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H Is to Ry O£ K in G Sh Ip in C Eylon up to Th E Fo U R Th C E N Tu Ry A„D. T Ila K

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H Is to Ry O£ K in G Sh Ip in C Eylon up to Th E Fo U R Th C E N Tu Ry A„D. T Ila K i History o£ Kingship in Ceylon up to the fourth century A„D. Tilak Hettiarachchy Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London* 1970 ProQuest Number: 10673261 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673261 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Acknowledgements I am grateful to the M inistry of Education and Cultural A ffairs in Ceylon for awarding me the Government Arts Scholarship, and the University of Ceylon for granting study leave which enabled me to undertake the present study* This research was carried out under the supervision of Dr* J.G.de Casparis and Dr* V/endy OfFlaherty. I consider it a privilege to have worked under their guidance? without the patience and the care with which they answered the many calls I made on their time and knowledge this work would never have been completed in its present form* I would also like to thank Professor Ball hatchet for his kind help on many occasions. I am also indebted to Professor K.V/.Goonewardena and Mr. Justin LaBrooy of the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, for their assistance; it was Professor Lakshman S.Perera of the U niversity of Ceylon, Colombo, who drew my attention to some of the source m aterial and encouraged me to undertake the present field of study. I am thankful to Mr* Chandra Jayakody for assisting me with map work and to the members of the staff of the Library and the Department of History of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Finally I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the fam ilies of Mr. & Mrs. Dewar a j a and Dr* and Mrs. Somaratne and all the other friends, who made my stay in London a pleasant one. 111 C o n te n ts P ag es T i t l e P age Acknowledgements i i C o n te n ts i i i Abbreviations i v - v A b s t r a c t v i Introduction 1-8 C h a p te r I Kingship, its Origin and Early Developments 9-51 C h a p te r I I The Royal Titles and their Significance 5 2 -9 9 Chapter III The Nobility, its formation and d i v i s i o n s 1 0 0 -1 3 6 Chapter IV The Court and Kings O fficers 1 3 7 -1 7 4 C h a p te r V The Relationship between the King and th e S an g h a 1 7 5 -2 2 7 Chapter VI The Widening Horizon of Royal Authority 22 8-263 Chapter VII Extent and Limitation of Royal Power 26 4 -3 0 3 Conclusion 3 0 4 -3 0 7 Bibliography 3 0 8 -3 2 5 iv Abbreviations AC, Ancient Ceylon, AIC. Ancient Inscriptions in Ceylon, ASC, Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, ASCAR, A r c h a e o lo g ic a l S u rv e y o f C ey lo n Annual Reports, ASC.SPR, Archaeological Survey of Ceylon Seventh Progress Report, CALR, The Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register, COM. Culture of Ceylon in Medieval Times, CHJ, The Ceylon Historical Journal, CJHSS, Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies. CJSG. Ceylon Journal of Science (Section.G) Cv, Culavamsa.o Pv. Dipavagisa. EHBG. E a r ly H is to r y o f B uddhism i n C e y lo n . Enc.Rel.Eth. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. EZ. Epigraphia Zeylanica, I AC I. Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions. JGISo The Journal of the Greater India Society. JCBRAS, JRAS.CB, Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal A siatic Society. JRAS,GB & Ir. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Great B ritain and Ireland. Manu, Manava Bharmasastra Mv, M ahavamO sa. Eks. Nihaya S angrahaya, NS, Hew Series. V PTSe Pali Text Society* Rsv* Rasavahini* SEE, Sacred Books of the East* Smp* Samantapasadika. SSC. Siamese State Ceremonies* S sv p , Sahassavatthuppakarana* Svp« S ihalavat thuppalcar a$a, UCR* U niversity of Ceylon Review* UHC* University of Ceylon History of Ceylon A b s t r a c t The present study is an examination of the institution of kingship in Ceylon from about the 3rd century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. Chapter I shows that kingship originated out of local leadership in the early north Indian colonies, but that Indian ideas exerted a great deal of influence on its subsequent development* The second chapter discusses the various titles given to the early rulers and points out their significance in the evolution of local leadership into full- fledged kingship. The local nobility and its formation is discussed in relation to the royalty in chapter III* The bureaucracy of officers who served the king is the subject of chapter IV. The relationship between the king and the Sangha is the theme of chapter V, particular attention being paid in this chapter to the contribution of the Sangha to the development of the monarchy. Chapter VI is an attempt to trace the geographical expansion of royal power and authority over the whole Island. It also includes an examination of the factors which facilitated the growth of royal power. Lastly* chapter VII discusses the powers exercised by the king and the lim itations to which he was subject. 1 Introduction Kingship is one of the oldest institutions in Ceylon with a history which goes back to the 3r d an d 4 th centuries before the Christian era* It is, along with caste and family, the only institution which survived from the remote past to the 19th century* But, strangely enough, a study of its history has not been attempted apart from a few papers on some aspects which have appeared in journals* The present study is intended to fill this need. Ceylon produced neither a Kautilya nor a Manu* Therefore our attempt involves linking together unconnected m aterial to obtain a coherent picture* In this respect one must fall back again and again upon parallel institutions in contemporary India to explain the Ceylonese institutions* Literary sources attribute the beginning of kingship in Ceylon to the very first Indian colonies in the Island. Vijaya, the first king and the eponymous hero of the Sinhalese people, landed on the Island of Lamka on the day when the Buddha attained parinirvana, which, according to the tradition maintained in Ceylon, fell in 543 B.C. But the reliable history of the Island begins with Devanampiya Tissa (250-210 B.C.) whose reign witnessed the official introduction of Buddhism into the Island. The earliest Brahmi inscriptions in Ceylon also appear at about the same time and therefore it is reasonable to begin our study with Devanampiya Tissa rather than with Vijaya. 2 The reign o£ Mahasena (274-301 A.d) is taken as the terminus ad quem of this study for various reasons; first, Mahasena*s reign marks the end of the period of history related in the Mahavajnsa. Though the Culavamsa picks up the narrative at the point where the Mahavamsa leaves it, it was written some six centuries later; because of this and also because the Cul avails a differs considerably from its predecessor in its ideological background, any study of kingship taking us beyond the reign of Mahasena runs the risk of attributing ideas of a later date to the earlier period. Second, the reign of Mahasena saw the catastrophic end of the struggle between political and religious institutions which caused a considerable change in certain aspects of kingship. Third, from the reign of Mahasena until the 7th and 8 th centuries, inscriptions, particularly those relevant to kingship, occur but seldom, and this makes the study of this era, unlike that of the early period, totally dependent on literary sources, especially on the Culavai»sa. Fourth, even the available evidence shows that within a few centuries after Mahasena kingship changed quite considerably and, therefore, needs detailed attention which can be attempted only in a separate study. The period selected for the present study could be regarded as the formative period of kingship in Ceylon and a proper under­ standing of it would promote further research. Hence this early period was selected with the intention of dealing with some of the basic problems involved in a study of kingship. 3 The sources upon which the present study is based can be grouped under t\^ro primary headings, literary and epigraphies Among the literary sources the Pali chronicles figure first and their importance cannot be minimised in reconstructing the history of ancient Ceylon* Of the chronicles the Mahavamsa or the * Great Chronicle 1 is foremost. Although the Mahavamsa was written as late as the 6 th century A.D., it is based on older tradition, i.e ., the Sihala Atthakatha Mahavamsa which was a special branch of atthakathas and dealt with the religious and political history of the Island. The commentary on the Mahavamsa, the Vamsatthappakasini or the Mahavamsa Tika as it is sometimes called, ranks second only to the Mahavamsa for the present study.
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