value. associations in Taichung City, the ones that play to the core, Social interaction can be implemented with community as well as the media, are mostly the leading and guiding design to revive local community organizations in order to communities in the whole Taichung City. These vitalize the community. associations are rather active and aggressive when bringing Ryō Yamazaki indicated inspiringly, “The unique rules Hakka culture into local events, making themselves and customs that a community has maintained, along with distinctive from other communities. Meanwhile, sometimes the networks and sense of trust built up through such things the position of the association chairman is taken up by the as festivals and traditional culture, can enrich the whole head of the local community, leading the relationship community and make it a more vibrant place.” As a between the associations and local communities to an either community designer, Yamazaki Ryō founded Studio-L in competitive or cooperative one. As to promoting Hakka 2005 to offer the innovative solutions for the local problems culture, the associations gather the inhabitants' ideas mainly by inspiring and leading the local communities. According with innovative theme activities that include Hakka features to Yamazaki, Community design involves supporting and significations, thus to show the effects and influences residents themselves to address the problems facing their brought by the Hakka community developing associations community, making use of their interpersonal connections to the local communities. and their own ideas about what can be done to reinvigorate Therefore, in the field of social design, design is a way the place where they live. Yamazaki advocates the of looking at society, about how people imagine, then importance of community design which he defined as the transform, and finally implement a better society. Social empowerment of the locals through design to make them design intents to enable local residents to solve problems in happy. The goal of his projects is revitalizing the local area. the region through interpersonal interactions. Therefore, He is committed to understanding the dynamic at play in discovering the characteristics of local community members, community revival. [10] finding the motivation of community organizations and the The paper attempts to understand from a narrowly purpose of sustainable management are the expected results defined "geographical localism" to a socially scientific of this study.

6 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx 80 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 2 2020 people’s lives, they feel the urge to take action. When they understanding of an "ethnic group" and "ethnic interaction" 4.1. Residents of Dongshi District of Taichung City Have of social design is to give everyone a dignified life, not only see parents struggling with a stroller, they design a better to explore the feasibility of Hakka associations in the Community Resilience blindly design products that have nothing to do with one; when they see people lost in airport terminals, they Dongshi District of Taichung City to participate in social The Dongshi District of Taichung City was seriously community life. Beautiful public art works in the corner of design better signage systems or develop new navigation design. Social Design, which has been more and more damaged after the September 21st earthquake in 1999. the community has no life connection with the residents. apps; when they understand the power of interactive frequently mentioned in recent years, can be said to be a flip However, the disaster spurred the resilience of the local In the future, the Dongshi District will rely on tourism storytelling, they design compelling video games.” and expansion of the concept of "design". From now on, the residents and became the driving force for the rebuilding of to develop the local economy. In the context of According to Tromp and Hekkert social design means scope of design is not only the plane, product or service, the old neighborhood. globalization, the unique Hakka living environment and designing for society; they suggested that society is what anything "designed for society" can be the object of the The paper aims to understand whether local residents humanistic background have become the best recognition. we share. Different from the above discussion, they further design. are still motivated to engage in community construction Hakka culture has the potential to become the best design mentioned the value construction of social design. after 20 years of the strong earthquake. resource for experience economy[12]. Everything that's designed affects society, and how we live; 4. Research result The founders of TCDCCA and TCHFADS are Mr. M. C. 4.3. Statistical Analysis of Background Information of designers have a responsibility to understand this, and In the paper, we are grateful that the main goal of social Lin (in-depth interview, 2017)and Mr. K. W. Wei. (in-depth Members design with attention to the impact of their work on the design is to improve the quality of life of most people; on interview, 2018) During the in-depth interview, they both To sum up, the statistics of member background of the present and future generations. Tromp and Hekkert cared the other hand, it also means that social design should be a stated that they had a feeling of belonging to the two associations such as age, gender, education and about people’s life. They mentioned that, “In our view, process in which most people can participate. It is because communities, which made them willing to take on social occupation are used to describe the association concerns can be pragmatic, like a concern for punctuality, everyone is a member of society and has his own position responsibility and involved in the social design of Dongshi. members.The data of the two associations are collected and and/or quite fundamental, like a concern for freedom.” [9] and vision. The average age of TCDCCA and TCHFADS members merged. The next step is to calculate the results of the four Furthermore, they proposed procedures and method of Recently, the research on local-characteristics industry was about 40 years old when they encountered the projects via the members of the single association based on social operation. This paper discusses the background of the has developed vigorously. Among them, industrialization of September 21, 1999 earthquake. When the earthquake hit age, gender, education, and occupation. First, the member members of local communities as the basis for social Hakka culture and products has become the major concern. the area, they were still very young and were in the best data of the two associations are merged, and secondly, implication design. Tromp and Hekkert applied a thoughtful The Council for Hakka Affairs has sought to facilitate the condition, so they were obliged to devote their energy and compares gender and academic items, gender and and well-informed set of ways to approach this complex integration of culture and industry in Hakka areas, working money to community reconstruction. So far, they have had occupation, and plots the two comparison results. Finally, and wide-ranging subject, demonstrating the power of to develop cultural and leisure industries with Hakka about 20 years of community activation experience. The paper combines the experiences and education in the designing products, services, and systems with a focus on features. Among those Hakka community developing 4.2. Community Resilience Leads Residents to Further two associations into one statistical chart (Figure 3). social value. associations in Taichung City, the ones that play to the core, Invest in Social Design Work Social interaction can be implemented with community as well as the media, are mostly the leading and guiding Residents in the Dongshi District have a better design to revive local community organizations in order to communities in the whole Taichung City. These understanding of the importance of social design compared vitalize the community. associations are rather active and aggressive when bringing to other communities that have not suffered from the strong Ryō Yamazaki indicated inspiringly, “The unique rules Hakka culture into local events, making themselves earthquake; they also know more about how to organize and customs that a community has maintained, along with distinctive from other communities. Meanwhile, sometimes community groups. Hence, this is the difference between the networks and sense of trust built up through such things the position of the association chairman is taken up by the the social design operation of the Dongshi District and other as festivals and traditional culture, can enrich the whole head of the local community, leading the relationship districts. community and make it a more vibrant place.” As a between the associations and local communities to an either Social designers cannot ignore the relationship between community designer, Yamazaki Ryō founded Studio-L in competitive or cooperative one. As to promoting Hakka people and the natural environment. The paper also reveals 2005 to offer the innovative solutions for the local problems culture, the associations gather the inhabitants' ideas mainly three new world views. Firstly, people and nature are by inspiring and leading the local communities. According with innovative theme activities that include Hakka features inseparable. People and cities are all part of nature. to Yamazaki, Community design involves supporting and significations, thus to show the effects and influences Secondly, any natural or humanistic system behavior is not Figure 3. Analysis of Membership Conditions residents themselves to address the problems facing their brought by the Hakka community developing associations adequately controlled. Thirdly, any complex natural or community, making use of their interpersonal connections to the local communities. human system is constantly changing, and external and their own ideas about what can be done to reinvigorate Therefore, in the field of social design, design is a way disturbances are part of normal dynamics [11]. An analysis of the member background of the two the place where they live. Yamazaki advocates the of looking at society, about how people imagine, then In other words, Liao believed that complete stability is associations shows that the participation of the social importance of community design which he defined as the transform, and finally implement a better society. Social impossible. Therefore, social design strategies must respect organization members in the Dongshi District is continuous empowerment of the locals through design to make them design intents to enable local residents to solve problems in the above facts; otherwise, a rigid social development and the average age is 59.23 years old. The TCDCCA and happy. The goal of his projects is revitalizing the local area. the region through interpersonal interactions. Therefore, model can never lead us to a sustainable future. TCHFADS have 30 female members, accounting for 40% He is committed to understanding the dynamic at play in discovering the characteristics of local community members, The field of civic life includes the content of social of the total. There are 45 male members, accounting for community revival. [10] finding the motivation of community organizations and the design, and highlights the cultural and historical features of 60% of the total number. The paper attempts to understand from a narrowly purpose of sustainable management are the expected results the city. The local association's investment in social design The identity background is divided into three categories: defined "geographical localism" to a socially scientific of this study. can make the association more socially influential.The goal household registration, occupation, and education. The

6 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx Journal ofJournal the Science of the Science of Design of Design Vol. Vol. 4 No. xx 2No. 2020 x 20xx 81 7 paper analyzed the relevance of education and occupation information, the gender roles were compared with among the membership of TCDCCA (Figure 4). education. The highest level of senior high school education is 8 males and 9 females. The gender level of education in junior high school is fairly average (Figure 7).

Figure 4. Diagram of Relationship Between Education and Occupation of TCDCCA Members Figure 7. Gender and Education Analysis of TCDCCA & Regarding the occupational category of association TCHFADA members, it is divided into agriculture, industry, business, crafts, housewife, and no schooling (also some members Comparing TCDCCA and TCHFADS, the former has lack any formal educational background). the largest number of non-professional categories, and both Secondly, the paper analyzed the relevance of education has the largest number of commercial categories. The and occupation among the membership of TCHFADS. The business class has 11 people in TCDCCA and 18 people in members of the association are generally concentrated in TCHFADS (Figure 8). the business category, with a total of 18 people, and the education level is at the high school level. There are 8 housewives; because of joining the community activities with their husbands. Couples participating in the activities is a community feature (Figure 5).

Figure 8. Occupation Analysis of TCDCCA & TCHFADA

After merging TCDCCA and TCHFADS member information, the gender roles were compared with Figure 5. Relationship Between Education and Occupation of TCHFADA Members educational level. The former has the highest level of education in senior high school. The educational level of After merging TCDCCA and TCHFADS member most members in both associations is senior high school information, the gender roles were compared with education. Among them, there are 18 people in TCDCCA occupations The business category is the largest number. and 13 people in TCHFADS (Figure 9). There are 20 males in business and 9 females. The gender of crafts practitioners is fairly average, with 5 males and 4 females (Figure 6).

Figure 9. Education Analysis of TCDCCA & TCHFADA Figure 6. Gender and Occupation Analysis of TCDCCA & TCHFADA After merging TCDCCA and TCHFADS member 4.4. Analysis of Active Member Participation

8 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx 82 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 2 2020 paper analyzed the relevance of education and occupation information, the gender roles were compared with From the membership information of the TCDCCA and This phenomenon can be used as a reference to choose among the membership of TCDCCA (Figure 4). education. The highest level of senior high school education TCHFADS conferences, the background of the social community members in the future and finding the right is 8 males and 9 females. The gender level of education in organization participants in the Dongshi District was people to participate, which will help the community grow. junior high school is fairly average (Figure 7). summarized, and the personality traits of the associations include active and permanent participation, as shown in the 5. Suggestions following phenomenon (Table1). The paper adopted in-depth interviews in person with Mr. Lin M. C., [13] president of TCDCCA, and Mr. Wei K. Table 1. Selection Criteria for Community Members W., [14] the director of TCHFADS. Sort from most Phenomenon TCDCCA and TCHFADS have the features of local 1 Gender: Male links, focusing on hosting related activities to connect Figure 4. Diagram of Relationship Between Education and 2 Occupation: Business Occupation of TCDCCA Members members' feelings and elicit full support from the members. Figure 7. Gender and Education Analysis of TCDCCA & 3 Education: above High School K. W. Wei stated that organizing folk cultural Regarding the occupational category of association TCHFADA 4 Couples join together performances can unite members and promote folk culture. members, it is divided into agriculture, industry, business, From 2018 to 2019, he held a “green lion” workshop for the crafts, housewife, and no schooling (also some members Comparing TCDCCA and TCHFADS, the former has This article synthesizes the above survey results and production of cyan props, and then let members use their lack any formal educational background). the largest number of non-professional categories, and both then compares the features of the two association members own works to participate in folk culture performances. Secondly, the paper analyzed the relevance of education has the largest number of commercial categories. The as shown in Table 2. M. C. Lin, the President of TCDCCA, took over the and occupation among the membership of TCHFADS. The business class has 11 people in TCDCCA and 18 people in Table 2. Comparison of the Features of TCDCCA and Taichung City Government's entrusted handling of the God members of the association are generally concentrated in TCHFADS (Figure 8). TCHFADA of Carpentry Cultural Festival from 2018 to 2019, so that the business category, with a total of 18 people, and the TCDCCA (%) TCHFADA (%) Date of February 26, 2018 February 21, 2019 the craftsmanship expertise of the members could be education level is at the high school level. There are 8 Established the displayed in the event. housewives; because of joining the community activities association M. C. Lin mentioned that, “I hope that the local with their husbands. Couples participating in the activities Gender There are a large proportion of couples in TCHFADA. craftsmanship of the Dongshi District will be passed down. is a community feature (Figure 5). male 62% 47% The work of TCDCCA will open a course of craft and train female 38% 53% apprentices. Also strive to undertake process art exhibitions Education The educational standard in TCHFADA is higher than TCDCCA on average. and expand the visibility of TCDCCA”. The work of Lin, Elementary 0% 17% president of TCDCCA, and Wei, the director of TCHFAD school Figure 8. Occupation Analysis of TCDCCA & TCHFADA coincides with modern design thinking and the pursuit of Junior high 11% 40% school humanistic design concepts. pointed out that, for several After merging TCDCCA and TCHFADS member Senior high 40% 43% years now, there has been an ongoing reconceptualization of school information, the gender roles were compared with the processes of production, especially of consumption as Figure 5. Relationship Between Education and Occupation Colloege 22% 0% of TCHFADA Members educational level. The former has the highest level of Graduate school 2% 0% more than simply material aspects of subsistence. None 24% 0% education in senior high school. The educational level of Following a line of argument that began with the Career The occupational distribution of TCDCCA After merging TCDCCA and TCHFADS member most members in both associations is senior high school is more average than that of TCHFADA, recognition that goods are building blocks of life, I have information, the gender roles were compared with education. Among them, there are 18 people in TCDCCA and the occupations of TCHFADA suggested, as have others, that they can be further members are mostly commercial. occupations The business category is the largest number. and 13 people in TCHFADS (Figure 9). understood as constituting the selfhood of the social identity. Farm 4% 0 There are 20 males in business and 9 females. The gender industry 7% 7% Dongshi District is mainly based on agriculture, and will be of crafts practitioners is fairly average, with 5 males and 4 Business 24% 60% transformed into tourism marketing. The urban style of females (Figure 6). Process 20% 0% experiencing the economy cannot ignore the local cultural Housewife 4% 27% Retirement 0% 3% connotations. From this point of view, the practice of None 40% 3% identity encompasses a practice of consumption and Age The age distribution of TCDCCA members production and even production assumption, as well as their is average and younger than TCHFADA. under 50 years 36% 0% transformations in time. The agricultural characteristics and old Hakka culture of Dongshi District have been transformed 51~55 13% 0% from the original weaknesses into the advantages of the Figure 9. Education Analysis of TCDCCA & TCHFADA 56~60 24% 13% Figure 6. Gender and Occupation Analysis of TCDCCA & 61~65 13% 23% development strategy design of the area. This is the case, at TCHFADA 66~70 11% 33% least to the extent that the different strategies of identity, 4.4. Analysis of Active Member Participation over 71years old 2% 30% After merging TCDCCA and TCHFADS member which are always local just like their subsumed forms of

8 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx Journal ofJournal the Science of the Science of Design of Design Vol. Vol. 4 No. xx 2No. 2020 x 20xx 83 9 consumption and production, have emerged in interaction https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/69311 (accessed on with one another in the global arena [15]. 2 July 2020) The local cultural characteristics of TCDCCA & [4] Kinoshita, H. (2015), Kasegu machi ga chihō o kaeru TCHFADS are organized according to the interviews to dare mo iwanakatta 10 no tessoku [Your profitable summarize a result of suggestion. In the future, they will be town changed this area, ten rules nobody said], Tokyo: engaged in the organization of local associations, and select NHK. the membership standard as a reference (Table 3). [5] Hakka Affairs Council, National Hakka population Table 3. Characteristics of Organizing a Successful and language in 2016 Basic data research. Association https://www.hakka.gov.tw/Content/Content?NodeID= 626&PageID=37585(accessed on 21 April 2020) Priority characteristics [6] Nakabashi, M.; Susuki, H.; Miyabe, H.; Urubara, H.; 1. Members have a sense of social responsibility. Takano (2019). A. The Forefront of Local Creation: 8 2. Located in an old neighborhood with historical Experimental Bases in the World that Rely on New and cultural background. Ventures, Sightseeing and Food Culture, and 3. The association's activities have a geographical relationship with local temples, and activities Sustainable Opening of New Roads inside Remote are held in temples to facilitate people's Mountains. City: Flâneur Culture Lab.Tromp, participation. N.; Hekkert, P. (2019). Design for Society: Products 4. Members’ relationship is close to each other. and Service for a Better World. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Visual Arts. According to the above survey results, the emphasis on [7] Yamazaki, R., eds; Chuang, Y. H. trans. (2015). building the old neighborhood of Dongshi is to explore the Community Design: Rethinking the Definition of connotations of social design. The social design strategy of “Community” as Designing not only the Space but the Dongshi district, the first to find the right candidates, also “the Connection between People”. Taipei City: can complete the life of the people in the community. Faces Publishing. The paper identifies the characteristics of the local [8] Zhou, C. M. (2015). David Harvey’s Geographical cultural associations, along with a background analysis of Critique of Capitalism. Taipei City: Homeward the members. The analysis shows that if the social publishing backgrounds of the members of the local associations are [9] Tromp, N. and Hekkert, P. (2019) Design for Society: compatible, then the sorted items could better fit the 3C Products and Service for a Better World, Bloomsbury connotations of social interaction in the social design. The Visual Arts, Great Britain. associations’ activities of local community residents can [10] Toya, K. Interviewed. “Giving Design a Local Touch: thus promote sustainable cultural development. The results Yamazaki, Ryō and Studio-L”, Nippon.com. of this research suggest that when local associations are Available online: organized in the future, the members will be able to do https://www.nippon.com/en/people/e00043/giving-de more with less. sign-a-local-touch-yamazaki-ryo-and-studio-l.html (accessed on 29 March 2020). References [11] Liao, G. X. (2017). Good City: Green Design, Slow [1] Masuda, H. (2014), Chihō shōmetsu. Philosophy, Launching the Future Urban Renovation Tōkyōikkyokushūchū ga maneku jinkō kyūgen Plan (2th ed.). : Hiking Culture. [Local Extinctions: Population concentration in [12] Pine, II, J. B.; Gilmore, J. H. (2011). The Experience Tokyo causing sharp population decline], Tokyo: Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Shukō Shinsho [13] Lin M. C., In-depth interview, August 15, 2017. [2] Li, Y. Z. (2019), “Is local revitalization ‘nostalgia’ or [14] Wei. K. W., In-depth interview, January 4, 2018. ‘solastalgia’”? Available online: [15] Friedman, J. (1994). Cultural Identity and Global https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/255/article/81 Process. Great Britain: Redwood Books. 51(accessed on 2 July 2020) [3] Liao, S. F., Xu, L. W. (2019), “Good Questions about Regional Revitalization” Available online:

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