PACIFIC LINGUISTICS

Series C- No. 51

GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY WITH ENGLISH-GERUNG AND NEPALI-GERUNG INDEXES

Warren W. Glover Jessie R. Glover Deu Bahadur Gurung

Out of print book Photocopied by Pacific Linguistics SPAS, Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia PACI FIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Linguhintic Chcte ob Canbc&&a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES D - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS.

EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. L~ycock,C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS : B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of Linguistics, New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii 8. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden

ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University,

Canberra, A.C.T. 2600. Australia.

Copyright @ The Authors. First, published 1977.

The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series.

This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund.

National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 147 3 PREFACE

This first Roman edition of a Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary con- tains about 4000 Gurung words, collected on various field trips between 1967 and 1974 under the agreement of cooperation between the Summer In- stitute of Linguistics and Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. We grate- fully acknowledge the encouragement, assistance, and active interest of Dr S.B. Shakya, Vice Chancellor of the University, and of Dr P.R. Sharma, Dean of the Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. Among our many friends in the village of Ghachok we wish to thank especially Shri Phouda Bahadur Chetri, former Pradhan Panch, and Shri Sher Bahadur Gurung, former Upa Pradhan Panch, of the Lower Chachok Pan- chayat and Shri Pas Bahadur Gurung, Pradhan Panch of Upper Ghachok Panchayat, for their interest, support, and encouragement on field trips. A Guhung-NepaLi- EngLLbioh GLobbaky was published in 1976 by the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Kathmandu, in the Devanagari script. We are grateful to the two publishers, of that and of this edition, for agreeing to the use of the same Devanagari Nepali-Gurung index in each volume. We are grateful to Miss Amrita K. C. of Kathmandu for help in checking the semantics and spelling of the Nepali glosses, and for typing the Devanagari manuscript, and to Mrs Sally Sinisoff of the Department of Linguistics, Australian National University, for her typing of the Roman manuscript, a task made the more exacting by the authors' remoteness from Canberra.

W.W. GLoveh J.R. GLoveh 0.8. Guhung

Pokhaka, Septernbch 1977. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page iii

INTRODUCTION v

1. Orthography v

2. A1 phabetising Order viii

3. Structure of an Entry viii

4. Comparative Information ix

5. Abbreviations xi

GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

ENGLISH-GURUNG INDEX

NEPALI-GURUNG INDEX

APPEND1 XES Appendix A: Gurung Kinship Terms Appendix B: Re1 igious Terms

Gutung Kind hip Chalrt following page 306

REFERENCES 315 INTRODUCTION

Gurung is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by about 170,000 people, mostly living in Gandaki zone in central west Nepal. With Tamang, Thakali, and Manang, Gurung is a member of the Gurung Family within the Bodish Substock, which includes also the Tibetan Family, Kaike, and Ghale (W. Glover 1974:8-13). The dialect represented here is primarily that of Deu Bahadur Gurung, born and raised in Ghachok village, near Pokhara, in Kaski district. Pronunciation variants shown in the dic- tionary have all been heard in Ghachok, either from DBG himself or other speakers, some of whom come from other villages up to one day's walk away. Study of Gurung dialects (W. Glover and Landon n.d.1 reveals at least three major geographical dialects of Gurung - East, West, and South - with continuous variation within dialects. Ghachok falls 'within the West Gurung dialect.

1. ORTHOGRAPHY

Gurung and Nepali forms are cited in a Roman transliteration of the Devanagari script. Figures 1 and 2 show the segmental phonemic inven- tory of Gurung, and symbols used for native Gur~ungwords.

~abial Dental Retro- Apico-alveolar Velar Glottal flex affricates

stops: vl. unasp. vl. asp. vd .

Fricatives Nasals Lateral Flap Semi vowels

Fig. 1. Consonants INTRODUCTION

Front Central Back

High i u

Mid e a o

Fig. 2. Vowels

Although phonemically there is only one sibilant phoneme /s/ in Gurung, as in Nepali, loanwords from Nepali are spelt with the same sibilant symbol as in the Nepali source, whether the 'dental' s, 're- troflexed' ?, or 'alveo-palatal1 5. The voiceless glottal fricative x (phonetically Chi) is not a seg- mental phoneme in native Gurung words but occurs only in loanwords from Nepali, and then only in word initial position. The symbol x is also employed to represent the feature of breathiness on a syllable. The positioning of x in the orthography represents the position of the cor- responding Devanagari symbol (transliterated h in Roman Nepali) in the syllable; that is, preceding the vowel, except in the prefix ax-, and preceding the consonants y, r, and w (except that it follows the conso- nant clusters kr, mr, pr). In Gurung, aspiration of a voiced stop or affricate is phonemically breathiness on the syllable and is marked by x. The departure from the traditional bh, dh, etc., for voiced aspirates is necessitated by the contrast in Gurung between aspiration and breathiness following voice- less stops: pxi 'carrying basket ', phi 'bark, pee2 '. Once x is used to mark breathiness in this environment, following voiceless stops, con- sistency dictates use of the same symbol in the environment following voiced stops, and consistency in transliteration from Devanagari requires x for the glottal fricative [h]. Contrastive nasalisation is represented by a superscript tilde (a, 8, T, 6, GI. Preceding a nasal consonant, Gurung vowels automatically take on a nasal articulation. Should this nasality be written? Ac- cording to strict phonemic theory, yes, since nasality is a phonemically contrastive feature in the language, and in fact literate Gurungs gen- erally do write the Devanagari nasal diacritic on such vowels, reacting to the phonetic and phonemic nasality. However, many of the words in- volved are loans from Nepali, and for the sake of orthographic consis- tency with Nepali, in which language vowel nasalisation is not written before a nasal consonant, and for the sake of orthographic economy in Devanagari (not writing a predictable diacritic), we have in this dic- tionary written vowels preceding nasal consonants within the same mor- pheme as oral vowels. Thus taan 'a22 1 e INTRODUCTION vii

Accent, or high tone, is represented by apostrophe ('1 following the accented syllable. On monosyllabic morphemes (the majority, when loan words are excluded) accent and breathiness intersect to give four tone classes: clear intense (cal 'he'); clear relaxed (ca 'vein'); breathy rising (cxaa' 'tea '1 ; breathy low (cxa 'son'). In polysyllabic mor- phemes, breathiness occurs generally only on the first syllable, but accent may occur on any one syllable or none. Phonemically long vowels are written geminate. By far the most com- mon is aa. Word finally there is no sharp contrast between -a and -aa. In rapid speech all words written with either the short or long vowel tend to be pronounced with the short, more central, a; in slow, delib- erate "spelling pronunciation" speech some words show the lengthened, phonetically lower, aa. The difference is partly conditioned by word tone and shape (as noted for verb suffixes in W. Glover (1974:xxiii)), and an attempt has been made to represent the distinction in the dic- tionary, but the analysis is not final, nor is the present representa- tion, unfortunately, consistent. The consonants s, c, and j coalesce with a following y to become lamino-alveolar in pronunciation. The same palatalising process normally occurs before the front vowels i and e, but in a very few words the apico-alveolar pronunciation is retained. These words are marked by a slash through the consonant: $xi 'undergrowth' (contrasting with cxi 'knee'). The phonemic sequence /kl/ has different phonetic realisation in dif- ferent Gurung dialects. In Ghachok it is voiceless lateral fricative with palatal release [hvl, and is represented in the present orthography by a conventional khly (as the symbol cluster in Devanagari approximat- ing as nearly as possible to the phonetic realisation). Further phonetic description of Gurung, including the tone system, is given in W. Glover (1969). Nepali words are transliterated using a similar transcription, but without x cr I, and with the addition of (nonphonemic) distinctions be-

tween 'dental' n and 'retroflex' II, and between 'short' i and u and 'long' T and li. The Devanagari script employs a special symbol for the combination /ri/, and the symbol is here transliterated ri+, as in ri+? 'loan' (G che). The primary spelling standard adopted for Nepali words is Singh (1971); words not found in Singh have in some cases been supplied from Meerendonk (1960) or Regmi (n.d.1, but many words could not be found in any of these sources. viii INTRODUCTION

2. ALPHABETISING ORDER

The Gurung entries are arranged according to the English alphabet, except that the symbols aa and 0 are treated as units immediately fol- lowing a and n respectively, and 5 is a unit immediately preceding 5, which in turn precedes s. Thus, words commencing with the long vowel aa appear after ate the words commencing with a. Retroflexed consonants (indicated by subscript dot, e.g. r, 4, II, 2) and nasalised vowels (indicated by superscript tilde, e.g. I, E, 7, 6, ii) precede their counterparts without diacritics; thus, all words with retroflexed r precede words with dental t, and all words with nasalised precede words with oral a. Accent, I, is ignored in alphabetising except where words are otherwise identical, when the accented form precedes the un- accented, and a word with accent on the first syllable precedes one with accent on the second syllable. Thus, paldi, padi', padi. Entries in the Nepali-Gurung index, being in Devanagari script, are - arranged by Devanagari order: a, aa, i, 7, u, u, ri+, e, ai, o, au, k, kh, g, gh, 0, c, ch, j, jh, r, th, 4, dh, n, t, th, d, dh, n, P, ph, b, bh, m, Y, r, 1, w, f, s, s, h.

3. STRUCTURE OF AN ENTRY

a) Gurung-Nepali-English entries contain: 1) the Gurung word, followed by superscript numerals if required to distinguish forms with identical segmental phonemes. 2) variant pronunciations, separated by commas. 3) comparative information, in square brackets [ 1. 4) grammatical category. 5) Nepali gloss, between pointed brackets < >. 6) English gloss. To facilitate reversal of the entries by computer (in producing a useful English-Gurung index) the word placed first in the English gloss is usually a generic term, with its modifiers following a dash, e.g. 'frog - black, lives in water'. Other information specifying a gloss, including kin specification, is included in parentheses, e.g. 'free fit (of parts)', 'to come (from other than uphill or north)', and 'brother-in-law (ErSiHu)'. Variant glosses are separated by semicolons, e.g. 'bear; put up with; endure'. 7) Gurung citation, with English gloss in italics. Where, in order to illustrate use of certain discourse particles, cita- tions cover more than a monologue utterance the words of INTRODUCTION i x

different speakers are separated, in both Gurung and English, by double slant lines //. 8) Cross-references to other entries, within square brackets, whether as synonyms, antonyms, or merely comparisons. Where different senses are discriminated within an entry the senses are numbered, and each sense may contain parts 4) to 81, e.g. khaa ' rba ' 1. v.i. to shake one- self (of animal shaking water off after rain). 2. v.t. to shake (cloth to get rid of dust). b) English-Gurung entries contain: 1) English word, in italics. 2) grammatical category. 3) specification of sense, in parentheses. 4) Gurung gloss, in contrasting type. Where different senses are discriminated the senses are numbered, and each sense may contain parts 2) to 4). Homonyms in English are listed as separate senses within one entry, not separate entries, e.g. bear 1. n. bxalu'. 2. v. (endure) khabdiba'. 3. v. (carry) no'ba. 4. v. (give birth to) phi baa ' . c) Nepali-Gurung entries contain (in the Devanagari script): 1) Nepali word. 2) specification of sense, in parentheses. 3) Gurung gloss, following a double hyphen. Nepali homonyms are listed as separate entries, distinguished by the parenthesised sense specification (in Nepali), e.g. dhani (maalik) - khlxye. dhani (seth) - plxoba.

4. COMPARATIVE INFORMATION Chepang data is drawn from unpublished early (1969) notes by Ross C. Caughley. (He is currently readying for the press a Chepang-English dictionary.) In the orthography represented here high tone is shown by final q; h is a glottal fricative, + is a mid-central unrounded vocoid, My N, NG, R, L, W, and Y are voiceless consonants. Chepang examples are prefixed Cp. A few Tibetan forms are cited from Chang and Shefts (1964). The data was supplied to the author by Richard S. Pittman, and in thei ! .P X INTRODUCTION

orthography used here final h represents low tone and c, ch represent [tz], [tzh] respectively. Examples from this source are prefixed T. Reconstructed Proto-Tamang-Gurung-Thakali forms are cited from Pittman and J. Glover (19701, and are prefixed TaGTh. The article posits four register classes for monosyllabic words of the proto-lan- guage, represented in a four-box array, with the Gurung phonemic fea- tures for each class described in'the boxes:

KK (q)

Breathy Rising Breathy Low GK (hq) GG (h)

Where (monosyllabic) reconstructions have initial and final stops, the register class is indicated by the voicing or voicelessness of the stops. A nasal-final word of KK or GK register has a (silent) homorganic voiceless stop shown final in the reconstruction, e.g. glink 'snow', mimp 'ripe'. In reconstructions without a final stop or nasal a com- bination of q and h represents the register (as shown in the array): "q without h represents the KK pattern (naq 'be sick1), h without q stands for GG (ngeh 'milk'), hq marks GK (ngahq 'five'), and KG has no written prosody symbol" (1970:ll). Contrastive vowel length in the re- construction is shown by reduplication of the vowel (yuu 'to pour') and ng (or nk) represents the velar nasal (mrang 'see', mrank 'garden'). Benedictls Tibeto-Burman reconstructions (1972) are marked TB. Burmese data from Benedict are prefixed B and Tibetan forms T. Doubt- less many of the TB forms listed are not in fact related to the Gurung entries where they appear - the listings are very tentative because the detailed philological research needed to establish reliable correspond- ences between the Gurung Family and larger groupings has not yet been done. Forms from Benedict are cited as they appear in his index, with references to the text of three types: a simple number (e.g. 179) refers to number 179 in the series of numbered reconstructions throughout the book; n. 484 refers to footnote 484; and p. 317 refers to the text on page 317. The source of one loan ispadaa' 'razor blade' is cited as the Portuguese espada 'sword' (through Nepali i spaa t 'steel') from Michaelisl A New Dictionahy od Pohtuguebe and EngLibh. In most cases of loan words the Nepali or English source of the loan is apparent from the gloss. (When Nepali verbs are borrowed into INTRODUCTION xi

Gurung medial -h- is normally dropped, stem final -aa or -aau changes to -i, certain other vowel changes may occur, and a syllable -di is added to the stem, as in caidi-ba /caahi-nu/ 'to be needed'; khafidi-ba /khafaau-nu/ 'to appoint'; jugudi-ba /jogaau-nu/ 'to rescue'.) In a few cases when the source of the loan is not obvious from the gloss given the loan source is included in the comparative information, from Nepali, English, or Hindi, the latter drawn from Pathak (1966). Some- times the Nepali source of a loan is also given as the Nepali gloss, but its central meaning in Nepali, as given by Meerendonk (1960) and Singh (19711, is significantly different from the use of the loan in Gurung. In this case the central English gloss of the Nepali word is shown in the comparative information, as in aafhapariyaa [N 'bodyguard'] n. servant in a king's house. In all cases, comparative data is glossed only where the gloss given in the source is significantly different from the English gloss listed for the Gurung entry.

5. ABBREVIATIONS Grammatical categories: a. adjective av . adverb C. conjunction e. exclamation i. interjection Zoc. locative n. noun n.p. proper noun num . numeral P- postposition Pa. particle Pn- pronoun s. suffix s.n. noun suffix s.num. numeral suffix (as a noun classifier or substitute) S.V. verb suffix t. temporal v. verb v.i. intransitive verb v.t. transitive verb xii INTRODUCTION

Kin specifications: B r brother Ch child Da daughter Er elder Et eldest Hu husband Ma man MG mother Sb sibling Si sister So son W i wife Wo woman Yr younger Yt youngest

Language designations: B Burmese CP Chepang E English G Gurung R Hindi N Nepali Po Portuguese T Tibetan Ta Tamang TaGTh Proto-Tamang-Gurung-Thakali (Pittman and J. Glover 1970) TB Proto-Tibeto-Burman (Benedict 1972) Th Thakali

Other: Ant. antonym cm. centimetre CP . compare di am. diameter esp. especially kg kilogram km . kilometre 1. litre lit. literally m. metre INTRODUCTION xiii ml . millilitre mm . millimetre Syn. synonym / / change of speaker

GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

Zcalaa', ancala ./t. zone addaal n. office (gov- (one of 14 into which Nepal is ernment). [Syn. adlaasa' .] divided for administrative pur- poses). adgal n. estimate of quantity (weight, length, etc. ) . Zgal, angal n. scarcity; adgal lai bod. Take what you famine . think you need. [Syn. andaaj i .] sgreji' n. English lan- guage; Englishman, English- adi n. intermediate speaking foreigner. floor in building.

Zkhoraa' n. drinking adikaar n. right; vessel without spout (about 6" authority. high, made of brass or silver). nga'e khlxyo, nxg, dxT' nga'e adi kaar mu. My land, my house, ZlZZ see 5ZlZZ 'flag'. my ox are (under) my authority. [Syn. xa'k.] ZHaa see a'o8aa. adlaasa' n. office a- see ax. (government). [Syn. addaa'.]

aha c. now, and. aen n. law. [Syn. dxero ' , togo' .] [Syn. kaanun. 1 abbru' n. honour; self- agxaaci 2. in front. respect; face; prestige. abbru' xyaam', pim. Your self- -ai s.v. <-ta> emphatic. respect goes, you are embarras- to' i lalai axtxu. Whatever sed. you do it's not right.

abgaa'la a. blame. aina' n. mirror.

abwi' i. exclamation of akhiri' m. last, surprise. final. [Syn. balla.]

acamma n. amazement; a1 dxt5ba1 v. to astonishment. [Syn. chakka .] press mud on paddy wall. [Cp. baause. ] acheda' n. offering of rice given priests for use in a'lachin sii a. ceremonies, the bulk being kept rude. [Syn. axkho'jyZL.1 as part of his payment. alchi' a. lazy; sloth- acher, aacher n. letter ful. of alphabet. ali' , a1 n. acya i. exclamation of clod of earth. puzzlement. a1 dxgba'.

a'dani n. pawn; ali n. brother (~r~r, mortgage. not used in address). khlxyo, gxZLnaa, bxLZdo'jaga a'dani thGT biri' paisaa' te'ba. almallaa n. perplexed. [Syn. bukka.1 jewellery or vessels you release the money. shelves. Fa~tBrWi). [Syn. aathe. 1 amjy6 n. ikaanchi aamaa> aunt anuraadxa V. astrological term. amjy6 aamaa n. anusaar p . < anusaar , bamo j im> stepmother. according to. [Syn. xisaab; bamoj im.] ampha n. iaamaako poi (kiriyaa haaldaa bolne ek gabda)> anuwaa'r n. appearance. mother's husband (used in oath). cut kxe' phe'ri ladu' biySS anwaa' n. parlo'gar ampha targe'. If I handle on plough. do this again let me be reborn [Syn. kxora dZSda. 1 an animal. a~aa'[TB *na :w 'younger sibling' amrika' n. America. 2711 n. sister (~oSi).

ancala n. see Zcalaa' 'zone'. a~gi'[TB ani (y) 'aunt' 3161 n. aunt (MOB~W~). anda'ra n. gap between two things (e.g. houses). a~sabaa'n. meeting to plan community projects. anda'rari' p. within. a'~Saa,BSaa n. <%a> inherit- s6gaS1 anda' rar i ' . Within three ance; share. days. aphis n. office. andare' a. <+ikaiko, rnaadhyam> moderate; medium-sized. aphisar n. official . andaa', annaa' n. grain. aram see aaram 'rest'. andaa' paani' n. food and water. arO1, aars' n. forge.

andaaji' n. estimate argon see aargo' 'other'. [Syn. adgal. 1 artha' n. meaning; ane'ro n. - darkness. interpretation. [Syn. maldab; maa'ne.] ani c. then; and then (not in wide use). artha' kholdiba' V. to explain; interpret. ani'yaa n. unprovoked; [Syn. maldab kholdiba'.] without cause (lit. unlawfully). [Syn. phaa'karna' .] artha'ba [H arthakara 'advanta- geous; useful'] a. sister - older raamro, ali arthako> improved; than self, but youngest better. daughter . dwaapar jug bibaa te' artha'. The age called Dwaapar is a bit anman n. im- better. pression; semblance; poor copy cub mxi bxanda' ca'de artha'bae (in derogatory sense). mu. That person is better than yogaaraa mxie anmanba' mu. A this. monkey has the semblance of a man. arthi n. admonition, ad- [Syn. dxuru'sta.] vice, instruction (moral). yuhannaaji chaan la1 txum bisi anthebaa' n. aunt (MoEtSi, John used to give them instruc- tions, that they must do thus. ARU AXGADILU ' aru see aaru ' other ' . aulo n . 1. malaria. asarni n. debtor. [Syn. kwine' .] 2. month raakhne) > axle of rice (6th of Nepali calendar, mid- pounder; bar of door. September to mid-October). aumo n. brother-in- asa'tte a. unjust; law ( E~S~HU). dishonest (as of changing agreed land boandaries, or de- autar n. incar- priving wife of due property). nation. [Ant. satte'. 1 ax- [Th a-1 <-daina> negative aslekha n. astrological term. ax pa. did you say? (seeking confirmation). asnaa' n. bot- tom of container. axar n. burp, belch. as6', aas6' t. axbelle a. late, previously, before. [Syn. kxaeba . ] [syn. os6l.l axbx6ba1 a. weak. [Syn. kaccal, paadulu', pobaa', aspataala' n. hospi- kamjo'ri, kal ilo', kaaphar.] tal. axccy6' n. aH$arnI1 n. Dasera festi- aunt (MoYtSi, address and val - 8th day. reference). [Syn. axjxyu' .I asunil n. astrological term. axchygg'ba a. bad. [Syn. axgad i 1 u ' . ] asurbil n. gold medallion (in necklace). axcya i. exclamat ion of disgust. asy6 see aasy6 'brother-in-law1. axdxal barse a. athabaa c . middle-aged. 1. or. 2. namely. axdxa kalsu' a. dumb, idiot, mentally deficient. atthul, athu1 i. exclamation of pain when stung, axdxari' p. in the burnt, scalded, pricked. middle of, amidst. [Syn. aya.] [Syn. mxZSjuri, nxEri.1

ausi' n. new moon. axdxaaf n. half.

aiifhi' n. ring for axdxel n. share farming. finger. [Syn. cyaa ' . ] axdxe' pi'ba v. aul i. to let out to share farmers. 1. emphatic (requiring [Syn. n6 jx6ba1. ] response if on imperative). chaaba'e calan m-au. It is axgadilul a. bad; indeed that sort of custom. worthless (of person or of 2. oh (emphatic). animal which breeds poorly). [Syn. axchySS1ba.] AADIDIBA'

axgxas', axgxg' n. axy%Z uI' t. sister (EtSi, address by younger recently a few days ago. siblings, relatively rare). [Syn. iiT1rn7T'.] [Syn. naa'ni .] aya i. exclamation of axgxi' m. brother pain when struck (by hand, beam, (EtBr, address by younger sib- rock, etc.). [Syn. athu.] lings , common ). [Syn. thaagu.]

axjxai' t. . yet; even now, still. 2?ibaa1 n. mango. cxau lxe' cai', axjxai axmrs'. You've eaten that much, and gggiba' a. <%stnu> to help in stiL2 not satisfied. starting a project. [Syn. madad. ] axjxaaraa' n. chutney. -HBd6', -52dd', -dd', -waadd8 axjxyu' n. s.num. <-wataa> numerical aunt (MoYtSi, address and refer- classifier. ence). [Syn. axccyCil.] 28di' n. gale. axkho'jygg a. rude. [Syn. a'lachin sii.] Zsdi' pxuri n. Chariyo sarpa> variety of snake. axma%'la n. [Syn. pi'bi .] uncle (Fa2dBr). 25155, algZ, 5122, aalZZi n. axmiba ' a. 1. sour. white cloth carried by one man 2. unripe . at head of funeral procession (before the gxyzs', and later axmro'ba a. invis- erected as a flag over the dead ible. man's house during the pae).

axmxwr' i. exclama- 5Ssi' n. sickle. tion of wonder.. Zzthidiba' a. axOxIba i. fearless, press down with foot. brave. [Syn. maSur.1 aa a. question particle axo i. hesitation stutter. seeking confirmation of state- ment. [Syn. xwaa ' . ] axo- pa. emphatic deictic. axo-xa'r ri~~yii'.I Lived aabaa n. father; right there. uncle (Fa~r,MOS~HU). [Syn. aax-.I aabjy6, abjyd n. axta'ngadiba a. in- uncle ( FaYtBr) . elastic. aabsailaa' n. axtxuri' n. uncle (Fa3dBr). haste; urgency; pressing work. aadi', adi' n. inter- axtxurle a. chataar gari> mediate floor in a building; hastily. platform. aadi'phiri'. Upstairs. axwaa' n. elder brother (address for older brothers and aadaa, adaa n. older cousins, not eldest or youngest brother (~r~r). in family). aadidiba' a. to be AAGU

nervous; to panic. aaram, arm n. rest; repose. aagu n. 1. covenanted friend aaraa'ti n. praise of a woman. [Syn. Qielsyo.] (sung). 2. husband of a woman's cqvenanted aargo'; argo' a. other; friend. [Syn. gxelaa.] different, diverse; next. 3. another; the aargo' bxZZdolri. In the other other person. vesse 2. [Syn. aargo' . ] khlxyebri aargo' aargo' jaad tam. The khlxyebri belong to aaiba'ji t. else- different castes. where; at other times. aargol jugar i ' ngxyo' chyZZb taxyaam. In the next age we aaitabaara' , aitabaara' t. wilt become good. Sunday. aa'ridiba a. to order, aakhilra n. end. to command. [Syn. ba 1 la. ] [Syn. hukum pTbaal . ] aala'kkale, ala'kkale v. aarkai' v. again. carefully, sinul pxaaba'e txiri aarkai' inoffensively. ngxa chyolE xraai. At the time tixyaabale sale aala'kkale bxa'l of burying the corpse they txum. You have to bring the played the drums and cymbals breakables carefully. again . aala'kkale xr6sa dxT1r syo'le f im. (A mourner) stays aaru, aru a. other. separately, scrupulousty, in [Syn. aargo' .I his own house. aaHik n. blessing. aalul n. potato. aamaa [TaGTh *ama; TB *ma 4871 n. mother; aunt (Mo~i, aasa'ra n. month (3rd of FaBrWi ) . Neoali calendar. mid-June to

men, human males. aasyd, asy6 n. brother- in-law ( Wi~rBr) . aamuyii', aamiiyii', amuyii' n. [Syn. jefhu.] man, human male; brother of a woman. aasyd lxaaba n. ceremony concluding brother. pae (the ritual chasing off of wife's brother). aanaa, anaa [TB *na:w 'younger sibling' 2711 n. elder aasy6 taalu' n. cloth given at pae by maternal aanek, anek a. various; uncles. several. aanek kisim bale. Various aa'th, aa'tha, aa1< n. kinds of. eight. [syn. pxre ' . ] aaphsos n. sorrow; aathpariyaa [N 'bodyguard'] n. sadness. [Syn. phi kkar.] servant in a king Is house. aappa'e n. paternal uncles (FaBr). aatek m. attack; AATHE BAEN

assault (military). caid mxaTna tigag badinrjyti. [Syn. kxaaba.] There is one day left in Caid. garjgyu badii biri' naa's aathe n. Caamaako didiharu> aunt lawaai. When the river was (~oErSi,FaEtBrWi) . swollen it caused damage. [Syn. anthebaa'.] baduli n. Butwal, a aathebaal , atheba1 n. < jethaa plains town south of Pokhara. baabu> uncle (FaEt~r, MoEtSiHu; loosely FaErBr, badaba n. peanut. MOE~S~HU). badaardi xyaabal v. noise. pahilyaauna nasaknu, biraaunu> to be lost because of wandering aax- i. <-na> emphatic deictic. off. 6 aax-cal kidaaba'. That very gxyZii1 ngo axsei bi ri ' badaardi book. [Syn. axo-.I xyaai', khala axy6'la. Not knowing the road we wandered aaxr n. belch. off the track, and were unable to come. aaxr labaa' v. to belch. bad6 av. 1. near; about (in aayu' n. lifetime; age. space) . [Syn. cha.] khan i r badE ti rjqyt' . Whereabouts is he living? 2. soon, after a little while. togo' badE kham. He wilt -b S.V. <-ne; -eke> gerund suffix come soon. (occurs usually when closely bound phonologically to follow- -badil s.v. since; ing words). because. khlxyaa' gxri' rZrib mr6T1. rja xyaaba'di ~alaima5 pTTa. They saw an old ox grazing. Because I went they gave me kyar fib swaabaa' u kaju'r Fib medicine. [Syn. sero' .I swaa baa' . Is it nice living there, or nice living in Kaju. badi2 n. lamp (used of small kerosene lamp and of small butter lamps used in Buddhist religious rites). -bat -bal, -baa, -baa1 s;v. <-ne; -eke> gerund (-baa on voiced badmaia -a. wicked; stop initial, low clear verbs, naughty; worthless. bobaa; -baa1 on other low clear verbs, pTbaal; -baa on rising badmagi n. wicked breathy verbs, jx6ba1; -ba on person; worthless person. high clear and low breathy verbs, na'ba, kxoba). -bag1 s.num. bundles of bamboos, canes, poles ( bxadaa' , bachaardiba v. mo', sadaaa) carried on to punch. shoulder. [~yn.pxac. 1

badi a. enlarged; big. -bae, -bare s.v. <-eko, -ne> t8Sn caarnaZ pril pri' tamu, adjectivising suffix. gxadi' badi axta'. A22 sons cu'rbae naa'ni. The eZdest are equal, it's not right for daughter of this house. some to get more, others Zess. xyaabaae mxi. The person who [Ant. gxad i ' . ] went.

badiba 0. to grow; to baen n. report; news; enlarge (in numbers or size). reputation of a man, usually good. bagaicaa n. garden. bam tsz'gaa n. [Syn. baa r i . ] eel. bagal n. flock of sheep. bamojim p. according to. gad bibae bamojim lad. DO as I bagra n. stony ground or say. soil. [Syn. xisaa'b, anusaar.] bagyaa n. male goat (un- ban1 n. forest; woods; castrated). jungle; countryside (slopes sur- rounding villages). baigune' n. ungrateful man ; ingrate . ban2 n. prohibition. [Syn. pribaa1.I bainaa n. downpayment; deposit (pledge). banarba'e jantu n. wild animals of the bush. bairaa a. deaf. [Syn: 1 adaa . I banda patra n. deed; document recording land owner- bairaagi n. man bereft ship. of spouse and children; hermit who remains alone. bandabasta n. [Syn. jogi.] arrangement ; agreement between two persons. bairi n. detested person; persona non grata; enemy. bandaki n. mortgage ca' dxT'ne baalu ga bairi mu. (the money lender pays the land In the eyes of that household owner a sum, less than the I am a detested person. purchase price of the land, and has use of the land until bairu see baairu ' out side' . the owner refunds the money and redeems the land) baizaka n. month [Syn. uj inde, raa'j i naa'm, (1st in Nepali calendar, mid- aldani .] April to mid-May). bandaa a. stopped; bajaar n. market; town. closed.

baje t. o'clock (used in bandxu' n. shotgun. conjunction with Nepali numer- als). [Syn. batti ba; xraaba.] banidiba v. to make; to create; to repair. bakhu n. cloak of [Syn. kyo1Sba.] goat's wool, water-resistant. -bar, -ba'r s.v. <-na> purpose; baksa n. tip, gift. incentive. cabal r xuim' . Invites (us) to eat. balag balag labaa' v. to throb (of baraa bara a. equally. wound) . [syn. pril pri'.] balchi, balsi n. fish- barda n. more. hook. kxemag barda kTn, ga cyugu'de kTrn3. You people take more, I balla n. finally; at will take (just) a little. last. [Syn. aakh i ' ra, ] barendi n. great coat. balo n. rafter. barkha n. monsoon; balsi see balchi 'fishhook'. rainy season.

balwaa n. sand. barkhela p. against; opposed to; disobeying. bayaaba' v. to take kxid bibae tS3 barkhela lai. away; to carry away (of river). He disobeyed what you said. -bii?i s .nun. share ; part . barga n. year (as unit of cxa gxT' musero khlxyo gxTb5Zle time). kySZ'l txum. Since there are two sons the fields must be barta n. ritual fast divided in two. (for special days - perhaps eating only one meal, fruit onlx, bggdiba v. or only what one has cooked one- 1. to be clenched (of teeth). self, or perhaps eating in xris khasi sa bS3dii. Being silence); fast - partial. angry he ctenched his teeth. [Syn. upaas. ] 2. to enclose, fence around. barta fibaa' n. to bSHgo-fedo' a. instead; rather. bSSgo-GTgo' a. Cbaapgo-:echo> zigzag. basa n. bus. bSSgo a. crooked. bastu n. domestic animal; cattle. [Syn. khyodo. ] bSHju n. fallow ground; grassed area. baffaa' n. Cbaffaa, dabbaz can; billy; tin container. b5SG n. [Syn. syaa'mgo; txu.] fathom (distance between out- stretched hands, approximately baf cane 180 cm. ). strips (about 100-150 cm. long, used for tying thatch to roof). -baa, -baap see -ba 'gerund'. [Syn. bxadaa. ] baabyo n. cbaabiyoz grass used baffho, baatfho a. in making brooms. cunning, clever. [Syn. buddi ; di.maag. ] baacchaa n. oath; promise. battiba v. cbajnu 'time'> to strike (of the clock). baa+ n. flood. jxaale' caalr battii. Then it struck four. baad n. conversation. [Syn. xraaba; baje. ] baad maardiba', baad sebaa' v. baunebir n. dwarf. to chat. bauridiba v . to live baadaa, baadxa n. hawk. again; to be resurrected; to revive from near death; to awake baadure n. bravery. from swoon. [Syn. S3d i ba ' . ] bausa n. Cboksiko choraa athawaa baagasa n. box; trunk. lognez witch's male relative. baagya n. sentence; bause n. day labourers utterance. (assisting in the preparation of the flooded rice paddy for baagyaa axkho'ldiba v. to be speechless bause taanl khaa'gu lai biri' mrzri boi. Having gathered the baahek a. except. tabourers he took then to the [Syn. bi naa. I paddy fie tds. BAAIRU 11 BEHORDIBA

baairu, bairu loc. out- s5baaraa1 tam. Monday is OK. side. saal t baaraa tam. There are seven days in the week. baajaa n. musical in- strument (generic). baara, baaraa3 n. hedge; fence; boundary of a field. baaji n. stake in gam- [Syn. gaa raa, bxedaa ' , baanu. 1 bling; game of chance. baareril, baarer p. baajyu n. grandfather; concerning; about. male relatives of second swaasthaal baarer toli thaal ascending generation. axxrel. They know nothing about gile baajyu nerol tarba'e Oile health. khe baaj yu. Our grandfather and our ancestors above him. baari n. garden; field - dry. [Syn. rnrd', gxai mrb'.] baaklo a. thick - of cloth, paper; strong. baarkhari' n. syl- [~nt.paadul u1 . ] labary of Devanagari script. baarkharil paals lai. He passed baala n. cbhaa+aa> rent on his ABCs. k~ouse. baardalil n. porch baalar pibaa1 v. to let out a house. house, lower caste people given entrance). baalecaur n. village near Pokhara. baas n. lodging place for one or two nights. baali n. tax (on [Syn. deraa . ] land). baa1 pholbaa. To pay tax. baasan n. odour. [sun. $eksaal, ka'r, bxansaalr. 1 [Syn. th3S. 1

baalu v. together; with. b@a n. stand for baalu xyaail. They went to- earthern water pot, ring woven ge ther. of rice straw. kxine baalu gyu'ii. I asked you. bebasthaa n. arrange- aabaane baalu lumu. He learns ment; organisation. from his father. xrdsalai caidibale chenle bebasthaa la1 txum. You have baan n. arrow (especially to arrange properly for things associated with gods of Hindu' you need! mythology); illness caused by [Syn. banda basta; caal calan.] curse. bed a. barren; beyond time baani n. custom; habit of bearing children. (particularly of negative tend- ency of character). bedan n. cale baani kxid se'rn. You know mourning. his ways. behora n. nature; dis- baanu n. wall - standing position. alone, usually of stone. [Syn. baani; su'baasaa.] [Syn. gaaraa; bxedaa'; baara.] behordiba v. baara, baaraa' n. 1. to accept. twelve. cul rnrid aague' pxasi no'serol qad axbehordi, waam. Since baara, baaraa2 n. day of this wife is carrying another the week. man's child I will not accept BELAUDI ' 12 BILIDIBA

her, but will throw her out. bidaa n. permission to 2. take possession of. leave; departure. cal maentolaa' kxid nx6wZ.S xyaal' txui, bidaa pTn. I must sero' gad axbehordi; kxid go, please give me leave. ky6G1i biri' mattre' galaai [Syn. chuftil.] pin. Since you broke the lantern I will .not take it; bide2 n. foreign country. give it to me only when you have fixed it. bidegi n. foreigner. belaudi', belaaudi' n. ambaa> guava. 1. test; evaluation; plan, design. belaa n. time; occasion mxi na'du biySS la'mad yo (often in astrological usage). chwii biri' bijaar lam. If [Syn. txi , joga . I a person is sick the lama feels his pulse and makes an belaaid, belaayad n. evaluation. Britain. 2. plan; design. dxT1 baarerbae bijaar la1 belca n. shovel. txum, khaiba banidim. You have made a plan about the bele av. very; muchly. house, how you will make it. [Syn. beseri.] 3. thought; opinion; considera- tion of matters. bemaan n. dishonesty. kxie bijaar to' ja. What is your opinion? benca n. bench. kxi prximale' bijaar lam, to1 prxim. When you are writing bepaari n. trade. you think, "What shall I write?" berdiba v. to roll up kxe' togo' kadi' Ixel mu, (mat, paper); to wind up (ban- pukhrul xyaaba'e phursada mu dage around wound); to wrap up; u axxre', bijaar la1 txum. to wrap around; to bind round. You have to consider, "How [Syn. mxu r i ba. ] much work is there now? Is there leisure for going to besaa n. food grains Pokhara or not?" (bought and sold); articles bought in market. bijed n. extremity. besaa bele mxSSgul. Cost of bijedle ro'i. Deeply asleep. living is very high. bijed tabaa' v. to besaara n. turmeric. be gravely ill. beseri av. very. bikaas n. development ; [Syn. bele.] progress. betari n. battery. bikaas ma'la n. [Syn. ges. I chemical fertiliser (lit. development fertiliser ) . beti cxyaa' n. tea drunk on first arising (lit. bed tea). bikh n. poison. bethaa n. illness; disease. bikri n. sale. bIdi n. cigar; cheroot. bilaa n. emblem of military rank; chevron. bibaa v. to say. bilidiba v. bibaa axgB1ba a. dis- to melt. obedient. billi n. derision; bittikan p. immediat- vocal contempt. ely after. [Syn. jxugu'diba. ] [Syn. jxwaa'tfan; gxari'nna; todo' n. 1 bimraa dxii' n. times; binaa p. without. turn. [Syn. laa.] [Syn. baaxek. ] -bo s.num. <-wafaa> hand-sized, bindi n. request. round objects (cups, plates, cyapattis, bracelets, letters, bindimu i . greeting word. coins, bras). namas te. bobaa [TB *ba 'carry' 26; TB biphar n. smallpox. *buw=*baw 'carry on back or shoulders' 28; TB *s-wa 'go, birgidiyar n. brigadier. come' n. 4473 v. to take. -biriU c. 1. sequential action. bom n. bomb; explosive rii biri' kaE cai. Be arose charge (as used in killing fish). and ate rice. 2. reason. bornmag n. Borneo.

biridiba v. bra see pxra' 'hundred'. 1. to omit. sad QXT' biridibrz cifhi' -brg, -bbr6 s. num. pibxibrZ1 lala. I sent let- strands twisted together (in ters at two week intervals. rope or plaits). 2. to remove a paddy wall in order to enlarge rice paddy. -br5, -bbrS, -bbrg' s. a. <-dai> habituative. bis n. twenty. saebrE1 cabrZ' lam. They were [Syn. ~xisyu.1 killing and eating. [Syn. -ma.] bisaai bisaai a. long-lived; full. bribr: av. limply; loosely (of bisaai bisaai aayu' tad. May long thin things hanging down, you have a long life. as beans, cucumbers on a vine, wool threads hanging from biskure' n. locality religious officiants' hats). name in Ghachok. xraalbu brT brT xyaaba'. The shaman's hat tassels dangle bigwaas n. trust ; loosely. faith; confidence. [Syn. kwz'ba, bxar' . ] brubrii, biibii n. < jamaraa> corn shoots (used ceremonially); corn bibwaas mxS8diba a. to be trustworthy; to deem trustworthy. bGb3 n. drizzle. [Syn. bxa'r pardiba'.] [Syn. nS5' txulaa.]

bifh6 n. mischievous, biibiile av. fluffy; light. naughty (child or baby animal). yod pae prsrn bGbGle. You fluff the wool up lightly by hand. bittaa n. span of hand. BUCU 14 BXANDAA '

bucu see pucu 'crown of headt. bxagba' v. to wait. bud judaa n. boot - bxagawaa'n n. god - military. of senior class (including Ram, Vishnu, Krishna, Lakshman, to budabaar n. Wednes- whom one offers flowers and day. grain offerings, but not blood sacrifice). buddi n. intelligence; [Cp. parrneswaraa; deudaa; sense. [Syn. dirnaag.] bxayLL1r.] budii, budu n. plural bxagaatri, bxaagaalri n. marker for things and perhaps cattle; 1,mat of cane, 120x400 cm. , to' budU. What things? finer than cidra, often used as roofing on shepherds' huts bugyaani n. highlands, and cattle sheds. beyond tree level but below 2. measuring unit for stored summer snow line. grain (if mat is set up as an [Syn. xe, khlyLZt, dxusaal, upright bottomless cylinder). gxaarit .I [Cp. cidra; xrSLne.1 buj n. csallaah, buj> consulta- bxagra' [N bhakaaro 'excrement of tion; advice. cattle'] n. place of tethering [Syn. sa'l laa; kajuril .] cattle (inside shed). [Syn. pxr5.1 bukka n. surprise; bewilderment. bxait kaf ar n. pineapple. bukka mxgiidiba v. to be bewildered, to be amazed, bxailot n. recital incredulous. given during Tiwa festival (late October) for which thank bufta n. embroidery. offerings are expected. butfa jx6ba' v. bxairu'wa n. to embroider. Bhairawa (border town south of Pokhara) . buwaari n. sister-in- law (Yr~rWi). bxajan n. hymn; song of praise. bxaba' [TB *ba 'carry' 26; TB [Syn. aaraalti.] *buw=*baw 'carry on back or shoulders' 28; TB *s-wa 'go, bxakha'r t. just now; come' n. 4471 to bring - not a moment_ago; recently. from up or north. bxakhalrbae chami1. A ooman of [Cp. bxwiba'.] about 15 to 17 years. bxabitqya n. future. bxakti' a. devout; bxabilsyar to' tam tot tam? pious; scrupulous about religious What will happen in the future, regulations (guch as washings, what indeed? diet, etc.). [Syn. pxanxz li3d.I bxalaa'dmi n. arbi- bxadaa' n. poles (thin, leader. 2-3 cm. diam., used for tying thatch to). bxalot n. welfare; bene- [Syn. baf faa.] fit. bxadu' n. month (5th bxalul n. bear. in Nepali year, mid-August to mid-~eptember) . bxandaat p. than; BXANSAAR 15 BXAAU '

compared with. bxaagu'na n. drinking vessel; container for water. bxansaar n. customs [Syn. Zkhoraa.] tax. [Syn. kar, teksaa', baali, bxaai' n. younger brother masul . ] (~r~r);younger male parallel cousin (F~B~SO,MOS~SO). bxar n. reliabil- ity; trustworthiness. bxaale' n. rooster. [Syn. bigwaas.] bxaancha' n. cooking. bxardi' n. enlistment. bxaancha' kxrim. (The castes) [Syn. bxarna'.] may cook together. bxarna' n. bxaancha're n. cook. 1. enrolment. skular bxarna' labaa'. To bxaani'ja n. nephew enrol in school. (MoSiSo, WOHUS~SO). 2. replacement. gad bxarna' la them. I will bxaanji', bxaanchi' n. replace it. niece (MaSiDa, WOHUS~D~). bxaffu' n. stat ement ; silbarko saano bhZZCo> cooking story. vessel (of white metal, various cu' bxaannJ5' la'mmaE kwi' bim. sizes, similar in shape to Some lamas tell this story. bxaagu'na). [Syn. tJl . ] bxatwaa' n. immigrant bxaara'da n. India. from another village (very [Syn. indiyaa'; xindu'sthaa'n.] derogatory term). bxaara' ti a. Indian. bxatyaa'ra n. feast (for wedding, hair cut- bxaaraa" n. bull. ting ceremony, post-funeral, [Ant. khlxyaa' kxyoba' .I etc.). [Syn. bxoj.] bxaaraaV2n. fare; bxau' V. imperative of rent. bxaba 'bring'. pukhrul xyaaba'e bas bxaara' kadi' ja? How much is the bus bxaudi'ba v. to run fare to Pokhara? away. [Syn. kxyo xyaatia'.] bxaare' n. carrier; bxayag' r n. deity to porter. whom a chicken is sacrificed twice a year (April and Novem- bxaarse' n. ber), usually at edge of cliff. echo. [~yn.deudaa.] [Cp. chyaattiba' ; kobaa'.]

bxg&$.'diba v. to bxaasi' n. entice; to tempt; to exert a accent (manner of speaking). bad influence on (as of adult- nZZ1s nJJ1sari kxyui' gxrina' erers, or youths spoilt by bad tara bxaasi' syo'na. In dif- company). ferent villages the language is the same but the accent is bxaadi' n. inn (provid- different. ing meols and sleeping arrange- ments). bxaasi'diba V. to sink; to settle (of earth, wall). bxaagaa' n. tune; pitch; accent. bxaau', bxaag, bxaagu' n. share; entitlement. bxaagaa'ri see bxagaa'ri 'mat'. bxaag bxaag chudidiba'. To BXED ' 16

divide into shares. bxolaa' n. stream - seasonal; flood. bxed' n. curse of witch [Syn. sy5, khola.] (causing loss of appetite leading to death). bxryagZZ1 n. ladder; pumsyomalEdbxed' jxBi biri' na'm. steps - portable, wooden. The witch cursed him and he is [Syn. li; prS.1 sick. [Cp. syaa'ba.] bxiidi' n. stomach. bxedaa' n. wall of [Syn. pho' .I house - mud plastered. [Syn. gaaraa, baanu. I bxudlaa' n. wisps of corn ear. bxelgaa' n. waves. bxudududu n. beam - fluttering (of a nestling sloping, of gable roof. learning to fly). bxeti n. offerings to bxudu'kan av. com- gods or priests (usually money). pletely. amwi ', bajaara xyaai ' , tara pau -bxibal s .a. <-dinu> roti kiba bxudukan ml i ' xyaai' . 1. benefactive. Dear me, I went to the market ca bxin' . Eat it, please. but completely forgot to buy 2. permissive. bread. cala axbxin'. Don't let him eat it. bxugol n. geography. cal bxin' . Let him eat. bxugii'nca n. ball. bxiru' n. necklace of coral. bxuju'gga n. cooking vessel (20 cm. diam., 8 cm. bx6' [TB *(d-) bag n. 3251 n. depth). strength. bxujyu' n. grandmother. bx6' nxaba a. to rest. bxulaal n. cloak of homespun cloth. bx6ba1 a. strong. [Syn. bakhu.]

bxo' i. no. bxuldiba v. bxo', ga k6'laa axy6', yumnaa 1. to entrap; to xyaal ' txui. No, I can't sit beguile; to entangle. down, I have to go quickly. [Syn: bx5Zdi4diba; phas~diba'.] bxoba' see bobaa 'take'. 2. to err; to make a mistake. bxod' n. Tibet. bxumi' su'daarar n. bxode' n. Tibetan. land reform.

bxo

shirt - Nepali bxun n. cavity - style. of earth (due to subterranean caves). bxog n. sacrifice (of na"a"' 1x.e' yu'du biysl bxun blood). xyaam. If there is a lot of bxog piba'. To offer sacrifice. rain the earth subsides. [syn. kh ro. 1 [Syn. bxaasi 'diba.]

bxoj n. feast; banquet. bxut n. spirit - evil. [Syn. bxatyaa' r. 1 [Syn. mxti', syaa'gi. 1 bxuwaa' n. wool - fine. caidibaq v. to be needed. bxwiba' 0. to bring down from higher altitude or caj mlS1 mlS' ~xZBbaa. from north. salty. [Cp. bxaba'.] caja [TB *tsa=*dza 214; T tza] n. bxy8&a1 v. to throw salt. away (emphatic). cakku' n. knife; pen- bxy6ba1 V. to throw knife. away. [Syn. waabaa'; ple'waabx5ba1; calan, calana, cal%Zn, calaan n. swTkidi bx7ba1.] custom; way; manner. byaa, biyaa n. calaakh a. cunning; wedding; marriage. smart; clever. byaaja n. interest on caldiba" v. to be loan. sexually aroused (of male animals ) . byaaulo n. bridegroom. caldiba12 v. to use; -by6, by6' s.num. to accept and exchange money. gallons. folxyaaba'e no'da axca'ldi. Torn notes won't be accepted. by6ba v. < jasto dekhinu> to resemble. calidi'ba a. to drive naa'ni surje d6' by5ba. Naani a vehicle. ,resembles Surje. cam%', cami' n. daughter. [Syn. cxam7. ]

cami'ri n. ca' pn. that; he; she; it. woman. [Syn. cxamiri.] ca [TB *r-sa 4421- n. camja' n. spoon - big. vein. cana' n. radishes - cabasa'e n. food sliced and dried. (lit. eating things). candramaa' n. moon cabaaq [TaGTh ntsa; TB *dza 661 (in astrological context). a. to eat. [Syn. phe'ba. I carbane' bethaa n. epilepsy. cabli n. sandal; thong. ca'ri loc. there ; over caSbaal v. to pull. there. syod caEm ro. The ghost pulls you, it is said. caridiba n. to offer food to spirits. ca'eba v. to remain; mx6laai bxaau caridil txum. left over. You have to offer a portion to the demon. caebaa' v. easing off of rain. casmaa' n. spectacles; glasses. ca'ida, ca'id, cai'dra n. month (12th in caGthS1 n. quarter. Nepalese calendar, mid-March to mid-April). caubis n. twenty-four. CAUFAAI 18 CHA'KKA PARDIBA'

caudaai n. width; cewaa see cyowaa 'supervision'. breadth. [Syn. pl xi. ] chat ' n. cremation plat- caudi' n. mat - small, form on river bank. round, of maize husks, for sitting on. cha2 n. life; prosperity; lifetime. cauda nurn. fourteen. cha ranfhi' tam. Life is short. [Syn. aayu' .I caudara n. platform, usually under shady tree. ha-^ av. thus; that way. chatamaa Qa axxyaa'. That caulaani' n. juices being the way it is I'm not produced in cooking food. going. css n. bridge - tempo- cha'ba [TB "tsa 621 a. rary, made of bamboo. hot. [Syn. laa.] [Syn. pu'la.] chabaa ' v . to cH?ilba v. to be coagul- shepherd. ated; frozen. chada' n. umbrella. c5?idi1 n. silver; white [Syn. kxk I of egg. chadrs n. caa' see cxaa' 'tea'. tree without leaves. caa'pa n. festival. chadri kule' n. rainhat; sun helmet. caakh mxssdiba a. curious. chaG1 n. shepherd. caal calaan n. organisation; conduct of one's -chaS2 s.nurn. items of affairs. work. [Syn. bebasthaa. ] gad bibae kxe' t ichas e' maane axcxuba. You haven't done a caalis n. forty. single job I asked you. caana daala n. lentil - green. chae [TaGTh ntsaay; Cp tsyasq] [Cp. maa ' sa. I n. cane strips used in weaving. caa'r n. four. [Syn. pl xi ' .I chae khlyi n. inside cuts of cane. cE n. tiger. chae mi' n. out cE 1x0 n. year side cuts of cane. of the tiger (1950,62,74,86). chaeba n. perspira- cS'ba v. to knead tion. thoroughly. [Syn. celaaba', mlobaa'.] chagadiba' v. to be misled, cheated. &do', cSd6' [Cp dya~q]p. near; close to. cha'gd, cho'g6 n. cemetery. ce n. nickname (not given by astrologer). cha'kka n. amazement; surprise. ce'na n. sieve; winnow- ing tray for small grains. chawkka pardiba' v. CKALEN

to be amazed. just so; like that. [Syn. bukka mxSSdi baa. ] chaabaa' av. like this. chalen av. 1. just because; that's the way chaabdi'ba v. to print ; it is. to frank (letters). 2. without special cause. xindulsthaa'n xyaa sero'm chaadan n. xind i ' kxywi ' chalen xram. 1. eave s . Hindustan we learnt Hindi 2. roof without special tuition. of verandah. 3. free of cost. [Syn. paali' .I chalen piS. He gave it to me free. chaage' n. meal. ek chaage' mattre' cam. He chalpha' 1 n. discus- eats only one meal. sion. [Syn. kajuri'; sabxa [Syn. cho.] labaa'; taa labaa'.] chaap n. seal; stamp. chamada' n. opportunity. chamadaa' cxyaasi. Having chaa'ra [TB *sar 4011 a. taken the opportunity. new. chamll , chami' n. chaare' v. woman - young, 16 to 30 years. waterfall. chammB' n. plural of chS1raaba v. Clabafaale haannu> chamTi 'young woman'. to slap with open hand. [Syn. chyaabru'ba.] chapwaa' a. printed - of paadru' (astrological che' n. loan at interest. calendar ) . cheba ' v . charkaali' n. to hold; grasp. kamal> cape of wool worn by 2. to take. Thakalis. [Syn. kaamlo' .] che'l n. obstruc- tion (as interrupting light or chature' n. adoles- of child standing between two cent human - 12 to 15 years. people talking). chauri n. adolescent che'laa ma' li av. mixed bitch. up together. pxrukxyui tamukxyui ' che' laa chZ5dibaB v. to weed ma' 1 i le p5'm. HE speaks Nepali out; to prune; to cut down and Gurung all mixed up to- staff; to segregate; to select. gether. [Syn. tx53ba. I chele see chyole 'cymbals'. chaa- av. thus; that way. [Syn. cha, chu. 1 chen kxyuin labaa' v. to welcome hospitably. chaa'b n. imprint. chen58le av. craamro sagga> cor- chaa'ba v. to peel. rectly; precisely; well. [syn. pi'ba.] [Syn. chenle. 1 chaaba'e a. certain chenle av. well. (person or thing). ch:, sz [TaGTh *txin; TB chaaba'na av. Ctyastai, yastai> *m-(t)sin=*m-tsyen 74; Cp s+n?] CHY'BA 2 o CEU IRA

n. claw; nail of toe or finished. finger. [Syn. cxiba, khaatba, nubaa' .] chi'ba v. -cho [TB *tsyow 'cook, bake' 2751 1. to cause to s. num. meals. fall. jatrnrnan kaE ticho cal bxirn'. 2. shake jungle You feed everybody rice, one fibre in sharp downward mo- meal each. tion to get water out after boiling. chobaa' [TB *tsow 2771 a. fat; rotund. chibaa' v. to sneeze. naa' chi" lad. Blow your nose. chodot n. tumpline ; carrying headstrap (for heavy chi'' [TaGTh htziq; TB *tsil n. bundles, made from thread). 55, n. 449, n. 461; Cp tz+w?] [syn. txot . ] n. fat. cho1g6, cha'gb n. grave. chi2 [TaGTh *tSii] v. grass. -chotn6 n. pieces; bits. chi' baarge' n. lizard. kurji'rn cuxyaanaat, taan chotn6 thEna'. As for the chair it is chi' bula n . wart. broken, all broken to pieces. chid n. drop of water chor6' n. dissatisfac- sprinkled for ritual cleansing. tion; disgruntlement; disen- chid praatba. To sprinkle chantment. water. chorCt ~x'ilba. To be fed up. [Syn. kaes ; na r . I chicle' av. quickly. chu" [TaGTh *troop] n. chidle' prxidu biyS2 ad khe'l chutney of salt and chillis. axxraa. If you write quickly I cannot read it. chu2 av. this way; this. [Syn. yumnan. ] pxanxlzga cha 1abaat, chu labaat, bibae tSl. Orders saying that chi'n n. moment. tomorrow you do this, do that. chi'n gxri' fid. Wait a [Cp. cha.1 moment. chu3 n. rope. chi'na phaa'naa n. [Syn. xras i . I settlement; determination of a dispute. chudidiba' v.t. to chi'na phaatnaa taxyaait birit divide; separate. jxagadaat lala axtu kh81txyaait. When settlement has been reached chu'iba v. to insert; you must not quarrel. It is to push through a hole. finished. chuibaat v. to touch - as chi' re mi' re n. of touching a defiling caste or cloth - printed with black animal; to meddle. squares on dark brown back- ground. chu'ba v. to bark (of a dog 1. ch6 n. trade. chubaat [TaGTh *truu 'be pleasant'] ch6baa1 n. to be v. to feel finished. pleased. sutkeri tasi ~i 'gazri ro ch6rnut. Seven days after chutra n. childbirth the lying-in is basket - triangular shaped CHURBAA'

scoop for collecting dung and chyoebal v. to offer to ances- tors. churbaa' v. to enjoy. chyogaril, chyogara loc. nxebaal ar sxal ' churim u, kxemas off -centre ; edge. nSZ1sar sxal' churim? Do you find Nepal pleasant, or your chyolg, chelg n. home vi2 luge ? 1. musician's [Syn. swaaba mxaadiba.] cymbals - medium size. 2. cymbals used by chuffi' n. holiday; lama - large size. leave. [Syn. bida.] chyolo n. shot-put. chutte' n. wish; desire. [Syn. icchyaa' , ] chyuldi xyaaba' v. to run away; to grow uncontrol- chy%baa8 a. good; lably; to elope. pretty; beatiful; good quality. chyugu' n. ghee; clarified chyaa'b n. to 1. tear with teeth. print; to type. 2. rip off; break off. chyaabru'ba v. to hit with a stick. g!i n. pimple. [Syn. chs' raaba.] cib naab n. elders; chyaa'n chi'nle av. conclusively. leaders. kajuri' chyaa'n chi'nle f5waai1. The meeting was conclusively cibal n. adult; reso lued. senior important person. chyaar n. restraint - moral or cibmag n. adults . social. rT1maZne baalu kd'du biyZZ cible' , ciple' n. vege- aadaa aabaa aamaa muy2Z1 chyaar table (edible fern). tam. If you sit with girls and your older brother, father, or cible' t52 n. trick; mother, are there there is deception (lit. slippery restraint. matter ) . chyaa'rba a. cidra n. matting of sharp. thickly woven cane (used as cow- shed roofing). chyo' i. come on (call to go together). cigdl a. 1. mature (of wine, chyobaa' u .i. tree, animal, human). 1. to halt; stop. 2. adult (of human, 2. to remain; animal ) . stand still. [Syn. thaamdiba'.] cijidiba' v. to shriek; to yell. chyoe n. book used by lama. ci'la n. eagle.

chyod.0 n. watermill. cil: n. pipe of clay tsyn. gxaf{et .I about 5 cm. long for smoking tobacco. CILIBA' 22

ciliba' v.i. cbigranu, bhzzcinu, surface. to break (into small pieces). cidra puraanol tadu'biyaa cil i i cubaa' [TB *tsyat 1851 v. bi ri phaawaarn. If matting gets to break; to frac- old we break it into small ture; brittle. pieces and burn it. [syn. ciliba'; f6baa'; nx6ba; tibaa'.] cili'paace' n. swal- low. cucco' n. bill; beak.

ci'llo a. smooth of sur- cudurul n. berry - small, face. dark blue, ripens in Jesth.

cimdaa' n. tongs for culi' n. slander; fire. calumny.

cini' n. sugar. cunaab n. election.

ciniyHS1 n. variety of rice. curaa n. bangle.

cinjina n. earrings - curaadaal n. cigarette. small, worn in ear lobe. curi v. thread cinu' n. trace; mark; (of screw). remembrance; memorial. cinul Gle' se'rn. You recognise curi tho'ba u. to it by the mark. cut thread of a screw.

ciffhi' n. letter. curnaa' n. threadworm.

ci'ffha n. lottery; cwaabaa' v. to con- raffle. sume ; to devour.

cituwaa' n. leopard. cwibaa' v. to pierce; prick; to stab; to perforate. c6 [T~GT~*tsa~ 'sister-in-law'] n. sister-in-law cxa [TaGTh *dza; TB *tsa 'nephew, (ErBrWi ) . niece, child' n. 86; -TB *za 'child' 591 n. son. c6ja p. this side; near side. [Ant. ky6ja1.] cxac6 n. daughter-in-law (SoWi). con n. <+a> dot. cxasba n. to compare. cokho' a. pure; ritually [Syn. txbZba.1 clean; undefiled (especially of food but also of people). cxae', cae' n. spot of cokho'le fil txurnu, cokholle religious significance placed cal txurnn. He must stay un- on forehead after rite, usually defiled, eat undefiled. of red vermilion.

cola', colo' n. blouse cxaga a. this much (usu- worn by women. ally a small amount). [Syn. cxaa, cxau, cxo.] CO~O', jxoro' t. now; nowadays. cxagana av. ctetti nai ho> that's tTS' joro' . Nowadays. the way it is; like that.

cii'ba v. to sell. cxamare' c. so; then; thus.

cxamI, cxaamz [TaGTh "dzarne] n. cur2 n. edge of flat daughter. [Syn. carnT1 .] CXAMI ' RI CXYOBA '

cxami'ri n. 1. nest. woman. 2. bier. cxaa' [T chah] n. tea. chae e' cx6 roli biri' siba'e mx i ca ' r jxbm. Having woven a cxau av. so (big, fat); bier of cane they put the this much. dead person on it. [Syn. cxo, cxaga.] cxol av. this much. cxaabale, chaba'e a. a [Syn. cxaga, cxau.] certain. cxaaba'e mxi gxri'. A certain cxo2 n. man. 1. <$aakuro> summit; peak. daadae ' cxo. Summit of a cxaabl5 n. <$ukra> piece of old hill. canework (as used in thaasz 2. top (of tree, pole, waaba' ceremony). statuette). ka'5duei cxo phiril chyugu' cxelo n. year th5m. They put ghee on the of the bird (1945,57,69,81,etc.). tops of the statuettes. [Syn. nema 1x0. I cxubal , cxii' bal v. to cxemphar labaa' v. rite conducted in post- funeral ceremony. cxubai2 v. to prepare; to set up. cxiba v. to be finished. [Syn. nubaa1 ; khZZi ba; ch8baai ; cxuba3 v. to as- waabaa' .I semble. nBgur laba1e mxi cxui birii $xi n. < jhaapi (wanko) > under- kxel suru' lam. After the work growth; brush - thick, tangled. party members assemble, they [Syn. jxyaad i ' . ] begin work. cxi [TB *tsik 'joint' 641 n. cxuba4 v. to knee; knuckle; joint. howl (of witch at night).

cxi siri' a. so cxuba5 v. to small; as small as that. accomplish; achieve. [Syn. cxi thiri ' ; cyugu' ca' p6'bae kxel ad lalaa thirii .I axkhZSi; Qa to'i maa'ne axcxu. I can 't do that diplomatic work; cxi thiri' a. this I would not achieve anything. small. cxuiba v. to go to cxiba" v. to winnow sleep; to become numb. from side to side; cull. nxaru cxwii. Re fell asleep. [Syn. phyurbaai, cyaalba, taalba.] cxygzbu n. mushroom.

cxiba' [TaGTh *dzi i 'remember' ] cxyaal see cxaa 'tea'. v. to remember; to consider. cxyaaba v. to aim at.

cxiba3 v. to bite (of cxyaaliba v. to over- dog or snake). indulge in food, drink.

cxijy6 n. Ckaanchaa choraa cxyaarba v. match- (pyaaro boli)> youngest son - ing rim or edge. affectionate diminutive. cxyoba' [T~GT~ndzyaaq; TB cx6 [TaGTh ndzag; Cp ntyorq] n. *r-tsiy 761 v. to count. cxyog6 n. fly. kofhaa, sfor> storeroom for foodstuffs , near cooking area. cy6nle fibaa' v. csaanu bhaera basnu> to live humbly. cxyurba [TB *tsyur 'squeeze, wring' 1881 v. to cyobaa' v. to hang; wring out; to squeeze; screw to suspend (of lantern, chart UP. on wall, boy clinging to bough). [Syn. jxyGbal, khumj idi 'ba.] [Syn. mE' jyobal. 1 cya' i. expression of cyoblaa' n. tadpole. disgust. cyobraa1lma5 n. Tibetens. cyss'c cyss'c av. scoldingly. cyoel cyo'e v. Ckukur bolaaune zabda> calling sound for adult cyaa' [TaGTh *tsyap] n. dog. 1. ring for finger. .2. ball of unspun cyowaa, cewaa n. wool. supervision arising from know- pxurlid pxumii, jxaari' chale ledge of bad tendencies (e.g. cyaa' lam; ca' cyaa' lasiri' ensuring sentries don't sleep raadalr peram. You tease it at post, cattle graze at crops, with a bow, then in that husbands philander). fashion you make a ball; [Syn. yaad.] having made a ball you spin it on a spinning wheel. cy6' laba' [TB *t~(~)i.~=*tZi-p 'shut1 3701 v. to winnow, garnu> to close eyes (of shaking up and down. human ) . [Syn. taa'ba, cx7ba1, phyurbaa'.] cyu' [TB *ts(y)i(y)=*tsyay 404; TaGTh *tsyuq] n. to covenant as blood brothers. cyu'ba v. to enclose in a pen; to imprison. cyaa'riba v. to [Syn. thundi ba. ' j twist (rope, cane). [Syn. pebaa'; khribaa'.] cyugul cyugu', cyugu'de a. little amount. cy6' n. young- est born male - calling name. cyugu' thiri' a. small in size. cyC2 n. <&or> pen; trap - [Syn. cxi thiri', cxi siri'.] cage-like. cyuibaa' v. to tether. cy6'ba v. 1. to spread out (of cyui 1x0 n. year roots). of the rat (1948,60,72,84). 2. to stretch [Syn. nimu lxo.] oneself. cyuraa' n. rice flakes. cy6baa1 a. youngest - of child or animal; small. cywaa' cywaa' xyaaba' v. to discharge, of pain cy6'di n. ful eye. chrysanthemum-like plant (used as an antidote to nettle stings and in religious rites).

cy6'di cituwaa' n. Pabal a. double; re- panther. peated. FXYAA ' PPA

dabbaa n. box for food; dipfi n. duty; billycan with lid. guard duty. dadu n. ladle for soups. d6daa n. <$id> hollowed log (for beehive or feed trough). palla n. lump; clod; ball. doridiba v. to guide (as a shepherd guides flock). danda n. < j ariwaanaa> fine ; penalty (as if cattle get into dfidaa a. mutilated; fields ) . maimed; crippled. dandi n. beam of scales. dfirune mfi'rule av. violently; unrestrainedly (of women gar n. fear. fighting). dar mxzsdi ba. To be afraid. dfiwS2 n. boat. dZ@a n. pole; stem; stalk (of plant such as dubdiba v. to sink - of millet ) . boat. pxali dZSda. Shin. dugu n. dS8da n. hill. bowl - brass, 8 cm. high. [Syn. thal i .] ~%&JU n. bandit; robber ; brigand. duldiba v. to stroll. daaibara n. driver. dxagl n. weight for balances. daalu n. basket - closely woven (of varying size, dxaade' bolo n. beam - for pounded rice). longitudinal, in gable roof. der num. one and a half. dxaagre' n. pcrter (derogatory term); civilian. deraa n. quarters; accom- [Ant. laa'ure.] modation rented for some time. [Syn. baas. ] dxoga' n. 1. gate. -di s.v. protracted 2. door. [Syn. tagara; action. mraa' . ] kxe' axxre', kl'diba. There is no work, I'm just sitting. @olki n. drum - double- sided, larger than mxZEida, dib n. leave - military. played one side with stick, pi nch i na e 4 i b. Discharge with other side with hand. pension. @olaal n. drum - large, dibji n. pan - handle- double-sided, used in military. less, metal. cJx6di1 n. earring worn dill n. heart; mind. in centre of ear. [Syn. saS.1 dxudu' n. husks of rice - di12 n. cliff edge; raised very fine, obtained in second portion (of verandah, bank of pounding. gully, etc.); ridge. dxukulra n. dove. dipef n. damage. dxyaa'ppa av. suddenly ?Y~GRA 26 DAAIGAA

and completely. dama chyoe n. book used by lama. the door properly. dana p. near; about - in GySSgra a. lean (of man, space. animal, meat); thin. kel kyar dana xyaal txum. I

[Syn. kadrZZ.1 , have to go to that area over there. dyaamaa n. row pattern [Syn. badz. I in seedplot; ridge pattern (im- printed on palm by leaning on darbaara n. palace. gundri ) . darli~aan. beam - central, supporting upper storey or verandah.

-d, -di S.V. imperative darHan n. vision; view. (with, nonnasal verb stems). [Cp. -n. I daH num. ten (in loan phrases ) . -ds s. <-le> emphatic. [Syn. cyu'.] ~adZcallai QO axsxe'. I cer- tainly don't know him. da.4aS n. festival - major in Hindu-Nepalese calendar da-, daa- v. to elapse; (observed for ten days in Asoj pass - of time. (September-October) involving animal sacrifice ) . dabae c. so; then. dabae phe'ri axla1d. There- daHmi n. tenth day fore don't do it again. (after a given date, especially of dasaZ festival). das n. threshing of grain with oxen. dausure n. custom at dae" jx5ba1. Tiwa festival (late ~ctober) of asking for gifts around the dagas n. awe; village in return for singing. nervousness. mrlne txoySZ QxTsi dagas dZSti n. edge mxzzdim, bil txubae tSS bil of thatched roof. axkhZZ1. If you meet the king you are frightened and feel daag thsbaa' v. aoe; you cannot speak the to vow revenge. oords you have to say. daaga n. crime; evil in- dai pa. emphatic par- tent. ticle. daaga labaa1. To commit a crime. ta'le baairu telldi? qxeba dai. Why did you put it out- daai, daai biri', daasi c. side? It's crying! then; and. [Syn. jxaale' ; jxaale' phel ri .] dailo n. door, [Syn. mraa' ; duwaaraa.] daaigaa c. therefore, I see. dakhaastaa n. laadi dindinu makhaZ1 dZZda application of official nature bobrZ lam; khanir bomu? // (as for registration of land suryamale dxi'r bom, daai sale, government employment). suryamale aamaad cxaal thu'l bxim. // daaigaa kh6i8 bobre" dakhin loc. south. lanaa'. Every day the dumb girl [Syn. maadil; kyu'ru.] is taking corn stalks. Where does she take them? // She takes dama n. drum them to Surya's house, and then covered with cow leather. Surya's mother gives her tea to drink. // Oh, I see, so there- deuraani n. sister- fore she takes them always. in-law (~uYr~rWi). daajyu bxaai' n. dewar n. brother-in-law brothers; half brothers; (HuYrBr ). parallel male cousins. [Syn. tilmaE.] . -di [TB *ni~=*s-ni~3681 s.num. years. daakha n. grape. di-' v. to follow daala n. lentils; pulse. logically. [Syn. diySS; dina.] daan punyaa n. generosity to poor. -di2 s.V. suffix marking verb daar baar n. stems borrowed from Nepali. beams and rafters (collective gxumdi ba. To stroll (from iV term). ghumnu).

daara n. pole. -di3 S.V. <-yo> past tense. daaraa n. wick -di4 s. emphatic. of lamp. qalaai di'. To me, though.

daare, daaraa n. tusk; -di5, -d s.n. agentive. fang; tooth which protrudes. di'kka n. exasperation; daari n. whiskers ; vexation; worried. beard. [Syn. chord1 qxZZba.1

-del av. < jati> approximately; dile c. nevertheless; about. but; however. thumalE QxTdel sG1de. About ca' cam7'ri chy?iSbaal mu, dile two or three friends. kxi axydl. That woman is mxwil plxidel qxade'. Around beautiful, but you won't get four or five rupees. her. [Syn. dina.] caja cxaude kTbxaul. Bring about this much salt. dimaag n. sense; intel- ligence. -de2 LZV. a little. dimaag rhi'g axxreba'e. Mad. cal bxandaal de chyZSb mu. It's [Syn. budd i. ] a bit better than that, din n. days (suffixed to debi n. goddess. numerals over 10). [Cp. deudaa. ] [Cp. -gaE.]

deza n. dina, dinaga, dina bile c. but; however. 2. India. [Syn. indiyaal .] cal nego' cal beseri nxena', daai Qad chudidil waalau. dezi mall n. ferti- dinaga khim beseri xris khana'. lizer - chemical (Zit. Indian Be and he were fighting a lot, fertilizer). and I separated them indeed. However they themselves are very deudaa n. gods of Hindu angry, I see. conception, usually malevolent. [Syn. bxagawaan; p ram7sara. ] dindinu t. daily; every day. deuraali n. shrine for offering religious rites to dirbin n. telescope; deudaa - small; memorial or binoculars; viewmaster. monument on a grave; headstone. [Syn. ma'ndir; thaa'naa.] digaa n. direction; point of compass. double-minded; uncertain in decision. diygg, diygare' c. Ctyaso bhane> so, then; therefore. -dcl s. t. kxid galaai khalaa axtu bii after that. xwaa'? // 6. // diyEiZ ga pxanx~sgdij'. The next day. axkha'ri o'? You.said I didn't have to come, didn't you? // -dul', -du s.v. imperative (non- Yes. // Then I won't come, OK? final in sentence ). kaZ cadu', daai kxe' laba'r diyo n. holder for oil xyaa'd. Eat your rice, then go lamp (earthern lamp). to do the work.

-dC1 , -dG1 p. like ; -du12, -gun -go1 S.V. <-bhane> similar. if (conditional). ca'd8 axta' rge. May it not be cu'r fidu' biyEiEi. If you stay like that. here. -dot ', -do s.v. connective. du3 see du-kha. khru'do' jxaale' chyFiZbaal tam. You uash it and then it is nice. dubujel n. place name n6wSS bxal'do khani'xyaai', on road from Ghachok to uplands. khani' xyaai? (We) brought a cat, but where is it? where is dud n. ambassador; envoy. it? dui num. two (used in loan -dov2 S.V. dubitative. phrases). [Syn. gxi' . ] asoda' r phi idol , axgxim' munaa' . He was born in Asoj, wasn't he? dukaan n. shop. [Syn. isfor. ] dobara tebaral num. multiple. du-kha, du n. trouble ; worry. dobaade n. offering required to placate witch's curse - the dundri a. born in the second in a series. same year. dobaade waabaal v. Cboksilaai dunidiba v. to twine dosro bhog dinu> rite of two strands (of thread together placing dobaade offering at for strength in weaving). fork of road, or crossroads, [Syn. perbaa' ; khribaa' ; leading to the house of the cyaa'riba.] accused witch. duniyaa n. world. -doln s.v. <-ni> emphatic past [Syn. prithwi.] tense. to' to' caidimu', samaanja'u durga n. god of Hindu kidol n. Whatever is needed, mythology honoured during da4aE we made sure to buy those festival (~urga~uja); god of things. death.

do9 n. with false. [syn. chyaa'b. ] great commotion.

dosro a. second. dugman n. enemy. [syn. satur. 1 dosti n. friend - spe- cially close. duwadagi n. twelth [Syn. thu. I day of daga5; second day after dagmi . dohora saS n. duwaali av. twice. dxarma n. [Syn. gxible.] 1. good deeds. 2. merit acquired by doing good duwaaraa n. door. deeds. [syn. mraa' , dai lo.] dxarmaa' kham. You get merit. dwaapar n. era in Hindu chronology - third of four. dxarma guru n. Cdharma guru> [Cp. satte', tretaa, kali.] religious teacher. dxaju'ra n. frames of dxarma labaa' V. cane bent over to form gable of to do good works and so gain cattle shed. merit for the after life. dxamaa' dxam' av. dxanna saastra n. 1. in close succession; one scriptures of a religion. after another. txil no'bae mxi balla dxama' dxarma pu' tra n . dxam' kha i . The carriers at son - adopted. last are coming along one after another. dxaru' n. water source. 2. constantly; incessantly. [Syn. kyu'waadxt'; mu'laa.] dxamal dxam' kxe' lad. Work constantly. dxsgja' n. <+hSZcaa> fashion.

dxamgi' n. asthma. dxaaire' see jxaale' 'then, after that' . dxami'ro n. white ants. dxaaraa' ' n. blade; sharp dxan' sampati' n. edge as of axe. possessions ; wealth. [Syn. dxi' naa. ] dxaaraam2n. spout of vessel; flow of water. dxancha'ra n. granary, usually room above cattle shed. dxaarne' n. measure of Weight (approx. 2.4 kg., com- dxaradxara av. prising 8 ser in Pokhara or remorsefully. 12 pau in ~athmandu).

dxaraa'le n. nurse for dxeba' v. child. 1. to press mud onto terrace wall. dxarge' n. line; stripe 2. to (as on ruled paper, shirt); lean hand on another's strip of land - narrow and long, shoulder. between adjoining fields. dxemy6' n. even; also. bh%g+o> basket for storing gam fusyaa'r dxari' tiblei carded yarn. axxyaa~~yt'.As for me I haven't gone to Tusya even dxero', te'ro [Cp dyahq] t. once. now, henceforth. cy6d luseyaa phe'ri ad dxari' dxero' Oalaai gxodaa' tam. lubxil txum. If Youngest- Henceforth I will have a horse. Brother is teaching you then I also must teach. dxi' [TaGTh "dimpl n. laidi' sy6 dxari' badibae, house; home. gaggyum jxan' ta'le axbadiba? Even Laidi River is flooding, dxi' 11x6 n. ground so why will not the Seti, all floor of house (lit. inside the more, be in flood? house). DXT ' NAA 30 EKKAAIS

dxi' naa n. posses- dxuri' saeba' n. sions; wealth. to finish off thatching at ridge [Syn. dxanl sarnpa t i ' . ] pole.

-dxi'H s.n. <-dhi& authoritat- dxuru'staa a. resem- ive person; in-charge; official bling; exact likeness. responsible for. . ca' mxi dxuru'staa yogaard6' ancalaaldxi'g. Zonal commis- by6ba. That person looks ex- sioner. actly like a monkey. nyaayaadxi'g. Judge. tasbir rnxie anuwaa'r dxuru'staa kham. A photo shows a man's dx6ba1 [TB *tuk 'pound' 387; face exactly. TB *dup%*dip%*tup%*tip'beat' 3991 v. to dxusaal n. scrubland (about 2000-2500 m. altitude). dx61e1 av, just like. [Cp. bugyaan i . ] gad dx61e1 lad. Do as I do. dxyaan n. attention. dxodro' av. hollow - [~yn.yaad. ] of tree. dxyaan pibaa' v. dxowo' t. shortly; of the to heed; to pay attention. present time; now. [Syn. togo' .I

dxii' [T 5 ig dog] n. plant; bush; tree. -el s.2, <-la> dubitative; inter rogative . dxiiba" v. to stand; to khani' mue'? where can it be? rest upon. [~yn.nxeba; mxaeba. ] -e2 s.n. <-ko> of (possessive).

dx&a'2 [TB *tusk 'thick' 3561 a. e3 n. sambhar, Indian thick; fat; large. elk. [Syn. j a raa yo. 1 [~p.plxaaba.] eba' v. to return. dxiiri' n. exyaabal. To go back. marten (furry animal, size of a squirrel, eats chickens). egxaaraa' num. eleven.

dxiis:' n. porcupine. elk, e'ga num. one.

dxub n. <&up> incense used in ek kaam dui banda av. achieving two goals with one effort; killing two dxub jx6ba1 v. to birds with one stone. burn as an offering (strictly of incense, but also butter or ekadasi n.p. eleventh oil). day of daJaE.

dxubaa' raa v. censer; ekaraa'de a. lasting vessel for carrying fire when one night (of pae). making offerings. ekaali' av. once; dxurdi'ba v. Cdhuiro parnu> to singly. crowd in. ekaantaa' av. alone ; dxuri' n. central gable privately. of house (under which lower [Syn. eklaasi'.] caste people may not enter). [Cp. pidi; baartali'.] ekkaais num. twenty-one ekkaasi' av. suddenly; confusion. immediately. gadaa n. donkey. eklaasi' av. alone. [Syn. ekaantaa' . ] gadilul a. upright; righteous; industrious; good eksre' , yosare n. X-ray (of man). examination. [Syn. chyS8baag .] ekwaa' n. residue; re- -gag1 s.num. days. mainder (of uncompleted work). tigag'. One day. [Cp. din.] [Syn. to". ] gaidiba V. to join; to e'ra n. plant (small red repair; to mend. berry, ripens in November-Decem- [Syn. jord i ba. ] ber, very bitter). gairo a. deep (of water eriyaa' n. area; sur- or hole ) . rounds. gaj n. yard (measure of eusare', eksare' n. Ckhusra, ek length). rupzyiigko nof > change (strictly, single rupee notes). galbandi n. scarf - long, woollen (worn by men). ewaaba' v. to return; give back. galdi n. mistake; error. [Cp. paa'b. ] exor doxor av. to and from; galdiba s. v. to be soft; back and forth. workable (of earth). exor doxor p6'ba v. carpet. doharo bolnu> to converse. [Syn. xracji, kaarnlo'.] exor sai5 pyaa'ba v. to be bhaeko> to be stubborn; numb with cold. single-minded;undeviating. [Syn. thiridiba'; kaathidiba' .] [Syn. gxama'ndi, yogora saE pyaa'ba. ] gaogyu n. gorge; Seti river.

gaph sa'b labaa' v. to chat; to converse. gal v. to be. [Syn. baad maardiba'.] gxy88' mi ga khobbre' pakhal . The name of the road is garaa, garaa gadi n. cgaraa Khobbre hill. (naraamro din)> inauspicious daajyu bxaai' satur ga. (My) time . brothers are (my) enemies. garbhasfaa n. ga2, go pa. emphatic focus. pregnancy.

gaba n. new garbha Qxe n. shoot of plants. milk of pregnant woman.

gabu n. garib a. poor. bucket with lid. [~yn.khl yaanu. ]

gacche n. wealth. garlaane gudlile av. wriggling [Syn. pZji1, plxoba'.] (as of a snake).

gadabad n. uproar; garmi n. heat; warmth GATE, GADE 3 2 GRAAUN

(of weather). -gi s.num. households. dxT' ti1g7r kaE carnmalElai jaan gate, gade n. date of the bim. We call the people who Nepali month. eat rice in one household a family. gai.il n. village (used only in loan phrases).. gil pa. but; however gal panjyaida' . Village council. (clause final). mxid axgxTnl gi, ga~gyudi. Not gaG2, gau n. wheat. by men, however; by the river.

gaucaran n. pasture gi2C. isn't it (inter- for cattle (uncultivated). rogative). [Syn. u.]

gauri n. vessel - water -gi3 s. n. language. carrier (metal, 15 litres). prxugi. Nepali language. [Syn. kxyui ' .] gzgda n. goitre. gidra n. cane strips gzsfho n. knot in rope; used in basketry and mats. ankle; loop in making a Devana- [Syn. chae khlyi.] gari letter. gilSSsa n. glass. gaada n. cart. -got see -du' 'if'. gaadi n. car; vehicle, truck. golbxgdaa' n. tomato. gaajar n. carrot. goli n. bullet; pill; gaal ke'ba v. to tablet. [Syn. phi.] rebuke; to reprimand; to abuse. golmol n, confusion. gaar n. offence; umbrage. -gon s.v. <-ni> indeed; emphatic past tense. gaar mxzzdiba s.0. to be offended; to be cooked it last night, indeed, angry . poor dear. gaar axmxS5didu, tara cu'r axfi'd. [Syn. fxuba'.] goraama'g n. Euro- pean; white foreigner; paleface. gaara a. Kgaaro> wall of stone. [Syn. baanu, bxedaa'.] gorkhaa n.p. Gorkha (town between Kathmandu and gaaro a. difficult. Pokhara, origin of present Shah [Syn. rnugkil .] dynasty in Nepal); Gurkha Brigade (comprising Nepali gaasa n. mouthful; small troops in Indian and British quantity of rice. armies ) . gaasa cyugu' thiri' pTn. Give sinsgorkhaa. 6th Gurkha me a small helping. Rifles.

gg n. threshold; doorway. gorkhaali a.,n. mraa' gsr raa'namu. They were Nepali (~ersonor language). standing in the doorway. gosar n. office of -get s.0. un- district administration; law certainty. [Syn. -e ' . ] court - district. gesa n. battery (dry graaun n. airstrip. cell). -gru s . num. cubit. reduce in size. [Syn. kru. ] gxaidi n. gcda n. wall across earthenware pot. path to keep cattle from crops. gxai mr6' n. cghaiyaa baari> -gul S.V. <-has> imperative on field close to one's house; bxagul 'bring'. garden.

-gu see -duo 'if'. gxaji'diba v. to rattle; shake (a door). gue n. crocodile. gxama'ndi [N 'proud, arrogant1 1 a. guji n. pocket. 1. self-willed; unteachable. gulaaph n. rose. 2. ignorant; prejudiced. gulaaphi a. pink; [Syn. jiddi labaa'; igura light red. sae. I gun n. charity; benevol- gxandaa' n. hour. ence. gxanmase n. mallet gunadi' gunan av. (for breaking up clods). gratitude - in (ironically). gxa'r jawg n. son- gundri n. mat about in-law of household (who lives 180x90 cm., woven of rice in wife's house and, in absence straw. of wife's brothers, inherits through wife ) . gundru n. pickle made from radish leaves (pounded gxa'r khe'daa n. in a bamboo cylinder then al- property; house and land. lowed to stand for a week till fermented. They are then sun gxarchi'n av. dried and stored for later 1. instantly. use). [Syn. j imbu.] [Syn. gxari 'nna. 1. 2. momentarily; briefly. gur n. trance [Syn. chi 'n gxri rna' ; with shaking (of religious of- tisyaa.] f iciant) . gur nxeba. To shake in a gxari' av. cghari ghari> repeat- trance. edly; over and over.

-guraa s.num. <-hal> yoke of gxari'nna av. oxen. quickly; without delay. [Syn. ekkaas i . ] guraa n. sugar - raw. gxase'da n. teacher (espe- nabhaeko) > branches stripped of cially religious). leaves (by cattle). gurug, gurii n. Gurung. gxafte' n. mill - [Syn. tamha ' E . I water-driven. guwaar, guhaar n. help. gxaudi'ba v. to shout; proclaim (news, announcement). gxadi' ' n. clock; watch. gx?iZ1 n. shell of snail. gxadi'2 a. less; smaller. gxaa' n. wound; cut; gxadi'ba v. to shrink; sore. (=A? 34 GYAA gxaad n. crowd gxodaa' raa'ba v. to go to watch (of people meeting at trail funeral or pae of adult. junction). [Cp. ~xyoba(for a child's mardi kholaa gxaad pardiba'e funeral).] khlxyo mu. Mardi Khola is a place where people meet. gxri', kril [TB *t(~)ik=*(g-) tyik n. 251, n. 2711 num. gxaagaa' n. bank of one. [~yn.ti-. ] river. [Syn. cha' .] gxri'n a. alone. gxaaco' n. dance (of old Gurung gxrinaa' a. same; type 1. identical. gxaanaa', gxaanaa' paa'd n. gxublu'kkale av. shrouded com- jewellery. pletely (of wearing cape). gxaanaa' gxod' n. to wander; parne belaa> time of very stroll; rise and fall (of voice heavy rain. pitch); go around; detour. [Syn. duldiba.] gxaara' n. court- house; cells. gxus n. bribe. ko'd gxaaraa' r thundi ba. To confine in the courthouse. gxusa' n. fist - clenched. gxaaraa' n. cghaar (mauriko) > gxusa'd bachaardiba. To punch. bee-hive. gxusull n. Cnuhaaune calan> ab- gxaari ' n. cpaakho, ghaari> lutions; bathing. highland zone around 1300 to 2000 m. altitude with small gxy55' [TaGTh *gyam] n. brush. 1. road; path. [Cp. bugyaani , pakha' .I 2. sheet of white cloth carried ahead of corpse. gxgba" v. to employ other's 3. side (in genealogy). oxen (having none of own). aamaae' gxyaa' iile' 136' 16 [Syn. paryaalil laba'.] phem. He is a cross-cousin on my mother's side. gxgba' v . to lean back; lean on. gxylg' kha'rja n. fare; travel cost. gxg'xyaaba' v. %o die (vulgar term). gxy2i' kxaaba v. [Syn. s ixyaaba' . ] to set out on journey. gxesaa'rdiba v. to gxylgbri' n. local- crawl; drag oneself along. ity name in Ghachok (below the road). gxisaa' rdiba v. to drag. gxy6' n. cob of corn.

gx6' n. gxydsz' n. Cuttisko bof> alder- rocky area (hard to make way tree. through). -gya, -gyaa s.a. suffix marking gxoda' n. horse. colour adjectives. olgya. Red. m16gya. Black. gxoda' 1x0 n. year of the horse (1942,54,66, gyaa n. cross-cousin etc.) [syn. ta Ixo.] (FaSiSo, MoBrSo - term of ad- dress). [Syn. ~6'16.1 GYAAN JABDIBA

cJyaanl n. self-control. honest ; faithful; hard working. xris axkha'du biyZS, su'baas [Syn. sag satte' tabaa' . ] chySZbaa' mudu' biyZZ, gyaan tam. If you don't get angry, imaansaa'th n. <-maan saath> if your temperament is good, truthfulness; honesty. you have self-control. -imu S.V. <-eko> completed ac- gyaan2 n. wisdom; tion. [Syn. -qqyG1.] knowledge. khe'i biri' to'ndori xram, -inamu s. a. <-daicha> cont inuat - gyaan tam. After studying one ive. [Syn. -ri.] knows everything, one has wisdom. inaama n. reward. -gy6 s .num. inaar n. well - large. cigarette. [Cp. kosa, khilli'.] indiyaa' n. India. [syn. bxaara' da; desa; xindu'sthaa'n.]

iskim [E 'scheme'] n. brick. upaay> design; plan.

-i s.n. also. iskrub n. screw; bolt. [~yn.-m; -jai.] iskrub paaibxar n. icchyaa' n. wish; screwdriver. desire. [Syn. chutte' . 1 ispadaa' [Po espada 'sword'] n. igura sag av. cekohoro man> razor blade. stubborn; single-minded; un- deviating. ispan n. sponge; moss. [Syn. gxama'ndi; jiddi.] ispit, isbit n. speed. igurle' av. permanently; ir- is$arni1ttra n. revocably. relatives; fellow villagers.

ijed n. istor n. store. reputation; prestige; self- [syn. dukaan.] respect; face; honour. ijed xyaam'. He loses'face. istri n. iron (for ijed muba1e mxi. A man of ironing clothes). restige. fsyn . abbrul .] itixaas n. history. ikh n. jealousy; malice; spite.

ilaam n. profes- jiigal n. jungle. sion; occupation. ilaam pi'waabal. To leave ja a. to be (interrogative). one's profession. [Cp. qxTbal. 1

ilbaa' a. diffi- jab n. recitation of beads. culty in breathing as a result bxaktiji kxe' axlaa', jab lam of eating a certain plant. ma'ttre. The ascetic doesn't work, but just recites his -ilel p. from. beads. [Syn. ule'; let.] jabdiba V. to recite imaandaari a. beads. ...j adi ...j adi p. as for born. X..., Y on the other hand... [Syn. phibaa', y6baaI.l muyimalS jadi jxudi' ki'ni. r7'maG jadi jxaadi' kiln. You janta n. people of a men sit here; you women, on the kingdom or country; commoners other hand, sit there. as opposed to royalty. jaer n. complaint jantu n. animal - four- reported officially. legged. [Cp. khyodo, janawaar, jagal n. foundation. jibjantu.]

-jaga2 s.n. plural. jara n. root. [Syn. -mag, budi, -jau.] jaraayo n. elk - -jai 6. also. Indian; sambhar. [Syn. -yaa. -i, -ai, -1aadi.l [Syn. e.] jaisi, jasmas, jasi, jyaisi n. jare p. near; round about. astrologer. [Syn. la'maa; pujyu' .] jasi, jasmas see jaisi 'astrol- oger'. jal tha'l, jal thal av. splash- ing; overflowing. jasta n. zinc; corru- mr6'jare kyu' jal tha'l xyaanal. gated iron roofing. The water has overflowed around the paddy field. jatamanse n. nard. jalgo n. fern-like jafile n. twins (of edible plant. offspring of normally mono- genetic animal); plants shoot- jalgo kxure' n. crane. ing close together. [Syn. jodaa. ] jalidiba v. < jalaaunu> to burn oil in a stove. -jau s.n. <-haru> plural. [Cp. khr5ba1; mrobal; phaabaa'.] [Syn. jaga; -mas.]

jamin n. land as opposed jaws n. son-'in-law to sea. (only in gxa' r jawe").

jammaa, jamrnan n. total; jay e. long live; victory gathering. to.. . jay nxepaal . Victory to Nepal. jamra n. shoots of barley grown indoors for -jZZ s.num. sections; joints of ceremonial purposes at dasaZ. cane.

janawaar n. beasts; jZge [R jaaghe] n. wild animals. shorts; underpants. [Cp. khyodo, jantu, jibjantu.] j2Zj n. test; examination, jane n. sacred thread of inspection. Hindu worn on neck or wrist. aphisa'r bosi, jZZj lasi, chyiibal tZZ mu u. They took janma n. birth. him to the office, and cross- esamined him, whether the story janma din n. birth- was correct or not. day. jZZj buj n. investi- janma thal n. gation. birthplace. pulisma'S bosi jZZj buj lai. They took the police and made janmadiba v. < jarmanu> to be an investigation. jaad n, caste; kind; sort; to be dogmatic. species. [Syn. gxama'ndi; igura saC.1 [Syn. tha'ri.] jillaa n, district - jaade a. clan; caste administrative (76 in Nepal, within Gurung society. each district including about ca' mxi caa'r jaade yaa. That 50 village panchayats) . person is of the Four Clans. [Cp. ancalaa'; pancaayat.] jaagir n. employment; jimbu n. sauerkraut of salaried position. garlic leaves; garlic leaf [Syn. no' kor i . ] preparation (made by ~ibetans). nxu'e gundrulaai j imbu bim. jaala n. fishing net. We call garlic pickle j imbu. [Syn. gundru. 1 jaali n. screen on windows to keep out insects; jodaa n. < jodaa> pair; partner mantle on pressure lamp. (as of two friends). khanil xyaai', kxie jodaa? jaama n. skirt. Where has he gone, your friend? [Syn. jZGle.1 j aan , j aanmas , j aanZi5 n. family - vife and joddiba a. < jornu> to add (in children; wife. arithmetic 1.. jaari n. adultery; joga n. time; occasion - damages payable to husband. astrological.. aaguel mrT jaari lasi bxwilaal. [Syn. belaa.] He took another man's wife adulterously. jogi, joi n. ascetic- religious (normally scholar jei pa. yes; OK. with beard and yellow robes. He is the only Hindu who cuts jefha n. month (2nd off topknot lock of hair. of Nepali calendar, mid-May to Often mendicant); holy man - mid-June). Hindu; the caste of Giri (even though an individual of the jelaa n. wages; pay caste may not be ascetic). (for a day's work). [Cp. bairaagi.] jefhu n. brother-in-law -jon, jo'n, ju'n S.V. <-yo ni> (WiErBr) . emphatic past. [Syn. aasy6. ] talaaln bijon. I said it be fore. -jil s.num. monosyllables. qa lxogd th&n tajulnde. I am a tiji rjxiji bibaa. To speak native of Lxogon, indeed. shortly. -jor s.num. classifier for -ji2 8.n. <-le> agentive. clothes. [Syn. -di. 1 kwE qxijor bolaa axtxu. It is not necessary to take two sets -ji3 S.V. <-yo> past tense. of clothes. [Syn. -i, -di.] jordiba v. to join; to assemble (machinery, etc.); to add possessions. jibjantu n. animals - four-footed. -ju see -dun 'ifT. [Cp. jantu.] juda n. food contaminated jiddi labaa' v. < jiddhi garnu> by other's touch; ritual defile- to insist on one's own opinion; ment (9-11 days after child- JUDA

birth, 14 days after contact over there. with corpse). [Ant. jxu-.] juda n. < juttaa> shoe. jxaab jxup a. quickly; hurriedly. juga n. epoch; age. ~xyo'jxaab jxu'pale ladu' biyS8 chi'n gxrirna' khS5'm. jugudiba v. to If we do it quickly it wilt be protect; to save. finished in a moment.

-juVn see -jonl 'emphatic past'. jxaadi' maadi' a. in all directions. juni n. life; lot. jxaale', dxaaire', jxaaire c. juraaba n. sock. then; after that. [Syn. daai ; phe' ri .] juwaa n. gambling. jxaale' maale' a. from all directions. khelnu> to gamble. jxaaraa' n. < jhaaraa> statutory j uwaaba , j uwaapha n . < j awaaph> labour; community projects answer; reply. (such as work on irrigation channels, roads, schools, j uwaace n . < j uwaare > gambler . animal pounds). jxadi'yZZ n. jxaasa' , jxaaja' n. < jahaaj> short-tempered; irritable; vehicle (air or sea); boat; violent (of man or animal). plane. jxagaaaa' , jxaca n. < j haga+aa> jxijyZiZ' n. purse - cloth, women's, for money. jxaja' [TB *zi y=*iay 'small1. 60; TB *tsa lchild' n. 86; TB *za jxilge' n. < jhiliggo> rice 'child' 591 a. off- straws. [Syn. khyun'i'.] spring of animal; small. [Syn. cy6baa' .] jxili ra mi'li n. city high life; sights; bright jxa'n pa. the more; lights. rather; contrary to expecta- tion. jx6ba' v. to pour; put oho, cu' kurji'm jxa'n, ca' in (bolt in place, seeds in bxandaa', cut ka'ra axy6'm ground, sugar in tea, chickens munaa'. Oh, as for this chair under basket, feed in manger). though, it is even more un- comfortable than that. jx6ju' n. tripod over fire (for cooking pots). jxargg'go n. basket - large, conical. jxoga' n. basket (baby's crib). jxaf ke ' lu cxa n. < jhadhkelo chore> stepson. jxu- a. hither; this side. jxsari' n. witch- [Ant. jxaa-. 1 doctor. [Syn. pujyu'; la'ma; jaisi, jxugu' diba v. to la'm kani .] laugh at; deride; mock. jxaa- n. t-hither; jxulaa' n. mosquito net. KA'BU G%'

jxumsaa' n. Jomosom lama's reading of Tibetan (town on road to Mustang). chants . jxuffaa' n. lie; false- -jyu, -jyul' s.num. tens. hood. s6'jyu. Thirty. qxajyu'. Fifty. jxyaadi' n. Cjhaadi? bush; tuft. [Syn. txi. ] jyu2 n. body (of human). jxyaalaa', jxyaali' n. . jyu khru'ba v. to window. bathe. jxyaale' maale' a. < jhaale maale> jyujyu baaje n. variegated in colour; spotted; forefathers; ancestors. speckled (of animals or cloth). [Syn. khe. ] jxyaalkha'na, jxyaalga'na n. jyuni n. life; lot in jail. life. xaardi ' bae juni . Wretched lot. jxyaampha' 1 n. crowbar. [Syn. pwe'e phargu.] K jxyaaure' kxwe' n. cjhyaaure git> songs; folk songs. kggadaa' n. tobacco. jxyolaa' n. bag worn kggaa ' , kangaa' n. on shoulder. rice fragments broken during husking. jxyaa' v . to crumple - cloth, paper; kZje xaaus n. pound for animals. [Syn. khumj idi' ba; cxyurba. ] k5lZ n. fruit (tart jyaisi see jaisi 'astrologer . flavour, size of apricot, rough brown skin, large brown stone). -jyZ8 s. emphatic agentive. ka kha n. jyHHfha n. abusive term. 1. Devanagari alphabet (conso- nant symbols only). jy5Zfhisyo n. abusive term (ad- 2. elements only (of a skill). dressed to a woman). ka kha mattre' xram. She knows only the elements. jyaaii jyaaii n. hubbub; commotion of many kabae n. cbhuwaa; piuri> ball of talking. wool.

- jyaa s. num. sheaf kabli n. Fatty (nickname). (grass or fibres). ka'blol n. Cdaauraako g%ifho> jyaadaa, jyaastaa a. knot in wood. much; a lot of. ka'blo2 n. joint of jyaamera n. fruit knee, ankle, elbow, knuckle. (citrus intermediate in size [Syn. kudG8,kunjyu' . ] between lemon and lime). kabol labaa' v. to jyaanmaaraa' n. < jyaanmaaraa> promise. murderer. ka'bu n. slug; jyomas lyomas d. hocus-pocus; words simulating ka'bu gxZZ' n. Cciple kiro> snail. KA'L

kaburaa' n. camphor. charge not to repeat an offence. pulisa'd bii biri' kaeda'r kacca' , kacci' a. jxzm' . The police spoke, and weak; crude; second rate. put him on a bond. [Syn. axbx6ba1, kalilo, kaaphaar. Ant. pakkaa' .] kael n. pledge not to repeat offence the signing of kachuwaa' n . turtle . which is a condition for release from prison; confession of kada n. <-ko laagi> for; purpose. guilt. bxakundo khly6ba1 kadar yu'ba. He comes to play football. kaeldiba' u. ex- [Syn. -r.l tract confession, often by beating. ka'diida labaa' u. to grit teeth. kaes n. cgaahro laagnu> reluct- ance ; unwillingness. kadawaa' n. kaes mxSZidim. Be is unwilling. calf of buffalo - up to one [~p.chor6' rjx3Ziba. ] year old. kaga' aaba n. uncle kaeaa'ra n. parti- (FaBr, MOS~HU); stepfather. tion - wooden, in house. kagaa' n. crow. kadaa'sii n. mountain; snow peak. ka'graa ku'gru a. [Syn. kailaas. ] frozen; stiff; paralysed as in a fit. kadil, kati' a. how much; how many. kaigdu see ka'gdu 'statuette of rice'. kadr% a. lean; thin. [Syn. dy5Sgra. ] kaiji' n. scissors. kadu' n. walnut tree. kailaa' n. son - fourth; brother - fourth eldest. ka'dura a. unripe of fruit. [Syn. axmxTbaa ; kaj i. ] kaili' n. daughter - fourth; sister - fourth eldest. kaG n. rice - cooked. kailaas n. mountain kas koda n. container of cane [Syn. kadaalsU. ] matting for storing rice. kaj kaj labaa' u. ka'Gdul a. up- to nag. [Syn. xaudiba'.] wards; north. CU' sero' kalEdu. From here kaji a. un- UP ripe (of berries, fruit). [Syn. axmxTbal, ka'dura.] ka'Gdu2 n. statuette of rice flour used kaju' n. Ghachok (vil- in religious ceremonies, espe- lage northwest of Pokhara). cially funeral and post- funeral. kajuri' n. council; meeting. kae n. voice. [Cp. sabxa labaa'; tSS labaa'.]

kae te'ba v. to kall n. shout; yell. 1. machine; engine. 2. tap; piped water. kaeda' n. bond; KALI JUGA 4 1 KAsTA

kali juga a. era ka'r2 n. compulsion; of the present age in Hindu coercion. mythology, fourth in series, [Cp. satte', dwaapar, tretaa.] ka'ra n. comfort; ease; convenience. kalilo' a. young, ka'ra axy6'm muna' . It wasn't tender (of plants. and men). comfortable, I found. [Syn: kaaphaar; kacca'; axbxoba'.] kar5&a1 v. crawl on all fours. kalkads' n. Calcutta. karsqa' n. beam kallH5' n. wall of ter- of verandah. race field. [Syn. a1 i' .] karib a. approximately; kalli' n. anklet. about. karib xa'jaar qi' pxre'. About kamalo' a. tender ; seven or eight thousand. soft. [syn. -de.] [syn. ~iliba'. Ant. kidriba'; saaro' .I karmaudu' n. vegetable like bamboo shoots. kamdi' a. less; few; little. [Syn. cyugu'de.] karnal n. colonel. kamsja' n. shirt. karu n. a grain (oats?, barley?) planted in November. kami' n. blacksmith caste. karwaa' n. drinking vessel with a spout but no kamjo'ri n. weakness. handle, made of brass, copper, [Syn. axbx6ba ' . ] or silver. ka'naa n. blind in one kasam n. oath. or both eyes. kasam cabaa' v. kanchaa' p. son swear an oath. (YtSo); brother - youngest (Yt~r). kasam kibaa' v. [Syn. cy6baa8. I to swear an oath (invoking curse on oneself if oath is, kanchi, kgji, kaaji n. broken) . daughter (Yt~a);sister - youngest (YtSi). kasdiba' ' v. prepared; ready to do kanda'ni n. vertical something. stroke in Nagari script for ca' mxi xyaaba'r kasdii. That aa vowel. person is ready to go. [~yn.tayaar. 1 kangaa' see kZgaal 'rice frag- ments'. kasdiba' a. Craamro (maasu) > fat; tasty (of goat meat). kanne' n. virgin (of male or female ) . kasdiba' a. tight (of rope, belt, binding). kapfelu' n. split wood or bamboo. kasi' n. dirt, rubbish.

karl n. tax on motor kasfa n. trouble ; af flic- vehicles. tion; calamity - often invited [Syn. teksaa' ; bxansaar; by ignoring advice of astrol- baa1 i .I ogers. KAAL

kasiidi' n. water kZ5daa1 n. shoulder - vessel - small, round. especially towards neck. [Cp. pxagdo. ] kasyaari' n. village on eastern bank of Seti. kZZjil n. necklace of beads worn by women other than kafara' n. fruit - widows (in Brahmin custom, only jack fruit. by married women with living husbands ) . katfiv n. waist. kZiiju' n. ring of iron surround- kafiwaale ' n. cghosagaa garne ing bamboo container. maanis> town crier; crier. k55sa n. molar tooth. kathaa' n. story - fable or history. kZ5si' waale' a. Ckaasi. waale> printed (of astrological calen- katle' n. scale of dar) (lit. from kaasi, a place fish. near Varanasi ) .. [Syn. chapwaa' , paadru' .I ka'tti, katti' a. how (emphatic); not at all. kZZsu' n. pewter; white katti' yurnnaa rnli'xyaai. How metal. quickly (you) have forgotten. kaa" [TaGTh *gab 'lid' (but tone kaiiri n. sediment mismatches)] n. cover; of burnt milk. lid; screw top; second line of couplet. kauci' n. game with six- kaa' jx6ba1. Sing second line teen shells where players of a rhyming couplet. gamble on number falling right way up. kaa2 n. Cpuwaako bhuslaai phaalne nigaaloko cimfaa> implement kausi' n. balcony; roof for cleaning naT. garden with balustrade. kaa'ba v. cover (some- kawiba' v. stutter. thing with something,).

kayaa', kxayaa n. kaabi' n. writing paper; cooking pot of copper or brass notebook. with ring handles. kaa'bro n. split cane or kZZ1 ' [TaGTh *kamp; TB *(rn-) ka, wood used as fork. *(s-)ka 4701 n. chin. kaagadi' n. lime k%Z2 n. bile; gall (small chartruse citrus fruit). bladder. [Cp. rnxiba. 1

kZ5'ba v. yawn. kaagaadaal, kaagat n. [Syn. xa'i labaa'.] paper.

kZZbaa' [TB *ka 8; TaGTh 'kam] a. kaag:' n. uncle bitter; acidy. (MoYrSi~u- first born).

kZ5chi n. cud. kaaidaa' n. manner; way of pronunciation. kggchi oebaa' v. to chew the cud. kaal n. 1. time to die. k5Zdi' n. kaal khasero' sixyaam. 1. nail. Since (my) time has come I'm 2. knitting dying. needle. KAAL RAA'DI 4 3 KHABAR

2. death. kaartika, kaati' n. month (7th of Nepali calendar, kaal raa'di n. mid-October to mid-November). night of death. (Many animals die on night of kaal raad i . kaa'sa n. kilt of Many people stay awake on this white cloth worn by men. night, the eighth day of dasaT, called aSrami', in order to kaafhidiba' v. numb "cut the death". ) with cold. [Syn. rhiridiba'; ga~gridiba; kaamlo' , kaammlo' n. k5' ba .] rug woven of sheep or goat's wool. kaafhmaandu n. [Syn. xradi , gala'icaa ' . ] Kathmandu, capital city of Nepal. kaanun n. law. [Syn. aen.] kaati' see kaartika 'month 7'. kaaphaarl a. nervous; kg [TB *kuw=*kaw 2551 n. cowardly; fzarful. father-in-law (WiFa, ~uFa). [Syn. gxTba; txaarba. ] ke' kyari' Zoc. kaaphaar2 a. fragile there, way over there. (of glass); tender; weak; delicate (of animals). keb n. slave. [Syn. kal i lo; kacca' ; axbx6ba1.] ke'ba n. stirrer - wooden. kaar, kaaraa a. dry (of wood, clothes). kebaa' [TB *kut 3831 v. to itch. kaaran n. cause; reason. ke'ga n. cake. ca' kaaran maa'madit xyaai'. For that reason Uncle went. ke'ma n. camp - army. kaair% mZZVrZZI.ka8r22 ma'r22 n. ker txuba a. use- ful. crawling and toddling; toddling unsurely. kerdiba' v . [Syn. karHBbai .] to interrogate; cross-examine. [Syn. khyaabdiba'.] kaarbaa' v.i. dry (to become). khab, khaba' pn. 1. who (interrogative). kaa'rgyu [TB *kroy 'surroundt cat khab jaa? Who is that? 3131 p. 2. whoever. surroundings; round about. khab aas6' rimu ca'di 0x7' kodaa' kaa'rgyun mxi mu. There caba. Whoever gets up first are people around the fire- he wiZZ eat two. p Zace. 3. which.

kaariba' v. to be dry. khaba'e pn. anyone. khaba'e axxre'. No one was kaarjya n. occasion there. of importance (marriage, pae, house building) which necessi- khaba'la a. whose. tates astrological guidance. khabar n. news; kaarkhanaa' n. message. factory. [Syn. samjaat r; tH2.1 KHABAA' 4 4 KHASI' LABAA'

khabaa' a. to come (from khajij a. Cali bisek> recovered other than uphill or north). slightly (from illness). khabdiba' v. khalag n. lineage; 1. to last. family - vertically extended. bxdba kwZ kTduibiySS Ixe' saal sarnrnaa' khabdirn. If khalaa' n. threshing you buy strong cloth it uiZZ floor (area cleared in the rice Zast many years. field for threshing at harvest 2. to endure, to bear; put up time). with. beseri na'yZZ Qa khabdila kha'lbal n. confusion; axkhSS'. If it hurts a Zot uproar. I cannot bear it. khani' pn. kha'dra khu'dru n. Ckhatra khutru> 1. where. odds and ends; sundry articles. khani' boi? Where did (he) take it? [Syn. kho' i. ] kha'G n. wind. 2. wherever. khani' timu, ca'rna swaaba' kha'dba v. to rnxZi8d i rn. Wherever (I) Zive reap; cut at ground level (I) find it pleasant there. (rice, grass). khani' mxani pn. kha'eba v. Cpuwaa kaafnu> to here and there; in only a few card thread - not wool. places. [Syn. pxuba. ] khanji' khanji Zoc. cjataa sukai> khaebaa' v. everywhere. talkative. khanj i ' khanj i'ile' kham. They are coming from everywhere. khaen. .. khaen pn. one.. . the other. khantadan Zoc. cjataa sukai> rnxi gxridna' khoy5 khaen birn, everywhere. khoy5 khaen birn. The one person says sometimes one, khanwaa' a. solid, sometimes the other, not hollow (of jewellery); heavy. kha'ga khu'gu av. in a massed kharaa' n. hare; manner. [syn. khaa'gule.] rabbit.

kha'i [TB *m-kal 121 n. khargana' n. cooking kidney. vessel for rice - large. khaibaa' a. what kind of? kha'rgii n. yoke of oxen. [Syn. -gur.l khai av. how? khai la~~yCi'7Hou has he done? kharguna' n. village on east bank of Seti River. khai'lase av. em- phatically; definitely. kha'ri n. throat (ex- khai'lase kho'. Whatever ternal); neck; neck of jar. happens, come. [Syn. gardan, rn16'gu. ] khai'lase tZZi to'i axta. He did not speak at aZZ. kha'rja n. expenditure; expense. khaire' a. brown. khasi' n. castrated goat. khaire n. Ckholaako naam; folko naam> stream in Ghachok; khasi' labaa' v. locality name. 1. Ckhasi paarnu> to castrate (goats and sheep). KHASRO ' 4 5 KHE'BA

2. to prune. khaa12 n. space between poles in a rack for stacking khasro' a. coarse; big; corn cobs. rough. [Ant. masinul.] khaa13 n. place for dancing or gambling. khafidiba' v. to ap- naa'j khaal. Dance floor. point (to a task); detail (to do juwaa khaal . Gambling den. something). khaa14 n. skin of goat khatam n. end; finish. used at pae ceremony. khatraane khutru labaa' v. khaal gxriba' a. identical. stumble about ; upset things. khaali" a. only. khgs'ba V. to khaali' sid mattre1 bim. It is finish; to be able. only words. [Syn. nubaa'; cxiba; ch6baa1.] [Syn. sirib, mattre'.] khzgdiba' v. to press ; khaalin2a. empty. compress. [syn. thedE', sugnen.] gundru banidimale' beseri s7'd khzzdim. In making pickle one khaa'rbal v. compresses it hard with wood. 1. to shake oneself (of animal shaking water off khsiij n. shortage; need after rain). (of goods, money, facilities). 2. to shake (cloth to get rid of dust). khaa'ba v. to redeem mortgaged property. khaa'rba2 v. 1. to alight (from khaabaa' [TB *ka:p 'draw water' plane, boat ) . 3361 v. to 2. drop. fill (almost always with object 3. descend. kyu' 'water'). 4. throw to the ground. khaabdiba' v. to stack one on top of another. khaa' riba v . < j harnu; khasnu> to bxzzdo', t6' khaabdim. (She) fall from tree (of fruit). is stacking up the pots and [~yn.khaal rxyaaba' .I dishes. khaa' rxyaaba' v. to khaa'da n. bedstead fall down. (wooden). [Syn. kxur ixyaaba' ; khaa' r iba. ] khaa'd n. heap; pile. khaa'sgari a. genuine; correct (of speech). khaa'gae a. a little. khaa'sgari tSS. Correct speech. [~yn.cyugu'de, jxaja', ti'brzde, ti'nade.] khaau see khaagu 'around' . khaa'gul a. ' all; to- khgbaa' v. to patch. gether. khe see khi 'he himself'. khaargu2, khaau p. around; round about. khe n. gxyzz' khaagu rolmG. (They) ancestors; forefathers. sleep by the road. khe'ba [TaGTh *khep] v. khaal' n. kind; variety. to study; read; read aloud cul khaalbae. Of this sort. sacred writings. KHEDI I LXAIDIBA 4 6 KHLYZBAA

khedi' lxaidiba v. to khilli' n. cultivate. cigarette; cigarette holder. [Syn. kosa. ] khedi' paadi' n. Ckheti paati> agriculture; cultivation. khiridibal v. to be twined tightly; neatly finished khe'l n. game; races. (of rope). [Syn, khribaa' .I khemaB pn. them- selves. khitt'ba v. to take khemaE dxT'r xyaai'. They have (photos); record (sounds). gone to their own home. khlxyaa', khlyaa n. ox. khe'rarale av. < jahaa tahi pugnu> everywhere (of child walking). khlxyaa' bxaaraa' n. bull. around everywhere. khlxyaa' d6Caa n. cgoruko daanaa kherel n. Ckhiraako rukh> tree khaane kaathko bhs?i$o> manger ; species (when branch is crushed feed trough. and soaked in river, fish are poisoned and easy to catch). khlxyaal kxyoba' n. ox (specifically distinguished khere2 n. bachelor ; from bull). divorced male; widower (insult- ing term). khlxyaasa'g n. ploughman.

khere bicche n. grub (greenish- khlxyel n. jungle clear- yellow, lives in khere dxz', ing used for shearing. corn, rice foliage in Srawan, irritates skin on contact). khlxye2 n. owner.

khi, khe pn. he himself; khlxyebri, lxebbri n. she herself; oneself. religious officiant, indigenous khi'e sudgyaari'lai cal bxTT'. Gurung, of shamanistic (~ibetan He fed his wife. Bon) tradition.

khi 1x0 n. year khlxyd [Cp glogq 'top of tibia'] of the dog in Tibetan 12 year n. shin. cycle (1946,58,70,82,etc.). [Syn. nagi Ixo.] khlxy6ba [TaGTh *glog] v. to swallow. khi'bal [TB nkik 484; TB *ki:l 373; TaGTh kkhiq] v. snake - baannu> to bind on a cummer- large. bund. khlxyo n. place; loca- khi'ba2 [TB *s-kiy 'borrow' 311 ticn; sleeping place. v. to lend (food or small amount of money, not khlxyo nx5 n. < jagga jamin> at interest). lands ; fields. [Cp. che' pTbaal; gagbat.] khlxyoba n. lung. khiba', khira n. old man. khlyZZ' n. for- ested area - high, 9000 feet. khibaa' a. clagaaunu (lugaa)> [Syn. bugyaani.] to wear clothes or jewellery. khly?i?ibaat v . to khiidiba' v. to wear wriggle; to slither on stomach away; get thin - of metal (of infant unable yet to crawl); implements. to glide. sasaa khlySSbaa1. To glide on [Syn. sa5 axsxaba' . 1 earth (of snake). khdz, khdy6 yaa t. al- khlyaanul n. poor ways. person. khdy6.. . kh6y6.. . t. village kahile...> sometimes... other across Seti from Ghachok. times... kh6yb xyaamii', kh6y6 axxyaa'. khlyi' [TaGTh *gl ink (but tore Sometimes he goes, sometimes he mismatches); TB tkyam 224; Cp doesn ' t. yu~ln. snow. khdy6, khoyd t. when. khlyi [TaGTh +kl i; TB *kl i y=*klay kxi kaju'r kh8y6 xyaamZ1? When 1251 n. faeces; are you going to Ghachok? waste. mi khlyi. Ashes. kh6yd bile t. < jahile pani> whenever. khlyi bebe n. smell, around dung; dung- sometimes. beetle (?); cockroach (?). khdy6m t. whenever. khlyi chdmr' n. kh6y6m krobd8' i bimu n i syumu. blowfly . Whenever (she) speaks as if weeping (they) laugh. khlyi txdba v. to defecate. kho' [TaGTh *khoq] v. come (imperative of khabaa' ). khlyi'ba o. to split cane or wood lengthwise. kho n. wisps of [Syn. ku' ba. ] barley, rice, wheat. khly6baa8 [T~GT~+kla~] o. khobaa' n. recess in to play. wall to hold lamp so that work can be done at night. -khlyu s. num. glasses; cups of liquid. khobaa' o. [Syn. pxela, gilZiZs.1 to like; to find something appeals to you. khlyubaal v. to upend; invert a vessel (chiefly khodil n. physical blemish used of emptying manure out of of man or animal (such as scar, basket) . birthmark, crossed eyes, twisted limb, any malproportion) . khlyunaal a. naked (of person). khogro a. hollow (espe- cially of something which should khd'bal o. about to. have things in it, as peanut nSZ1 yu'bar khb'i. It's about shell). to rain. kholilpa. exclamation of frustra- to enter. tion or evasiveness in response to an awkward request or ques- kh6baa1 v. to be greedy; gluttonous; asking for more kho1i2 pa. (especially food). where (of movable objects or people). kh6'da n. ungenerous aabaa kho' i? Vhere 's (your) person; selfish person. dad? [Syn. khani I. 1 KHO ' J GUWAAR LABAA' 4 8 KHUBI '

kho' j guwaar labaa' v. chilli. garnu> to treat; to cure (by any means). khoyaa' n. leaves surrounding khojygg n. courteous person who keeps on good terms with all. khoyd see kh6yd 'when'. axkho'jyzl mudu' biyZz tSSn' mxine pri ' px6m. If one is not khrgbaa' v. to be courteous he argues with every- hungry (always with pho' 'stom- body. ach' ) .

khol to1 n. <$olko waripari> khribaa' v. to plait ; surrounding area; locality twine rope. around a town. khri'ba v. kho'l n. en- to gnaw on (a bone or corn cob, velope. etc. ) .

kholdiba' v. to open khribaa' [Cp krohq 'wrist jointf] (as of road's completion, v. to sprain; injure switching on a radio, opening a joint (usually as a result of a box for customs inspection, com- fall). mencing an army career); to explain meaning of word, khr6baa1 v. to burn; to proverb, etc. roast in coals; to singe an animal after killing; to sting kholdd n. hole in ground. (of nettles). [Syn. phaabaa' ; jal idiba.] kholgba' a. loose; free fit (of parts). khro pibaa' v. to [Ant. kasdiba' .] offer an animal sacrifice (especially to consecrate khole' n. mash made of various parts of new house, corn, fed to cattle. such as foundations and [Syn. kTidof khole'.] rafters ).

kholo n. peach. khru'ba [TB *kruw=*kraw 'bathe one's body' 1171 v. to kho'mro bxiba' v. to wash. light a lamp (emphatic variant). j yu kh ru' ba . Bathe one's body. [Syn. mrobaa' .] khii' [TaGTh *khuun k] n. khons [TB *ka-k p. 7, n. 4821 n. hole. phlegm. khii'ba [TB *kyam 2241 a. khonZ waabaa' v. to to be cold (of day, hence of clear throat. person). khoplc n. ha1 f . khu' [TaGTh *khuq] n. soup. khoraa n. cage-like trap; trap. khub av. very. [Syn. QO' . ] [Syn. beser i . ] khorg' n. footrot (?) in cattle khubaa' v. < jammaa garnu; bafulnu> (treated with camphor); sores to assemble people. on face (of humans). [Syn. tG'ba.1

khorel n. hillside khubi' n. sleepout; en- fields - unterraced. closed side verandah often occupied by widowed, adolescent, pharkanu> to return on the same or divorced members of family. day from a journey. khudu' [N khudo 'molasses'] n. khwikidi'bxiba' v. to honey. fling down; throw down. [Syn. bxy5ba1. 1 khu'jii khu'jii xyaaba' v. to limp. khyFi&aal v. to be afraid (with plxa). khulidiba' v . to [~yn.lCbal.1 provide; spread (a feast). bxatyaa'r khul idirnu. (They) khyaabaa" [TaGTh *khyab] v. provide a feast. to apply dec- orative spot to forehead. khullaa' a. open (of ground, road, box). khyaabaaV2 v. to wear (a knife in the belt, or feathers khu'lu khu'lu labaa' v. Ckullaa in headband). garnu> to gargle. khyaabdiba' v. khumjidiba' v. to to press an accusation; to become loose; wrinkled. pester. se gxadi' xyaasero' txubi khurnjidi'rn. Since the flesh khyodo n. cattle; dom- reduces the skin wrinkles. estic animal. [Syn. jxy6ba1 .I [Syn. bas tu. ] khu'ndri n. hole - small khyol6' n. village name - (in cLothing, wall, rocks ) ; Gurung, NE of Pokhara. cranny. khyuni' n. rice khura n. hoof; cloven crackers (prepared by extruding hoof. boiled mashed rice, drying in sun, and frying in deep fat for khurkudiba' v. to eating). scrape bark; whittle; shave [Syn. jxilge'.] wood. kzba' [TaGTh *kirn] v. khurunda' a. blemish- take; get; buy; receive. ed. ki'... kin... c. khugi' n. happiness, either.. . or.. . joy. [Syn. santok.] kit rnlsgyaa jx5mu' ki' pTgya jx5rnu1. Either you put zn black khusra n. change or you put in green. (strictly, single rupee notes). [Syn. eusare' . ] ki pa. or? (interrogative particle). khwFiFilZi1 n. cane - piece of xo ki? Isn't it? which is carried by women in procession around effigy at kidaaba' n. book - puju's pae. printed. khwaa'l khwaa'l n. ki'giba' a. sweet. bubbling; boiling - onom. kilggsa', klaas, kilaasa n. khwe' pa. give it to me. class.

khwelba v. to kiliba' n. hair hold closely (as of baby). clip; bobby pin.

khwi'ba v. kettle. KILO ' 5 0 KOSA'

kilo' n. stake; tethering kobre' n. spitting pan; Peg. chamber pot.

kiraai n. rent; hire ; ko'd gxaara', ko'd gxaada' n. fee; fare. cell ; guard [Syn. baa l a. ] house .

kire' n. mourning kodeba' v. to poke; rites performed up to thirteenth pick at; nudge; finger; scratch. day after death. kodaa' n. fireplace. kire' kibaa' v. to curse someone or something; kodaali' n. hoe - to take an oath. small. [Cp. kudi . 1

kisim n. kind; variety. kode' n. earthworm. [Syn. khaa l . ] kolaa' n. buttermilk. -kkyo see -kyo 'blows1. koldu, koldo see kuldu l hood' . kd' n. price; rate of goods or services. kolo' n. child. teala k5' khai le tam? What is the price of oiE? kom nesaa' t. Cbhare belukaa> tonight (future). kz' kasdiba' v. haggle ; bargain. komHZ' v. later (on the same day). k6'ba v. to be numb with cold. konma's n. clan - one [~yn.gaggridiba; thiridiba'; of the upper four in Gurung kaathidiba'.] society; caste name. [Cp. plxonrna6; paTgirna8E; kdbaa' v. to mix; to lemma'5.1 join or unite of rivers. la'la kyu'ne si kcbaa'. koras n. chorus. Mixing hot water with cold. [Syn. tuka.]

kcju'r xyaaba v. to koraa' n. cloth - raw, be paralysed. unprocessed.

ko' [TaGTh *kaaq] n. korbyo' n. basket - blood. large, closely woven, for carry- ing purposes. ko' yu'ba v. 1. to bleed. kordiba' v. to score; 2. menstruate. scratch (as of a pen).

ko'ba v. to feed kore' n. an infant or invalid solids. leprosy. [Cp. tT'ba.1 korlSii n. Gkaanmaa laaune riq> kobaa' v. earring with chain. to echo. ko'rmg n. sparrow. kobaa'ra n. dung of large cattle. ko.%i.%n. attempt; try; [~yn.khlyi; ma'laa.] endeavour. koZiJ labaa'. To make an at- kobdiba' v. to carve a tempt. figure; to prick; to vaccinate. kosa' n. cigarette. KO' SA PRIM KRXI

[Syn. gy5, khilli', sigres.] ride (car or animal); to climb (tree or mountain). ko'sa prim n. rest day (work or travel for- kregii, krigii n. pillow; bidden). place where one lays head for sleeping (towards fireplace). kofhaa' n. . room in kreg; khani' lam? Where wiZZ house. (you) make (your) piZZow? kowiba' see kawiba' 'stutter'. kri' num. one. [Syn. gxr i ' . ] koyaa' n. soy bean. kribaa' ' v. to kriznaa' n. Krishna bite on chilli to improve bland (Hindu god). meal. kra [TB "(s-)kra 155; T tra 'hair kribaan2 v. to cut (of head)'; Cp kra?q 'upward'] . hair. [Syn. waabaa'.] n. 1. head. krigil n. turban; head- 2. hair of head. gear of white cloth. kra khoplG n. skull. krigi' pzba' v. to menstruate. ance. [Syn. phudiba'; ko' yu'ba.] krigna' caritra n. kra lxaaba' v. dance (of old Gurung type). to shake head in negation. [Syn. kra sa 1 i ba ' . ] krobaa" [TB *groy 'scream, screech, howl' 310; TB *krap kra saliba' v. 'weep1 1.161 v. to cry; to shake head in negation. weep. [Syn. kra Ixaaba' . ] krobaa' [T~GT~"kro] v. kralfil n. concrete to be burnt up; to scorch (in- construction. transitive).

kralii2 n. hair krom2Z1 n. sword used in weaving cuttings. apparatus.

krami n. charcoal; lajaaune)> plait of black cinder. cotton (which is plaited in [Syn. mi phii; mebro'.] with woman's own hair). krul n. length; height. kramii' n. scarf worn [Ant. plxi .] on woman's head. kru2 [T thru] n. krsii'ba v. to rot (of cubit. [Syn. -gru.] vegetatioh and fruit). kru'ba v. to shelter krel n. crevices (above beam from rain. attached to external wall of . house to support verandah roof). krubaa' v. to measure paali' krer. length in cubits.

kre2 n. back - small of; krxaamu [TaGTh "gram] n. lower back. cheek.

krebaa' v. to mount ; krxi [TB *kriy="kray 460; Cp rky KRXIBA 5 2 KU'I

'dirty (of skin)'] n. up, support'] v. dirt. upakinu> 1. break up; crumble. krxiba V. to agree; to fxubie juda khii biri' dxT' be compatible; to be similar; nx6r prxadu' biyZB dxT1 to match. ku'xyaarn. If you walk in the house with leather shoes the krxiji n. soot above floor will crumble. fireplace. 2. lift off (of stamp, plaster). chirfhi' syu tadu' biyS5 krx6 n. headman of rikaf ku'xyaarn. If the village in pre-panchayat time ; letter gets wet the stamp master of a slave. will lift off. [Syn. mu1 if.] kubaa" u. to be krxo n. grains - blamed. old. kubaa' v. to move ; krxosena' a. true; carry. certain; real. rna'la kubaa'. To carry compost. krxosena' le ax1 u'rnala. (He) did not learn it properly. kubaaV3 [TB "klup 'cover' 4791 v. [Ant. syur te'ba.] to cover oneself with a blanket; wear (head covering). kii n. urine. ku'bra nurn. nine kii txdba v. to hundred. urinate. kubinda' n. melon kiilba, kxiiba v. to sit ; (about 15 cm. diameter, with relax. hairy green skin and white kxe' axxre', kG'diba garni. flesh, used in Dasain sacri- There's no work, I'm just sit- fices). ting, I am. kudi n. mattock - small. kiido8, kiido' khole' n. [c~.kodaali'.] mash of corn or grains for cattle. ku'di n. pi^> swing made of bamboo uprights (lain ku'di); kiido' n. up- ferris wheel (xraa ku'di). rights (central forked .poles of a cattle shed). kudi' kudi i. calling sound for pup. kiisyu n. bed wetter. ku'di mxaeba' v. to ku" [TaGTh *kuq; TB *d-kuw= ride on a swing or ferris wheel. *d-kaw, *d-gaw 13; T quh] nurn. nine. kudruge' n. vege- table of forest - bracken-like. ku2 n. chest. kudc' [B du 'knee' (but Benedict ku'bal [TB *ka 'spread' 4691 v. does not regard this as an in- 1. move (a cowshed); herited TB element)] n. elbow; bend in 2. to spread (of in- pipe. fection). [~yn.ka'blo; kunjyu'.]

ku1ba2 V. to ku'gaada' n. selfish; split cane. ungenerous person. [Syn. khlyi'ba. ] [Syn. khs'da, sa5 axsxaba ' .]

ku'ba3 [TaGTh kop 'lift, raise ku'i pn. some people. kuja n. broom; hand brush. kuraani' n. sediment in pan after boiling milk. kuji" n. key. [Syn. kaiiri . ] kuji' pa. emphatic - kurbaa' v . sentence final. 1. stoop. 2. to bend cane kuj idiba' v. dent ; after heating. crumble; squash. [Syn. kur . ] [Syn. jxyGba' . ] kurji' n. chair. kujwir n. chicken pox. kurku' n. kujy6 n. nape of neck. basket - open weave, used for covering chickens to prevent ku'jyu num. ninety. them from wandering. [Syn. j xa rSS1go. ] kukru'ga a. hunched up from cold or fear. kurli' n. cow - adoles- cent, not having borne young. kula n. press for extract- [Syn. kxu r i ma. ] ing oil or sugar juice. kurraa' n. whip. kulbaa' , kulbxiba' v . to send a person kurus n. crochet hook. on an errand. kusyaali' n. present of kuldu, koldu, koldo n. food (taken by a woman visiting hood of sackcloth; sack for her relatives). holding grains or flour (10 pathi or larger). kuttiba' v . to speed [Syn. nedol . ] in motor vehicle. kule' n. <$OPT> cap. kuwaa n. pool; water hole - small. kulu' n. channel for ir- rigation. kw%' ba v . to kulul bxandaal pxrTUbale khlxyo step. ci s tam. The land below the channel is wet. kwaalaba' v .t. to heat (fluids). kunaa' n. corner; angle. kwaar a. bent; kundiba' v. to hollow stooped. out a hole. kwaarle' pxram'. To walk stooped. kuni n. rice pounder. [Syn. kur; kurle'. Ant. thaar.1 kunjyu' n. back or kwE' ' n. lap. knee; crook of elbow. [Syn. kudU1 , kui no. ] kwS2 [TB agwa-ns*kwa-n 'dress' 160; TB "wat n. 781 n. haystack. kapadaa> clothes.

kunnyo' jx6baV v. to stack sheaves. 1. grandson (c~so). 2. nephew (WOB~SO, kur [TB kkoy 'bend' 307, fB *kuk M~W~B~SO) . 'bend, crooked' p. 771 a. 3. grandnephew bent over; stooping. (~asbchso). [Syn. kwaar; kurle; kurbaa'; ku. Ant. fhaar.] kw5 faalaa' fuli' n.

kapadaa> rags; scraps; frag- kxaaba v. ments of cloth. 1. to hold on to. na'ga bxaale' kxaaibiri' kwz'ba V. to believe. se'rn. He dances holding a rooster. kwsdo' saa'daa n. loom. journey to a certain place flit. to grab the road). kwGmI ' n . 2. to catch; arrest; 1. granddaughter seize. (~hDa). id kxaa bxadi' jxaale' 2. niece (Wo~r~a, thundii. We caught it, MaWiBrDa). brought it, and penned it up. 3.. grandniece 3. to attain to a (~a~b~h~a). certain age; to turn. ga teisa'r kxaai. I have kwe n. bee. turned twenty-three . [Syn. kxwe ' . ] kxg n. bread fried in oil. kwIbaal n. to shiver (with fever). kxe' n. work. kwI1jiri tll'ga n. to ask maachaa> shrimp; prawn; cray- for more food. fish. kxegu labaa' v. kwi n. place of ceremonial to do again work which was done killing of animals. unsatisfactorily.

kwi'bal v. to kxemaB pn. encourage; to support. you (~lural). [Syn. xusi'diba, rnanidiba'.] hi1'[TaGTh "giq] n. kwi'ba2 [TB *ku 'lift1 n. 2811 n. thatch. to lift; to weigh. [Syn. tauldiba'; ucaaldiba'.] kxi2 pn. you.

kwine' n. malaria. kxibru' n. thatch [Syn. aulo.] (old, rotten, discarded when renewing roof). kwrs' [TB *d-ka-y 511 n. crab. kxo [TB *s-gas1 'back, loins, groin' n. 66; TaGTh *go; Cp kxaeba" v. to push. kahq] n. upper back. [Syn. iisyu' .I kxaeba2 v. to be delayed; late. kxobal [T~GT~"go] v. [Syn. axbell e. ] to understand.

kxalphii n. testicle. kxoba2 v. Caljinu; awkanu> to be entangled; snag; catch; jam; kxar see ka'r 'coercion'. get stuck.

kxarlaa n. village kxosba v. to measure by name (east of ~hachok). volume; to buy by measured volume. kxau n. frog (large, 15 cm., grey with yellow kxoe" [TB *kwa-y 159; Cp wasq] n. underside, edible, lives under bee. rocks in uplands). kxoeV2 n. song. kxayaa see kayaa' 'cooking pot'. hoe' dddaa, hoe' lat n. year of the vulture (1952~64, beehive. 76 ,etc. ) . [Syn. mubru' 1x0. ] kxoja n. dagger (~e~alese,with curved blade). kxurimal n. cow - adolescent, not having borne kxole n. rice young. [Syn. kurl i .] gruel - sticky. kxurima2 n. next kxone muba'e cami'ri n. year. pregnant woman. kxurixyaaba', kwri xyaaba' v. to fall kxora n. plough. down. pxro'd kxurixyaai' u? Has (he) kxorbae tabaa' v. faZZen over a cliff, or what? to menstruate. [Syn. pxyo xyaabat . ] [Syn. kra khrub tabaa'.] kxurwaaba' v. to cause kxori Zoc. above; high to fall over; trip. in altitude. kxorbae nZZ1sa. The upper kxygaa v. vi Z Zage. to match; to be uniform. kxorbae khlxyo n. place where kxyaalaba v. to be woman sits to cook meals. pleasant. kxoii a. kxyobat l v. < jotnu> to plough. 1. above. 2. elder (of kxyoba2 [TaGTh ngyoo 'be fast, siblings). clever'] v. to run. xr6s bxandat kxonbae anSma8. My older sisters. kxyondwaaraa n. wild cat. kxowiiii pxadg Zoc. on the upper side of; above. kxyut, kyu [TaGTh *gyuuq; TB *ke.l=*kyeSl%*kyi(.) 1 'goat' kxG n. umbrella- 3391 n. sheep. like protective head cover (made of woven cane interlined kxyu' khaarbu n. ram - young with leaves ) . (one to two years). kx&a v. kxyu' 1x0 n. year to be overcast (of sky). of the sheep in 12 year cycle [Ant. th6baa1.] (1943,55,67,etc. 1. [Syn. lxu lxo.] kxuibal v. to brew beer. kxyu' mxalwaa n. ewe - adolescent, before bearing. kxuiba2 v. [syn. kxyu' mxoddt .] to beg. [Syn. xriba.] kxyu' mxodd' n. ewe - adolescent, kxuiba3 a. to be rotten - of [Syn. kxyut mxalwaa.] eggs. kxyu' sss'de n. ram - kxuipaa' n. beer. full grown. [Syn. paa' . ] . kxyuba v. kxure', kwre n. vul- to thrust in; to cause to enter ture. in.

kxure' 1x0 n. kxyui', kxwi' n. KYA, KYAA, KE I , KYAADII 5 6 KYW~BAA'

language. [Syn. -gi.] kyu' jxdba' V. to pour water; kya, kyaa, ken, kyaadi' loc. irrigate (a field). there. [Syn. jxaadi I. ] kyu' pibaa' v. to be thirsty. kyiZi1ba [TB *da .n 221 v. to cut (meat, cloth, branch - kyugyii' n. central shoot general term). of plant - grass, millet. kysksal n . kyZinsal (hunu) > cancellation. liquid (especially of thin or nsZ' yu'sero' kyZSmsal tail. weak liquids). Because it rained (the meeting) cxaa' kyu'gyu. Weak tea. was cancelled. [syn. panyaalu' .I kydjss' p. other side of. kyuibaa' u . to sweep rice back into hole during -kyo s.num. blows pounding. (with knife). kyuzbaa' v. to serve kyo'ba v. to drive in out (rice from pot); dish out. stakes. kyulbaa' v. to pass kyobaa' v. to soak; t hrou,gh; to thread a needle. wet. kyulu' n. post kyo'gba, kywz'ba a. to repair; mend. particularly for tethering [Syn. bani d i ba. ] cattle, bigger than phargu or pxre) . kyogyd' khabaa' [TB *g-ya 'itch' [syn. mxC; phargu; pxre.] 4511 a. to be itchy because of caked mud kyuraa' n. copper. and insects in planting season. kyu'ru loc. kyold' n.

beeswax. 1. downwards. [Syn. maadi'; oraa'lu.] kyolo [TB *g-yas*g-ra 981 a. 2. right (body parts). [Syn. dakJiV.1

kyolo paffi' v. kyu'ru prd' v. up- rightward. turned (of a vessel holding liquid to tip out the last bit). kyiibaa' [TaGTh *kyu~] a. kyu'ru pr6' ladu' biySS jamman bitter; sour. cxaal yu'm. If (you) upturn it all the tea comes down. kyiidaa' n. sauerkraut made from radish. kyu'waa dxii' n. [Syn. gundru. ] spring; water tap or source.

kyu' [TaGTh *kyuq; TB *s-kyur= kywaaliba' U. khelnu> to swim. water. kyws'ba see kyo'gba 'repair'. kyu' see kxyu' 'sheep'. kywibaa' see kyuibaa' . kyu' aamaa n. dragonfly.

kyu' jxaasa' n. boat; ship. laba'r lxaidiba v. to cause someone to do something. lzgadaa' n. crippled or deformed person; maimed labaa' [TaGTh *la] v. to person (usually congenital). do; to make; to perform; [Syn. duds. 1 verbaliser (when conjoined with abstract nouns ) . -la1, -1aa s.n. <-ko> possessive byaa labaa'. To marry. (on sentence topic); of. dxarma' labaa'. To do good cu' Qalaa'. This is mine. works in order to gain merit. kxilaa pxasyaa pxasi mu u dxi' labaa'. To build a house. axxre'? Do you have children or not? labji' n. Lahachok (vil- [Syn. -e; -bale; -mate.] lage west of Ghachok).

-la2 s . v. <-yo> pluperfect . labri' n. dance performed by pujyu' at funeral. la3 [TB *la=*(s-)la 4861 n. leaf. labu' n. radish. [Syn. pxo. I lacchin a. lucky; good -la4, -1 s. num. months. fortune. mxaina s5'l tai. It's three sij lachin. Charming. months now. xy6 lachin. Prospering in wealth. -la5, -1 S.U. <-nu> infinitival. bajaarar fila axy6'. You can't lacchin yo a. stay in the bazaar. skilful with hands; causing kas cal bxTml. She feeds him things to prosper. rice. kag jxCl khSS'7. I've finished ladaal n. dumb person putting in the rice. (male); mute. ad kxril lasyol. I'll make it [Cp. laadi.] match. Qxe pT1 txumu. You have to ladG1 n. war. give milk. [Cp. nxeba' .I xr6sadi cal yzbaa' khil y6baa' tam ro. He says (the things) -1adi' see -1ai 'to'. he gets to eat and to wear are 0.k. [Syn. -laal.] laen n. line of parade; astrological calcula- -la6, -1 s.n. <-le> as for; con- tion; line of argument. cerning; in the case of. khab khaba'l khani1 thole. As -lail s. v. probabilitative. for everybody, where can they [Syn. -lase1 .] chop. kwi' kwi'la lam, kwi' kwi'la -lai2 p. to (dative and ax1 aa' . As for some people accusative). they do it, others don't. ca'lai SSTSB bim. (We) call it S87SSl -la7, -1 s.n. emphatic. ad kxilai axca'syo. I won't khil kanchin ya. She herself eat you. is Youngest-Daughter indeed. Qalai khani' fimu, ca'rna mxi s6Ide plxide'l mudu' biyfS. swaabaa'. To me, wherever I If there are THREE OR FOUR live, that place is fine. people. lain ku'di n. swing -la8, -1 p. <-ko> dative (on with bamboo uprights. sentence topic); for. lxe' mxila nausan tai. For lakhans n. cucumber. many people there was loss. [Syn. -lai2.1 la'la a. hot - of fluids. [Syn. laa.] LA'M &' 5 8 LAASI'

la'm kami' n. diviner la'ygg [TB *s-la%*g-la=*s- g 1 a from lower caste. 144; Cp lahq] n. moon. [Cp. pujyu' ; khlxyebri .] -1-1, -1s.. exclam- la'maa, la'rniig, laa'maa n. atory; discovery. Buddhist priest; kalkadaa'iile khalzl'. He had lama. come from Calcutta, I saw! lambaai n. length. -1,-11 s. emphatic suffix [Syn. kru'.] (occurring on words ending in -1 1. lamgadi'ba v. to kxi 11Sl axgxi" . It isn't YOURS! stride. mxaina pxlila'll~By5m. (You) get FOUR months ( leave). la'mmag n. 1. Tamang. l%%'daalii'de n. haste causing 2. Buddhist bungling. priests. -laal s. v. <-nu> infinitival -lalse, -lase1 s.v. (with negative auxiliary). probabilitive . prxalaa' axkhx5S1. Not able to [Syn. -lai1.1 walk. [Syn. -la5.] lasgadibaq v . to be stretched; lengthened (of laa2 n. time. foot prints on slick surface, [Syn. txi .] of vowel sounds). laa3 a. hot (of fluids). -lasil see -1ai 'to'. kyu' laad beseri kxyS5nle mximaglasi ' xrEgaal khibxTmll. syaa'lamu. (He) washes it very (They) give people capes to evenly with hot water. wear. [Syn. la'la.] pxr6 ku'b lasi' bibaara barjit tam. For moving sheds Thursdays laabaa' v. to heat up are inauspicious. (fiuids). [Syn. chat ba. ] lataga', lataak n. Ladakh (region in north-west laadi' n. dumb person India). (female). [Cp. ladaa' .] la'thaa li'g n. con- fusion (of papers, goods, -1aadi' see -1ai 'to'. furniture). -1aai see -1ai 'to1. -1au' s. v. <-yo ta> pluperfect (emphatic of -la2.] laa'khure, laa'ure, laaure, lau're, lxaaure n. laudaa' n. fern - soldier. of which young shoots are eaten. laa'khuri, la'ura n. military service abroad. laugaa' n. gourd (with aama laa' khur xyaai . Mother 1 metre long fruit). went abroad with the army. lau'ra see laa'khur 'military laase' see -1ai 'to'. service'. mlxaasi'laase' c%Solan bim. They call paddy cBlo 1 ! la'ure see laa'khure ' soldier'. laasi' see -1ai 'to1. la'waaj n. inarticulate or im- galaasi' aargo' gxy6S' tEdi'. pedimented speech. To me, though, he revealed an- la'waaj matre' p6'i. Spoke other way. sZurr5ngZy. laattaa' n. kick. li'ba a. tasty.

-1aa'udo p. <-ko suru dekhi> li'bae thZ8 khabaa' a. fragrant. early part of. put? laa'udo. From the start lit' [TaGTh *liiq] n. of Paus. face. le" [TaGTh *leq; TB *m-lay%*s-lay li2 [Cp l+y?] n. ladder; n. tongue. stepped pole.

-lev2see -6le' 'from'. li pxali n. hind leg. -leS3,-1le' s. adverbialiser; [Ant. uT pxali.] in this manner. axtxurle'. With urgency. li'ba v. to finish; to set (of sun, moon). -le4 s.v. <-6> hortatory (1st paTtis barsa li'bae camT1. A plural). woman past 35 years old. xyaale' . Let's go. pae li'bae dinari'. On the closing day of the pae. -lem56. emphatic (especially on words ending in le'). ligii' n. calf of leg. jxaale'le. And THEN! khlxyo3le'le. From that place ligysii' n. evil spirit. and all around. See Appendix B. s6'ga'Zmale1 gxyom. Within [Cp. mxo' , syo' , sawa mana, THREE DAYS (he) will look. bhut, masana , syaa'ki.]

-ler6 s.n. <-le> agentive. lili av. behind. mxi gxT1el te'bxwi'm. It will sixyaaba'e mxie lili. Behind be brought out by two people. the corpse. [Syn. -di .I lili khabaa' v. conditional. aaunuz to follow. 1 aa'khure khale, dxaagare' khale, aabaa aamaadi axpi'no. lili lili bibaa v. to repeat words after whether a civilian comes, someone. 0 Father, Mother, do not give (me), please! liiiba'e tzg bibaa v. to predict; to fore- lebel n. surface tell. (of an object). plenC muy81' lebel krxiba. If liiidi' p. it is a slab the surfaces are after (in time); behind (in parallel. space ) . [Syn. lili.] lede' n. moss. -1l%i1 see -155'. lemma's n. clan gxrill88'. Separately, alone. within Gurung society (of the upper four). -1le1 see le' 'adverbialiser'. [Cp. kon; plxon; paTgi.1 syura axtxel leu. Not telling falsehood. lepten n. lieutenant (military rank). Idlo, log 1x0 n. year of the cow (in Tibetan lesta' n. receipt; twelve year cycle, 1949,61,73, card (official). 85). [Syn. mxe' lxo.] raj isiar lesfa' . Receipt for registered letter. ldbaa" v. to be LXAIDIBA

afraid; to be startled (of lubaa' v. to plxa). learn; to teach (usually with causative particle, but not al- 16baa1 v. to sell; ways ) . to retail. maasfara'd iskular lub tajo'n. The teacher IS teaching in the lo see 1x0 'year'. . schoot. camaSd l ubxi' sero' cyugu ' lo'ba v. to cyugu' xram. Since they have hide. taught (her) (she) knows a tittle. lobx n. greed; covetous- ness. luccaal n. swindler; rogue; embezzler. lobx labaa' v. to be greedy; to be covetous. ludiba' v. to plunder; to loot. loaaa' n. drinking vessel. ludu' n. itch; scabies (in man); mange (in animals). lom khabaa' v. to steam. lu' ki-cu'ri n. 1. deceit; lomZZ, lorn n. steam. falsehood; cheat (smaller amounts than 1 uccaa' ) . log 1x0 see 1610 'year of the gale baani lu'ki-cu'ri d6'bae COW'. baani axxre'. It is not my custom to tell ties. 16' see miulii'. 2. scheming to- gether to steal. l6'ba [TB *plog 'burn' 1391 0. lu'ki-cu'ri labae mxi cu'r to blaze; burn. khalaa axtaa'. It is not permitted for thieves to come l&aal v. here. to break up long things into pieces (wood, bamboo, fried lulaa' n. bread); cut (long things). 1. maimed yod liilaa axkhzsdu' biySS or crippled person (usually Bas i ' d 1 Gn . If you can 't break congenital deformity). it with your hands cut it with a 2. weak sickle. (of a limb). [Syn. kySSi ba. ] [Syn. laggadaa' ; !:!a. 1 lii'daa n. sheaf; bundle lugta n. prayer flag (erected [Syn. murhaa'; cyaa'.] on bamboo poles before Buddhist monasteries and homes). liigi' n. skirt. lxagaidiba v. liithe n. <*UFO> chips of wood; to affix (blame). cane offcuts; fragments of long things; stumps; stubs of lxagaardiba v. to cigarettes'; cuttings from hair. chase; to pursue.

lu' ' pa. lxaidiba' v. come now. garna)> to compel; to command. 2. take it (somewhat laba'r Ixaidiba. To make (some- disrespectful). one) do (something).

1u2 n. snake; serpent lxaidiba2 v. form of a god. to be required. LXAJBI' LXO, LO

cat khelbari s6ga1E Ixaidirn. benefit of; on behalf of; for It requires three days to read the purpose of. that. siba'e rnxie lxaagir bxoj banidii. (They) made a feast for the dead lxajbi' see labjil 'Lahachok' . man. sadaasya j i l la lxaagi ri lxam'khufte' n. kaathrnaandur xyaai'. The member mosquito. went to Kathmandu on behalf of the district. lxataardiba v. to u'jyaalo pTbale lxaagiri. For drag; to haul. the purpose of giving light. [Syn. gxisaa' rdi ba. 1 lxaare S5ba1 n. lxau' pa. come (used affec- passionfruit. tionately with small children or friends). lxaaure see laa'khure 'soldier'. 1 xau , kil kho' . Come on, come and sit. lxaawaa n. rice - roasted, which is thrown by women relatives at lxaudiba v. corpse and at plxo at a pae, to cost; to be required; to also offered in pujaa. begin. tikadaa' kadi' lxaudirn. How lxsba [T~GT~*lehm; TB *(in-)lyak% much does a ticket cost? *(s-)lyak 'lick'] v. pulsari Sgreji'la argot saa'l to lap up fluid; to lick. Ixaudim. In Paus another year begins for the English (calen- lxe' [TB *lay 'exceed'] a. dar) . very; many. Ixel mxie pae. Many people's lxauna n. vegetable - pae. arum colocasia. pukhrul ri rnotaraa' lxe' axxre'. In Pokhara there are not many lxayo see lxoyo 'mercy'. cars. lxg8dur n. village, lxebbri see khlxyebri 'shaman'. west of Ghachok, on road to Ghandrung. lxibal [TaGTh *l i h] a. heavy. lxZ816 n. hen - before laying lxiba2 v. to fire a rifle. eggs, 3 or 4 months old. lxiba' v. wax garnu> to shuffle through (in for sealing. looking for something lost). lxaaba' lxiba" see ~xyobalxiba' 'divina- 1. v. t. to rock tion'. (a baby). kra lxaabal. To shake one's 1x6ban [TB *kl aw 2691 v. to dig out 2. v.i. to shake. things in the house; grabbing [Syn. txaarba. ] done by children.

lxaaba v. 1x0, lo n. year 1. to drive away; of birth in Tibetan 12 year to drive out. cycle (changes each year at 15 mx6' lxaaba. To drive out a Paus, about 30 ~ecember). demon. [Cp. pho lo (deer, 1959); cilo' 2. to hunt game. (rat, 1960); 1510 (cow, 1961); pho Ixaaba. To hunt a deer. tolo (tiger, 1962); xilo (cat, 1963); rnubru' (vulture, 1964); lxaagiri p. <-ko laagi> for the sabri' (snake, 1965); talo (horse, 1966); lxulxo (sheep, -m2 s. <-ta> emphatic suffix on 1967); pra lo (monkey, 1968); nouns and verbs. cxelxo (bird, 1969); khilo (dog, aabaada'm. FATHER did! 1970). I xindu'sthaa'n xyaa sero'm xindi' baadam chalen xramau. Since lxog6 n. village - (we) have gone to Hindustan (we) Gurung, 3 hours west of Ghachok. learn HINDI without special tuition. lxoji n. in- struments for cutting. -ma . . . -m(a) S.V. <-daa> pro- to'ndori kySS' bae sa'elai lxoj i tracted action. bim. (We) call all cutting kxyoma kxyom qi muba'e soda'r things lxoji. phekhai. As (they) kept on running (they) arrived in front lxowaa see lxaawaa' 'rice thrown'. of us. lxoyo, lxayo n. compas- -ma1, -mat, -maan, -mZHt s.u. sion; pity; mercy; kindness. <-daa> concurrent action. [syn. mxaya. ] jZSj lama balla ko'e cinu' y67. Making the investigation they lxiidi n. scourer - pot (straw, finally found a mark of blood. husks, corn cob, etc.). ma2, maai loc, lower down lxiili n. Lumle - village in altitude. west of Pokhara. ma'duli n. to churn milk laaune> earrings which hang into butter. from pierced lobe. [Syn. dxEdi'; korlSS; cinj ina.] lxuba2 v. to help ; assist; aid; support; lend a ma'd n. conspiracy. helping hand. [Syn. sa'lla.] lxuba v . to madad n. help. overflow. [Syn. saidaa'; SSdiba'.] lxulxo n. year ma'dsg mu'dii n. of the sheep (in Tibetan 12 chores of housework; responsibil- year cycle - 1943,55,67,79, ities associated with funeral or etc.). post-funeral ceremonies. [Syn. kxyu' I xo. ] gada'm paee' lxaagiram ma'dSS mu'di to' i axlaa'di . kho' i to' lxumde a. boba? I have done nothing of blunt-pointed. the work for the pae. Dear me, what shall I take? lyomS, lyomaS see jyoms lyom5 'hocus pocus'. -madit ' pa. emphatic. taan' madi'lai kaG cal bxTm'. (You) feed rice to EVERYBODY!

madiV2n. 1. future,tense. madlaba see maldab 'meaning; qa aarko' tSS jxbm. I will purpose'. record another story. 2. present specific. ma'duro a. low (of pustaa' bibaa sem aa? Do pitch or volume of voice). you know what pustaa' means? 3. present universal. -ma's', -mate, -mae, -mas' s.n. cifhi' ca'jaren bxyd' thzm. plural marker (for (They) throw down the humans and animals 1. letters round there. mag2 n. medicine makhan n. butter. mag labaa' v. causadhi garnu> -ma'la1, -maa81a, -mula s.v. to treat medically. <-eko thiyo> past repetitive tense. -maa& s.v. uncertainty. pa i l aa' cy6ba1e jaadaa rnxo larnaa'la. Formerly the lower -male1 s.n. possessive - castes used to serve as scape- inalienable. goat. surjerna'e aabaa. Surje's father. -ma'la2 s.v. <-thiyo> hypothetical result; intended result (?). mae2 n. buttocks. khiba' as6l riySS1, khiba' gx?' cama'la, ga 5.6' carnal la. If the -mae3 s.v. discovery aspect. old man gets up first he will axxre'namae. It isn't there, eat two, I will eat three. I see! rna'la n. compost; ferti- mae kwg n. underpants. lizer (mixture of dead leaves [Syn. xab jagge; phaasu'.] and animal dung). ma'ema loc. down below malaai, malaaya' n. (emphatic of ma). Malaya. ma'ga n. mug. maldab, madlaba n. meaning; purpose. maga'r, mxagaa'ra n. [Syn. maane' ; arthaa' .I Magar (large ethnic group of west ~epal). -male1 , -marig v. <-da kheri> 1. while (concurrent action). ma'gi, mu'i, mu'gi, ma'i, mai pae lamale1 dxiri' yulrn ro. [TB n1wa.y 'buffalo' 2081 They say (the ghost) comes n. buffalo - female. down to the house while (you) [~nt.rEiSgul. 1 do the pae. 2. for (purpose). maidaa' n. flour - khe'male' s5ga1Z lxaidim. processed. Three days are rqquired for reading it. maila' a. dirty of ves- dxi' larnale' chyzzba'e jog sels, body, clothes. gxyorn. For making a house one Zooks for an auspicious maingg' n. bird - myna. occasion. [Syn. saarul ; suga' .] malgaja n. egg- mainaa' ka'bu n. plant -like fruit from jungle slug. [Cp. ka'bu. I vine. mainfolaa' n. lamp - -ma'n s.v. <-cham emphatic - pressure. non-past . Tfam lxe'n xyaarna'n. Many ma'iwg' n. frog - black, lives bricks indeed go (into the job), in water. probably . [Cp. pendot; pxadgu.] ma'n pardiba' v. majaa' n. contentment. to like. [Syn. tT si'ba; saE t5baa1.I ca' mxi se'ba galai rna'n pardim. I Zike that person's dancing. makha'8 n. maize; corn. [Cp. rnuraa; khoyaa'; bxudlaa'.] manCali [N 'group; special committee'] n. makha'E muraa n. church; gathering of Christian wisps of hair growing out of believers. corn cob. 1..

MA'NDIR

ma'ndir n. temple dedi- masi" n. ink. cated to Hindu rites. rna~i'~,musi' n. rafter - mandri' n. minister of rib-like in gable roof. government. masin kaa'le av. finely. -malne p. with. pxro' masin kaa'le pxrod. khemaE samdima'ne tSH tadi'. Grind the flour finely. (He) consuZted with his son's in- taws. masinu' a. fine; soft; mariyaama'ne fim. (Be) Zives smooth (of flour, cloth, skin, with Maria. surfaces). [Syn. -ne, -nepri .] [Syn. pobaa' ; paadal u' . ] manidiba' v. masul n. customs 1. to soothe (a (tax). child). [Syn. kwi'ba.] masur a. fearless; brave. 2. persuade. masuri' n. ma'njur n. approval; lentil - red gram. consent; agreement. [Cp. maalsa, tZZgra.1 malnjur labaa' v. ma' ttre, mattre' , ma' tde, made', to comply with a suggestion; madre' , mare' a. to give approval; to consent only. to a request; to agree. [Syn. sirib, khaal i'.] [Syn. 061 labaa'.] -maul s.v. <-cha> present tense ma'npari n. indiscrim- (emphatic). inately; without considering [Syn. -mu.] others; according to one's- own pleasure. maudu' n. blade of grass; sprout; shoot. mantaraa' n. incanta- tion. maugaa' n. occasion; opportunity. mare' see ma'ttre' 'only'. [Syn. yaalm; txi.]

mari" Zoc. down there. mZZba' n. woman - old.

-maris' see -maleq 'concurrent rnzzri' , maari' pa. exceedingly; action'. without restraint (often sen- tence initial and often with ma'rija n. pepper. beser i ). nam paisaa' ybySZilm mS2irit masala' n. spices; paldz chaa' raa fxui' bi ri ' condiments. khima'la. If I GOT money, then for sure I wouZd seu new trou- masala' jx6ba1 v. to season food m5Ziri1 gaOgyu beseri ba Seti being in great ftood, it spirit of dead person (who has caused great toss to the people been unable to reach the of Kaseri. village of the dead, dwells around cemeteries). -maa, -aa s.v. <-chaki> inter- [CP. bhut; rnxb'; syaalgi; syo'; rogative on present tense. thaa; sarwE1; bikhaa.] togol xyaammaa'? (You) are going now, are (you)? ma'siiiiiiro n. balls of ground yam leaves and lentils. -maa p. in; at (with time 1 MAABA' 6 5 MY

expressions in days). maari' see mssri' 'exceedingly'. kuga'zmaa. Within nine days. maa'sa, &H'sa n. lentil - maaba' a. lower in black grain. altitude. [Syn. masuri ' ; tS5gra. ] [Syn. rnaa i ' . ] maasfara' n. maa'duli n. earrings teacher of school. worn in lobe of ear. [Syn. korlS5; dhidi I; cinjina.] maattiba' a. 1. snobbish; unfriendly. maai, maad, maadi', ma, mai loc. aagune baalu lxe' p5'la downwards; ~xQ?';plxob tail rnaattim. south. He won't speak with people; having become rich he's maainaa' ka'bu n. slug - large, usually 2. insolent; disobedient. 5 to 8 cm. long. kxe' laba'e rnxilaai paisaa' lxe' pldu' biy55 licdi maa'l n. baggage; maattim. If you pay your property; goods. workers a lot, later they rnaa'l addaa'. Land tax office. become insotent. [~yn.sarnaan. ] maayaa see mxayaa 'love'. maa'laa n. garland. mg'jar n. major (mili- maa'maa n. uncle tary rank). (Mo~r). mg'jyoba' v. to hang maamuli' a. inferior from; suspended (emphatic form in quality or rank; ordinary. of cyobaa'). maa'n n. honour; me n. arrow. courtesy. [Syn. txa 1 T. ] maa'n labaa' v. to mebro' n. ashes . honour; to respect; to be [Syn. krophG'; mi ph3.1 courteous. medgaa' n. bird - black maane' n. drongo (long tailed, crow-like). 1. meaning - lexical. khlxyebri rnaane' aargo' med6' n. jaadaan yaa. khlxyebri cane - dry (used as kindling or refers to another caste. for torches ). 2. purpose; goal. megG n. poison. kxe' tichaZ e' maa'ne axcxuba. You haven't ac- me'kh n. lightning strike. complished a single item of [Syn. nSLbri .I work. melaa' n. fair; exhibi- maa'ph n. pardon; for- tion. giveness. mewaa n. pawpaw; papaya. maa' r kaa' f n. butchering.(esp. in ceremonies). mi' [T~GT~"miiq; TB "mikckmyak 4021 n. eye. maardi'ba v. to txa' mS1. Eye of needle. converse (always with object baad or equivalent). mi [TaGTh Amin; TB "r-miq 831 n. fhattaa' rnaardi lba. To joke. name. MLXA

mi' cy6' labaa' v. white cimlanu> to shut eyes; blink. woman. [Syn. goraa . ] mi' saebaa' ' v. <%ikhaa misaa' n. fire of jhimkaaunu> to close one eye - forest or bush. as in sighting rifle; to wink. mistri' n. craftsman; mi' saebaa' V. to squint. mitig n. meeting. mi' fxuba' v. [syn. kajuri' , agsabaa'. 1 to avert the eyes in anger or disgust. mi'ttra, isfaa' mi'ttra n. friends. mi'ba [TB *s-min 432; TaGTh [Syn. thu; dosti ; Qxelaa; "mimp] v. to ripen mxi jaga.] (of fruit and grains). miul6' n. brand of mijyzg [TB *tsam 'hair of head' burning sticks. 731 n. hair of [Syn. IZ'ba.1 eyebrow or eyelash. miw2S1 n. firefly. -mi1, mi', -mi1 n. <-ta> em- phatic. rnlsg'ba v. cchutte laagnu> to khi'e phami de8arna1 mu. Her crave for a specially tasty own HUSBAND is in India. food (especially used of sick gaimi' th'aai axsxe'. I indeed person). don ' t know. ga mxainaa sB'1 na'i biri' uttille' se caja' ~x53i mi2 [TB *r-may 2821 n. m133~~yii.After I was sick tail of animal. three months I greatly wanted to eat meat, craving it. mi3 [TaGTh "me; TB nmey 290; T meh; Cp me?] n. fire. mlg'do xyaaba' v. Cbhusukkai sutnu> to oversleep (because mi ph6 n. coals. - live. of falling into deep sleep). [Syn. mebro', krophii', phG.1 nxaru mle'do xyaadu' biyaa kxae xyaam'. If I oversleep I'll midiba' v. to erase. be late. midi1 a. mli'bal [TB *b-1a:p 3351 v. middle (in phrase 'middle to forget. school ' 1. mli'ba2 v. to migum [TB *kuw=*kaw 2561 n. choke on food. smoke. mld n. udder of a cow. mijiba' v. to polish; [Syn. thunaa. ] rub hard (as hands together, for warmth). mld ku' ji a. ckaalo - beseri> [Syn. moldiba'.] black - very. ca' mxi ml6 kuUj:i by6ba. That mij yaasi a. charm- person looks very black. ing; peace-maker. [Syn. s3 lacchin.] mld' gu n. throat (in- ternal ). milderi I, milef i ' n n . [Syn. orgB1 ; kha' ri ; gardan. 1 military. milderi'di solo< pTT'. The mldgyaa a. black. army gave a salute. mlxa n. rice - paddy, mili n. tears. from seed to husking. [Syn. n32; mlxas i ' ; kas. 1 MLXASI ' mlxasi' n. rice - momiis a. female (of husked, uncooked. animal) . [Syn. ml xa; kaS; nZB. ] [Cp. yom5s1 'female (of birds)'.] mlxe [TB "1 i=*l i%*(m-) ley 2621 n. mora' n. corpse. penis (of adult man ) . mot so n. gnat; flying, biting insect, smaller mlxoba' v . than a fly. 1. to sprout; to spring up. mofara' , mofora n. motor 2. to rise (of vehicle. sun). maa' [TaGTh "mrap ] n. mlxog6 n. rice - as op- door. posed to less preferred staple [Syn. taga ra; dhogaa' .] foods. ml xogd axxrel, pa igG' ma tre' mrG1ba [T~CT~"mremp] v. cai. There was no rice, (I) to be satisfied ate only mash! (usually of food). mlxul n. quill mre n. cloth - white, of porcupine. worn as turban during mourning. mlxuZ n. point. mri [TaGTh kmrir) 'wife, woman'] n. wife. mlxuba' v. to prick ; to stab. mri xr22di n. widow. [Syn. cwi baa' .] mri labaa' v. -mna, -mnaa, -mnaat s. num. to have sexual intercourse. pints. timnaal. One pint. mrisyo' n. woman (dis- [Syn. mxana . I respectful). m6daa'' n. stool - -mri s. num. measure of circular, made of bamboo. volume - twenty gallons. ~xamri. Five muri (100 gal- m6daavZ[TB *mu:r 3661 n. lons). face; countenance. [Syn. rutb; l if.] mrd' [T~CT~*mrank 'garden'] n. field - irrigated, mo' [TaCTh kmaq] n. usually for rice. cane - used for weaving. [Syn. baari ; pakh mrG' ; khorel .] motba a. low in height mrdbaa' [TaCTh *mrar); TB *mrar) or pitch; short (of man). 1461 o. 1. to see. moddl see mxod6 'young female 2. to appear, to be goat I. visible. moldiba' v. to rub hard mrolba a. envious (tobacco into flakes); to (of another's material comfort, polish by rubbing with a cloth. good food, nice clothes). [Syn. mijiba1.] mrobaa' o. to light a moloba' v. to boil [Syn. kholmro bxTbal .] jungle fibre with rice husks to facilitate combing. mr6 n. king. MURBA' W'BA

mriisyo n. queen. mudkiB n. fist - clenched. mu' a. assembled; inu'dda n. lawsuit; law gathered together (of people, case. flowers). [Syn. khaaBgu tabaaB; tGBba.] mu'dda labaa' v. to file a lawsuit. mme [TB *mruw=*mraw 1501 n. seeds of fruit or muBd3see ma'dSH mu1d6 'chores'. vegetable (not grains ). [Cp. plxu' .I mu' ji n. anus. mrxisa n. village - mu'juri n. wages paid Ghachok. to ploughmen in kind, viz. rice. mrxibaB v. to swell; mull a. main; basic; to develop (of grains). central. mrxu n. point. mull gxyH%' n. main [Syn. mlxu. I road. [~nt.pot gxySS' . ] mii'juraa n. peacock. mull kaffaB n. mu1, mii present tense of mubaaB spirit - evil. 'exist'. [Syn. mxGB. ]

-muB2, -m3' S.V. <-cha> present mull txo n. tense (discourse medial). pillar of house - central, set khani t?mGB , camr swaabaaB. first in building a house. Wherever you Live, it is fine there. mull xSSgaB n. mu3 [TB *r-muw 488; TB *mu:k trunk of tree above branches. 'foggy" 357; TaGTh *mu] n. [Cp. jara 'root'.] water source; mu ~xebav. spring. to thunder (lit. sky roaring). muli' n. head man of mu th2ir)r)yiiB v. sky is clear. village under pre-revolution regime in Nepal. mubaa' v. [Syn. kxr8. ] 1. to exist. aabaa dxTr mE. Father is in muluk n. country. the house. [Syn. dez.] nacheBtra aa$haaisaB mu. There are twenty-eight birth mulukaB a. signs. large amount. 2. is (attribution, pos- mxi muluka'n yu'i. A Large session). crowd of people came. cu' khabaBla mu? Whose is this ? munukheB n. man (used kaZ 1T'ban mu. The rice is in religious incantations). tasty. xer munukheB. Look, man! mubru' 1x0, mubril 1x0 n. muraa n. moustache. year of the vulture (in Tibetan 12 year murbaB yu8ba v. cycle - 1940,52,64,76,etc.).' lightning strike (euphemism [Syn. kxure' Ixo.] used because of belief that if MURTI

the explicit term "nl"ari mwi' [TB *rnul=;t (s-)mul%n (s-)mi 1% yu'ba" is uttered lightning *(r-)mu1 21 n. body hair; will strike again), fur. [Cp. kra 'hair of head'.] murti n. idol; statue; image. mi1 ti'xyaaba' v. mxie rnulrti. Statue of a man. to suffer mange (of animals).

murkhaa' a. uncontrol- mxaba n. to lose led; violent "hit first, speak (esgecially of concrete objects). afterwards" reaction. to1 budG mxaxyaabal? What things have you Zost? murkhaa' caalle av. [Syn. mxoba. ] boisterously; uncontrollably. mxadise n. plains murli' n. recorder; dwellers from Tarai and North fife. India.

mursa' n. fainting mxag n. Chetri (a large spell. Nepalese caste).

musaa'ra n. star. mag1 thSbaal - sa8r v. to memorise; to learn by heart. musi' see masi' 'rafter'. [Syn. mxazba I ; rnu'waar khabaa ' . ] muzkil a. difficult. [Syn. gaa ro. ] mxagba' , mxwaiba' v. to recall; reflect; remember. muslii' n. <+ikiko d%t> head of gxadil rnxaxyaadu' biy22 saSr rice husking pounder. mxazrn, Qadi kaz cai, jyu khru'i, khani' waathzi? If musre' oxyui' n. (you) Zose (your) watch (you) skirt of dark checked cloth recaZZ, 'I ate rice, I bathed, worn by Gurung women. (and) where did I Zeave it?'

mueaa' n. sheaf of mxae, mxwe n. footprint. grain. mxaeba' ' v . ckhelnu (pir)) > to muthi n. measure of play on swing or ferris wheel. volume (approx. 60 ml., one- tenth of mxana); handful. mxaeba2 v. to step on; stand on. mu'waar n. recitation - [Syn. owe ' ba ; nxeba. ] memorised. mxaeba". to search; mu1 waar cadibar v. to recite from pha rnxaeba. To be on heat (of memory. animals). mu'waar khabaa' v. to be able mxaila n. brother - to memorise recitations. second; son - second; second oalai rnu'waar kharn. I have a born. good nemory. mxaili n. sister - muyiima18, miilyiimaG, miiImaWGn. second; daughter - second; brothers. second born. [Syn. bxa i ma' S. 1 mxaisir n. month (8th mwS1 labaa' v. of Nepali year, mid-November to to kiss. mid-~ecember) . mi'' see mxui' 'rupees'. mxaidan n. level ground; field - open and level. MXAINA MXI

mxaina n. month. amidst; middle. rnxZZjur badZ. Near the middle. mxajal n. banana. [Syn. axdxari I .I makhandi a. cmakhandi (sip mxZZrZZ see kaa' rZ2 m5"a r52 nabhaeko)> unskilled; half- 'crawling'. trained. mxaaba v. to press; to mxaliba v. to forget; grind through a machine. to lose one's bearings (some- times presumed as a result of a mxaaga n. month (10th of spirit's curse). Repali year, mid-January to [Syn. mi i I xyaabal . ] mid-February ) . mxana n. measure of mxaaidilba v. to spend volume (approx. one pint = money, resources. 570 ml., one-eighth of pyS1no). [Syn. mxaasd i ' ba . ] ma~laabaaraa', rnxaiilaa baaraa' mxaara' n. n. Tuesday. 1. gold. 2. yolk of mxarda a. male - of egg. humans. mxaarba a. perfect in mxayaa, maayaa n. love; physique. enjoyment of a loved one's [Syn. swaabaa' rC. ] company. [Cp. t6baa1; khobaal; sSS.1 mxaarbob6 n, flora- mxayaalu a. lovable ; a tubular plant (2-4 m. high in likable. forest at about 3000 m., used taanmadilnna khoba'e kolollai as a horn when dry). mxayaalu bim. A child every- one likes is called lovable. mxaarsi n. rice variety (better quality than m%ba v. cjhabakkaa phalnu> ciniyaa'. Planted early asar, to sprout profusely - of it ripens late kaart i k). leaves. mxaalar n. time, mxzzda n. drum (tom season. tom, 20 cm. diameter, 50 cm. long). mxaasdi'ba v. to spend; [Syn. dama, Qxa.] to expend; to use up (usually with reckless connotation). mxZ8da xraaba v. to beat a drum. maaswaa' n . to ob- maanis> spendthrift; prodigal. serve; to follow a religious system; to react to something; mx5 n. post to which threshing gaar rnxSZdiba. To take offence. oxen are tethered. khani I f irnG carrna swaabaal mxSZdim. Wherever (I) live (I) me1 [TaGTh "mehq] n. find it pleasant there. COW.

mxSZigul a. expensive; mxIba n. lemon. scarce. asaa'raril kxe' laba1e mxi mi [TaGTh *miih; TB ;+r-mi(y) n. mxszg tam. In (the month of) 301, n. 3291 n. Asar workers are scarce. person, human being. mx i jaga . People; other people. mxZijuri p. between; mximaz. People. MXI LABAA' MYAA'BA

xr6sae1 mximaC. One's own mxoraa n. coin worth people, relatives. half-rupee. mxi labaa' v. mxiigi' n. spirit - evil, in- to respect as a person. habitant of na ' rge. cu'di gxyo'lai mxi axlaa'. [Syn. bhut, mxb', pi jaas, He shows US no respect. syaa'gi .] mxilidiba v. to set mxGjaa n. village - in order; to check; to call Gurung, NE of Pokhara, below the roll. yaag6', near thos6. paredar mxi 1 idibar xyaam' . We go to have the roll checked on mxku n. paddle of wood parade. about 18" long used for beating jungle fibres. mx6' [TaGTh nmahg; Cp mosq] n. ghost; evil spirit. mxGGlu n. muzzle for ox, woven [Syn. syaa'gi; masana; syo; from cane. thaa; sarwZ1; bikhaa.] mxuba v. to pounce mx6' gslgg n. evil spirit able to relling people); to shake to appear as a headless form with and fro (of cat with a mouse). eyes or lights in the shoulders (said to be fatal if seen front mxuda, mxude n. document used to on. Unlike mxb', mx6' ZiZlZiZ determine astrologically auspi- is not a spirit of a dead cious days. person). [Syn. paadru1 . ] [Cp. bxut; mx6', syaa'gi; masana; syo; thaa; sarwE1; mxuisa [TB Amwiy=A(r-)mway% bikhaa.] *(s-)mway 'sleep' 196; TB Amu.0 'dark' 3621 n. night. mx6ba' [TB *mag=*r-mag 821 v. to dream mxui', mwi' n. rupees; while asleep (always with moue y . mxbda as object). mxujuri see mu1 juri 'wages'. mx6da n. dream. mxuri n. measure of vol- mxo [TaGTh *maah; TB *ma-.k 'son- ume (20 gallons). in-lawr 3241 n. [Syn. -mri .] 1. brother-in- law ( YrSiHu) . mxuriba, mxuruba, mxurba V. 2. son-in-law to wrap up in cloth. (DaHu) . thaGnid mxurba. To wrap in old 3. relative who performs son- cloths. in-law's responsibilities [Syn. be rd i ba. ] at a pae, acting as scape- goat (?). mxwaiba' see mxagba' 'to remember'. to1 axmxwaTbale sazdi' gad mxoba" v. to moan Iwaadi' . What unthinking things with pain; to groan. I have done!

mxoba2 v. to lose. mxy6ba v. to taste; [Syn. mxaba.] to sample food. mxodd' , mod6' n. baakhrT> goat - female, to scour; to scrape dishes adolescent, before bearing clean; to whet a blade with a young. whet stone. my6'ba v. to be letter saying, from the offi- wounded (always ne' mya'ba). cials here, 'Come '. myiiba' v. to sharpen ng', n5Z' v. associative. stj'na sa'na xyaa i ' . They went, the three together. -nl s.v. <-e> gerund construc- -nat2, -naa, -naal, -nZ' s.n. tion - with labaa' and sammaa'. <-ta> emphatic particle . mur mr5n labaa' axtaa' ro. qadna' axkxws'. I don't Looking at the sky is not right believe it. they say. ca' mxw7sari1 plxa xwiba' -n.a3 6.0. <-echa> discovery kh5S1n lamu. That night they aspect; perfect. finish the calling of the sixyaana. (He) has died, I spirit. see! paTt is barsa axyu'n sammaa' . Until reaching 35 years of age. nab [T~GT~*na; TB *s-na%*s-na:r 101; Cp nehq] n. nose. -n2 s. v. since - reason (used only with neg.). -nal bile, -naal bile s.v. even though. mxijagad axdxe' Ia~qyCi'. Since I could not do it, others na'b chalba n. have share farmed the land. fever and weakness (loosely - cifhi' axkha'n axkhaa' bii. illness generally). Since the letter hadn't come he wouldn't come, he said. na'b sxaba' v. to recover. -n3 s.v. causative infinitive (much less common than -1, and na'ba [T~GT~"naq; TB *na 801 v. always with auxiliary labaa'). to hurt or pain; to sixyaan labaa'. He caused him be sick; to be ill. to die. na'bbru n. ant. -n4 see -na 'emphatic particle'. Ixen' mu. There are MANY. na'bbru kuji' n. wasp. kadi' barsar lalen tam. In whatever year you do it, that's na' bbru saaraa dxii' n. flora - with cutrban. Of THIS place. leaves white underneath.

-n5 s.v. <-has> imperative (if nabli n. bed-bug. stem vowel is nasal). pTn. Give (it to me). nache'tra n. astro- [Syn. -d. I logical birth sign (determined by the exact day and hour of -n6 s. v. to go and. . . birth). (auxiliary verb). axtaaisa nachetra tam. There kh5' nd i . Go and enter, then. are 28 birth signs. [Syn. -ne.l nad see nar 'weariness with a -nai ... -na8, nZZ1... nSZo... c. food'. perhaps ... perhaps. nab sarkhaari' cifhi' mui xo na'ga, naul, na'u n. na' jxuile' saabma'gle' kho' fowl; chicken. bii cithi' axpT1. Perhaps it was a government letter, or nagi [TB *kwiys*kway 159; T khi] perhaps they didn't give him a n. dog. NAG1 LXO 7 3 NA'UDIMA

nagi 1x0 n. na 'm j yo1 n. < j holaa (sarkaari)> year of the dog (1946,58,70, pack - army style, with shoulder 82). straps; rucksack. [Syn. khilo.] [Syn. ru'psai , jxyolaa' .] nai sa a. canine na'mjyo2 n. grass- tooth. hopper. na-i' n. thread ex- -namu s.v. <-echa> discovery tracted from a bush plant like aspect; past continuous. a nettle. lxe' xull muna'mu, gaar tai. There was a big crowd there, naidi'maa t. year indeed, and it was difficult. before last. tugyu'm naidilmaa. In years na'munaa n. example; past . illustration; parable; sample nakadaa' a. namaannu)> shameless; coarse. profit (especially from corrupt nakadaal taba'e mxid pi1 txubae practices 1. kxe' lanaa' bile axpi1. A [Syn. phaidaa' .I shameless person is not embar- rassed even if he does things nar, nad a. weari- for which one should be embar- ness with a certain food. rassed. Oalai aalu' nad taba'. I'm fed up with potatoes. nakal te'ba, nagal te'ba v. [Syn. chorG1 .I cnakkal paarnu> to groom one- self; to make up. na'ram a. soft, pliable (of cloth, skin). nakali' a. artif icial; [Syn. ~ilibal ; kamal tabal. ] hypocritical; affected. na'rgalog n. hell. nakhii' n. Cnaakko pwaal> nostril. na'rge a. dirty; dis- nakhii' sii n. gusting. 1. nasal pro- nunciat ion. narwaala' n. diacritic - nasal (in Devanagari script a na'sa n. vein; sinew. superscribed dot). [Syn. ca. I

na'ksa n. picture; naspati n. fruit (of photo. apple family, ripens in Jesth). [Syn. photo'; tasbir.] nasu' n. present; gift na'la n. stalks; sent (by mail or messenger, not hay from millet harvest. handed in person).

nalgadiba' v. na'ul see na'ga 'chicken'. to move unrestrainedly, reck- lessly, in dancing. na'u2 n. nine (in Nepali loan phrases). nalgil [H na l i kaa 1 n. na'u baje. Nine o'clock. pipe ; tube; water-pipe . [~yn.kul .I

nali' n. shin. na'u kisim bibaa u. gossip con- f idences. namaste i. greeting word and action of folding na ' udima t . year hands in greeting. after next. namaste lad. Do a greeting. [Cp. naidilmaa.] NAPULE NAA' NI

na'ule a. different; nSZbri yu'ba. Lightning strange; new; foreign. striking. na'uli n. tray (wicker ) nzs'sa n. village. about 75 cm. in diameter, used for winnowing; pan for scales. nHH1sth&nag n. vil- lagers . naum:' n. ninth day of Dasera festival. naa" [TaGTh *nap; TB 5s-nap 1021 n. mucus nausan, naa's, noksan n. (nasal); snot . loss; damage. -naa2 see -nal 'continuous ac- na1ut6 n. peacock. tion'.

na'utuna n. Nautanwa -naa3 see -n 'emphatic'. (1ndian rail head on Nepal border, south of Pokhara). -naa4, -naal see -na 'discovery aspect ' . nalyHH, naalyH a. new. naa5 see nzg 'head of grain'. nalyHB tZB n. news. -naal bile S.V. <-e pani> even nBH I... nBH1 c. if; even though (contrary to either... or... expectation condition). nHH1' [TaGTh *namp] n. bargaa hue> rain. to blow one's nose. nHH1 see nH1 take it ' . naa' b- jaab n. survey (as of damage in accident). n5H3, naa n. head of grain; sprig of bush. naa'bl n. cubit; measure- cy5'die1 naa. Sprig of ment. [Syn. kru.] chrysanthemum. naab2 see cib naab 'elders'. nHH1 b&G n. drizzle. naabdiba', naapdiba' v. to measure. nHZ1 ri'ba n. daylight remaining. naa' ble n. < jyaadaa srghaan aaune> nZZ' ri'ba dxero' gxanda' s5' person whose nose is continually mu. There is now three hours runny. Zeft of daylight. - - naabri labaa' a. to curse another naal yuvba V. to rain. out the fingers of both hands in the direction of the person nHZ1ba, naa'ba [TB *m-nam 4641 being cursed). V. to smell; [Cp. nSZbri.1 stink (always with thz:). thSZ nSS1l bxiba'. Makzng it naai' n. corporal stink. (military rank).

nHa1i1 [TB *(m-) 1 i :t 'water naa'ja, naac n. dance. leech' 3961 n. leech-like worm (lives in naane n. water and enters nostrils of pain; stiffness in joints animals drinking, then living (often due to vitamin defici- as parasite on animal's blood). ency 1.

nzari n. lightning - naa'ni n. eldest forked. sister (term of reference or NAARE' , NAARI ' NI LABA'

address. 1. with; together with; associ- [Syn. axgxas' . ] ation with. ca'ne baalu yu'laa. I came naare', naari' n. rye- with him. like grain (eleusine corasana). 2. consulting with. aarnjaune baalu ~yu'im. naari n. wrist. (You) ask (your) aunts. yo naari bi caardi ba. To feel the pulse. net my6'ba v. to be injured; wounded. naariba' v. to tire; to be weary. -ne pri' [Cp brCk 'with'] p. 1. with; to. naarwaaba' v. to pumsyo kxine pri ' tha'da weary; make tired. fhu'du tanaa'. A witch has developed, I see, enmity to naa's see nausan 'loss, damage'. you. 2. from. naathu' n. relative. gxyole dxTne pri ' xrzgo xwaa'? It is far from our naati n. grandson (or house, is it? great-grandson in some opinion). [Syn. kwZ. ] neba'e, nebo' see nego' 'and'. naatini n. grand- nebaa' v. to put to daughter (or great-granddaughter bed; to lay down. in some opinion). [Syn. kwZml ' . ] nego', neba'e, nebo' c. and (linking nouns). naause see naamjyd. [Syn. nero', ne, nen.. . nen.] ngdo' n. sack; bag for nema n. bird. carrying grains (up to 2 or 3 gallons in capacity). nema 1x0 n. year [Cp. kuldu.] of the bird (1945,57,69,81). [Syn. cxe 1 xo. ] ne" [TaGTh *net] a. full. nen... nen c. both. .. and. mxinen cSnen baalu xyaail. -nea2 S.V. Both man and tiger went to- 1. go and. gether. kaE canem. I'm going to nxebaalnen kaju'nen swaabaa'. eat rice. Both Nepal and Ghachok are fine. 2. go and do (imperative ) . thaa pTne'. Go and give the nero' c. and (linking word. nouns). [Syn. nego'; nen... nen.] -ne3 C. 1. and. nesa' n. evening. saTl i 'ne kanchi . Sainli and Kanchi. netaa' n. 2. accusative. chief; head. nagine axchwil. (He) doesn't touch dogs. ni [TB *m-nwi (y) 1911 n. 3. with. laughter; amusement. axtC1bae mxine xyaala' txuba. I have to go with a ni khabaa' v. to person I don't like. be amused. [~yn.nego' ; nerol; nen.. . nen.] ni syubaa' v. to laugh. -ne baalu p. amuse; to cause to laugh. on eggs; to go clucky. ni xeirara labaai v. nd'ba2 v. to press to smile (in friendliness or down. mockery). ndbaai v. to ex- nibaa' v. to have an change labour. appetite for. ndgura n. rat. garera hidne toli; huri> group of people co-operating for nimii 1x0 n. year agricultural work. of the rat (in Tibetan 12 year [Syn. daphaa ; to1 i ' .I cycle, 1946,58,70,82,etc.). [Syn. cywi 1x0. ] n6wZZ n. cat. nimur n. stye in the eye. ndwZii dxaadei n. tomcat. niira a. blue. ndwiiii 1x0 n. year of the cat (1951,63,75,87, ni'ri n. < jumraako likhaa> eggs etc.). of head lice. [Syn. xilxo. 1 nirmae a. hard-hearted; ndwi5' n. first fruits unkind; unbending. of rice harvest eaten at a [Syn. saaroi sag; nisturi.] special ceremony. ni'rnae labaa' v. -no1 ' see nui 'imperative'. to decide on a course of action. no2 n. meat - lean; niiroQgia. healthy; flesh. free from disease. cai mxi niiro'gi; to' canaai no3 v. weeds. bile pattibai, pho' axnxaiba. That person is heatthy. What- no syuisba v. to ever he eats he thrives, his weed. stomach doesn't suffer. no'ba v. to carry; to nisturi a. severe; stern; hard. lift; to bear. [Syn. ni rimae; saaro' saE. I pxas i noi ba. To be pregnant. jud no'ba. To be rituatty ni'yaa n. justice; defited. judgement . txii noiba. To carry a load. [Syn. nyaa'e.] no'kori n. service; -nnai, -nniiZi s. agentive suf- employment. fix - emphatic. [Syn. j aag i r . ] lxen' axbxwi' QannSZi. I didn't bring much, I didn't. noksan see nausan 'loss, damage'.

ndl s.num. terrace fields. no'la n. carrying [Syn. nx6' . ] pole.

nd2 n. labourers for nosa n. fertile soil. agricultural work (work party). noifa n. note (currency). nC3 see nx6ri1 'inside'. nii" n. n6 jx6bai V. awl (for sewing rainshield to- to employ agricultural labour- gether). ers. [Cp. axdxei pi'ba.] niiQ2n. n6'ba1 v. to sit cage for chickens. NXEBA

nii' circular ear- .%abda)> lullaby word. ring worn on outside of lobe. nG1 lad. Go to steep. nxakkarnaa', nxzdkkarna', nii'ima t. day after to- nxHHkarna t. early morrow. in the morning; first thing.

nii'imdii' t. second nxalgy6 nx6rr' n. vine. day after a given date. cat ni'imdil ekham. (I) wit2 nxambar n. <8ka> number. come back the second day after that. nxaraa n. leather yoke in ox harness. nii'jile a. slowly. nxaru n. weariness ; -nu1 S.V. <-has> imperative (on sleepiness. nasal stem verbs, nonfinal in sentence ) . nxaru cxuiba v. to [Cp. -n, -du.] fall asleep.

nu'ba a. tall; high (in nxaru kxuba' v. cnidraa jhulnu> stature or pitch). eyelids drooping in weariness.

nubaa' v. to com- nxaru yu'ba v. Cnidraa aaunu> plete; to finish work. to be weary, tired. [Syn. cxSba; kh68'ba.I nxausi a. deaf. nu'kuri see no'kori service' . nxzgga, nxzsgaa n. nuni' n. butter - un- morning. clarified. nx2ZkkarnaP see nxakkamaa ' nxa [TB *g-na=*r-na%"g-na 4531 n. 'early in morning'. ear. nxHSmjyo [TB "nam 'sky' n. 4051 n. nxa cxo n. ear edge, rim. mist; fog; cloud. nxa khlyi n. ear wax. nxHSnii n. intestines.

nxa tG n. ear lobe. nxs n. resting platform on roadside. nxaba' [TaGTh *nah; TB *na 4141 v. to rest. nxeba' ' iTaGTh *naihq 'rub, press txi' nxaba. To rest a toad. down'] v. to thresh bx6' nxaba. To rest the by treading with feet; knead strength. with feet; to thresh (general term). nxaba2 v. 1. csusaar garnu> to look nxeba' v. after; support; maintain. 1. to fight. 2. keep (animals). 2. to argue. 3. to grow (hair, beard). nxeba3 v. to stick kra xrT~gyonxaba. (She) into (as of awkward load stick- has (her) hair tong. ing into one's back). axchyE8'ba s'i'jau txi' jx6du1 nxabre n. centipede. biy88 kxo nxem. If you put bad wood in the toad it hurts nxakhii pra'ba a. your back. 1. short tempered; easily offended. nxeba4 v. sulky. (caraa)> to land; alight (of NXEBA

bird, aircraft). [Syn. sarnpatti; sale nxora.] nxeba5 v . to nxori' n. vine. step on; rest one's foot on. nxu' n. garlic. nxeba6 v. Cdhaami kaamnu> to go into trance for purpose of nxura see nxora. divination by communion with a spirit. nyauri muso n. [Syn. gur nxeba.] mongoose. nxeba' V. to be nyaa'e n. judgement; drunk. finding. paa' nxeba. To be drunk with [Syn. ni ' yaa. 1 wzne. nyaa'e labaa' v. cnyaaya garnu> nxebal n. Nepal; to judge a case. Kathmandu Valley . nyaa'e dxi5 n. Cnyaaya dhi.&.> nxems n. ear. judge . sT1 nxemZ . Fungus. nxewaar n. Newar (a 4 large ethnic group in Nepal, particularly in Kathmandu g%gora n. Valley). eyelid - lower. nxiba'.' see nxeba' 'to thresh'. ga, gaa [TaGTh *gaa; TB *ga 406; 4 gah] pn. I; me. nxiba" see nxeba' 'to fight1. gagbaa' v. to lend a nxiba3 see nxeba 'to be drunk'. durable article (esp. clothing or jewellery ) . nx6" n. terrace of paddy [Syn. che' pTbaal ; khi 'ba. 1 fields. [SU~.-" nc. 1 ga'eba v. to remain; to nxG2 p. inside; into. be left over. cZ cy6 nx5r thundil waai. The tiger was shut in the cage. 02s n. hem (of garment); selvedge (if cloth); edge (of nx6ba V. to break. weaving, thatch, etc.).

nx6n6na p. in; ~2%saebaa' n. to make hem (of mlxa nx6n6na axpxradl . Don It garment); to cast off (in knit- walk in the paddy. ting); to finish off edge (in nSS1 nx6n6na saaikal khe'l lai. weaving). (They) held the bicycle races in the rain. gaa pn. I (form of ga used in phrase final position). nx6rba n. 1. inside. gaala' pn. mine. 2. underneath. gaar, gaa, gBH, giigr p. <-kahZ> nx6iiba1 a. to the plece of. 1. inside. 2. underneath. ggma's n. reletives 3. later born. not of same lineel family. aarko' santaan laasi gErna'Z nxo n. pus. bim. Other families we call cousins. nxora, nxura n. wealth; riches. gebaa' [TaGTh "gem 'hear, obey, be soft'] a. to obey. go axcxyoba' u. fearless of gGgG' n. temple (of strangers. head). gobaa' a. gel pa. yes; O.K. to blow upon sick person (usu- Ixau' , kB' khE. // 'gel, mxo. ally done by religious offi- Come on, come and sit. // O.K., ciant). Brother-in-law. go'eba V. to step over; gebaa' V. to chew. to jump over.

-gelel see -gerel 'while'. gri n. laughter. [Syn. ni.] -gere' , gere' , gele S.V. <-kheri> while. gri'ba gri'ba a. uneven; wrinkled; serrated. gi yss' see di yss 'therefore'. grxuba' v. to snore; to gi'l [TaGTh +gis; TB *s-nis 51 n. purr. seven. gxa" [TaGTh *gahq;-V *b-Oa% gi2 pn. *I-ga 781 nun. five. we (exclusive ) . gxa2 n. <*yszgro> drum used by gi'braa nun. seven lamas (in religious rituals, hundred. made with goat's skin).

gi'e pn. our (exclusive). gxabraa1 nurn. five hundred. gija'ga n. we (em- phatic plural - exclusive). gxa6 sg'ba v. rite (third) often necessary to perform in order giljyu nurn. seventy. to neutralise witch's curse. [Syn. paaldu' waabaa' ; dobaade gilaa' pn. our (ex- waabaa' .] clusive - focus). gxasba v. giliba' a. soft; mild; to be forbidden by astrology; meek; gentle; flexible. inauspicious.

githru'kale, githru'kan av. gxajyul nun. fifty. completely. gxSSba v. to adhere -ggyG' 6.v. <-eko> perfect to; to want to (with reduplica- aspect. tion of monosyllabic verb stem). [Syn. -imu.] cajal gxSSrn. Wants to eat.

go se'ba v. to know (a gxaarba v. person); to recognise. 1. to dry up; evaporate. gd'lo n. cousin - male, 2. to dry up cross (MoBrSo, FaSiSo). (of a buffalo).

g6'ldsyo n. cousin - gxzba v. to suit well female, cross (~a~i~a,Mo~r~a). (usually of clothes). cat kami j kxilai gxSqgyB. That go' l n. trap. shirt suits you well. [Syn. krx i ba .I go2 see 0x0 'forehead'. gxel, gxG, ge v. is (af- go3 n. corner of cloth firmative of gx7ba ). or mat. tal le qxe? Why is it so? Qxe2, Qe i. oh (now I ~xiblenum. twice. understand). ~xibraanum. two ~xe~[TB *naw=*nuw 419; TaGTh hundred. *geeh] n. milk; breast. gxisyu nurn. twenty. gxekra n. Cdiidhko munfro> nipple of breast. ~xobav. to roast; pop grains. ~xebfrxuba n. neigh- bour. gxururu labaa' u. to growl (of dog). gxeba" v. to spill. gxyiiii a. Qxeba2 v. good physical condition. to squeak; scrape (of door, beseri qxy88 chyZ8ggyF1. He is etc. ) . in very good health. mraa' gxeba. The door squeaks. gxyo' ' pn. gxeba3 v. to chime (of we (inclusive ) . clock, drum, or gong). gxa gxem. The drum sounds. gxyo2 n. Caahaal; pokhari> ditch; pond. gxeba4 v. ma'gi gxyor ro'ba. The buffalo to thunder. is lying in the ditch.

gxebas [TB *guw%*gaw 'cry1 791 V. ~xyobav. to look at; to howl; cry (of to look after; to care for; to animals); to meow; to cheep; seek (an auspicious day); to to hiss; to neigh. divine supernatural cause of illness. gxeba6 [TaGTh "geh] v. to milk - a cow or buffalo. ~xyobalxibal n. divination of supernatural ~xelaan. covenanted cause of illness. friend (usually of different gxyoba lxibal lai axsxa'. (He) caste). did the divination (but the [Syn. aagu.] patient) didn 't get better.

gxelsyo n. covenanted ~xyo'epn. our (in- friend of a woman; wife of a clusive ). man's covenanted friena. ~xyolecxa gxT1 paa's tai. Our two sons have passed. OX:' [TaGTh *~iihq;TB *g-nis= *g-ni-s 4; Cp nisq] num. ~xyolaa'pn. our (in- two. clusive - focal). gxyolaa' cxa QXT' paa's tai. We ~xZ%i?ido', gxyaiild' n. have two sons who have passed. two (emphatic) ; both. gxyoljaga pn. we ~xiba'l, gxe, ge', ge, gxs v. (emphatic plural - inclusive). to be (equative). [syn. ga; ya; ja.] gxyui' n. apron-like garment - black, worn at back r)xiba2 v. to be by married women. frightened. gyaiilil [TB *g-li 'armpit' 2651 ~xijin. fright; fear. n. armpit. ~x5jimattre' lai. He could do nothing for fear. gyii%ii n. cry of cat; meow. gxinaa' ~xT'npn. both; two together. IBA

fluids ) . olcae n. flora - a timber occurring in both red fjyuliba [TB *r-yu(w)] v. and white varieties. to ask. oleba' Qyu'mZS n. stone; rock. 1. v.t. to stir. [Syn. yul m39. ] kae oleba'. Stirring the rice. fjyumnaa see yumanaa 'quickly'. 2. v.i . to wriggle; stir; move. axolled, aala'kkale !id. Don't move, sit still. 3. v.i. to 6 p. <6> yes (acknowledging roll over. statement or expressing ap- proval). olgyaa' a. red. [Syn. xajur.] ollmG n. o' ', o i. just uvula. (deictic used ostensively). kolmalC o chale kaalrZS 0raa'lu Zoc. down. m3Z1 rZS xyaa 'maE ' . Children, [Syn. kyu'ru; ka'Edu.1 just the ones who go thus un- steadily. org6' n. throat (rarer [Syn. xo.1 than mlb'gu). on2i. 0 (vocative). os6' [T sfja 'before' p. 1411 t. previously; before (in 03, 0' pa. please time or space ) . (courteous, polite particle [Syn. asb'.] sentence final on requests). dxe'rom ro'lle 0'. Let's sleep o'ttiba v. to shelter; now please. cover oneself from rain. [Syn. xai .I [Syn. kru'ba. ] o'baano a. dry (of 0x0 e. oh (expression of ground); unirrigated (field). surprise).

-oda s.num. nonpersonal (suffix on loan numeral). baa roda 1x0 nx6ri. Within the twelve years. pgcayat see pancaayat 'council'. odaa'l xyaaba' v. pggale' n. rug used for sitting to elope. upon. ogaldiba' v . to vomit. pggyo' see panyo' 'ladle'. olgyZS n. part in hair. pachaadi loc. behind; backward. oilidi'ba, oilidiba' v. to wither ; fade pachaardibal v. to (of plants). knock down (in fighting). okhaldiba' v. to pachid n. regret; spill; flood ink (of faulty remorse. pen 1. l iidi ' pachid mxaEm4 . Later (he) feels remorse. 0'1Sg n. infant; baby (up to a pachyauraa' n. towel. few months). padal n. disc. P@A 82 PAL1 'DIBA

pacja2 n. Patan - pagdadiba' V. to ar- locality within Ghachok. rest; to seize. [Syn. kxaaba. ] pacjgadiba' v.i. to explode. paigima'g n. clan - one of the upper four Gurung castes. padamcaalaa n. a [Cp. konma's; plxonmaE.1 root from high grassland, eaten for fevers, smeared on paidala' n. sole of body for aches and pains. foot. pa'daa pu'dule av. mash (of corn fukuraa> in small pieces. or millet flour). cidra puraano' tadu' biyZS [Syn. prokhu' .] cil ii biri' pa'daa pu'dule phaam. If matting gets old we paile' av. first; at break it into small pieces and first; once upon a time. burn it. paisaa' n. money; pice - pade' xyaaba' v. one hundredth part of rupee. to fall. pa' jygs pa' jysgle av. thoroughly(?). padyaani' n. scrubby area on txTi8 txTmi kyulwaadxCir' kaamlo' mountain slopes with cyG'di, pa'jyZS paljyZZle nxel' txum. dhurse. (You) have to knead the blanket [Syn. dxusaa' . ] thoroughly all day long at the water source. pa'di n. name of girl. pajyu' see pujyu' 'shaman'. padi' n. navel. pakh mr6' n. terraced field (dry). padi n. a brass vessel [Syn. baa r i ; khore ' . ] measuring eight manas (of grains) ; measure of volume pakha'r av. spil- (approx. one gallon = 4.5 litre, ling; splashing of liquid out one-twentieth of mxuri ) . of a receptacle. [Syn. pyo'no. ] [Syn, ~xeba ' . ] padkhu' a. inverted; pakhaa' n. uncultivated prone. hillside. [Cp. gxaari ' . ] padlu', padulu, paadulu' a. thin (of cloth, pakkaa' ' a. paper); fine; slender; weak. certainly. [Syn. pobaa' axbx6ba1. ] r)a pakkaa' kham. I will cer- tainly come. pagbaa' v. to scat.- ter; separate (paper); spread pakkaa' a. out. first rate; genuine; strong. [~nt.kacca'.] pagma'g n. castes - lower group of "sixteen" in pallis' n. berry - yellow, Gurung society. raspberry-like. [syn. cuduru' .]

palda'na n. regiment ; pae2 n. trousers (long). the dead). pali'diba v. to see pwe' 'iron'. sprout ; to bud. PA'LLAA PA'LI

[Syn. rnlxoba' ; pxuba.]

pa' llaa pa' li av. < jurukkai> parloga' n. Hades (the suddenly; hurriedly; instantly. place or stage following death). cyE ro'rinabile pa'lla pa'lile [Syn. mxi plxamae n55'sa.I rii. Even though Youngest- brother was asleep he got up paru' n. pail (wooden) instantly. for storing milk and buttermilk; bucket (of bamboo). palo' pallet av. in turns; one by one. parwaa' n. family (wife and children). palf idiba' v . t . to [Syn. paraa' . ] turn over; to overturn. [Syn. oleba'. I parwaa' n. pigeon (domestic); pheasant. palu' n. time; turn (one in a number). paryaali' n. agreement to use mu1 aa. In the time of (our) another' s oxen, having none of grandfather it was like that. own.

panaati n. great- pa'saa pa'sain. cjhismise grandson (or great-great -grand- ujyaalo (bihaanako) > morning son in some opinion). (first light).

panaatini n. great - pasbana' n. scarf . granddaughter (or great -great - [Syn. bakhu; kuldu.] granddaughter in some opinion). pastugaa' see pustagaal 'book'. pancaayat, pancaaid, panjyaida' n. council - at ' n. bandage. village, district, or national level. paffi ' p. 1. towards; in the pandidma'g n. pundit direction of. (religious scholar). te' jxaaipaff i' xyaad. Go a little that way. pani'p. even. 2. around; in the area to dile pani'. Whatever hap- of. pens. [Syn. ya.] telaa' pukhrul paffil nS5' lxel yu'i. Yesterday it panyaalu' n. liquid rained a lot in Pokhara area. (esp. of thin or weak liquids). [Syn. kyu'gyu.] patkhul a. prostrate; lying flat upon the face. panyo', pggyo' n. ladle (flat, round, about 30 cm. long, pattu' n. asparagus- for serving out rice). like vegetable.

parameHwar see pramisara 'GO~'. paudara' a. Cdhulo (paudar) > powdered. paraa' n. pauda' ra Qxe. Powdered milk. housewife; household members. pawitra a. undefiled; paraala see praalaa 'straw'. holy.

parda n. curtain. p%B1bav. to get wet; to be soaked. pardiba' v. to have to; to become. pZBbaat v. to distrib- ute; to share out food; to deal pareda' n. parade drill out cards. PAA ' PHADI

paa' n. spirits; wine. paals labaa'. To pass, to qualify. paa' kwaalaaba' v. to distil spirits. paasaagi' n. spinach.

paadru' n. book of paafi' n. party; group. astrological information for a [Syn. to1 i .I certain period giving auspi- cious days. paau n. foot (of human). kxie paauri qa sewaa lami. I paadulu' see padlu' . wit2 bow at your feet. [~yn.pxal i. ] paaeba cili n. pipe for hookah. pg' ' n. chaff of paai bgn n. pipe band. rice; withered ear.

paakhru' n. arm. Pg2 [TaGTh *peq] n. frog - 8 cm., black with white paa'ko n. < jssdyaahaa> drunkard; underneath, edible, lives in wine-bibber (disrespectful streams. term). [Syn. fudT.1

paaldu' n. pOdol n. stake rite (initial) to neutralise (forked) which supports eaves witch's curse. of the cattle shed. paal du' waai axsxayZZ1 dobaade waadu'. If (he) doesn't get pebaa' v. to better after throwing out the plait hair. first rite, throw out the second rite. pe'da n. elk - species [Cp. dobaade waabaa'; QXS of; tahr of Himalayas. sE'ba.1 [Syn. pho; e. I

paale' n. pedaalaa' n. brass. soldier; guard. pe'na, paanaa' n. page. paalil. n.. roof covering verandah or sleep-out. pendo' n. water frog(reddish in colour, about 3 cm. ) . paan n. betel leaf (eaten with aceca nut). pensal n. chalk for blackboard.

paanasaa' n. lamp stand perbaa' v. to make for oil wick lamp. thread from fibre. [Syn. dunidiba.] paanaa' see pe'na 'page'. pezki' n. ad- paap n. - sin; defilement. vance on salary.

paa'r n. divorce. peffi'ko'da n. petti- coat worn under sari. paa'r labaa' v. to divorce. pha [T~GT~*pha; TB *wa=*(p)wa 1001 n. husband (less paa'raa n. scales; respectful term). balances. [Cp. PYJ'.I

paardiba' v. to have to. pha mxaeba v. to [Syn. pardi ba, txuba. ] be on heat (of animals, Zit. husband seeking). paa's n. pass; gradua- tion. PHA'DI XYAABA'

blowing the fire into flame. grasshopper.

pha'di xyaaba' v. phau raa'ba v. to burst; to crack open (of to blister. egg). phG' khin pha'di xyaai'. The phaabaa' v. to burn egg burst by i tse2f. (wood as cooking, heating fuel). [Syn. khr5baa1 ; rnrobaa' ; phaebaa' v . t . to jal idiba.] open out (box, parcel). phaadS1 n. aunt phaesfi n. kitchen cup- (Fa2dSi ) . board where clean dishes are placed. phaagalS, phaan5' n. cjefhi phupii> aunt (~a~tSi ) . pha'gi n. cummerbund [Syn. phubu' . ] (about 4 m. long) wound round and round women's waists. phaa'karna', pha'kkarna, phaa'karnaa' av. phailidiba' v. to without cause; just because; spread (of news). unmotivated; unprovoked. [Syn. chalen. ] phai'riba v. to stone (something or someone). phaang' see phaaga'g 'aunt'.

pha'kkarna' see phaa'karna' phaasu' n. loin cloth; 'without cause'. jock strap.

pha'l phu'la n. phaawz' n. month fruit. (11th of Nepali calendar, mid- February to mid- arch). phalana' - a. someone ; something; a certain. phe'ba v. to eat (roast grains, etc.) by phali n. plough share tossing into mouth. (metal). phebaa' ' v . to arrive . phalfu' a. spare ; extra; other. phebaa'2 v. to cost.

phar n. economising. phebaa'3 v. to be related by kin. phar xyaaba' v. to change; away with another man. to alter. [Cp. odaa'l xyaaba'.] phe'ri c. again; then. pha'rak a. different. [Syn. jxaale' . ] [Syn. syo' bana. ] phero' n. circumference. pharbu n. stake. phi' [Cp pesq, p+s] n. phargu n. club; stick. body gas; flatus. [Syn. prxe.] phi2 [T~GT~*p h i i ] v. phariyaa' n. peel of fruit or vegetable; sari. bark.

phasidiba' v . to phibaa' v. to be born; entrap. to bear a child. [Syn. bxul d i ' ba. ] phibi a. above; phafyS8uru1 n. overhead. PHIKKAR 86 PHUMAALI'

phikkar n. care; worry; but full-grown; prime - phys- anxiety. ically (usually of men, but phikkar axmxSldid. Don't also of animals). worry. [Syn. sok; aaphsos.] phrSsil n. young man - 16-30 years old. phi'l labaa' v. to change phribaa' v. to sepa- one's ways; to forsake. rate. [Syn. pi ' ba. ] [Syn. chudidiba' .] phi'r phi'ri n. toy (stick wit'^ phii' ' n. egg. propeller of bamboo shoots at- tached, made in late November). phii2 n. 1. kernels of corn, phirdaa' a. returned; etc. back. [Syn. ru'du. ] 2. segments of fruit phiri' p. upon; above; (of orange, etc.). over; on. 3. chunk of meat, potato. phlebaa' V. 4. pill, tablet. to lose one's way; to be lost. mi phi. Coals of fire. sii phlebaa'. To make a slip of the tongue. phu' n. pursed lips for blowing up pho' ' [T~GT~*phoq] n. fire. stomach. phu'ba v. pho2 n. deer. to apply medicine.

pho' khrSbaa' v. phubaa' v. to ccl- to be'hungry. lapse (of house or building).

pho 1x0 n. phubu' n. aunt (Fa~i). year of the deer (1947,59,etc.). [Syn. phaagalG, phaadG1, phojy6.1 pho'b6 [TB *ba:k 'bat' 3251 n. bat. phu'i chu n. ties; bonds. phogo, phau n. blister. [Syn. kaeda' . ]

pho' ja n. army. phu'iba v. to bind with rope; to swear (an oath). phojy6 n. aunt (Fa~tSi). phuibaa' v. to blow (a fire into life). phordiba' v. to break open, apart ; to cleave ; to phula n. embroidery; smash. braid; filigree.

phori' a. obscene; phuldinaa' n. fountain coarse . pen. photo' n. pic- phuldiba' v . to expand ; ture; photograph. swell; rise (of dough). [Syn. tasbir; na'ksa.] phuli' n. ring worn in phram tag n. nose. rumour; report getting back of words spoken behind one's back. phumaali' n. lime ; clay - white, used for white- phrs a. <$hito; jawam> young wash. phurji' [N 'note, slip of paper'] pidZZ n. obscen- n. permit (as for cut- ity; coarseness of speech. ting timber). [Syn. phor i ' . ] phursada' n. leisure; pincis [E pincers] n. wrench spare time. (adjustable ) ; shifter; spanner (shifting). phutrul kka a. cooked - very well. pir n. anguish. [Syn. zo'k; phikkar; du.] phyo'ba v. to sweep up. pir mubaa' v. to be sad. phyobaa' v. to bow down in respectful greeting. pi'rbal v. to hold tobacco in cheek. phyurbaa' v . to winnow rice from above the pi'rba2 v. to hire oxen and plough, paying with a portion of pibaa' [TaGTh "pim; TB "b-iy=*bay the crop. 4271 v. to give. tidTma qa kxine baalu pi'rmu. This year I want to hire your pidi n. porch; verandah oxen. (onto which lower caste people are given entrance ) . pi'rba3 a. <$%%sinu> adjacent; touching. pigyaa a. green. [Syn. xrEba. ] pi'na n. pin (safe- pirbaa" v. to crush; ty). jam (finger in door). pi'ba pirbaa12 v. 1. v.t. to shell to set aside for later use. husks off corn; strip off. se pirthEdul biyZZ prxZmaZ 2. v.i. abandon; to khamale' ker txum. If (you) stop doing or attending; to set aside some meat it wiZZ be give up; to forsake; to useful if guests come. release. aabae' ilam pi'waai. (He) piru a. horizontal; left (his) father's profes- parallel. sion. dxe ' ro p i ru. Prom noo on. pibaa'' v. to be piygznaa' n. shy; embarrassed. gulley . pibaa'2 v. to be piyaaro' a. beloved; thirsty. cherished; doted on (of a child, kxilai kyu' pi lase'. You are with consequent spoiling). probably thirsty. piyaaro' lasero' baani nx5 xyaam'. Since (they) have doted piobi' n. snake with poor eye- on (him) (his) character will be sight and painful bite. spoilt. [Syn. SSdi' pxuri .] pla'ba v. untie pibin' [N 'pus'] n. froth. (shoelaces); loosen (a screw). pibxiba' v . plii&aa' v. to hit; to to send (a thing, letter). beat. [Cp. kulbxfba' . ] plaagg ' n. unleavened picaas n. spirit; bread. ghost. [Cp. kxe".] PRAA ' BAA

plg [TB *ple~'flat surface' prosperous. 1381 a. flat; smooth. plxonmag n. clan of the four upper clans in plsbaa' [TB +bli~s*pli~1421 V. Gurung society. to be full up. [Cp. konmalE; paTgimalS.] pleng n. slab plxu' n. seed. (with parallel sides); board. pd'ba [TB +br(w)aks*(s-)br(w)a~ ple'waabxiba' v. p. 421 v. to speak; to to throw down. talk. [Syn. bxy6ba ' . ] [Syn. b i baa. ] plibaa' ' v . t . pZgbae gxygs' n. to take off (clothes); to right to speak. strip (leaves off plant). p6'sii n. conversation. plibaa12 v. to tread upon. po' gxy?i?il n. by- mi pl iwaa, axpl i'd. (You'lll way; minor road. tread on the fire! Don't [Ant. mu' 1 gxySS' .] tread! pobaa' a. thin (of plo n. cloth, paper) ; weak. 1. sole of foot. [Syn. padlu'; axbxbba'.] 2. palm of hand. pochyora' n. towel; plugba [TB apryo 'boil' 2501 v. head covering; shawl. to steam; stew; sim- mer; boil. polo see pulu 'nettle1. plxa [TB *(m-)hla 4751 n. po5aka1 n. dress - form soul; senses. of; garment. mxi plxamae nS2'sa. Place of departed spirits (tit. village pra see prxa' 'hundred'. of men's soulsl. [Cp. sag, aadmaal.] pra 1x0 n. year of the monkey (in Tibetan 12-year plxa ldbal v. to cycle, 1944,56,68,80). scare; to frighten. [Syn. yogaara 1x0. ] plxari p . pra'ba [TB *pe:r 3401 a. behind one's back. thin; fine (as of knitting cale plxari do? lagaidim. needles). Blames him behind his back. [Ant. G7ri ' .] pracaar labaa' v. to preach; broadcast publicly. plxaaba a. wide; broad. cyugul plxaaba. Narrow. pramaa n. yeast used in making beer. plxil' [T~GT~*bl iq; TB +b-1 iy= *b-lay 4101 n. four. pramisara n. God; sky gods - sun and moon (re- plxi2 n. width; garded as remote, not requiring breadth. animal sacrifice or other of- [Cp. kru 'height, length1. ] ferings); supreme God. [Cp. bxagawaan; deudaa. ] plxi kru kxriba a. well-propor- praalbaa1 v. to break tioned; right size. branches of trees. plxoba' a. rich;- splash; to sprinkle (as in 2. stepchild (of aargo' jaad chuina' bile chid a man); child of a woman's axpxraa'. Even if (he) touches previous marriage. another caste (he) doesn't sprinkle water. prokhu' n. mash - thin (made of flour and water and praalaa, paraala n. fed to animals. Formerly drunk straw (of rice); hay (of rice by humans with ghee. Lit. flour harvest). soup); gruel. praarthana' n. promi' yogaaraa n. prayer. baboon. prg n. ladder for prfi' prfi' labaa' v. to flicker collecting honey from cliff (as of snake's tongue). ledge hives. [TaGTh *prooq 'lunch'] n. prs'ba V. to demand what has pr:khaajaa> snack (esp. early been given to another (esp. morning). of children). prubaa' v. to sepa- kodo)> to pluck ripe grains rate wool, fluffing it with only. bow after washing process. prumu' n. tree - kind of. pre see prxe' 'eight'. prxa', pra, bra [TB *r-gya 164; pre'ba v. claagnu ghaam> to T kah] n. hundred. shine (of sun). prxaba' [T~GT~*braq] v. prebaa' v. to to walk; to associate with. cause to separate (e.g. aague mrine prxaba'. To con- quarters of an orange). sort with another man's wife. prI'ba' v. to throw (a prxg n. guest. brick); fire (a rifle); smite (with fist). prxe' ', pre [TaGTh *bret ; TB *b-r-gyat=*(b)g-ryat 1631 n. pri'ba2 v. to sing a eight. song. [Syn. aa' fh. I

priba' v. to prxe2 n. stick; walking forbid. stick; staff.

pri'pri a. equally; prxeba v. cbhaisi maathi rssgo alike. cadnu> to have sexual inter- course (of animals). prithwi' n. earth; [Syn. mrT laba'; gaidiba.] world. prxejyu' n. eighty. pr6mas n. Pun (an ethnic group of Nepal, often regarded prxiba'' v. to grind in as a subgroup of Magars). mortar and pestle. pro' n. shawl - worn sash-like prxiba2 [TaGTh *bri] v. by mature women. to write. progyaa n. prxiri loc. 1. bastard; illegi- 1. downhill. timate child. 2. below. progyaa no'ba. To be pregnant out of wedlock. prxiiiba' a. lower. PRX~ 9 0 PWE', PAIE

prxd n. shed (temporary pujdiba' v. to shelter) for cattle. offer sacrifice to.

prxo" n. cliff. puju' n. thorn.

prxo'2 [TaGTh "braaq] n. pujyu',.pajyu' n. shaman - who divines supernatural causes of illness. prxoba v. cpidhnu (jsztole) > to [Cp. jaisi; la'rna; pujaare'.] grind (grains with a handmill). pukhru' n. Pokhara prxdsag n. herdsman. (major market town of central Nepal, 200 km. west of ~athmandu). prxu kxywi' n. Nepali language. pu'la n. bridge (permanent). [Cp. ca"a".] prxuba' v. to beat sheaves on ground for threshing; pulisaa', pulis n. police. to thrash. pulu" n. hat (Ghandruk prxumag n. Brahmins. dialect). [Syn. ku l e ' . ] piiji' n. wealth; capital. pu1u2 n. nettle. [Syn. nxor.] pu'ma n. cold season pu' n. back of hand or foot. [Ant. uma .]

P~2n. pumsyo n. witch (a living vessel collecting wine in still. person who works malice against fellow villagers, either per- pu' n. corn - sonally or by raising up certain roasted, popped. evil forces to do her bidding).

pu' txa' dxc' n. puni' n. lower rhododendron (national flower caste people. of Nepal). puraa' n, sore. p~~~', bucu' n. crown of head. puraa12 n. leavings of a meal. p~~~2see pujyu' ' witchdoctor . puraa" a. whole; total; pude n. type of tree. complete.

pudke n. short person; pu'rba Zoc. east. dwarf . purne' n. full moon. pu'du pi5dule av. breaking up into small pieces. puts n. month (8th of Nepali calendar, mid-December puduba' v . t. ctukraa garnu; to mid-January) . bhZZcnu> to break (into small pieces, of unleavened bread). pustagaa' , pastugaa' n. book. pujaal n. sacrificial [Syn. kidaaba' . ] rites (generally intended to appease spirits). pustaa' n. gen- eration (future, not preceding). pujaare' n. priest of Hindu rites. pwe' , pate n. iron. PWE 'E PHARBU 9 1 PXOBA '

pwe'e pharbu n. crowbar. pxanxzlii t. later (in a [Syn. jxyaarnpa'l.] few days time).

pwil [TB *pwa:y 1701 n. pxanxzri' t. to- chaff from husking grains. morrow morning.

pwibaa' v. pxasi n. infant. to carry child on one's back. pxasi waabaa' v. Ctuhaaunu, pwigalg n. sieve - tuhunu (garbha)> to abort a cane (for winnowing grains). pregnancy.

pxadg see badg 'towards'. pxasxyaa pxasi n. children. pxadgu n. [Syn. kolorna'E.] toad . pxgz n. thigh. pxag n. bundle of rattan carried as a load. pxaaba' v. to bury a [Syn. -bag.] person.

pxagba v. cdhaak lagaaunu> to be pxaagd n. boastful; proud; vain. seating area adjacent to fire- place at the narrow end. pxazdo n. shoulder (away from neck). pxaariba u. to open out [Cp. kZZdaa' . ] (of flowers); to swell up (of popped corn). pxagdo pada' n. shoulder blade. pxgba v. to seize; to snatch away; to grab. pxagi dxiil n. Ckafusko bof > cakalet gxri' rnuy55' koloma8C chestnut tree. pxzrn. If there is one choco- late the children will snatch pxal tho'ba n. sign in fat it). Devanagari script indicating that no vowel sound follows a pxelaa n. bowl - consonant (Zit. foot cutting); brass, 10 cm. diam., for cooked halant. vegetables or soup or meat.

pxalg pxulii n. in- pxi n. <$oko> basket - large, sects. conical, open-weaved for carry- ing things on back (50 to 100 cm. pxalg n. rivulet; high). - . trickle (non-perennial) . [Syn. kurku'; korbyo'; jxarSZugo; swT'di.1 pxali [T~GT~*bale] n. foot; leg. pxiriba [TB *pur%*pir 398; TB *byer n. 249, n. 4601 V. pxali @%$a n. shin. to fly (of bird, plane). [~yn.nali'.] pxdba v. to abuse; to pxali ka'blo n. argue; to quarrel; scold. ankle. pxo [TaGTh *baa; TB *pak=*pwak pxanZ liiid t. 401 n. leaf. later (beyond the immediate [Syn. la. ] future ) . pxoba' [TB *pur 'cover, wrap' pxanxzga t. tomorrow. 3851 v. to cover one- self with; to wrap oneself with pxanxHgdiil t. fol- blanket; hold covering over lowing day; next day. oneself. PXUBA 9 2 RAA'J GADDI

pxubal v . to py6' [TB *~a=*(~)wa1001 n. card wool, usually with bow. husband. [Syn. kha'eba.] [Cp. pha.1 pxuba2 v. to shoot pyiiba' v. cnikaalnu; jhiknu; (of a tree stump, or a cutting). thutnu> to come loose; come [Syn. pali'diba.]. off or out. pxulii n. insect (general pyun n. messenger (bearer term including maggots, cater- . of letter ) . pillars and grubs). [Syn. s i paa i . ] pxuri [TB *b-ru:l 447; TB *buw= "baw 271 n. snake. pxuri 1x0 n. year -ral p. in; at. of the snake (1941,53,65,77,89). [Syn. sabri' lxo.] ra2 [T~GT~*ra] n. goat. pxweba' V. to oc- cupy; to engage; to render un- ra ku'di, xraa ku'di n. ferris wheel used only at kxilaai khubi' pxwei' biri' Dasera festival. praala thgl axkh.5:'. Since the [Cp. la'? ku'di; ku'di.] storeroom is engaged for you (they) can 't put the hay ra'bara' a. pliable; plastic. (there). ra'cche labaa' a. pxyaa [TaGTh "byab] n. to protect. feather; wing. ra'li rali labaa' v. wing (less garnu> to roll over and over. common than pxyaa). ra'ndi n. prostitute. pxyo [TaGTh *byo; Cp pahq 'bamboo pot'] n. mat - ra'ndi baaji n. bamboo, finely woven,. 1.5 by whore monger; loose liver. 2.5 m. (used mostly for sun drying grains). ranfhi' a. short. [Cp. gundri ; bxagaa' ri ; cidra; cauii ' . 1. ra'ga n. colour; dye. pxyiiba [Ta.GTh "byug] a. ra'sa n. juice of fruits. to cough. ra'silo' a. juicy. pyaa'ba V. to pertain to; to be attached to.. rasi see xrasi 'rope'. so' pyaa'bae sale. Living things (%. things having rS8gu' n. bull buffalo. breath). durga la yo baarota pyaa'm. raa'ba [TaGTh "rap; TB *g-ryap Durga has twelve arms. 2461 v. cubhinu> to stand; to stand up. pyaa'ja n. onion. gxodaa' raa'ba. To attend funeral for post-funeral). py6'ba a. to clear (trees). raa'da n. night (used mainly in conjunction with py6'no n. measure of Nepali ordinals). volume (approx. one gallon = [Syn. mxuTsa . ] 4.5 litre, one-twentieth of mxuri). raa' j gaddi n. [Syn. -bya, padi.] throne. raa' j labaa' V. to rililili a. driftingly. reign. nxaamjyo ri'lilili xyaai'. The clouds drifted along. raa'je n. kingdom. ri'ti thiti' n. religious raa' ji naa'm n. transfer of land title permanently. ri'tta n. closeness; igurle' cCi1waaba'e khlxyolai nearness. raa'ji naa'mle cG1waai bim. ri 'tta taxyaai' . About to die. Land sold irrevocably is said ri'ttale. Very cZosely. to be sold by permanent trans- fer. r6'ba v. to swell (of flesh by insect bite); to rise raa'mid, ra'mid a. (of dough). pleasant; en joyable. mxi Ixe' khaa'gu tai biri' r6'-r6 pi'-pi labaa' v. raa'mid lam. When many people perse- gather it is enjoyable. cute; harass; torment. raajaa n. king. rol pa. quoted speech marker. raar n. persistent begging of a child. ro2 n. imlisoko dulo> rat hole. rg [TB *r-gyap 'stand' 2461 n. -ro3 s.num. nights. stack (for wood). sB1roba'e pae. A three-night si' rG jxbba'. Stacking wood. post-funeral. rgbaa' v. to graze. ro'ba' [TaGTh *raaq] v. to weave; to knit. re' Zoc. adjacent. dxT1 re'rbae baari. The field ro'ba2 v. to lie down. adjacent to the house. rodaa' n. gravel; stones re1 gaadi n. train. (small). ri" n. cbahini; didi> sisters. roebaa' v. to ri2 [TaGTh *rin; TB *ri:m n. 3011 scratch (with nails, claws, n. bamboo. thorns). ri"ma5 n. rol n. roll; list. 1. sisters (man's, or woman's hus- rii [TB *pren 'boil' p. 1431 n. band's). abscess. 2. women - young. rG'bal [TB *kyo~'tend' 1611 v. ri' [Cp brfyh 'finger'] n. to watch; to finger ; toe. guard; to attend (house, grazing animals). -ri2 s.n. <-maa> in; at. [Syn. -ra. ] fi'ba2, rii'du a. thick; stiff (of cloth, stone, timber). -ri3 S. v. <-dai> continuative; [Ant. pobaa' .] softening negative imperative. cari QQ~G'. (1) am eating. rut' n. thread. axphorid. Please don't put it on. ru2 [TaGTh *ru; TB *ruQ=*rwaQ [Syn. -ina, -sen.] 85; TB *kruw=*kraw 371.n. horns (of cow, deer, etc.); ribaa' v. to rise; to antlers. get up; stand up. RU'B, RUP SABRI' LXO

ru'b, rup n. appearance Hidaa'la n. cool spot; (facial, physical). shade. [Syn. m5daa1 ; anuwaa' r.] Bigaar khlycbaa' v. to form fruit khelnu> to hunt. after flowering. [Syn. pho lxaaba.] rubaa' v. to shrink 2igaare' n. hunter. (of cloth or of hole); to nar- row (of badly woven mat). gi' lmandri n . ear- rings - small, round, worn on rudiba' v. to starve (of men and animals ) . Hilog n. holy books. ru'du n. fruit - pieces r n. r head (of river or of. [Syn. phl.] man ) . ruduba' v. cgholnu; calaaunu; HiHaa n. dhulo paarnu> to stir (li- 1. lens of quids). spectacles; glass of pres- sure lantern. ruibaa' v. to sow seed- 2. lings into prepared fields; to lead (metal). transplant seedlings. HiHi n. <&Hi> bottle. ru'i n. vomitus. zi't n. dew. ru' iba v. to vomit. Zok n. worry; anxiety. [Syn. pir; phikkar; du:kh.] ru'psai n. < jholaa (sarkaari)> pack - army style, with Hripes n. crown (of shoulder straps. king).

Buru n. beginning. [Syn. laa'udo.]

HSkaa' n. doubt; suspi- cion.

Hahaar n. city. ssgaa'raa, sagaa'raa n. doorway; threshold (esp. bottom Hakti n.. power - member ) . spiritual (of gods or religious officiants). sal [TaGTh *sa; T sa] n. soil; earth; floor; ground. Ba1.i' n. sister-in-law sa xi1 waabaa'. To finish (WiYrSi ) . transplanting rice (Zit. leave earth and mud). Haturaa' n. enemy. [Syn. dugman. 1 sa2 [TB *s-wa 4371 n. tooth. Haasan n. law; custom (obsolete word used of Rana sa gxe [TB *r-nilc*r-ni(y)%*s-nil period). 31 n. gum of teeth.

Haastra n. scriptures saba'pati n. chair- of a religion. man.

Hiba n. Shiva (~indu sabri' 1x0 n. year deity). of the snake (in Tibetan 12 year SABXAA'

cycle, 1941,53,65,77,etc. 1. to be diverted (as from grief). [Syn. pxuri lxo.] sag cxibaa' v. conference; paaunu> to be conscious of the council. consequences of one's actions [Syn. kajuril.] (as of a child being aware of danger ) . saccaa' n. truth. sak jx6ba' v. to be saccaa' p6'ba v. to tell the truth; to speak truthfully. sag krxiba v. to live harmoniously. sa1dSbud2 a. dishevelled (thrown all about); sak mrg'ba v. to be proud of scattered (accidentally or someone, to be pleased. intentionally). fhaagu chy55ba1e kxel lasi Qale saG mrG1i'. Eldest son did good sadaa' n. work and I am proud of him. poles of bamboo (used in building cattle sheds, and sag na'ba v.i. to grieve; to sorrow; to be sad. sadu' n. ex- change of goods; reward; sak na'l labaa' v.t. to of - fend; to grieve. sa'dal n. faithfulness (of wife to husband). saG OX%' tabaa' v. to be of two minds; to be con- sada' ', sad n. fused. week. [Syn. xapta'.] sad satte' tabaa' a. approval; sanc- satya man; imaandaar hunu> tion. [Syn. sail.] honest; straight of character; faithful. sadasi', sadaase' n. [Syn. imaandaari.] councillor (of village, district or national government). sak saaro' tabaa' a. hard hearted; uncompas- sa1dGba' v. to lead; sionate. to escort. banar sa1d5khadi. (They) led sad sxaba' v. to be (me) to the jungle. generous; to be unselfish.

sadxaaran a. ordi- sak t6baa1 v. to nary; plain (of dancej. be happy. [Syn. saadaal . ] sadkablo' n. sag [TB *sam=*sam 'breath, collar bone. spirit' n. 171, n. 3441 n. mind; soul. sagma n. wakefulness [Syn. aadmaa' ; plxa. ] (in contrast with sleep).

sak bicaara' n. sagr mxakba' v. thought ; opinion. to recollect; to discern. [Syn. b i caa ra. 1 sadr mxak' thkbaa' v. to learn by rote. nadagdagaaunw to be coura- geous. sa'el n. thing.

sak bxuldi'ba v. sage2n. price; cost. SA'E NXORA 9 6 SA'MMA

sale nxora n. sa i kada pSSc. Five percent. wealth; possessions. [Syn. sampatti' ; nxora; sail txa' n. orchid. dx7'-naa. ] sainu' n. kinship saebaa' [TB kg-sat 581 v. relationship; relative. to kill. (with a knife); to butcher; to finish sajaEt n. sentence; (hem, edge of thatch). punishment designed to reform offender. saebaa' nxeba' v. to fight with intent to kill. sajan a. truthful; honest. saed pa. perhaps. [Syn. satte'; sojo'; sida'.]

saer n. care; pro- sajib n. secretary. tection. [Syn. sek taa'k labaa'; sayar sajid n. awareness of sur- susaar labaa' .] roundings; alertness.

saget n. sajid axyg'ba a. siblings - full (of same delirious. parents); siblings - half (with one parent in common). sapji'lo a. easy.

sarlaa' n. brother - sakhet see saget 'full'. third; son - third. sa'la n. sazli' n. sister - cremation time. third; daughter - third. sale' n. matches. sail n. signature; ap- proval; thumbprint. salgadibal v. to sai ' jxcba' . To affix one's light; to set fire to. thumbprint. [Syn. mrobaa' .I [Syn. sadar .] sa'lla n. advice ; saidaal, saaedaa' n. help; assistance. saidaa' xrisi kxe' la1 khZZ8m. sa'maa sulmu n. dusk. able to do the work. nesa'rbae mi' mrddaa axmr6'daa xyaaba'e txi sa'maa su'mu bim. sa'idiba v. to endure; We call the time in the evening to forbear; to accept; to be when you go along seeing only compatible with. partially dusk. ~adin8wZZlai sa'ididu biyZZ axnxema' la. If I accepted the samaaj n. society; cat it would not meow. organisation; community. xa'riy6 makha's cadu' biyZZ axsxaidi'du biyZFi na'm. If samdil n. parents-in- (you) eat green corn and it law of one's own child. doesn't agree (with you), (you) get sick. samet p. even; also; together with. saidu' n. auspicious time for departing on journey; samjaa'r n. news; good omen. message.

saidu' labaa' v. salmjidiba v. to to set out on a journey. admonish; to explain.

saikada a. percent. sa'mma' p. SAU

until; up to. or sometimes of moon's rays, pae axla'n sarnrnaa' yu'm. (It) or a torch beam). comes down until (you) do the [Syn. xui.] post-funeral. ekaaisa' pustaa sarnmaa' tam. saraap jx6ba1 v . t . There are as many as twenty- to curse. one books. salraasalr av. di- sa'mrna2 a. rectly; straight. level; flat (of ground or roof); ga satraasa'r dx7rna1 xyaarn. I'm going straight home. sampati' n. posses- sions; wealth. sarbul n. ball of spun thread; [Syn. dxT1 naa, dxan' sampati'.] spun yarn. daai perarn, sarbu' ph3 cxaa samudra n. sea; lake; dx3b1 tam. Then (you) spin it, ocean. the ball of yarn becomes that [Syn. taa' laa; xraa.] fat. sanadal n. licence. sardiba' v.i. to shift; calmaEd sanada' r fhaudiwaa i' . to move; to spread (of infec- They stamped it on the licence. tion). [Syn. kulbaa; syo'ba.] sa'nca, sa'nja n. happi- ness; health; wellbeing. salri a. a little. [Syn. te' ; cyugu'de.] sanphres [E 'sanforisedl?] n. cloth printed in various sarkha n. colours. winter; cold season (November [Syn. nainasu'd. ] to February).

sanaatan dxarmaa' n. bright dharmaa> religion - traditional (of sun shining); attractive (animistic, sacrificial) of the (physically). Gurungs . sastu', sasdu' a. cheap; santanaa', santaan, sanadara' n. inexpensive. descendants. saffaa' p. instead of. santok n. ease; plenty; kaathmaandu xyaaba'e saftaa' contentment; comfort; peace. pukhru' rna txonem. Instead of garibmalZ sazri bijaar lam going to Kathmandu (I) will go plxoblai santok mu. The poor to meet (him) in Pokhara. man thinks the rich have con- tentment. sattel a. 1. true. santok tabaa' v. syur axtxeba'e tgs satte' to be content; pleased; proud mu. A saying which is not a of someone. lie is true. thaagu paa's tasi ga santok 2. pure; whole; per- tai'. Eldest-Son passed and I fect. am proud of him. axnxbba, axfb'bae sale satte' [Syn. saE mrE1 ba. 1 bim. We call things not broken or torn whole. sagaa'raa see sZgaalraa. satte' juga n. csatya yug> era saphphaa' a. clean; (first of four) in Hindu pure. mythology. [Cp. dwaapar; tretaa, kal i. ] sa'ra n. ray (narrow, of sun low in sky, or breaking saGlol a. transparent. through hole in clouds or roof, sau see say ' hundred' . SAY

say num. hundred. service abroad. [Syn. prxa' .] bele saa'di bxwii'. He brought home a great deal. sayar susaar labaa' a. to care for saageta' [E Isocket'] n. sleeve - needs of person (child, old threaded, for Joining pipe people, etc.). lengths. [Syn. sek taak labaa' .I saaidu' see saidu' 'auspicious say0 n. earthquake. time ' . siiS n. longing for saaika' la n. bicycle. absent friends or relatives. saaji' n. witness (of an sSS1be n. python. act).

siiiidil n.. year (as unit of border (of country or property). time, or in reference to a particular year). sSSdiba' ' v. t. to save ekkais saa'l nu'kuri lai. (I) up; to store (as opposed to served twenty-one years. spending or using money or caudal saa'lari g5gyu badiba. clothes). In '14 the Seti flooded.

s%'diba2 v.t. to mix saa'l naa'l n. genitals - male. ssSgruP a. narrow; confined in space; tight. saaman, samaan n. luggage; belongings. sSZ1ja n. evening. saar n. Csaahro; sikista> dis- ssSju' n. lock. tress; critically ill.

sS%io n. roof of mouth. saa'r su'rai n. pre- parations of seed bed. sSSiili' n. chain of metal links. [Syn. sigri. 1 saargi' n. cobbler saabaa', saab n. caste. master; sir; prestigious man (usually foreign). saa'riba v. 1. Cphiil phiilnu> to flower (of saabaanaa' n. soap. plants). 2. to whiten saa'pe t. half past (of hair). certain hour. saa'de das baje. Half past saaro'n a. extremely. ten. saaru' n. blackbird. saada'r p. with; in company with. saafto' n. substitute. ga kxie saadalr xyaala'. I xr6sae saaffo'ri cab mxi went in your company. kulbxTT1. In place of himself [Syn. -ne; -ne pri ; -ne baalu.] he sent that person.

saadaa' a. plain; saa't num. seven (in loan ordinary; unruled (of paper), phrases). unembroidered (of cloth). [Syn. gi'.] [Syn. sadxaa ran. ] saathaa'ri p. to- saa'diba v. t. bring back from gether. SIBAA'

saau' n. creditor. se'rss dxi' n. stable for oxen. saa'w0 t. month (4th [Syn. sinT1; syo'rSZni.1 in Nepali calendar, mid-July to mid-August ) . -serol p. from (in time); since ; because. sz ' ba ' v . to return goods; to re- sewaa, seu n. store; to send back; to turn 1. service ; homage ; round. obeisance. 2. worship. sz'ba2 [TB *sam=*sam 'breath' [Syn. phyobaa' . ] n. 171, n. 3441 v. to breathe. sin' [TaGTh *syink; TB *si~2331 n. wood; firewood. sel [TB *sya 1813 n. meat. si2 a. stale.

-se.' C. and (in numeral si3 see chi 'claw, nail'. phrases only). mxui' gxrise' pandra' paisaa'. si' karmi' n. carpenter One rupee and fifteen pice. (Zit. wood craftsman).

-se3 s.v. even if; si' nem55 n. wood- even though. pecker. khai' lase catmag khibne' mSSbale tll to'i axta'. What- si'ba v. to be con- ever (they) did that otd man tent; pleased; happy; and old woman's words came to ijta mi'ttra sixyaai biri' kxi no thing. tT axsxi'. (You) ape not happy when a friend dies. seI4 [TaGTh *syet; TB *sar%+syar n. 2511 n. louse (head sibaa' [TaGTh "syim] v. cold; wet; to become cold or wet. selbal [TaGTh *syeeq; TB *syey 1821 v. sibi' budi n. beam. to know; to recognise. sFdur n. red powder used se'ba2 v. to dance. for tika.

sebaa' v. lion. garnu> to chat; to tell (a story, narrative). -sil s.v. <-nos> imperative - [Syn. baad maa rd i ba' . ] polite. syuraa axtxel let bisi. PZease se' k taak labaa' v. to care for needs of [Syn. -d. 1 another. [Syn. sayar susaar labaa'. 1 si2 n. rice - insufficiently cooked. selaa' n. jackal; hyena. -si3 S.U. <-era> completive. -sen s.v. <-dai> continuative. ca'd bijaar lasi, khiba baartho [Syn. -ri; -ina.] tab lasi, khibad bidi. .. Ravtng thought, the otd man having be- senimaa n. cinema; come cunning, the old man films . said.. . ser n. measure of weight sibaa' [T~GT~"syi; TB *siy=*say (approximately 300 gm. in 2321 v. Pokhara ) . to die. SI'BAALU' 100 SOBAA'

si'baalul a. skilful; sinul n. Csinu; laas> corpse. clever. si~SHrdiba'v. to sibil seb a. Cpaataalo, dublo> decorate; adorn. thinness; skinniness. sir2Siilu1 n. rice - $ibil a. civilian. . boiled (or freshly harvested) kalkada'ri dibil nu'kuri and husked. labaa'. Doing civilian service in Calcutta. sipaai n. 1. soldier of lowest sida a. csidhaa, sojho> straight. rank. [Syn. sojo; sajan; satte'. mxai'la sipaai pinchin yu'i. Ant. bzlgo. ] Second-Brother came back with a private soldier's -sidil s.v. emphatic. pension. tam s id i . OK, indeed. 2. messenger - official. sigred, sigres n. ciga- jxagadaa' laba'e baareril rette. sipaai cifthi' bhai' khail. A messenger came bringing a sigri n. chain. letter about the quarrel. [Syn. sZZGl i ' . ] -siri1 s.v. <-era> completive. sigri, sigiri n. cyaa' lasiri' raadalr perarn. incense. Having made a ball (you) spin it on a spinning whee 2. sikki' n. cghamand; sekhi; garwa> pride. sirib a. only; [Syn. pxagba . ] exclusively. sirib kxyu' nerol khasi' se silbadaa' [E silver] n. mare' cam. (She) eats ex- aluminium. clusively sheep and goat meat. silidilba v. sirega n. padded quilt. to finish. s5ga1Z sammaa' cal khe'i daai skula' n. Cskiila; paafhaSaalaa> silidi'i, cal paelai. For school. three days, (they) read that, and then it was finished, that sd' [TaGTh *somp; TB *g-sum 4091 post-funeral. num. three.

si1ldo thi'ba v. ckunai dewataako sC1ba [TaGTh nsank 'dry1] v. piijaa> to offer a particular' to dry in the sun. sacrifice in the jungle. sE1gyaa n. grains drying simgS n. swamp; in the sun. marsh . sd'jyu nurn. thirty. simHHlaal n. umbilical cord - animal. sor1 [TB *sak 485; TaGTh *saaql n. breath; life. simHHlaal n. silk-cotton tree. so2 n, irritation caused by bites of small insects simendi', simandi' , simSdal n. or secretion of plants. concrete. so'ba v. to simi n. Franch beans. live; to survive from disaster or disease. sin:' n. shed; stall (usually for cows ) . sobaa1 a. hot (in taste); SOBAALA

peppery; spicy. to slip (of the tongue). sobaala n. madness su'ba V. to turn (as of religious sadhus, inside out. mentally unbalanced people who don't live in a socially ac- su see suka '25 pice'. ceptable manner) ; ,rabies. subaari' n. betel nut sobaardiba' v . to (hard brown and white flesh); thrive (of plants). areca. sobaa' rgi n. su'baasaa n. monkey - white-faced. nature; disposition; habit. [Syn. baan i ; behora. ] soblaa' n. part of banana plant. subdaaraa' n. captain (army rank). soda' n. soda - baking (a rising agent). su'cana n. proclamation; notice ; warning. soda'n t. always; every day. [Syn. kh6i .] sudgyaari' n. woman in childbirth or period of confine- sodaa' p. facing. ment following. tGdikhell sodaa' aspatal mu. Facing the parade ground is a sudgyaari' tabaa' V. hospital. to give birth. [~yn.GT.] sugaa' n. parrot. so'ga n. sadness. suka n. suka (25 pice, so'gd a. living. rupee). [CP. so' .I sukha n. comfort; ease. sojo', sojaa' a. straight; honest; direct. sukhaa' a. dry. [Syn. satte'; sida' ; sajan. sukhaa' kxE. Dry bread. Ant. bssgo. ] sukri bikri n. salute. bikhana> trade ; buying and selling. so'raa jaad n. [Syn. ch6.1 moiety of lower clans among the Gurungs (lit. sixteen castes).. sukul n. mat - thick, [See Appendix A.] woven of rice straw (used as floor covering). sora'di n. dance (of old Gurung type ) . suldu' a. right way up (as of woven mat). so'rmas n. cold - ail- [Ant. ul$u'.] ment. suli' n. frame for stack- s6 [TaGTh *sug 'mouth'] n. ing corn cobs; corn stack frame. mouth; threshold. khaali' sfid mattre' birn. Words sumdiba' v. to hand without deeds. over to someone else (things, mraalgS s3G1e1 kxurixyaaT1. He or responsibility). fell from the threshold. sunaara' n. goldsmith s6 lacchin a. charm- caste. ing; peace-maker. sundalaa n. mandarin ; s6 phlebaa' v. tangerine. SUNIDIBA'

sunidiba' v. to make sxaba'n a. well (of known; proclaim. person). kxi sxaba'n mu u? Are you well? susaar n. nxebaal sxa'l churim u? Do you care; service ; attendance. enjoy Kathmandu a lot? [Syn. sek taak labaa'. sayar susaar labaa' .] sxa'l labaa' v. t. to cure; to heal. susaare' n. nurse (medical) ; maidservant. -syss s. v. conditional; if. swa'rgan. heaven. krxisy3S baalun, axkrxiyss syo' [Ant. na'rga.] tal txum. If (they) match, then together; if (they) don't, swaaQ n. hypocrisy; (they) have to be separate. pretence. sygs n. stranger; new- swaao te'ba v. comer. to be hypocritical. syaa'ba v. t. swaa' 1 swaa'l xyaaba' v. to reach. jaanu> to move body by con- 2. to catch (friend traction and shooting out (as on road, thief on run). of snake's motion, or boy shin- 3. to curse; to ning up a pole ). afflict; to possess (as of evil spirit). swaabaa' a. good; pleas- pumsyod syaa' i. The witch ant; excellent. cursed him. swaal le' chyszba'e kwg khi 1 mx6d syaa'bae mxi. The per- y5mii. (Onel gets to wear ex- son possessed by the evil ceedingly nice clothes. spirit. swaad n. taste; savour. syaabaas e. bravo; well done! (not used to one's swaalbaa' v. superiors). to spew out of the mouth. syaa'gi n. sws' n. bird's food. ghost; spirit of a person who has suffered a violent death swi'di n. basket - (can be aroused by witch to hurt large, closely woven, conical, people ) . for carrying loads on back (usually harvested grains). syaa'laba v. to smooth mud (mixed with cowdung) on swikidibxiba' v. to walls and floor. throw down. [Syn. bxy6ba ' .I syaamss' n. skirt worn by swi n. _{billy; pot with handle (aluminium, for swibaa' ' v. to ghee, milk, etc. ). comb (hair). syaatti syd n. swibaag2v. to pre- river joining Seti east of pare vegetables .for cooking Ghachok . (washing, cutting out waste). sydl [TaGTh *syaq] n. swifara' n. jumper; bell. sweater. syd2 [!?a~Th*syo~] n. sxaba' v. i. to heal. river. [Syn. khola; bxolaa' .] syu'guba' v. to carry (goods ) . sy6baa' v. to stretch out arm. syui'ba v. to uproot; to lift. syd'bu n. brother-in-law ( WiYrBr) . syuibaa' ' v. < jhikidinu (ligaa)> to unveil; uncover. syd'di n. cactus. syuibaaU a. to roof; syd'raani n. shelter to cover. above rice husking place. [Syn. selrZZ dxT1; sinT1.] syumi, syum'i n. mother- in-law. -syol s.v. future, emphatic (on 1st person singular). syura n. lie; deceit. qad kxilaai axca'syo. I cer- syur te'ba. To utter a lie. tainly won't eat you. syurbaa' v. ghumaaunu, ghumnu giddhaa> to feminine. wave around. tamiisyo' . Gurungsini, a female tu' IT dxubaa'rar jx6T1 biri', Gurung . krar syuram, thaasij waaba'ri. (He) puts incense in the censer syo' n. and waves it around (his) head, spirit of a person or animal to drive out the evil. who has died as a result of fal- ling from a cliff. syurbi n. berry (small, red, bitter, ripens in Mangsir) . syo'bal a. a dif- ferent kind. syurgu' n. liar. syo'ba2 v. t. 1. to move (some- syutaa'le a. thing) to a different place deceitfully. to make room. 2. to get rid of. [Syn. kubaa'; sardiba'.] syobaa' v. to in- faba' v. crease; to enlarge; to multiply. to strike (of projectile, curse 1. syomZ5, syomna t. pre- viously; originally; once upon a fade' n. scar. time. fa'ima see fyaa'ma. syomZ5 syomZ5 t. long long ago; once upon a time. falgadiba' v. to shine with brightness (of polished syo'wE n. type of boots or sun). shrub. t$?ilgu n. pole - syul a. long, slender (for knocking 1. wet (of firewood or clothes). down fruit, etc. ) . 2. uncooked (of meat or vege- tables, not rice). f5?iidiba9 v. t. 1. to hang up; sus- syu2 [TaGBh nsyib] n. pend. sheath of Nepali dagger. kwE kalTdu IiiiT tZZTdiba8. To hang a cloth behind the syu'ba v. to thread. rice statuettes. 2. <$%isnu> attach. syubaa' v. to pass wind phirda' xrasid fZZTdit biri' rectally. pibxT~qyii'. Having attached the acknowledgement card I sent (built for travellers as a it. meritorious work). fZ2' fS labaa' v. to f hSZ' f hu' i a. set out to dry. fashionably dressed. [Cp. nakal te'ba.] faa'ba v. to winnow (shaking tray up and down). fhaade1 a. <$haado (maanis) > un- aware of work to be done. faaldiba' V. to mend. thaade' taserol lxaidibae kxe' rnattre' lam. aru kxe' jaga faalul n. remnant of axmr6'. Because he is unaware cloth; scrap; patch. he does only the work he has to, he doesn't see other work. fgbaa' V. to dry wool; set out to cool (boiled millet). fhaadeI2 a. long and narrow (of bucket, cylinder) febrikod, febrika' n. taperecorder. fhaado' a. upright ; vertical; perpendicular. tedol a. zigzag. pudli' sadak xyaaba'e thaado1 gxySS1G kha i . (I) came up the feksaa' n. tax (on road going perpendicular to land, imports, or vehicles). Putali Sadak. [Cp. baali, kar, bhansaar.] fhaagu n. brother - teksi' see fyaaksi' 'taxi . eldest; son - first. [Syn. axgxi' . ] fha'da @ul dul n. breaking clods of earth into thaaldiba' a. to begin. loose soil. tha'da thu'du lathen. Break up fhaaldii' n. cattle stall the big lumps. where hay is placed. tha'da fhu'du2 n. <&haakfhuk> fhaar a. upright; erect. altercation; dispute; contro- thaarle'n pxram' . (He) walks versy; enmity. erect. purnsyo kxine pri' fha1da thu'du tanaa' . A witch has developed, fhegana' n. address. I see, enmity to you. fhefaraa' [E theatre] n. fhagdiba' v. <$hagnu> to cheat. modern dancing style. to' naa'j se'm? // thetaraa' fhattaa' n. joke. se'rn. What are they dancing? // They are dancing modern. fhaftaa' maardiba' a. to joke. fhi'ba V. 1. to strike a match. fhaudiba' v. <$hoknu> to affix 2. to strike corn thumbprint; knock; strike. cobs against each other to ca'masd sanada'r fhaudi'waai. get grains off. They stamped the licence. fhi'k, fhig a. right; fhggdaa fhiide n. correct. left-overs. fhi'kan a. fhZldi n. fair; satisfactory. 1. shelter - temporary (built in fields fhi'kkale a. medium; distant from home where average. workers stay overnight). 2. rest house numb with cold. tibatetmaZ p6'bae calan. The [Syn. kaafhidiba'; ga~gridiba.] Tibetan manner of speech. fhiice n. left-overs of f ibaa' v. to food. stay; remain; dwell; continue. mSSba' tadi, bed fidi. (I) thu ' ba v . to have become old, and continue break up clods of earth. barren. bajaarar fil axy6'. (He) @ut4u see fha'da fhut+u. doesn't get to stay in town. chysgba'e dx7ri fil y6mu. thucu' [N 'tree stump, denuded (You) get to live in a nice branch'] n. stubble of house. grain . figaf n. ticket; post- fhyaa'kka, fhyakka a. exact; careful; pre- cise. tigisa' n. woman's skirt. exactly one year. ubaa' nero' kaai jx6baie liidi' fii' n. comb of cock. tSS fhyaaikkan krxil txum. The final words of the first line fi'na n. iron and the response must match sheets (tinned or galvanised, fi.e. rhyme) exactly. for roofing). ii'nad syuibaai. Tin-roofed. fhyaa'm fhi'm n. 1. arrangements. f6 n. 2. chores. marrow of bone. fhyaa'mmaa a. full to the f6baaV' v. to resolve (a bxSSdoi ri kyu' fhyaa 'mmaa. The dispute). water is up to the brim in the kajuri' axfa', khabaidai fxola vessel. axkhssi . The meeting was not resolved, nobody could win (the @yaa'ppal av. clearly, un- case). mistakably. pxal i pTdi ri fhyaa'ppa lathZnai f6baa12 v. ro. They said her foot had to pull apart; cut through; left fa print) unmistakably on break (in hands). the verandah. belaaudi' f6b u? For cutting guavas? @yaa'ppa2 av. immedi- ately, quickly. fo'ba v. to rnS5bad kxe' pi'waai biri' aarkoi tear (clothes, paper). rnxi thyaappa y6Ti. After the old woman abandoned the work fobaai v . another person was quickly to be completely asleep; to be available. numb. [Syn. yurnna.] fobi' n. strap for fhyaatppa3a. well-fitting. carrying load on back. rnraai chenle fhyaa'ppa axtaa'. [Syn. fxo'.] The door is not fitted well. fodol v. total (of pay $:baa1 v. to strike; entitlement). beat; hammer. chuffi' rol teisero' paisaa' jau todo1 lam, paisaa' y6rn. fibafe' a. Tibetan. After (they) release (you) on f ibatei ke'mar xyaai. ,(We) the leave list (they) total went to the Tibetan camp. (your) money, and (you) get the money. TA' KRA}

fola n. quarter; ward (of txoba" a. warm (of village or town). clothes). foli' n. group of txoba2 v. people; party. to win. [Syn. paaf i . ] 5grej sarkaardi txowaadi . The English Government won. fondaa' n. an edible fern. txods n. ceremony on Tuesdays in Caitra and Shrawan when boys fowaa n. rack for stacking tins and drums. rice straw. fxu" [TaGTh "druuq] n. fcdikhe'la, fc'dikhela n. six. parade ground. $xu2 see fxaa $xu 'green vege- fuba see fxuba' 'sew'. tables'. f uci n. fxuba' v. to frog - 8 cm., edible, lives in glare (in anger). streams, black. xris khaibiri' mT' txuba', my' [cp. PZ. 1 axchyS5' b rjxyoba, mi' thebrE1 ~xyoba. Being angry one glares, tudi' xyaaba' v. to be used up; expended. with big eyes. fuibaa' l, fxuiba' v. fxubaS2, fuba [TB ad-rup=*drup to collapse; landslide; fall 4561 v. to sew. (of large landslip). fxuba3 see rjxeb fxuba 'neighbours' f uibaa' v. to want to follow (of child after fxubi [TaGTh *dri 'skin'] n. parent). skin; hide; leather. fuka, fukkaa' n. coupiet sung by soloist. fxuiba2 v. . to pull [~p.koras, ubaa', kaa' jx6ba1.] out. fusyaa' n. vil- fxujyu' n. sixty. lage name - upper Ghachok. tyaaksi' , teksi' n. taxi. txa', $a n. flower. fyaa'rna, faa'irna n. fxaa n. vege- time; hour. table; curry (rice accompani- cxau baje tyaa'mar xyaal' txum. ment ) . At that time on the clock you kaE xyoba, txaa txeba'. Boil- must go. ing rice, frying vegetables. txaa-$xu n. T vegetables - green. ta' ' n. axe. fxow?ig n. rack; shelf above fireplace (to hold wood, ta2 n. horse wool, meat for drying). (only in ta 1x0).

~XO' [T~GT~*d raaq ] n. ta3 Zoc. up; above. strap for carrying load on [syn. taai ' .] back; tumpline. [Syn. fob i ' . ] tar kra n. axe TA LXO, TAA LXO TAA~'. TAADI '

head - back of. tamaakhu' , tamaal khu n. tobacco. ta 1x0, taa 1x0 n. year of the horse (in tamsug n. IOU. Tibetan 12-year cycle, 1942,54, 66,781. tamE' n. topknot; lock of [Syn. gxodaa I 1 xo .. ] hair on crown of head. tab c. then. tamE a. Gurung. tab balla kxi sxaml. Then at tamiimalE. Gurungs. last you will get better. tamiisyo'. Gurung woman. ta'bal v. to work for tanakha' n. pay; [syn. talaba . ] ta'ba2 v. to descend; come down. tani' n. lace (of [Syn. yu'ba; khaalrba.] boot). tabaa' [TaGTh *ta 'all right'; tan.gadibal v. to TB *ta:p 'fit' 3371 v. stretch; to be elastic. 1. suffice. cu' tam u axta'? Is this tara c. but. sufficient or not? 2. be right, fitting. tardiba' v. to cross a nagine chwi la axta1. It's lake or river. not right to touch a dog. 3. be. tarigaa' n. way; chySSbaal tam. It is good, method. 4. become; happen. khaiba'e tarigaa'le banidim? to1 tai? What happened? What way do (you) make it?

ta'e taadi' loc. sword. f aawaa)> uphill; above (em- phatic). tasala' n. saucepan; pan - brass. tagara n. gatepost (of stone, usually) for bar-gate. tasbir n. photo; pic- [Syn. mraal ; dhogaa I. ] ture. [syn. photo' ; nal ksa. ] takhada' n. shelf for big pots and water jars. tauldibal v. to weigh in balances. tal a. .. earlier on same day. tauliyaa n. towel. tal nxSZgar i . This morning. tayaar a. ready; pre- talaba' n. salary. pared. [Syn. tanakha' . ] tS5 [T~GT~"tam] n. con- talaa' av. earlier; versation; chat; word; matter. before. tHZ1ga [TB *pya 189; T nyah] n. ta'lel av. why? fish.

talet2 n. storey (of tS8gra n. pea. house). elk tale' dx5'. A one-storey taabge' n. pan - long- house. handled, for frying food. [Syn. bxujii'~Z5; dibji .] ta' lebiysii c. be- cause. taai', taadi' [TB *(l-)tak 'above' TAA ' LAA THA'L

n. 1761 loc. khu b i ' teabxTn. Please clear up; above; north. out the sleepout. [Ant. maa i . ] tebaa' v. to fall. taa'laa n. lake. prxo' Gd texyaa i ' . (He) feZZ over a cliff. taan' a. all; every. tebaardiba' a. Ctesro pa$ak> taan' bxandaa' av. the most; supremely. taan' bxandaa' thebaa'. Big- te'j n. gest. 1. power, strength, pressure. 2. (rarely) brightness. taa'ne maa'ne n. chores ; all the work. te' jle av. brightly; gam cu' khaagun taa'ne maa'ne powerfully; strongly. laba' di. As for me, I have be-en doing all the chores te'la n. oil. around here. telaa', tel t. yesterday. taan.gaja n. a fruit from the jungle. te'lg a. 1. a little. taa'raa n. wire. chyugu' tells de' pin. Give me just a little. taargyaa, taarki', taarki'ti 2. close. [TaGTh *tar] a. white. pxror' te81Z te'lsle axxyaad' . Don't go close to the cliff taarik n. date (of edge. English month). [~yn.te' . I [Cp. gate.] -teri e. <-teri> really! taaH n. cards - playing. xetdterT. Oh, really! taaZ khly6baa1. To play cards. te'roda num. thirteen. tg" n. ledge of cliff. tesr0' a. third. tg2 n. lobe of ear. thabdiba' a. tE'ba v. cswaagat garnu> to 1. to add; increase. welcome. paisaa' thabdiyss' Qere' kaagada' kham. If you add tEbaa' v. to show. more money (to the letter) a card comes back. te', den [Cp tyunq 'short'] a. 2. extend. a little. axdxaa' gxandaa' thabdid. Extend it half an hour. te' kwSS'ba v. to [syn. xrin labaa'.] stride. [Syn. 1 amgad i ' ba . ] thablo' n. drop of liquid. te'ba a. to utter; release. thaidu', thaaidu' i. wait; hold on. SWZSQ te'ba. To be hypocriti- cal. thaili' n. outlay; ex- syur te'ba. To lie. penditure. na kal te' ba. To dress fashion- mr6'e thaili' togo' pi1 txum. ably. (I) have to make the outlay for the field now. tebaa' ' v. to empty (a vessel, or a room). tha'l see jal tha'l 'splashing'. thali n. cthaal, thaali> dish; thaa'maa n. pillar; plate - for rice, about 25 cm. column. diam. [Syn. txo.] thamn55' n. village thaamdiba' v. to halt; name . to stop. [Syn. chyobaa'.] thara n. adolescent female buff a10 . thaa'naa, th5?itnaa n. shrine to a god (smaller than tha'rararale av. ma' ndi r). fearfully; tremblingly, thaasii n. evil influence; tha'ri n. kind; spirit - bad. species. thaasc waaba'. Throwing out aanek tha' ri bae ra9. Various the evil. kinds of colours. -[Syn. kisim. 1 thaauni see thauni. thauni n . < j hutro ; thaagno> -thg s.n. native ragged; old (of cloth); of. swaddling clothes. ~i aamaa tomnEtthEsyo' yaa. Our mother was a native of th5S n. cgandha; waasa> odour; tomnEt . smell; aroma; fragrance. -thGbaat ' s .v . <-raakhnu> thgg naa' bat th55 nSStba v. 1. durative aspect. to smell; to be na'ga nxathObaat. Raising smelly; stink. chickens. 2. perfective (leaving an thaal n. evil influence (causes abiding state). disharmony in the home). telaa' kaE xyothgi. Pester- day (1) cooked the rice and thaa2 see thaaxa. set it aside. cEe' 90' cxutthZla. He had thaa kxaebal v. to dispel evil set ready a tiger trap. influence. [Syn. thaa waabaa'.] thsbaa' [TaGTh *them; TB *ta 193 v. to put; place; thaa' numa av. apply. eventually; finally. kxid yaa'd axthEt? Don't you remember? thaabaa' ' v. to build. thebaa1 [TB "tay 'big' 2981 a. nemad cx6 thaabaa' . The bird big; important - is building a nest. of person; elder (of brothers). [Ant. cyugu' ; cy6baa1.I thaabaa' v . to butt; gore (of an thebrGt, thebbrG1 a. big. animal ) . thebsyo' n. eldest thaaxaa n. knowledge; daughter. information. [syn. naa' ni . ] nZiitsar thaa pi'ne'. Go and in- form the village. thedG1 a. empty (of ves- sel); unladen (porter). thaaidu' see thaidu' 'wait!'. theebaa' [TaGTh "thee] v. thaak kholal n. Cthaak kholaa> to hear; listen. Thak Khola - river valley in north of Nepal. thibaa' v. THILABA THURBAA '

to be compatible; to be in naam)> village name - Thak. agreement ; collaborate. paargaa thTdu' biyZZ balla din thii'ba v. qxyol txum. If the birth signs 1. to are compatible finally (you) drink. have to seek an auspicious day. bxakha' r qxe thii'bae kolo'ma'e". Infants (Zit. thi labaa' v. to save ( e sp. drinking milk). money). 2. to smoke. sigred tamaakhu' thi'i. Be thi' bal v. to smoked cigarettes and a pipe. scorch; burn (cloth). thu n. friend; com- thi'ba2 see si'ldo thi'ba. panion.

-thiri' a. small in size - only thu'ba v. to erect after cyugu' , cxi . (fence); enclose (with fence). [Syn. -s i r i . ] thubaa' ' v. thd n. 1. to suffice. vestibule of house. mxi lxet khadu' biyZl cu' caba'e safe axthu'. If thdbaa' v . many people come this food 1. to open will not suffice. (door). 2. en- 2. pwaal paarnu to punch dure; last. (hole) . [Syn. yu' ba; khabdi baa . ] mu th5qqyG'. The sky is clear. thubaa' v. tho'ba' [TaGTh nthaaq] v. 1. to pluck; reap 1. to chop down; cut (trees, (heads of grain).

canes). 2. . to cut ' (dry woos) ; [Cp. thubaa' 'to cut dry chop up. wood'. 1 ST' tho'ba tara ST' kaar 2. to slaughter (animal). thubaat . We chop down trees, kubindaa' tho'm, jxaale' ra but chop up dry wood. jxaja' tho'm. They cut the me ton, then they slaughter thubld' n. basket - the goat. small, closely woven, for 3. to reduce (pay, army). harvesting millet. qiga'zbae tanakhaa' tho'waai . He docked me thundiba' v. to close; seven days ' pay. shut up; restrain (in pen or tr7p); imprison. tho'ba2 v. t. to ca gaqgyu gxanfaa' qxT' sammaa' get (tickets). thundi' xyaai'. That river was figad tho'bar yu'i. (I) came blocked for two hours. down to get the tickets. [Syn. cyu'ba. I

tho'ba3 v. t. to pass; thupro' n. crowd; heap. spend (day, life). ca' mraa' ri aamGyG' jau thupro'n din tho'ba axqxT1, juga thotla mu. At that door men were txumu. It's not just spending standing in a crowd. the day, one must spend an age. [Syn. xu1 . ]

thobaa' v. < jhikaaunu> to order thu'rba v. goods from a distant place to butt (of animals in fight). (esp. from someone coming from overseas). thurbaa' v.t. to bump into; collide with; stub tho& n.

thuri n. tibe' [TB *r-pat 451 n. leech in grass, loom; spike; stake. leaves. [Syn. n6Bbl i' .] thuttiba' v. to card thread; pull out; extract. ti'brS2 de' a. a little (fluid); a drop of. ti [TaGTh *ti01 n. heart - human . ticyaarna' av. simul- t7 s7'ba. To be pleased, con- taneously. text. tidha t. this year. ti'ba v. 1. dkhwaaunu (piune kuraa) > ti'la' n. one (of to feed liquid to a child or month). invalid. 2. to suckle. ti' la2, tila p. through- [~p.ko' ba. ] out. sarkha ti'la. Throughout the tii'joro' t. nowadays. winter. [Syn. ti'nxZSga.1 ti'le see ti'nale 'closely'. tijyu' n. heel. tili' n. pig - domestic. ti-' [TB *t(y) ik=*(g-)tyik n. 251, tili' txoba. Boar. n. 2711 num. one. tili' momSS. Sow. tigag'. One day. tigur. One yoke of oxen. ti'mag see ti' 'sibling'. ti'di'. One year. ti 'na de' . A little portion of ti'mi n. yam. cooked vegetable. ti'syaa. One moment. timli' kaamli' n. lightning. ti' * n. sibling timmrul n. berry (in of same sex as self. jungle, pink, 10 mm. x 5 mm., aab ti' pxasimaZ. Father's ripens in ~esth). brothers ' chi ldren. aam ti' pxasimaz. Mother's ti'nale, ti'le av. sisters ' children. closely. ti'nale ~xyodu. Watch closely. -ti3see -di 'emphatic' .. ma'g ine ti ' nale axxyaad' . Don't go near the buffalo. ti4 n. corner; angle (of rice field). ti'ntiri n. pheasant. ti'ba v. to exchange; barter. tintiyaali a. thrice. tibaa' v. 1. to spread out. ti'nxMga t. nowadays. prxemai5 khai bi ri ' kaamlo' [Syn. tT?' joro'.] ti l txum. When guests come you must lay out a blanket. ti'phiide' a. a little 2. to split; break; (meat or potato); a chunk of. crack. na'ga ph6' tixyaam'. The ti'ra n. bank of eggs will break. stream; coast of sea. curod jyaadaa thUIT bi ri ' madi' tim. If you smoke a tiri1 n. locust. lot of cigarettes your lips crack. tirthaa see tretaa 'third era'. TI' SYAA 112 TUSYU'

ti'syaal n. flora; a root din> a moment; a short while. vegetable, calladium arumacise.

tisyaal n. Ccari amilo> berry tretaa, tirthaa a. sec- (very bitter, 10 mm. x 3 mm., ond of four eras of Hindu my- black, ripens in Mangsir). thology. [Cp. satte'; dwaapar; kali.] tiyH?i8 t. today. tii' ba, tu'ba t6' ' n. vessel (for 1. v.t. eating or cooking). to gather; collect; glean; harvest. tc2 n. work incomplete, 2. v.i. to gather. to be resumed. mxi Ixe' ca'r tG'i. Many telba'e tB lab xwaal? Shall I people gathered there. continue on with yesterday's work? tu" [TB *(m-)tuk%*(s-)tu:k% (s-)du:k n. 190, n. 231; TB tdphyaa'r a. cmesai sar)ga> un- *(m-)twa%*(s-) twa n. 190; TB ceasing; continuous. *twiy=*tway 168;,Cp dyurq] n. spittle. t6baa1 [TaGTh "taq] v. to be happy. tu' ' n. mallet - flat, heavy, for breaking previously to" i. you follow, you unused ground. know? tuv waabaa' v. to to'' [T~GT~*taaq; Cp dohq] pn. spit. what? tu'ba see tiilba 'harvest'. to3 n. pig - wild. tubaall [TB *tuk 'cut' 3871 a. to' bud6 t%%n. Ckaafnu (maasu)> to cut (meat). something. tubaa' v . cbanda garnu (dhokaa) > to lo n. year of to shut (a door); close. the tiger (in Tibetan 12-year cycle = 1950,62,74,86). tubaa' v. to pluck [Syn. cE 1x0. ] (flowers, heads of grain); to pick up (hot coals with tongs). to'ba v. to hold out [Syn. thubaa'.] (a vessel to receive something). tuld praa'baa V. to spit .todon av. immediately. at (usually contemptuously). [Syn. cwaa' !fan; gxari'nnaa; bittikan.] tudul n. turquoise. togo' t. now; presently; shortly; in a llttle while. tugyulm naidi'ma t. cpohor-paraar> [Syn. dxero' ; aba. ] in years past. to'i ax.. . n. noth- tui' pxuri, twig pxuri n. ing. millipede. to'i axy8'la. Nothing was available. tundiba' v. to mend.

to'laa a. what sort of? turi n. mustard.

tom:' n. flea. tu'si, tu'sidi' i. par- ticle expressing ignorance. to'ndori, to'nto'ri a. everything; all. tusyu' n. hail. twin pxuri see tux1 pxuri 'milli- txebbre paale1 n. left-handed person. txal ' [TaGTh *dap] n. txii n. daytime; needle. days (as opposed to nights). txa2 n. CdaajyE-bhaai> kin of txTi tximi t. all day same exogamous clan. long. txa' mi' n. Csiyoko nathri> eye txi' ' n. load; burden; of needle. bundle carried by porter. txajyd n. txi2 n. time; occasion. elder, not eldest, brother caba'e txi tai. It's time to (term of address); respectful eat. address for any older man. [Syn. axwaa . ] txiba' ' v. to gather into sheaves. txali n. <&anus> bow for hunt- ing; bow used in carding wool. txiba2 v. to warm one- txalTd pae pxuba. (You) card self (at a fire). woo2 with a bow. tximru, tximmru n. txargyo a. left hand. spider. [Syn. txebbre.] txirnrnru jaalaa. Spider web. txasi i. hesitation word (often txhru-bicche n. initial to discourse in which scorpion. delicate subject is to be dis- cussed). tximrd n. village name, one hour north of txsgba v. to choose; Ghachok . select; prefer; pick out; cull. txiyss, txii' n. cghaam, siirya txaaba' [TB *tu=*du 2581 v. (difiso)> sun; broad day to hoe; dig. (roughly 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.). txaamlo, txaammlo n. txiyss axdxaa' n. butterfly. noon ; midday. txaarba v. to tremble ; txiyS5e1 jyoti n. sun- shiver; shake (in chill, light. fright, shaman's trance). txiy5Sri1 t. by daytime; txE-chyaa n. portents used by in the afternoon. shaman in divination. txE-chyaa tuirnij, ca' gur nxernu. txdba [TB *don%*ton 'go out, come He casts(?) the portents, he out' p. 125; TB *twak 'emerge' shakes in a trance. n. 631 v. 1. to emerge; to come out. txebal ' v. to cook 2. to leave; to depart on a vegetables by browning ini- journey. tially in oil, then simmering kadi' baje txS khai. What in own juice or small amount of time did (you) leave? water . 3. to pass (urine, bowel motion). txeba2 v. Cafaaunu, a+u> to fit txo' n. pillar; post. into a given space. txobal a. male (of txebbre a. left animal). (opposite of right). [Ant. rnornZZ . ] [Syn. txargyo. ] txoba2 v. to meet. TXOBA

txoba3 see txuba 'must'. -316' see -ul6' 'classifier'. txu n. <+huggro> cylindrical Gsya, 3Isya n. pumpkin. container of bamboo for storing liquids (about 12 cm. diam. x iisyu" n. back - upper. 45 cm. long). [Syn. kxo . ] txuba , txoba v. 3syu2 n. sugar-cane. must; ought; to have to. -ul s. imperative on txula n. dust. bxaau ' 'bring' . nSS1 txulaa. Drizzle (Zit. [Syn. -gu. I rain dust). u2 [TB *pu.k%*buk 3581 n. txuli n. tailor caste. cave. txul syo. Tailoress; wife of tailor. u3 c. or; interrogative particle. txura n. sapling. kxi kanchi mu? u to1? Are you the youngest daughter? Or what? tya'te' n. morsel; small portion eaten by conva- ubaa' v. lescent. to sing first line of a solo [Syn. khaa'gae.] couplet. [Cp. tuka. I U u'bjani n. produce; crop. -6 s. locative. ubxaapradxaan n. deputy mayor. After that day it is finished. ca' khlxyoile' rela'r x6T1. u'didiba v. to cause Prom that place (we) boarded a to fly; fly (of kite, bird). train. udridiba v. to alight 3'ba v. (of a bird; of a person from a to empty. vehicle). - [Syn. nxeba.] ii'da ri. <3f> camel. ugaasdibaa' v. -3di1, -Sdi p. towards; in the direc- manure, plough repeatedly. tion of. [Syn. patfi; samma'; -xaril.] ui see GI. ul,-- ui, ui, 6;' Zoc. liver. saamunne, aghi> in front; be- fore; forward. ujinde' see bandaki. cal iiri' tll axlaa. (They) don't say it to his face. u'jyaalo n. light; [Syn. uy811. Ant. plxari .] illumination. [~nt.ane'ro.] 3i pxali n. foreleg. ukhaalu' a. uphill. [Ant. 1 i pxa 1i . ] [Syn. kalEdu; taadi'.] 3'iba v. to show. ukhaan n. proverb. iiI'miil t. some days ago; u'ldu' a. upside down; day before yesterday. idiotic. [~nt.suldu'.] -3le' q. from (in space ) . -ule8 p. <-baafa> from. -m6 1 , -ij~ijl 115 XA'I LABAA', XAIBA

ga pukhru'ule' cha' baje uwaabaa' v. to lever tx6yu11au. I left Pokhara at out of the way. 6 o'clock. uySZ' , iii, 6iyZ8' t. -uldl, -616' s.num. cofaa, gofaa> formerly; some time ago; classifier - carpets, birds. previously. galEjal pl iul5'. .Four carpets. jai.simaldi uyZS'n din Qxyona. The astrologers looked for an ulfaa' pulfaa' a. Culfaa pulfaa> auspicious day some time before. topsy-turvy. gad bibjau ulfaa' pulfaa' tai. The things I said have got a22 mixed up. waa', waa see xwaa' 'question um, umSZ n. hot particle ' . season; summer. [Ant. pu 'maa. ] waabaa' v. Cphaalnu; phyZZknu> to discard, throw away. umer n. age (of a person), pxasi waabaa'. To abort a pregnancy. umgadi'ba [N 'to escape,'get kh6na waabaa'. To clear one's away1] v. to complete throat. (a task, period of service or tu' waabaa'. To spit. mourning, etc.). to'ndori umgadi 'I khZZ1T. waaphas, waapas av. Everything is completed now. back.

unes n. nineteen. waastaa n. attention.

untis, mantis n. wochg i. poor thing; twenty-nine. expression of sympathy. tel nGsalri xyoi gon, wochE. upaas n. fast. You cooked last evening indeed, [Syn. barjit.] you poor thing.

upaas fibaa' v. wono', wond' p. Cdekhi, baafa> to fast,. since; from. [Syn. barta fibaal.] paile' wono'. Since' the begin- ning. uphridibaal v. to jump mo' dxi3' won6'. All the way UP - from the rattan tree. u'rba v. to crow (of a cock).

urgyaa a. yellow. xab jSge n. underpants.

usidiba' v. to become xaba, xaawaa n. air; wet. climate. xaba caba'r xyaaba'. To take utaardibal v. to cause the air, go for a st~oll. to alight; land (aircraft). xa'ger xa'ger n. much; greatly. panting. qa l a i t6ba 'e saab gxr i ' mu1 a, uti 1 le' . There was a gentteman xai p. courteous par- who liked me, very much. ticle on request. binti mu xai. (I) have a re- uttar Zoc. north. quest, please. [Syn. ka8Zdu; taadi'.] xa'i labaa', xaiba v. XAID, XER 116 XAAWOLDAA IRA

to yawn. xa'ta pata' a. immediately; hur- riedly; instantly. xaid, xer i. exclama- [Syn. turu'nta; gxari'nna.] tion (really! indeed!). xaudi'ba v. to re- xa'jaar num. thousand. buke; to scold.

xajur i. response (re- xM1 n. spectful) to greeting; yes. snarl of tiger. [Syn. 6. ] xZH' e. orders; right; Kabda) > expression of puzzle- authority delegated by a sover- ment. eign; area of responsibility. xSS? kxi to' 1x0 ja? What? mrid xa'k p'idu' biySS lad8' (But) what year are you? la1 txum. If the king gives the order one must make war. xHZiga8 n. branch of tree. kxie menfola id pi'] txum biba xa'k ax1 xaud i . Regarding your xZiHji8ri n. roll call; pressure lantern we do not have parade. the right to say, '(You) must give itr. xHHjiVra. present; ancalaa' dxig ancalaa'e xa'k reporting for duty. Ixaidim, mrcdi ancalaa' dxiglai x6Sji1r taba'r xyaam. I'm xa'k pi'i. The zonal commis- going (down) to report for duty. sioner exercises authority over the zone, (for) the king gave xZiZsal n. duck. him the responaibi lity. xaani' n. evil; harm. xa'la n. yoke of oxen; naa's lawaai, athaba xaani plough. l awaa i . Caused loss, that is, [Syn. gura. I caused harm. [Syn. naa's.] xalla' n. uproar; com- motion. xaaraa' n. rope round neck of threshing xalwaa' n. confection oxen. made of coconut, sugar, ghee. xaardi'ba, xardiba v. xa~ka'~n. Hong Kong. to lose; to be defeated. xaard i ' bae j uni . A hard life. xaptaa' n. week. [Ant. txoba.] [Syn. sada I. ] xaari'yo a. green. xa'ra xu'ri n. sudden change from sun- xaastaa' n. movement of shine to threatening rain. hands; gesture.

xarbi'na n. har- xaati, xaatti n, ele- . monium; piano accordion. phant .

-xari p. towards; xaawa' jxaasa' n. aircraft. [Syn. patti'; -Tidim.] xaawaa' nxdxyaaba' a. bigranu (baulaaunu)> mad. greens (of vegetables). xa'riyo pariyo txaa ti'nade' xaawoldaa' ra n. pSn 0'. Please give (me) a sergeant (in Indian or Nepalese little green vegetable. army). xGba v. to boil (trans). according to their means. [Syn. anusaar; bamoj im. 1 xel n. grazing ground (high, above villages, with xisaab2 n. arithmetic ; sparse trees). reckoning; account. xe2 e. oh, I see (signifying xissa' n. section; part; that one has now understood). share. xea3e. eh (= do you under- x6 n. hole. stand?). kxen' lari sero'm t6phyaa1r x6ba' see khd'ba 'enter'. taxyaam' xel? When you work and work, it becomes unceasing, xol e. oh; really? you see? XO-~ av. <-nai> just (deictic xegaa'r n. alertness; used ostensively); precisely. attention. xo chale raa'd tholi biril tim. chenle xegaa'r thZ7 biri' prxal' (They) continue, spending the txum. You must walk being night in just that way. fully alert. xoba' a. xell n. to beat (grain) with a stick; 1. neglect. dash against the ground; 2. hate. thresh. xepaa n. frog - x&ba u. large (15 cm.), grey with yellow 1. to pounce. underneath, edible, lives in up- 2. to strive. lauds (Thamna dialect ). [Syn. kxau . ] xoe' e. response to call. xesas n. spirit which dwells in forest areas. xoldd, xd'ldd n. hole. syo'; sarwZ1; bikhaa; bxut; [Syn. Lhold6.1 thaa. 1 xoS n. caution; care. xe 't e . exclamat ion [Syn. yaa'd; cyowaa.] (=really!). xoHyaalr a. careful; xi 1x0 see xui 1x0 'year of the cautious. cat I. xyol khamu, xoryaa'r chenle lad. A thief will come, keep careful xilaa' n. mud. watch.

xi'na bina n. harm; xote'l n. inn; restaurant. damage. xrab se ' barnas n. < j aanne-sunne , xinbelg n. hand jaana-kaar> wise men; qualified luggage; carpet bag. people (either referring to arbitration of quarrels, or to xindi' kxyui' n. divination) . Hindi language. xraba [TaGTh *rah] u. xindulsthaaln n. India. to know a skill; to be compe- [Syn. indiyaal; bxaara'da.] tent. tamiikxyui' p6'ba xraba si'baalu xisaa'bl [R hisaab 'account1] n. mu. (He) is skilful in (his) according to; pro- speaking knowledge of Gurung. portionate to. piiji' xisaab pTm. (They) give xradi n. rug for floor (used for sitting and sleeping xr5ga1 n. mantle upon); woollen blanket. woven of jungle thread or cot- [Syn. kaamml o '. ] ton, worn by men. xrami n. village, west xrsgo a. distant; far of Ghachok on Mardi River. away. xrasi [H rassi] n. rope. xrsgo prxaba' v. [Syn. chu.] to go on pilgrimage. xrasid n. receipt; -xreball V. acknowledgement. to not be (negative allomorph of mu). xrasidiba v. to solder; to seal a hole; to stop xreba2 v. to hope; a leak. to expect. xrZZdi n. widow (of- xrekha a. fensive term - see mri xrZZdT). ruled; striped. xraa n. pond. xrigyo [TB *s-rit) 4331 a. [Cp. taa' laa; samudra. ] long (of distance or pronuncia- tion). xraa ku'di, ra ku'di n. f erris wheel xri khabaa' v. to made of rough timber. resemble. xraaba [TB *k(h)rap 'beat, thresh1 xribal [TaCTh *rib] v. n. 382; TaCTh *rab 'beat drum] to beg; to ask. . bajaaunu to ring; to play; to strike (bell, instru- xriba2 [TB *rus 6; Cp rusq] n. ment ) . bone. xraada' n. wheel. to lengthen; to increase. xraalbu n. headgear worn in xris n. anger. ceremonies by pujyu', made of wool with tassels hanging down xris khabaa' v. to be back. angry; annoyed. [Syn. txuba'; gaar mxZZdiba.1 xraane n. self; own (re- (wastu-yantra)> fencing woven flexive pronoun). from cane (about 10 cm. mesh). [Cp. baaraa; baannu. ] xroja n. cpaani raakhne ghyaapo> water vessel (copper, 1 m. high). xraar n. desire; wish; liking; envy. xrumaala n. handkerchief. lxe' thumallne baalu prxaba' xraar kham. One likes to walk xruwaa n. cotton. with many friends. kxel la1 axtxubae mxi mrCT x6 e. eh; interjection of biri' xraar kham. Seeing a puzzlement. person who doesn't have to work one feels envy. xuba [TB *up 1071 v. to cover up; to cover over a xrsba v. to adhere to; hole. to stick. xugaa' xraabae ne6Z n. xrsdo n. < j52to (anna pzdhne wood pecker. yantra) > mill stone for home grinding. xui' n. ray (of light, YAA'D AXXREBA'

narrow). xy6 baajyu n. great-grandfather. xui labaa' v. to xy6 bxujyul n. cpitri; hajur maa> sigh. great -grandmother. xui 1x0 n. year xyd lachin a. to hang; xuiba' v. to call out hang from; cling. to someoue. xyol [T~GT~*yohq] n. xuku'm, xu'ma n. law; thief. order - governmental; orders ; permission. xyobal' v. to steal. cal txi ri xindu'sthaa'n xyaaba'e xulma axial. At that time they xyoba2 [TaGTh *yoh] v. did not give permission to go to to cook. India. xyul n. yard of a house. xul' n. crowd; commotion of people. xunby5Z1si n. village on road from Ghachok to ya, yaa, y5Z y. is. Pokhar a. [Syn. gxiba .I xuskil n. whisky. yam n. leisure; time. xu' tta labaa1 v. t. yaa... yaa ... c. either... or... xwZlba v . -yZZ s. conditional; if. 1. to soothe (a paisaa' muy2Z1 pim. If (I) child). have money (I) will give. 2. - to court. 3. to entice; yaal pa. also; cajole; tempt (by words). yaa2 c. or. xwaa', waa' pa. to go. murdered woman was sleeping her nephew, they say. -xyaabao2 s.~. completive; pas- [Syn. -xyaabal.I sive. sixyaabal. To die. yaa'd n. lxen' xraxyaam'. One will 1. concern; thought; learn a lot. care; supervision necessi- kxurixyaaba'. To fall. tated by knowledge of weak- kxi nulxyaai. You have grown ness. tall. qalai toli yaa'd axla'. (They) show no concern for xyaag6 n. rainbow. me. 2. memory. xy6 n. ancestors; fore- kxid yaald axthZ1. You don't .fathers . remember. [Syn. xe; khe. ] yaa'd axxreba' a. forgetful. [Syn. khaal rba. ] yaag6' n. village name yogora sas pyaa'baa v. cekohoro (east of Pokhara). man hunu> to be single-minded; undeviating; stubborn. yaalimaa' n. earring. [Syn. exor sag pyaalba, gxama'ndi.] -yen s. v. probabil- itative. yomiid' n. hen; female IiGd phuiyen. (She) will of birds. probably blow it later. [Cp. mom5Z 'female of animal'.] y6baa1 [TaGTh *ya~;TB *r-ya:~ yori n. finger. 3281 v. to get; to find; to be available; to be yosare' see eusare' 'small change'. able. kxe' lalaa axya'. (1) didn't yu' ' v. come down ,(im- get to do any work. perative of yu'ba). [Syn. kho!; Ixaul .] y6'ba [TaGTh *yank] a, light in weight. yu2 CTaGTh *yu; Cp tsyulq] n. handle. yo [TaGTh nyaa; TB *(m-)~u~ 'finger' 355; Cp yal 'measure yulbal [TaGTh *yuq; TB *YU (w) (forearm)'] n. hand; n . 289 1 v. to descend. yo aabaa n. thumb. yu'ba2 [TaGTh *yooq] v. yo aamaa n. index to suffice. finger . [Syn. thubaa' . ] yo cxi n. finger yu1ba3 [TB *yuw=*yaw 4301 v. joint; knuckle. to leak. yo kanchi n. yugubal v. to hiccup. yo mxaili n. yu'maa n. <&u~go> stone; rock. third finger. [Syn. gyulmSS.] yo naa'ni n. middle yumanaa, Oyumanaa av. finger . quickly. yogaara n. monkey. yunaa t. earlier; before. yogaara 1x0 n. yurbaa' v. to year of the monkey (in Tibetan spin; to turn. 12 year cycle, 1944,56,68,80 kra yursi prxala' axkhSS' . (My) etc.). head is spinning, so (1) can't [Syn. pralo.] walk. yog6ba1 v. to shake; yuubaa' [TaGTh "yuu] v. to move; to shift. to pour. ENGLISH-GURUNG INDEX a certain a. abscess n. chaba'e, phalana. rG. a different kind a. abuse v. syo'ba. gaa l ke ba, px5ba. a little av. abusive appellation n. de, khaa'gae, sa'ri. j y.5'Ztha. a tittle a. accent n. 1. te', tells. bxaagaa I. 2. (cooked vegetable) ti 'na de'. 3. (meat, potato) ti'phz de'. accept v. 4. (milk, fluid) ti 'br.5' de' . 1. (suffering) sat idiba. 2. (money as legal tender) a lot of a. caldiba. j yaadaa. accident n. a moment ago t. eksi 'den. bxakha'r. accommodation ~entedfor a con- abandon v. siderable time n. pi ba. deraa. able v. according to p. 1. (capable) khSZ1ba. bamojim, anusaar, xisaab. 2. (have opportunity) y6baa1. account n. able to memorise recitations v. xisaab. miu'waar khabaa' . accusation n. able to reproduce (of plants) v. do?. cig6'. ablutions n. gxusul. accuse v. abort a pregnancy v. Ixagaidiba. pxasi waabaal. add v. about 1. (give in addition) thabdi ban. 1. p. (concerning) baareri1. 2. (in arithmetic) jordiba. 2. av. (approximatety) de, 3. ~possessions~jordiba. karib. 3. p. (in space) dana, badz. address n. 4. p. fin time) badc. thegana. about to v. adhere v. kh6'ba. ~xwebaI . above loc. adhere to v. kxori, kxoz, phibi, phiril, ta, Ixaidiba, gxZSba, xrzba. taail. adjacent loc. above (emphatic) loc. re', pirba. tae' taad i . ADJECTIVISING SUFFIX ALSO

adjectivising suffix barkhela. -bae. age n. adjust in order to bring into 1. (era) juga. agreement v. 2. (of a person) umer, aayu' . mil idiba. agentive s. n. admonish v. -dip -ji, -Ie1. sa'mj idiba. agentive (emphatic) s. n. adolescent n. -nna I. 1. chature'. 2. (bitch) chauri. agree v. 3. (cow) kxur i ma. kxriba, ma'njur labaa'. 4. (buffalo) thara. agreement n. adorn v. ma'njur, mi'laab. sir~Z3rdiba'. agreement to use another's oxen, adult n. having none of own n. ciba'. paryaal i I. advance on satary n. agreement between two persons n. peski' . bandabasta. adverbialiser agriculture n. -la, -let. khedi ' paadi' . advice n. aim at v. buj, sa'lla. cxyaaba. affected a. air n. nakal i'. xaba. affix v. aircraft n. f5"adiba I. xaawa' jxaasa' . affix thumbprint v. airstrip n. fhaudiba'. graaun. afflict v. alder-tree n. syaa'ba. gxy6sT1. affliction n. alertness n. ka'sra. sajid, xegaa'r. afraid (of plxa) v. alight v. l6ba1, khy3Zba1. 1. (from plane, boat) khaa'rba. 2. (of a bird; of a 'person from a vehicle) udridiba'. 3. (of bird, aircraft) nxeba. after that c. alike a. jxaale'. pri 'pri I. afternoon n . , all a. txTyZZ. khaa'gu, taan', to'ndori. again aZone av. 1. c. phe'ri. ekaantaa', eklaasi, gxri'n. 2. av. aarkai, also against p. 1. s.n. -i. ALTER APPLY OIL TO HEAD OF EFFIGY

2. s.n. (aentivel -jai. animal n. 3. pa. yaa 4 . 1. (domestic) bastu. 4. av. dxari'. 2. (four-legged) j antu, j ibjantu. alter v. pherdiba'. ankle n. gZSfho, pxal i ka'blo. aluminium n. silbadaa'. anklet worn by small boys n. kalli'. always t. kh6T. kh6y67,-sodaa'n, sodaa'. another, the other person n. aagu. amazed v. cha'kka pardiba' answer n. juwaaba. amazement n. cha' kka , aacamma . ant n. na'bbru. ambassador n. dud. antlers n. ru. America n.p. amrika'. anus n. mu'ji. amidst p. axdxari', mxZZjuri, nx6n6na. anxiety n. phi kkar, 40k. amuse v. nilabaal. anyone pn. khaba'e. amused, be v. nikhabaa'. any time, at av. belu ku'belu. amusement n. ni. appear v. mr6baa1. anaes thetised a. sela tabaa' . appearance n . 1. (facial) anuwaa'r. ancestors n. 2. (physical form) ru'b. jyujyu baaje, khe, xy6; applicable v. and c. Ixaidiba. 1. (sentence introducer) daa i , aba. application of official nature 2. (in numeraZ phrases only) (as for registration of land sea. sale or for government employ- 3. (linking nouns) ne, nego', ment) n. nero' . dakhaasta.

angel n. apply v. so'rga dud. Ixaidiba, th8baa1.

angle n. apply decorative spot to fore- 1. kunaa ' . head v. 2. (of rice field) ti khyaabaa'. angry v. apply medicine v. gaar mxZZdiba, perdibaa', fxuba'. phu'ba.

anguish n. apply oil to head of effigy at pir. post funeral ceremony v. APPOINT 126 ASSISTANCE

kra saal labaa1. arrive v. phebaal, tx5 khabal. appoint v. khadidibal. arrogance n. gxamalndi . approval n. malnjur, sadar, sai I. arrow n. me. approximately av. de, karib. arrow (especially associated with gods of Eindu mythology) n. apron- like garment (black, worn bZZn. by married women) n. r)xyui I. artificial a. nakalil. arbitrator n. bxalaa'dmi. ascetic (religious, normally a scholar with beard and yellow area n. robes, often mendicant) n. eriyaal. jogi . areca n. as for s.n. subaari I. -la. argue v. as for X.. ., P on the other pxzba, nxeba'. hand.. . p. jadi.. . jadi. argument n . jxagadaa' . ashes n. khl y i, mebrol. arithmetic n. xisaa'b. ask v. r)yuliba. arm n. paakhrul, yo. ask for v. xr i ba. armlet of gold or silver usually

not a complete circle n. ask for more food v. ' rayZl. kxeba, kxegu labaa1, kh5ba1. armpit n . asparagus -like vegetable n. r)ySi31S1. pattul. army n. Assam n.p. phoja. aasam.

assault (of dogs, quarreling people) v. mxuba. around p. khaalgu. assemble v. 1. (intransitive) cxuba'. arrar.ge v. 2. (machinery, etc.) jordiba. kxril labaa1, kxrille thZbal. 3. (people) khubaal . arrangement n. assembled a. bandabasta ; bebasthaa, mrul. arrangements n. assets n. thyisZ1m thilm. ryZSIZ thyZllG. arrest v. assistance n. kxaaba, pagadd i ba I. saidaal. ASSOCIATE WITH BABY

associate with 2. (FaYrSi) phojya. 1. p. -ne baalu. 3. (FaZdEtSi) phaadZt. 2. v. pxrabat. 4. (FaYtBrWi) amjy6. 5. (MoBrWi) aqqi I. associative s.num. 6. (MoErSi, FaEtBrWi) anthebaat, -nat . aathe. 7. (MoSi, FaBrWi - term of ad- asthma n. dress) aamaa. dxamg i . 8. (MoYtSi - address and reference) axjxyu', axccytit . astro loger n. jaisi. auspicious time for departing on journey n. astrological birth sign (de- saaidut . termined by the exact hour of birth) n. auspiciousness n. nachettra. bxarutni, tithit. astrological calculation n. authoritative person s.n. l aen. -dxis" . astrological term for a particu- authority n. lar occasion n. 1. adikaar. kh2ia". 2. (delegated by a sovereign) xat k. at p. 1. (with place or time) -ra, available v. -ri. y6baa . 2. (with time expressions in days) maa. average av. fhi'kkale. at first t. pailet. avert the eyes in anger or dis- gust v. at la.st t. m'i'txuba'. bal la. awareness of surroundings n. attached to v. saj id. pyaatba. awe n. attack n. dagas. fhatda thutdu, aafek. awl for sewing rainshield to- attain to a certain age v. gether n. kxaaba. nCi' l.

attempt n. axe n. kori;. tat.

attend (house, grazing animals) v. axe head, back of n. r"u ba' . tatkra. attention n. axle of rice pounder n. 1. (care) susaar. aulot . 2. (concentration) dxyZSn, xegaa r . attentive v. saZ jx6ba1. baboon n. promTt yogaa raa. aunt n. (see Appendix A) 1. (PaErSi) phaagaZt, phubu'. baby (up to a few months) n. 0' 1s:. BACHELOR BASKET

bachelor n. bandage n. khere. pa$fil.

back bandit n. 1. v. (pfx. e-. cja"a"gu. 2. av. waapas. bangle n. back n. curaa. 1. (small of) kre. 2. (upper) kxo. bank of river n. gxaadaal, ti1ra. back and forth av. exor doxor . banquet n. bxoj ' . back of hand or foot n. PU bar of door n. aulol. back of knee n. kunjyu'. bargain v. kc1 kasdibal.

' back of neck n. iisyu' . bark n. phi. backward loc. pachaad i . bark (of a dog) v. chu'ba. bad a. axchyZZ1ba, axgadil u' . barley n. jxagu' . bad temper n. murkha'. barren a. bed. bag n. 1. (carpetbag) xinbelga. barter v. 2. (shoulder bag) jxyolaal. ti'ba. 3. (for carrying grains up to 2 or 3 .gallons in capacity) basic a. nedo ' . mu' l . baggage n. basket n. maa'l. 1. (baby's crib). jxogaa' . 2. (closely woven, of varying balances n. size, for pounded rice) pzla' raa. Paal u. 3. (large closely woven, for balcony n. carrying) korbyo' . kausi I. 4. (large, conical) jxar3S1go. 5. (open weave used for covering ball n. chickens to prevent them from 1. (football, etc.) bxugfi'nda. wandering) kurku' , nil12. 2. (lump) dalla. 6. (small, closely woven, for 3. (of wool) kabae. harvesting millet) thubl6'. 7. (triangular shaped scoop for balls of ground yam, leaves, and collecting dung and dirt) lentils n. chul ra. ma1syZZ3ru' . 8. (large, closely woven, conical, for carrying loads bamboo n. on back, usually harvested ri. grains) sw? I d i . 9. (large, conical, open-weaved, banana n. for carrying things on back, mxajaa' . 45 to 90 cm. high) pxi. BASTARD 129 BEGIN

10. (for storing carded yarn) beautiful a. dxemy6 ' . chySSbaal. bastard n. because progyaa. 1. s.v. -badi. 2. p. sero'. bat n. 3. c. ta8lebiy5S. pho' b5. become v. bathe v. pardiba', tabaa'. jyu khru'ba. become extinct v. bathing n. . thiiba' . gxusul . become loose v. battery n. khurnj idi'ba. 1. berari. 2. (dry cell) gesa. become numb v. cxw i ba.

become wet v. usidibaa', s5baa1. beak n. cucco' . bed bug n. nab1 i. beam n. 1. sTbi8 budi. bed wetter n. 2. (central, supporting upper kkyu. storey or verandah) darl Tgaa. 3. (longitudinal, in gable roof) bedstead (ooodenl n. Gxaade' balo. khaa' {a. 4. (sloping, of gable roof) bxel ST'. bee n. 5. (used in cattle shed) sadaa'. kxwe ' . 6. (of scales) dandi. 7. (of verandah) karEgaal . beehive n. gxaaraa', kxwe' d6daa, kxwel beams and rafters - collective la'. term n. dar baar. beer n. kxwipaal. beans - french n. sirni. beeswax n. kyol6'. bear 1. n. bxalu'. beetle (black, with a foul smell, 2. v. (endure) khabdiba'. around dung) n. 3. v. (carry) no'ba. khlyi beb8. 4. v. (give birth to) phibaa'. before av. beard n. 1. (in time) talaal. daar i . 2. (in space) G5. 3. (quickly, early) yuna. beasts n. 4. (in time or space) os6', janawaar aas8'.

beat v. beg v. 1. plFi5baa1, tibag. kxwiba, xriba. 2. (a drum) rnxSFida xraaba. 3. (sheaves on ground for begin v. threshing) pxruba'. lxaudiba, guru' laba', 4. (with a stick) xoba' . thaaldiba'. BEGINNING BIRD

beginning n. 3. (yellow, raspberry-like) SYurul. pa15Z1. baguile v. betel leaf eaten with areca nut n. bxuldilba. paa'n. behind av. betel nut (hard brown and white lili, pachaadi, li3di1. flesh) n. subaar i I. behind one's back p. plxari. between p. mx5a"juri. be lch 1. n. axar, aaxr. bewildered v. 2. v. aaxr labaa1. bukka rnxa"5diba. believe v. bewilderment n. kwE I ba. bukka. bell n. beyond time of bearing children a. sy6. bed. be longings n. Bhairawa (border town south of saarnan. Pokhara) n. bxairu'wa. beloved a. piyaarol. bicycle n. saikalla. below loc. pxriri. bier n. cx5 . bench n. benca. big a. badi, khasrol, thebrE1, thebaa1. bend cane after heating v. kurba. bile n. k5Z' . bend in pipe n. kudZ1. bill n. 1. (beak) cucco' . benefactive (v.aux. 2. (account) lesfal. -bxi'bal. billy n. benefit n. 1. baffaa. bxalol. 2. (with lid) syaalrngo, dabba. benevo lence n . bind v. gun. 1. (a cummerbund) kh i ' ba . 2. (wrap round) berd i ba. bent a. 3. (tie with rope) phwilba. kwaar. binoculars n. bent over a. dirbin. kur, kurlel, kuu. bird n. bereft of spouse and children 1. (general term) nerna. (a person) n. 2. (species like a vulture, ba i raag i . eagle) cillaa. 3. (swallow) cililpaafel. berry n. 4. (black drongo - long tailed, 1. (a species in jungle) timmrul crow-like) rnedgaa' . 2. (small, dark blue) cudurul. 5. (myna) ma i n5Z1 . BIRD'S FOOD BOILING

bird's food n. blink v. SWS'. my' cyG' labaa'. birth n. blister janrna. 1. n. phau. 2. v. phau raa'baa. birthday n. janrnaa din. blood. n. ko' . birthplace n. janrnaa that 1 . blouse worn by women n. cola'. bite v. 1. (by dog or snake) cxiba. blow 2. (on chilli to improve bland 1. v. (a fire into life) meal) kribaa' . phwi baa'. 2. v. (one's nose) naa' waabaa' . bits n. 3. v. (upon sick person, usually cho'n6. done by a religious offi- ciant) ~obaa' . bitter a. 4. s.num. (with knife) -kkyo. k33baa1, ky8ba'. blow down v. black a. p5baa1. 1. rnl6gyaa. 2. (of tea without milk) blowfly n. phikkaa'. khl yi cy6mi ' . black, very a. blue a. rn16 ku'ji. ni'ra. blacksmith caste n. blunt-pointed a. kam7 ' . 1xurnde. blade n. boastful v. 1. (of knife) dxaara'. pxE ba . 2. (cf grass) inaudu'. boat n. blame n. duw85, kyu' jxaasa'. 1. chyaa'b, abgaal. 2. (falsely laid) do?., bobby pin n. kil iba'. blamed, be v. kuubaa ' . body (of human) n. j Y u. blaze v. 15'ba. body gas n. phi. bleed v. kol yu'ba. body hair n. rnwi'. blemish - physical n. khod i ' . boil v. plu'ba, x&ba. blemished a. khurunda'. boil jungle fibre with rice husks to facilitate combing v. blessing n. moloba' . aagik. boiling n. blind in one or both eyes a. fhyaa'mrnaa, khwaa'l khwaa'l. ka'naa. BOISTEROUSLY 132 BREAK OPEN, APART boisterous ly av. bow down in respectful greeting v. murkhaa' caal le. phyobaal. bomb n. bow (for hunting, or carding bom. wool) n. txalT. bond n. kaeda ' . bowel motion n. disaa, khlyi. bone n. xr i ba2. bowl n. 1. (brass, 8 cm. high) dugu. book n. 2. (brass, 10 cm. diam., for 1. (exercise) kaapi'. cooked vegetables, soup, or 2. (printed) pastugaa ' , kidaaba' . meat) pxela. 3. (of astrological information for a certain period giving box n. auspicious days) paadru'. 1. (general) baagasa . 4. (used by lama) chwe, dam 2. (for food, lunchbox) dabba. chwe. 3. (on legs, for storing food) mxudusa. boot, military n. bud judaa. Brahmin n.p. bomaE, pxrumaz. border (of country or property) n. s55d i I. braid n. phula. born v. janmadiba, phibaa'. branch of tree n. xS'Sga . born in the same year a. dundrin. branches stripped of leaves by cattle n. Borneo n.p. gxase'da. borne. brand of burning sticks n. bosom n. miu1G1. xri. brass n. both pedaa 1aa ' . 1. num. r~xT5do'. 2. pn. r~xTnaa' qx7'n. bravery n. baadure. both . . . and . . . pn. nen .. . nen . . . bravo e. syaabaas. both sides (of paper) pn. doxoran. bread fried in oil n. kxg . bottle n. 5ifi. breadth n. caudaai, plxi. bottom of container n. asna I. break v. chywi'ba, ciliba', cubaa', boundary n. nxaba I, f6baa ' , tibaa I. slZd i I. break branches of trees v. boundary of a field n. praa'ba. baara. break open, apart v. bouquet n . phordiba'. rxa' naa. BREAK BRUSH

break up v. 1. (not from up or north) bxaba ' . ku'ba. 2. (down from higher altitude) bxwi 'ban. break up clods of dirt (in a wet field, with oxen) v. brinjal n. ma'eba. bx"ena a' .

break up clods of earth v. Britain n.p. fhu'ba. belaaid.

breaking up into small pieces a. brittle a. pu'du pu'dule. cubaa I.

breast n. broad a. gxe. plxaaba.

breath n. broadcast publicly v. so'. pracaar l abaa' . breathe v. broom n. sE'ba. kuja.

brew beer v. brother n. (see Appendix A) kxwi ba. 1. (address for older brothers and cousins, not eldest or bribe n. youngest) axwaa'. gxus. 2. (ErBr, not address) aadaa, alaa. brick n. 3. (EtBr - address by younger 5' fa. siblings) axgxT1. 4. (4thBr) karlaa'. bride (lit. young woman) n. 5. (full - used only in phrase phrGsyol. rT ne mxy6 'brothers and sisters', not of two bridegroom n. brothers) mxy6. byaaulo. 6. (2ndBr) mxaTlaa. 7. (3rdBr) sZTlaa'. bridge n. 8. (YrBr - not used in address) 1. (~ermanent)DU ' la. al i. 2. (iemporary, made of bamboo) 9. (YrBr - term of address) cZl. bxaa i ' . 10. (YtBr - address and refar- briefly av . ence) kanchaa', cy6, cijy6, gxarchT1nna. bxaa'i cy6ba.

brigadier n. brother-in-law n. (see Appendix A) birgidiyar. 1. (HuYrBr) dewar. 2. (ErSiHu) aumo'. brigand n. 3. (YrSiHu) mxo. GZlgu. 4. (WiErBr) aasys, jethu. 5. (WiYrBr) sy6'bu. bright a. 6. (WoSiHu) saa'du. sulkra. brothers n. (see Appendix A) bright lights of town life n. daajyu bxaai', mGyGma'E. jxili ra mili. brothers - younger n. brightly av. bxaaimalE, alima'g. 1. (of lamp) tejle. 2. (of sun shining) sarla'kkale brown a. kha i re' . bring v. brush (thick, tangled undergrowth) n . BUBBLING 134 CALAMITY

bury a person v. pxaaba ' . bubbling n. khwaa' l khwaa ' l . bus n. basa. bucket with lid n. gabu. bush n. dxG1, jxyaadi'. bud v. paldiba'. but c. dile, dina, gi, tara Buddhist chant ( '0 thou jewel in the flower of the,lotusr) butcher v. maa'ne paa8mE xum. saebaa' .

Buddhist priest n. butt v. la'maa. 1. thaabaa' . 2. (of animals in fight) buffalo n. thu' rba. 1. (bull) rBBgol. 2. (cow) ma'gi. butter n. 3. (adolescent cowl thara. 1. funclarified) maakhan, nun; ' . 2. (clarified) chyugu' . bull n. bxaa raa ' , kh l xyaal bxaa ra ' . butterfly n. txaamlo. bullet n. go1 i. buttermilk n. kolaa' . bump into v. thurbaa' . buttocks n. mae. bundle n. 1. (of poles for carrying) 13'di. 2. fcayried by porter) txi'. 3. (of wood, rattan po2e.s car- buy v. ried as a load) pxaE, -bas' kibaal . burden n. buy by measured volume v. txi ' . kxwEba . burn v. byway n. 1. khr8baa1, If'riba'. PO' gxySB' . 2. (oil in a stove) jal idiba. 3. (flesh) pi!rbal. 4. (cloth) thi'ba. 5. (as an offering, strictly incense but also butter or cackle of a hen ?. . . oil) dxub' jx6ba8. kodobaal. 6. (wood as cooking, heating fuel) phaabaa I. cactus n. sy6'gli. burnt up v. kroba~'. cage-like trap n. khora. burp n. axar, aaxr. cake n; ke'ga. burst v. phadi xyaaba' . calamity, often invited by CALCUTTA 135 CARRYING POLE

ignoring advice of astrologers n. car n. kalsfa. gaadi . Calcutta n.p. card kal kadal. 1. v. (thread) thutti'ba. 2. v. (thread, not wool) calf of buffalo, up. to one year khaleba. old n. 3. v. (wool, usually with bowl kadawaa. pxuba . 4. n. (playing cards) taas. calf of leg n. 1igG1. care n. 1. (charge, responsibility) call out to someone j irnrnaa, xwiba'. 2. (anxiety) phikkar. 3. (attention, concern) sae r, call the roll v. susaar, yaald. mxildiba. 4. (caution) xos, xosyaa' r. calling sound for dog n. care for needs of another v. cywe' cywe', kudil kudi. qxyoba, selk taak labaa', sayar susaar labaa'. calumny n. cul i . careful a. fhyaa'kka. camel n. Gaia. carefully av. aala' kkale. camp (of army) n. ke'rna. carelessly av. bijaar axlal le. camphor n. kaburaa' . carpenter n. ST' karmi'. can n. baf faa. carpet n . galZjal. cane n. 1. (rattan plant) mom. carrier n. 2. (before splitting for bxaa re ' . weaving) kapte l u' . 3. (dry, used as kindling or carrot n. for torches) med6'. gaajar. 4. (offcuts) Inthe. 5. (piece carried by women in carry v. procession around effigy at kuubaal, nolba. pujuls pae) khwZZ15Z1. 6. (strips used in weaving) carry away (of river) v. chae, chae khlyi, chae mi'', bayaabal. gidra. carry child on one's back v. cap n. pw i baa1 . kule'. carrying heads trap n . cape of wool worn by Thakalis n. 1. (for heavy bundles, made of charkaali'. thread) chodo' . 2. (of rattan) txol fobi1. caper v. pyG1ba. carrying net n. pha re. captain (army rank) n. subdaaiaa' . carrying pole n. no' la. CART 136 CHANCE

cart n. cavity of earth due to sub- gaadaa. terranean caves n. bxiin. cartridge n. txodae. cetl (prison) n. kol gxaada I. carve a figure v. kobdibaal. cemetery n. cha1g8. caste n. 1. jaad. censer n. 2. (within Gurung society) dxubaal raa. jaade. 3. (lower group of "sixteen" in centipede n. Gurung society) pa&nalS. nxabre. castrate (goats and sheep) v. central a. khasi I labaa'. mull. castrated goat n. central gable of house under which khasi'. tower caste people may not enter n. cat n. dxuri'. 1. (domestic) n6wZS. 2. (wild) kxyonzwaaraa. central shoot of plant grass or m

change chicken n. 1, v. pherdiba'. na'ga. 2. n. (of money, strictly single rupee notes) eusare' , chicken pox n. khus ra . kujwir. change one's ways v, chief a. phial labaa'. s"udar. channel for irrigation n. child n. kulu'. kolo' . charcoal n. childbirth v. krophlu' . sudgyaari ' tabaa' . charge n. children n. 1. (injunction not to repeat an 1. (young people) kolrna'E. offence) kaeda' . 2. (sons and daughters) pxasxya 2. (care, responsibility) pxas i . j immaa. chilli n. charity n. khorsSZnil. gun. chime (of clock, drum or gong) v. charming a. ~xeba. sii lachin. chin n. chase v. kSS ' . lxagaardiba. chips of wood n. chat v. llufhe. baad maardibaa!, baad sebaa', gaph sa'b labaa'. choke on food v. rnli'ba. cheap a. sastu' . chores n. thyaa'm fhT1m, ma'dSS mu'dii. cheat v. thakdiba' ; xyaarba. chorus (of song) n. koras. check (verify) v. mxildiba. chrysanthemum-like plant, used as an antidote to nettle stings cheek n. and in religious rites n. kxraamu. cy8'di. cheep v. chunk (of meat or potato) n. ~xeba. phii. cherished a. church n. piyaaro' . mandal i . chest n. churn butter into milk v. ku. lxubaa' . Chetri (a Large NepaZese caste) n.p. chutney n. mxaE. 1. (of salt and chitis) chu' . 2. (rice accompaniment) chevron n. axjxaaraa' . bilaa. cigarette chew v. 1. n. curaadaa', kosa', sigred. gebaa' . 2. s.num. -gy8. CIGARETTE HOLDER CLOSE TO cigarette ho lder n . clear a. khilli'. su' kra. cinder n. clear, sky is a. krophW. mu th600yii'. cinema n. clear throat v. senimaa. khona waabaa' . circumference n . clearing in jungle n. phero' . khlxye. city n. cleave asunder v. Bahaara . phord i ba' . city high life n. clenched (of teeth) a. jxili ne mi'li. b5Sd i . clever a. 1. (cunning, artful) cal aakh, baattho. claim for oneself v. 2. (skilful) si 'baalul. pxwZba. cliff n. clan pxro' ' . 1. a. jaade. 2. n. (the lower division of cliff edge n. Gurung society - not ac- di I. tually sixteen clans) so1raa jaad. climate n. 3. n. (the upper division of xaaba' . Gurung society) caa' r jaad konmalZ, paigima1Z, climb (tree or mountain) v. plxonma8, Iemma'Z. krebaa' . clarified butter n. cling to v. chyugu' . xy6baa I. clarify v. cloak n. ni'scae labaa'. 1. (big, woven) paspanag. 2. (of goat's wool, water- class n. resistant) bakhu . ki152sa8. 3. (of homespun cloth) bxulaa' . classifier s.num. clock n. 1. (for carpets, birds) -1~16'. gxad i ' . 2. (for clothes) -jor. clod of earth n. claw n. dalla, al it. chi. close v. clay (white, used for white- 1. thundiba', tubaa13. wash) n. 2. (eyes) cyfl labaa'. phumaali'. 3. (one eye, as in sighting rifle) mS' saebaa' . clean a. saphphaa'. close succession, in av. dxamaa' dxa'm. clean jungle fibre prior to weaving v. close to p. sabaa' . cZdo', te'l.5. CLOSED COME LOOSE

closed a. cobbler caste n. bandaa. saargi I.

closely av. cockroach n. ti 'nale. khlyi bebE.

closeness to death n. coconut n. ri'tta. narwaala'.

cloth n. coercion n. 1. (clothing) kwE. ka'r. 2. (cotton, dyed or printed in various colours) samphres. coin worth half-rupee n. 3. (printed with black squares mxoraa . on dark brown background) chi're mi're. co Zd 4. (raw, unprocessed) koraa'. 1. n. (ailment) so' rma-5. 5. (white, worn as turban during 2. a. (of fluids) ~yii'ba. mourning) mre . 3. a. (of food) sTbaal. 6. (given at pae by maternal 4. a. (of day, and of person) uncles) aasy6 faalu'. khVba. 7. (white, carried by one man at head of funeral proces- cold season (Nov. to Feb.) n. sion, before the gxyZZ1, and pulmZZ, sarkha. later erected as a flag over the dead man's house during collaborate v. the pae) ZJ19Z. th7baa1. 8. (used in bathing - towel) pachyoraa' . collapse v. 1. (of landslide) fwibaa'. cloud n. 2. (of house or building) nx95mj yo. phubaa' . cloven hoof n. collect v. khuraa. tii' ba.

club (stick) n. collide with v. phargu. thurbaa' . coagulated a. colonel n. c2iZ ' ba. karnal. coals (live) n. colour n. mi phii. ra 'rlaa. coarse a. colour marker s. 1. (rough, big) khasro'. -gYa. 2. (shameless, obscene) nakaglaa', phori'. column n. thZL1rnaa. coarseness of speech n. - pidZZ. comb 1. n. .(of cock) fii'. coast of sea n. 2. v. (hair) swibaa". ti Ira. come v. coat (army greatcoat) n. 1. (from other than uphill or barengl i . north) khabaa' (imp. kho) . 2. (down or from north) ta 'ba, cob of corn n. yu'ba (imp. yu') . gxy6'. come loose v. pyiibaa' . COME NOW! CONFIDENCE

come now! p:. of service or mourning, lu', lxau . etc.) umgadi'ba. 3. a. puraa'. come out v. txtiba. comp letely av. kxyaanle, 0i thru' kkale, patakkan. comfort n. kaa'ra, santok, sukha. completely asleep, be v. tobaa I. command v . lxaidiba. completive aspect s .v. -si, -waa, -xyaabal, -yaa. commoners as opposed to royalty n. janta. comply with a suggestion v. ma'njur labaa'. commotion n. xaallaa'. compost n. ma' la. commotion of many talking n. jySaG jy55G. compress v. khSSd iba' . commotion of peop le n. xu1 ' . compulsion n. ka' r. community n. samaa j . concern v. yaa'd. community projects such as work on irrigation channe ls, roads, concerning schools, animal pounds n. 1. p. (about1 baareri'. jxaaraa' . 2. s.n. (as for) -la. companion n. conclusive ly av. thu. chySS1n, chllnle.

company (group) n. concrete n . dapha. simendi I.

compare v. concrete construction n. cxaEba. kralii.

compared with p. concurrent action s.v. bxandaa' . -ma. compassion n. condemnation n. 1xoyo. chyaa'b.

compatible, be v. condiments n. krxiba, sa'idiba. masalaa'.

compe l v. conditional marker s.v. Ixaidiba. -le, -sySS, -YES.

competent, be v. conduct of one's affairs n. xraba. caal calaan.

complaint reported officially n. conference n. jaer. sabxaa' . complete confidence n. 1. v. (to be ended) nubaa'. b i gwaas. 2. v. (to finish a task, period CONFINED IN SPACE 141 CORAL NECKLACE

confined in space a. contentment n. s8Sr)gru8, s82gru1. 1. majaa'. 2. (with a meal) sSSG'. confused, be v. saE gxS1 tabaa' . continuative S.V. -ina, -ri, -sen. confusion n. gadabad, golmol , kha' l bal , continue v. la'thaa lT1g. tibaa'. congenia 2, be v . continuous action S.V. khrubaa' . -nab...-n. conscious of the consequences of convenient, be v. one's actions, e.g. a child's khrubaa' . awareness of danger v. sa8 cxiba'. conversation n. baad, t88. consensus n. mi'laab. converse v. exor doxor pc'ba, baad maardi ' ba. consent n. ma'njur. convince v. kwT'1 labaa'. consent to a request v. ma'njur labaa'. convulse (transitive) v. Ixaaba' . consider v. cxiba'. cook 1. n. bxaancha're. consideration of matters n. 2. v. xyoba. bijaara' . 3'. v. (vegetables by browning initially in oil, then sim- conspiracy n. mering in own juice or small ma'd. amount of water) txeba'. constantly av. cooked (very well) a. dxama' dxam'. phutru'kka. consultation n. cooking place n. buj, sa'l laa. bxaancha'. consultation with, in p. cooking pot n. -ne baalu. 1. (of copper or brass with ring handles) kayaa' . consume v. 2. (of white metal, various cwaa baa ' . sizes, similar in shape to bxaagu'na) battu'. container n. 3. (8" diam., 3" depth) 1. (tin can) battaa. bxuj ur]a . 2. (drinking vessel for water) 4. (for rice - large) khargana'. bxaagu'na. 3. (of cane matting for storing cool a. rice) kaE koda . sidaa'l. contempt n. coordinating c. 1. (neglect) xe'l. -ne. 2. (vocal ridicule) bill;. copper n. content, be v. kyuraa' . majaa' tabaa', t7 sT1ba. coral necklace n. CORN 142 COVER

bxi rul . count v. cxyoba I. corn n. 1. makhaZ1. countenance n. 2. (roasted and popped) pui . mBdaa I. 3. (flowers) brubrU. 4. (mash for cattLe) k3doi, counting by days v. kholel . dinadi' . 5. (shoots, used ceremonially) bru brU. country (nation) n. deza, muluk. corn stack frame n. sul ii. countryside (slopes surrounding villages) n. corner n. bana. 1. kunaal, ti. 2. (of cloth or mat) no. couplet sung by soloist n. fuka. corporal (military rank) n. naa i I . courageous, be v. sag bxBllel tibaa'. corpse n. sinu'. court 1. v. (flatter) xw55ba1. correct 2. n. (of law) adlaasai, adaalat. 1. a. fhiik. 3. n. (yard of house) xyui. 2. v. sudaardiba. 3. a. (of speech) khaaisgari. courteous, be v. maaln labaa'. correct speaker n. phafkilo'. courteous person who keeps on good terms with all n. correctly av. khoj ySl. chena"S le. courteous note added to request pa. corrugated iron roofing n. xai. jasta. courtesy n. cost maa'n. 1. v. Ixaudiba, phebaa'. 2. n. sale. courthouse n. gxaada I. cotton n. xruwaa. cousin n. (see Appendix A) 1. (cross - term of address) cotton cloth (white) n. gyzia"'. nainasuld. 2. (cross, female: FaSiDa, MaBrDa) n6'lBsyo. cough v. 3. (cross, male: FaSiSo, pxyGba. MoBrSo) ~6'16. 4. (parallel, male: FaBrSo, council n. MoSiSo) bxaa i ' . 1. kajuril, sabxaal. 2. (at village, district or covenant as blood brothers v. national level) pancaayat. cyaabaa I. councillor (of village, district, covenanted friend of a woman n. or national government) n. aagu, ~xelsyo. sadaasi . cover counsellor n. 1. n. kaa'. bxaalaaidmT. 2. v. (something with something) COVETOUS 143 CRCWD

kaa'ba. create v. 3. v. (oneself for sleeping) banidiba. pxoba ' . 4. v. (oneself from rain) o'ttiba. creditor n. 5. v. (oneself with a blanket) saau' . kuubaa' . 6. v. (over) xuba: cremation platform on river bank n. cha' . covetous, be v. lobx labaa'. cremation time n. sa' la. covetousness n. lobx. crevices above beam attached to external wall of house to sup- COW n. port verandah roof n. 1. mxe'. kre. 2. fadol2scent, not having borne young) kuri i ' . crier n. kafwaale'. cowardly a. kaaphaar. crime n. daaga. crab n. kwrz'. crippled a. dataa. crack v. tibaa'. crippled or deformed person n. 1 a~gada'. crack open (of egg) v. phadi xyaaba'. critically ill a. saa r. craftsman n. mistri '. crocodile n. gue. crane (bird) n. jalgo kxure'. crook of elbow n. kunjyu' . cranny n. khu'ndri. crooked a. basgo. crave for a specially tasty food (especially of a sick crop (harvest) n. person) v. u'bjani. mlZZ' ba. cross v. craw of bird for non-digested 1. (a bridge) thaabaa ' . food n. 2. fa lake or river) tard i ba' . myu' . cross pieces in fence n. crawl v. sadaaa2. gxesaa ' rdiba. cross-examine v. crawl on all fours v. kerdiba' . karlZbal . crossroads n. crawling and toddling n. gxy3Z1 ti'ba. ka ' rSZ ma ' raa. crow crayfish n. 1. n. (bird) kagaa'. kul'ijiri tSS1ga 2. v. (of a cock) u'rba.

crease in cloth n. crowd n. boj . 1. thupro' , xu1 ' , muluka' . CROWD 144 CYMBALS USED BY LAMA

2. (of people meeting at trail curried vegetable n. junction) gxaad. txaa.

crowd in v. curse dxurd i ' ba. 1. n. sa'rba. 2. n. (of witch, causing loss CPOWn Il. of appetite leading to 1. (of head) kra pucu. death) bxed. 2. (of king) sripes. 3. v. syaalbaa, kire k7baa'. 4. v. (by splaying out the crude (roughly made) a. fingers of both hands in the kacca I . direction of the person being cursed) ns5bri labaa', crumb Ze v. xi1 labaa'. ku'ba, kujidibal. curtain n. crumple (cloth or paper) v. parda. jxyiibal . custard-apple n . crush (jam finger in door) v. salt. pirbaa'. custom n . cry 1. (habit) baani. 1. v. (weep) krobaal. 2. (tradition) cal an. 2. v. (of animals) qxeba. 3. (ritual) ri'ti, ri'ti thiti'. 3. n. (of cat) qyZiZiZ. 4. (obsolete word used of Rana period) saasan. cubit n. 5. (at Tiwa festival, late -gru, kru, naa'b. October, of asking for gifts around the village in return cucumber n. for singing) dausure. lakha'g. cut cud n. 1. n. (wound) gxaal. k5a"ch i . 2. v. (meat, cloth, branch, general term) kyal'ba. 3. v. (rice or grass at ground level) kha IZba. 4. v. (trees, canes) tholba. cultivate v. 5. v. (dry wood) thubaal. khedil Ixaidiba. 6. v. (meat) tubaa'. 7. v. (hair) kribaal, waabaa'. cultivation n. khedi' paadi'. cut down (select, thin out) v. chZiSdi baa' . cummerband (about 12 feet long, wound round and round women's cut out v. waists) n. tho1ba. phalgi. cut through v. cunning a. t6baa1 . calaakh, baatfho. cuttings from hair n. Cups of liquid s.num. Iiithe. -khl yu. cylindrical container of bamboo cure v. for storing liquids (5" diam. sxall labaa', kho'j guwaar by 18" long) n. labaa1. txu.

curious a. cymbals used by lama n. caa'kh mxazdiba. chyolz. 145 DECORATION (INDIAN MILITARY)

D day, all ... long t. txTT tximi'. dagger (Nepalese, with curved blade) n. day, every t. kxoja. , drndinu. daily t.. day of the week n. dindinu. baa ra. damage n. days nausan, xi'na binaa', dyaamida. 1. s.num. (with numerals up to . . 10) -gag1. damp a. 2. h. (with numerals over 10) ~E'myZ3nitmi. din. 3. n. (as. opposed to nights) dance txT7. 1. n. naa'ja. 2. v. se'ba. daytime n. txiy'ia". dance performed by puju' at funeral n. dazed a. labri'. mxal iba. darkness n. deaf a. ane'ro. nxaus i , ba i raa. dash against the ground v. deal out cards v. xoba' . pZiZbaa' . date n. death n. 1. (of the Eng.Zish month) kaal . taar i k. 2. (of the,Nepali month) gate. debtor n. . . asami. dative s.n: 1: (for) -la. deceit n. 2. (to) -1ai.. lu'ki cu'ri, syura. . . daughter n. (see Appendix A) deceitfully av. 1. cami' , cxam?' . syutaa'le. 2. (EtDa) naa'ni. 3. (2ndDa) mxaili. deceive v. 4. (3rdDa) saTlil. chaldiba', syur te'ba. 5. (4thDa) ka7 l i I. 6. (YtDa) kZa"nchi, cxami cy6, deception (lit. slippery matter) n. cible tlB. daughter-in-law (SoWi) n. c5, cxacz. decide on a course of action v. nirnae labaa'. dawn t. sara. decision n. n i rnae . day n. din, txiyZ3. decorate v. sicj'i'irdiba'. day after tomorrow t. nTi1?maa. decorate effigy v. pairidiba'. day before yesterday t. --Iu I mTi' . decoration (Indian military) n. jo~ginaa'm. DEED 146 DIFFERENT

deed (reco.rding division of deride v. land) n. jxugu'diba. banrja patra. derision n. deem trustworthy v. billi. b i rwaas mi55d i ba. descend v. deep (of water or hole) a. khaa'rba, ta'ba, yu'ba. gai ro. descendants n. deer n. san tanaa' . pho. design n. defeat n. iskim. kael . desirable a. defeated a. saEr qxFiFibale. xaardi'ba. desire n. defecate v. chutte', icchyaa', xraar. khlyi txsba. despair n. defilement n. n i raag . 1. (sin) paab. 2. (ritual, 9-11 days after detested person n. childbirth, 14 days after bai raagi. contact with corpse) juda. detour v. definite a. gxumd i ' ba . ni'scae. Devanagari alphabet (consonant definitely av. symbols only) n. khai'lase. kakha. delayed a. develop (of grains) v. kxaeba. mrxiba' . delirious a. development n. saj id axy8'ba. bikaaz. demand what has been given to an- devour v. other (especially of children) v. cwaabaa ' . prZ'ba. devout a. demon mask used at pae n. bxakt i. taiiri. dew n. dent v. silt. kuj idiba'. diacritic - nasal (in Devanagari deny an accusation v. script, a superscribed dot) n. khyaabdiba'. nakhii' sii. depart on a journey v. did you say? (seeking confirma- tx6ba. tion) pa. ax. departure n. bidaa. die v. 1. sibaa'. deputy mayor n. 2. (vulgar term) gxyZ1xyaabaa'. ubxaapradxaan. different a. DIFFICULT DISTRICT

na'ule, pha'raak, aargo'. discussion n. chalphal . difficult C. gaa ro, rnu4ki 1. disease n. bethaa. difficulties n. sagas. disgruntlement n. chor6'. difficult breathing as a result of eating a certain plant v. disgust n. ilbaa'. bukka.

dig v. dish n. txaaba' . bx2Edo1, thali. dig out things in the house v. dish out v. lx5ba1. kywTbaa I.

direct a. dishevelled (thrown all about) a. sojo'. saadZbuda.

direction n. dishonest (as of changing agreed dis.aa, pat! i. land boundaries, or depriving wife of due property) a. directly av. asa' tte. sa'raasa' r. dishonesty n. dirt n. bemaan. 1. krxi. 2. (rubbish) kasT1. disobedient a. bibaa axgE1ba, barkhela. dirty (of vessels, body, clothes) a. dispel evil influence v. mailaal. thaa kxaeba ' . disagreement n . disposition n. laltha 171). bexora, su'baasa.

disappointment n. dissatisfaction n. bukka. . . chor5'.

disc n. dissension n. pada'. phut.

discard v. distant. a. -waabaa I. xrZgo.

discern v. distil spirits v. saEr mx5Eba1. paa ' kwaa 1aaba ' .

discharge n. distinction (as of distinction 1. (pre-natal, from pregnant between castes) a. animal) jxaja'e naa'. bxaba' . 2. (of painful eye) cywaa' cywaa' xyaaba' . distress (physical) n . sagas. disciple n. celaa' . distribute v. cxG1ba, cxuba', pasbaa'. discovery aspect s .v. -lSS1, -mae, -nay -namu. district (administrative, there being 76 in Nepal, each DISTRUST 148 DRINKING VESSEL

district including about 50 vil- dot n. lage panchayats) n. cog, thablo. jillaa. doted on (of a child, with distrust n. consequent spoiling) a. chyowaa. piyaaro' . ditch where buffalos wallow n. double a. QXYO. dabal. diverted (as from grief) v. doubt n . saE bxuldi'ba. s'Skaal.

divide v. dove n. churiba', cxuba', cySS1ba. fixugul raa.

divine supernatural cause of ill- down loc. ness n. 1. (direction) oraa' l u, kyu' ru, gxyoba, gxyob Ixiba'. ma. 2. (place) maa'i, prxiri, marit. diviner from lower caste n. 3. (emphatic of ma) ma'ema. la'm kami'. drag v. divo~ce lxataardiba, gxisaa'rdiba. 1. n. paa'r. 2. v. paa'r labaa'. drag oneself along v. gxesa' rdiba. divorcee - male n. khere . dragon fly n. kyu' aamaa. do v. labaa'. drain out v. taalrdiba. do good works and so gain merit for the after life v. draw out v. dxa rma 1 abaa ' . thutdiba'. do work again which was done un- dream satisfactorily v. 1. n. mx5da. kxegu labaa1. 2. v. mxzda mx5ba1.

document n. dress - form of n. 1. (recording division of land) pogaka' . banda patra. 2. (used to determine astrolog- dressed-up a. ically auspicious days) thetaraa'. mxuda. driftingly av. dog n. ri'li lili. nagi. drink v. domestic animal n. thZ' ba. khyodo. drinking vessel n. donkey n . 1. bxaagZ8na, lodaa'. gadaa. 2. (without spout, about 15 cm. high, made of brass or door n. silverl Skhoraa'. mraa', dxogaa', duwaaraa, dailo. 3. (with a spout but no handle, made of brass, copper or doorway n. silver) karwaa I. gZ, sSglS' raa. DRIVE A VEHICLE EARTHQUAKE

drive a vehicle v. dung (of large cattle) n. calidiiba. kobaa' ra. drive away v. dung-beetle n. Ixaaba. khlyi bebZ. drive in stakes v. duplicator (mimeograph machine) n. kyoiba. chaabdiba'e sa'e. drive out v. durative aspect v. lxaaba. - t hZbaa ' . driver n. dust n. flaaibara. txula. drizzle n. duty n. bGbCi, n.25' bGbG. iipti. drop dwarf n. 1. v. khaa'rba. baunebi r. 2. n. (of liquid) thablo. 3. n. (of water sprinkled for dwell v. ritual cleansing) chid. tibaa'. drum n. dye n. 1. (large, double-sided, used raqa I. in military) 4x01 a' . 2. (tom tom, 8" diam., 20" long) mxZ5da. 3. (covered with cow leather) dama. eagle n. 4. (used by lamas in religious ci laa, kxurel. rituals, made with goat's skin) qxa. ear n. nxa, nxeme". drunk a. gxeba. ear edge, rim n. nxa cxo. drunkard n. paa' ko. ear lobe n. nxa tE. dry 1. v. kaar ibai kaarbaa' . ear wax n. 2. a. (of wood, clothes) kaar, nxa khly i . sukkhaa' . 3. a. (of ground) o'bSZn8. earlier av. 4. v. (in the sun) s6'ba. talaa' . 5. v. (wool) tEbaa'. earring n. dry up v. 1. (with chain) korlS.2. gxaa rba. 2. (worn in centre of ear) gxndi dubitative mood s.v. 3. (small, round, worn on rim -do8, -e. of earl sillmaindri. 4. (small, in ear lobe) cinjina, duck n. mSS1~uli. x5Ssa'. earth n. dumb person n. 1. (planet) prithwi. 1. (female) laadii. 2. (soil) sa. 2. (male) ladaal. 3. (idiot, mentally deficient) earthquake n. axdxa kalsu'. sayo. EARTHWORM EMBROIDER

earthworm n. nSB' ... nSS', yaa... yaa..., kodel . kit... kiI... ease n. elastic a. kaa'ra, santok, sukha. tangadiba'.

ease (of rain) v. etbow n. caebaa' . kudii' . easily offended a. e lder nxakhU pra'ba. 1. a. (of brothers) thebaa1. 2. a. (of siblings-sisters) east lcc. kxGba . pu' rba. 3. n. (not eldest, brother, term of address) txajy6. easy a. 1. (not difficult to do) elders n. sa'jilo'. cibnaab. 2. (not awkward) khrubaa' . eldest daughter n. eat v. thebsyo' . 1. cabaa'. 2. (roast grains, by tossing eldest brother n. into mouth) phe'ba. f haagu. echo eldest sister n . 1. n. bxaarse'. nBl'ni. 2. v. kobaa'. election n. economy n. cunaab. phar. elephant n. edge, at loc. xaatti. chyogari'. eleven num. edge of flat surface n. egxaaraa' . cu' . .eleventh day of Dasain n. eel n. ekaldas i . bam tZB1ga. elk n. effigy of dead person constructed 1. (Indian elk) jaraayo. at pae n. 2. (a species of) pe'daa plxo. eZope v. chyu'di xyaaba', odaa'l xyaaba' . eggplant-Zike fruit from jungle elsewhere (at other times) av. vine n. aaibe'ji. malgaja. embarrassed a. eggs of head lice n. pibaa". ni'ri. emblem of military rank n. eight num. bilaa. pxre', aa'fh. embrace v. eighty num. p6'sZ labaa'. prxejyu' . embroider v. either.. . or c. buffa jxdbaa'. EMBROIDERY 151 EPOCH

embroidery n. enemy n. butfa, phula bai raagi , dujrnan, gaturaa' . emerge v. engage (occupy, render unavail- tx6ba. able) v. pxweba' . emphatic 1. (on verbsl -ai, -au, -sidil, English language; Englishman; -di, -m. English-speaking foreigner n. 2. (on past tense verbs) -jon, S~greji '. -gon, -doan. 3. (on non past tense verbsl enjoyable a. -rnaln. raa'rnid. 4. (on verb roots) -waa. 5. (on nouns) -di, -la, -mi, -i, enjoyment of a loved one's -nal, -m. company n. 6. (on agentive nouns) -dai, rnxayaa. -jyzs, -dZZ. 7. (on words ending in -lel) enlarge v. -let. syobaa', badiba. 8. (on words ending in -1)

-122 '. enlarged a. 9. (sentence final) kuj i'. badi . 10. (focus) ga, ya. 11. (on taa'nl -rnadil. enlistment n. 12. (deicticl axo-, aax-. bxardi'.

emphatically av. enmity n. khs'i lase. rha'da {hu'du.

employ agricultural Zabourers v. enro Zmen t n . n6 jx6ba. bxa rna ' . employ other's oxen, having none entangled a. of own -v. bxuldi'ba, kxoba. gx8ba8. enter v. employment n. kh6' ba. jaagir, nolkori. entice v. empty bxSHdildiba. 1. a. khaal i ', thedE' . 2. v. lu'ba. entitlement n. 3. v. (a vessel, or a room) bxaau' . tebaal'. envious of another's material enclose v. comfort, good food, nice 1. (with a fence) thu'ba. clothes a. 2. (in a pen) cyulba. mro'ba. encourage v. envoy n. kwi'ba, manidiba'. dud.

end n. envy n. aakhi ra, khatarn. xraar.

endeavour n. epilepsy n. kogili. carbane bethaa.

endure v. epoch n. khabdiba', salidiba, thubaa'. j uga. EQUALLY EXCLAMATION

equally a. 2. av. (of child walking) baraabar, pri' pri'. khelrarale.

era in Hindu mythology n. evidence n. 1. (first of four) satte' juga. cakhi lo'. 2. (second) dwaapar juga. 3. (third) treta' .jugs. evil (loss, damage) n. 4. ( the present age) ka l i j uga. xaani'.

erase v. evil influence n. midiba'. thaasii.

erect a. evil intent n. fhaar. daaga.

erect (fence) v. evil spirit able to appear as a thu'ba. headless form with eyes of lights in the shoulders n. errands, to go on v. mx5' 53155. kill mill labaa'. ewe (adolescent, before bearing) n. error n. kxyu' mxalwaa, kxyu' mxod6'. galdi. exact a. escort v. fhyaa'kka. saldEba. exact likeness a. estimate n. dxurulsta. adgal, andaaj i ' . examination n. European n. j55j. goraama 'E. example n. evaluation n. na ' mha. bijaar. exasperation n. evaporate v. di'kka. ~xaarba. exceedingly pa. even av. maar i ' . dxari', pani. excellent a. even if, even though s.v. swaabaa' . -naalbile, -seZ. except a. even now t. baaxek. axjxai . exchange v. evening n. 1. (goods or money) ti'ba. nesa ' , s55'ja. 2. ( labour) nobaa' .

eventually av. exchange of goods n. thaa' numa. sadaa' . every a. exclamation i . taan. 1. (really! indeed!) xaid, xet. 2. (of disgust) axcya. every day t. 3. (of frustration or evasiveness dindinu, sodaaln. in response to an awkward request or question) kho'i. everywhere 4. (of pain when stung, burnt, 1. loc. khanji' khanji, scalded, pricked) athu. khantadan. 5. (of pain when struck by hand, EXCLAMATORY 153 FAIR

beam, rock, etc.) aya. expression i. 6. (of puzzlement) acya. 1. (of disgust) cya'. 7. (of surprise) abwi '. 2. (of puzzlement) xZ5. 8. (of wonder) axrnwi'. 9. (look! most often used by extend v. shaman in trance) xer. thabdiba'. exclamatory s. v. extra a. -155'. phal ru'. exclusively a extract v. sirib. thutti'ba. exert a bad influence on (as of extract confession, often by adulterers, or youths spoilt by beating v. bad company) v. kaeldiba'. bxZZdi1diba. extremely av. exhibition n . saaro'n. melaa' . extremity n. exist v . bijed. rnubaa'. eye n. expand v. mi1. phuldiba'. eye of needle n. expect v. txa' mi1. xreba. eyelid - lower n. expend v. ~ZZgora. mxaasd i ' ba. eyelids drooping in weariness a. expended, be v. nxa ru kxuba. rudi' xyaaba'. e~pen~dituren . kha'rja, thail i. face n. expense n. 1. abbru', lit, m6daat. khal rja. 2. (honour) ijed. expensive a. facing p. rnxZ5gut . sodaa ' . explain v. factory n. artha' kholdiba', rnaldab kaarkhanaa' . kholdiba', ni'scae laba', sa'rnjidiba. fade (of plants) v. oil idi'ba. explain meaning of word, pro- verb v. faeces n. kholdibal. khlyi. expletive - vulgar n. faint mlxe. 1. n. mursa'. 2. v. rnursa' pardiba' explode v. padgadiba'. fair 1. n. jaadra, melaa'. explosive charge (as used in 2. a. (acceptable, average) killing fish) n. rhi'kkan. born. FAITH 154 FENCE faith n. fathom (distance between out- bifwaas. stretched hands, approx. 180 cm) n. faithful a. bZ2G. imaandaari, saZ satte' tabaa'. fatty (nickname for obese faithfulness (of wife to hus- people) n. band) n. kabl i. sa'da. fauna - crane n. fall v. jalgo kxure'. 1. pade' xyaaba', khaa'r xyaaba', tebaa', kxuri fauna - sambhar n. xyaaba I. z. 2. (be obliged to) txuba. 3. (of large landslip) fwibaa'. fear n. flar, r)xTji. fall asleep v. nxa ru cxw i ba. fearful a. kaaphaar . fall from tree (of fruit) v. khaa'riba. fearfully av. tha' rarale. fallow ground n. bZZju. fearless of strangers, to be v. 00 axcxyoba' . falsehood n. jxuttaa', lu'ki cu'ri. feast n. 1. bxoj. fan:ily n. 2. (for wedding, hair cutting 1. (wife and children) parwaa', ceremony, post-funeral, jaan. etc.) bxatyaa' ra. 2. (vertically extended) kha l ag feather n. famine n. pxyaa. Znga l . fee n. fang n. kiraai. daa re. feed v. far away av. 1. (solids to infant or in- xrZgo . valid) ko' ba . 2. (liquid to a child or in- fare n. valid) ti'ba. bxaaraa', gxySZ' kha'rja, kiraai. feed trough n. t6flaa. fast 1. v. barta fibaa', upaas feel pleased v. tibaa', sostani fibaa'. chubaa' . 2. n. upaas. 3. n. (partial) barjit. fez low villagers (lit. rela- tives) n. fat isfami'ttra. 1. n. chi'. 2. a. chobaa', dxcba', female a. kasdiba'. 1. (of animal) momZS. 2. (of birds) y6rnZZ ' . father n. aa baa. feminine suffix on nouns s.n. -s yo. father-in-law n. kZ. fence n. FENCING WOVEN FROM CANE 155 FINISH WEAVING

baa raa. fifty num. gxajyul. fencing woven from cane (about 10 cm. mesh) n. fight v. xraane. 1. nxeba'. 2. (with intent to kill) fern n. saebaa' nxeba'. 1. (of which young shoots are eaten) laudaa ' . file a lawsuit v. 2. (like edible plant) jalgo. mu'dda laba'. ferris wheel (made of rough file of documents n. timber, used only at Dasera) n. misil. xraa ku'di, ra ku'di. filigree n. fertile soil n. phula. nosa'. fill (mostly used with water) v. ferti Lizer n. khaabaa' . 1. (chemical) bikaafa malla, des'i ma'la. films n. 2. (mixture of dead leaves and senimaa. animal dung) ma'la. final a. festival n. akhkhiri, aakhi'ri, antim. 1. caada, jaadra. 2. (major one in Hindu-Nepalese finally t. calendar, observed for ten balla, thaa' numaa. days in Asoj, September to October, involving animal find v. sacrifice) dasaz. 1. (obtain) y8baa1. 2. (judge as, deem) churiba'. fever n. jar. find something appeals to you v. khobaal. fever and weakness (loosely - ill- ness generally) n. finding (judgement) n . nalb cha'ba. nyaa'e. few a. fine kamdi ' . 1. n. danda. 2. a. (thin, small) masinu', field n. padlu'. 1. (dry) baari. 3. a. (as of knitting needles) 2. (irrigated, usually for pra' ba . rice) mrC1. 3. (close to one's house) gxa i finely - very av. mr6'. masinkaa'le. 4. (open and level common area) mxaidan. finger 1. v. kodeba'. fields n. 2. n. ri, yori. khlxyo nxS. finger joint n. field workers (assisting in the yo cxi kxorbae. preparation of the flooded rice paddy for transplanting, paid finish by day) n. 1. n. khatam. baause. 2. v. khZZ1ba, cxiba, ch6baa1, li'ba, nubaa', silidilba. fife n. murl i ' . finish weaving edge or basket v. gSZ saebaa'. FIRE 156 FLOW OF WATER

fire flesh n. 1. v. (a rifle) Ixiba, pri'ba. no. 2. n. (generat) mi. 3. n. (of forest) misaa'. flexible a. ~ilibal. firefly n. miwZZ1. flicker (as of snake's tongue) v. prCi pri labaa'. fireplace n. kodaa' . f tinging back a. xut' tale. firewood n. ST'. ftock of sheep n. bagal . first av. paile'. flood out (of fautty pen spit- ting ink) v. first thing in the morning t. okhaldiba'. nxZZkharnaal . floor n. first fruits of rice harvest 1. (earth, ground) sa. eaten at a speciat ceremony n. 2. (intermediate in a buitding) n6wE ' . aafli' . first-rate a. ftora n. pakkaa' . 1. (various species thus far unidentified) bimraa dxii' , fish n. mxe' puju' dxii', na'bbru tZZ1ga. Sara' dxCit , nai re' dxCil, na'upxyaa dxi', nxaalgy6, fish-hook n. pxagi dxCil, sacyuli' dxCi8, balchi. sagi' dxii', aasuri' dxCil. 2. (a timber occurring in both fishing net n. red and white varieties) jaala. 01 cae . 3. (barley) jxagu'. fist - ctenched n. 4. (coconut) na rwaa 1a ' . gxussa', mudkit. 5. (fern) jalgo. 6. (orchid) sa i 1 fxa' . fistful n. 7. (type of green vegetabte) mufhi . f6nflaa ' . 8. (type of shrub) syolwE. fit into a given space v. 9. (wheat) gai. txeba. 10. (a type of tree) pude. 11. (dahtial saardi le' . fitting a. 12. (rhododendron) put txa' dxG1 . tabaa' . 13. (tubutar ptant 6'-12' high in forest at about 90001, f'201 num. used as a horn when dry) gxa ' . mxaarbob6. 14. (root vegetabte, cattadium five hundred num. arumacise) toyo'. gxabraa' . flour n. ftat a. 1. (general) pxro' . plenE, sa'mma. 2. (processed) maidaa'. flatus n. ftow v. phi. bagd i ba. ftea n. ftow of water n. tomi ' . dxaara' . FORTY

f lower for the purpose of p. 1. n. fxaa'. Ixaagiri, karad, -male. 2. V. (of plants) paa'riba. forbear v. fluent a. sa' idiba. phafkilo, le phiriba'. forbidden by astrology a. qxagba . fore fathers n. fluttering (of a nestling learning jyujyu baaje, khe, xy5. to fly) n. bxudududu. forehead n. 00, 0x0. fly 1. n. cyBmT1. foreign (strange) a. 2. v. (of bird, plane) pxiriba. nau'le. 3. v. (kite) u'didiba. foreign country n. fa9 f3: bides. nxaamjyo. foreign woman of white skin n. folk songs n. mi 'm. jxyaaure' kxwe'. foreigner n. folZow v. bidesi. 1. (physically) 1i 1i khabaa' . 2. (a religious system) foreleg- n. mx8Sd i ba . UI- pxali. 3. (as a logical consequence) di-. forest n. bana . following day t. pxanxSSgdfil. forested area (high, 9000 feet) n. khl y"al . fontanel (membranous space in infant's head) n. foretell v. taalugaa'. li3ba'e tSS bibaa.

food contaminated by other's forge n. touch n. arg'. j uda . forget v. food grains bought in market n. ml i'ba. besaa. forgetful a. foot n. yaa'd axxreba' . 1. (of man or animal) pxa 1i . 2. (of human) paau. forgiveness n. 3. (measure of length) phuf. maa'ph. foot going to sleep v. form fruit after flowering v. pxa 1i nxa r cxw i ba . runba.

footprint n. formerly i. mxae. uya"S1.

footrot (in cattle, treated with forsake v. camphor) n. phi'l labaa', pi'ba. khore"' . forty num. for the benefit of p. plxijyu', caalis. lxaagiri. FORWARD GALE

forward loc. frog n. -UI. - 1. kxau. 2. (black in colour, lives in foundation n. water) ma'i wZ'. jaga. from p. fountain pen n. 1. (in space) -Tlel, -file', ule'. phuldinaa'. 2. (in time) sero ' , won0 ' .

four num. from the beginning of p. plxi', caar. laa'udo.

fourteen nun. froth n. caudal. pibi1.

fowl (domestic) n. frozen a. nalga. kalgraa ku'gru.

fracture v. fruit n. cubaa . 1. (general) pha'l phu'la, ru'du. fragile (of glass) a. 2. (jack fruit) katara' . kaaphaar, kacci . 3. (tart flavour, size of apricot, rough brown skin, fragments n. large brown stone) klla". 1. (of cloth) kwE faalaal fuli'. 2. (of long things) 1Lfhe. fulfilled, be v. behordiba. fragrance n. tha"a". full a. ne'. fragrant a.. 1T'bae thzl khabaa'. full moon n. purne' . frame for stacking corn cobs n. sul i1. full up, be v. plzbaa' . frames of cane bent over to form gable of .ca,ttle shed n. full. to the brim a. dxa j u' ra. fhyaa'mma.

free fit (of parts) a. . funeral bier n. kho18ba1. moral . free from disease a. fungus n. nilro'gi. ST' nx8mZ.

free of cost av. fur n. chalen. mwi'.

friend-.n. future n. 1. (companion) thu. bxabi 'sya; 2. (covenanted relationshzp. usually of different caste) future tense s.v. qxela. 1. (normal non-past) -m. 3. (specially close) dos t i , 2. (emphatic, lst person sg.) mi 'ttra. -syo.

fright n. qxTj i . frightened, be v. gale n. qx'iba. Fi5fli1. G'ALL BLADDER GIFT OF THE GAB

gall bladder n. gather into sheaves v. k55. txiba'. gallon - one n. gathered together (of people, py6In6. flowers) a. rnrul. gallons s.num. -by5. generous a. sae sxabal. gamble v. juwaa khly5ba1. genitals (male) n. saa'l naa'l. gambler n. j uwaade. gentle a. r)ilibal. gambling n. j uwaa. genuine a. khaa'sgari, pakkaa' . game n. khell. geography n. bxugol . game of chance n. baaj i. German, Germany n .p . jarman. game with sixteen shells where players gamble on number fal- gerund S.V. ling right way up n. -b, -ba, -baa, baa'. kaudi I. gesture v. gap between two things such as xaastaa' labaa'. houses n. anda ra. get v. 1. kTbaal, y6baa1. garden n. 2. (tickets) tho1ba. bagaTcaa, baari, gxai mr6'. get rid, to v. gargle v. syo'ba. khu'l u khu' 1u labaa'. get stuck v. garland n. kxoba. maa'laa. get thin (wear, of metal garlic n. implements) v. nxu' . khi idiba' . garlic leaf preparation made by get up v. Tibetans n. ribaa'. j imbu. get wet v. garment n. pSZ1ba. 1. (worn by women) fig i saa' . 2. (worn by men in former Ghachok (village NW of Pokharal n.p. times) khaad i . kaju'. gate n. ghee n. dxogaa' . chugu8. gatepost for bar-gate (of ghost n. stone) n. rnx6', picaas, syaalgi. tagara. gift of the gab n. gather v. lxe' p6'ba. tV ba. GIFT SENT BY MAIL OR MESSENGER 160 GOOD DEEDS

gift sent by mail or messenger, go into trance for purpose of not handed in person n. divination by communion with a nasu' . spirit v. nxebaa. give v. pibaa' . go shopping on various errands v. kil mill labaa'. give a dancer money in apprecia- tion of good performance v. go to sleep v. krigi' labaa'. cxwi ba.

give approval v. go to watch funeral or pae of ma'njur labaa'. adult v. gxodaa ' raa ' ba . give back v. ewaabaal . v 1. ra. give birth v. 2. (male, uncastrated) bagya. sudgyaari' tabaa'. 3. (female, adolescent, before bearing young) mxod6'. give it to me! pa. khwe' . god n. (see Appendix B) 1. (high god) pramisara. give up v. 2. (of senior class, including pi'ba. Ram, Vishnu, Krisna, Lakshrnan, to whom one offers glass n. flowers and grain offerings, gi lllsa. but not blood sacrifice) bxagawaa' n. glasses of liquid s .num. 3. (god of death, honoured -khlyu. during dasae festival at durga puja) durga. glasses (spectacles) n. 4. (local deities) deudaa. caEmaa ' . 5. (deity to whom a chicken is sacrificed in April and v. November, usually at edge of tV ba. cliff) bxay5.5' r.

gloriously av. goddess n. te'jle. debi, devi.

gluttonous a. go out v. khGbaal . tx6-xyaabaa' .

gnat n. goitre n. mo'so. g55da.

gnaw on (a bone, corn cob, etc.) v. gold n. khri 'ba. mxaara' .

g-old medallion in necklace n. asurbi I.

go and. . . s. v. goldsmith caste n. -nel, -n. sunaara' .

go around v. good a. gxumdilba. 1. chy15baa1, swaabaa'. 2. (astrological term) amr i ta. go clucky v. 3. (of character) gadi lu' . n8' ba. good deeds n. GOOD FORTUNE GRIEVE

dxa rrnaa' . grass n. 1. (fodder) chi . good fortune n. 2. (type used in making brooms) lachin. baabyo. 3. fa type of) p6. good omen n. saidul. grassed area n b5Sju. goods n. maa1l. gratefully av. gCinadil gEnan. gore (of an animal) v. thaabaa' . grave n. cho1g6. gorge n. 9a'IgYu. gravely ill, be v. bijed tabaal . gossip v. 1. gaph salb labaa1. graze v. 2. (reveal confidences) naul r8baa1. kisimle p6'ba. grazCng ground (high above vil- gourd n. lages, sparse trees) n. turnbaa. xe . gourd (3' long fruit) n. great-coat n. laugaal. baren4 i . grab v. great-grandfather (FaFaFa, FaMoFa, pxzba, Ix5ba1. MoFaFa, MoMoFa) n. xy6 baajyu. grain n. 1. (general) andaa' paanil. great-grandmother (FaFaMo, FaMoMo, 2. (oats? barley? planted in MoFaMo, MoMoMo) n. November) ka ru. xy6 bxujyu' . 3. (old) krxo. 4. (drying in sun) s6'gyaa. greatly av. utillel. granary (usually room above cattle shed) n. greed n. dxancha ' ra. lobx. granddaughter (SoDa, DaDa) n. greedy kwEm7 . 1. a. kh6baa1. 2. v. (show) lobx labaal. grandfather (Fapa, MoFa) n. baajyu. green a. p'iggyaa - Grandmother (FaMo, MoMo) n. bxujyu'. greens (of vegetables) n. xa'riyo pariyo. grandson (SoSo, DaSo) n. kwe". greeting word i. bindi mu. grape a. daakha. greeting word and action of holding hands in greeting i. grasp v. narnaste. cheba. grieve grasp to onese.lf v. 1. v.i. saE na'ba. pxwEba . 2. v.t. sag na'l labaal. GRIND HALF-TRAINED

grind v. 2. v. (as a shepherd guides 1. (grains with a handmill) flock) !or i d i ba. prxoba . 2. (in mortar and pestle) guilty a. prxiba' . axpxraadi ' . 3. (through a machine) mxaaba. gulley n. grit teeth v. piySZnaal. ka'dada laba'. gum of teeth n. groan v. sa oxe. mxobaa' . Gurkha Brigade (comprising Nepali groom oneself v. troops in Indian and British nakal te'ba. armies) n.p. gorkhaa. ground n. sa. Gurung n.p. tamii. ground floor of house (lit. in- side house) c. dxi' nx5.

group n. habit n. 1. dapha, paafi', foli'. 1. su'baasaa. 2. (co-operating for agricul- 2. (particularly of negative tural work) n5gur. tendency of character) baan i

grow v. habituative s .v. 1. (increase in size) badiba. -bra. 2. (hairi moustache, beard) nxaba . Rades (the place or stage follow- ing death) n.p. grow uncontrollably v. parlo'ga. chyu'di xyaaba'. haggle v. growl (of dog) v+ kc1 kasdiba', ~xururulabaa1. hail n. grub (greenish-yellow, lives in tusyu'. khere dxii', corn, rice foliage in Srawan, irritates skin on hair n. contact) n. 1. (body) rnwi ' . khere b icche. 2. (eyebrow or eyelash) mTjySB. 3. (head) kra. guard (watch, attend) v. rV bal. hair clip n. kiliba'. guard duty n. dipfi. hair cuttings n. kralc. guard house n. ko'd gxaara'. half n. axdxaa I. guava n. belaudi. half brothers n. daajyu bxaai I. guest n. pxrZ. half past the hour a. saa'ie. guide 1. n. (teacher) guru. half-trained a. HALT HEAD MAN OF VILLAGE

xarbin. halt v. harmony n. chyobaa', thaam dibaa'. mi'laab. hammer v. harrow n. tibaa'. male. hand n. harvest v. YO. 1. (millet) tiigba. 2. (of crops) andaa' paani'. hand broom n. kuja. haste n. 1, (causing bungling) 18S1

hell n. na'rga lok. head of grain n. nSS. help n. guwaar, rnadad, saidaa'. head of rice husking pounder n. rnuslG1. help in starting a project v. SZyliba'. head of river n. silr. hem of garment n. 05s. headgear n. 1.. (of white cloth) kr igi I. hen n. 2. (worn ceremoniously by 1. y6rnSS1 . pujyul, made of wool with 2. (before laying eggs) IxZSla. tassels hanging down back) xraal bu. hence forth t . dxe roI . headstone n. deuraa l i . herdsman n. prx6saZ. heal 1. v.i. sxaba'. here loc. 2. v.t. sxa'l labaa'. cu' r. health n. here and there loc. sa' nca. khan i I mxan i .. healthy a. hermit who remains alone n. ni I ro'gi . bairaagi. heap n. hesitation stutter e. khaa'd, thupro'. axo-. hear v. hesitation word, often initial theebaa' . to discourse in which delicate subject matter is to.be dis- heart n. cussed e. 1. (physical organ) ti. txas i ' . 2. (mind) dil, saG. hiccup v. heat yugubaal . 1. n. garrni. 2. v. (water, fluids) kwaalabal, hide laabaal. 1. v. lolba. 2. n. rxubi. heaven n. swa' rga. high a. 1. (in stature or pitch) nu1ba. heavy a. 2. (in altitude) kxori . Ixiba. highland n . hedge n. 1. (zone around 4000-6000 ft baara. with small brush) gxaari'. 2. (beyond tree level but below heed v. summer snow line) bugyaani. dxyaan pibaa1. hill n. heel v. yl3a"yla. tTjyul. hillside fields (unterracedl n. height n. khore' . kru. HIND LEG HORIZONTALLY

hind leg n. holiday n. li pxali. chutti' .

Hindi a. hollow a. xindi'. 1. (especially of something which should have things Hindu a. in it, as peanut shell) xindu' . khogro' . 2. (of tree) dxodro' . hire 1. n. kiraai. hollow out a hole v. 2. v. (oxen and plough paying kundi ba' . with a portion of the crop) pi'rba. hollowed log for beehive or feed trough n. hiss n. kxwe' d6daa. rJxeba. holy a. history n. 1. (undefiled) pawi tra. itihaas. 2. (ethically upright) sojo' , sudo' . hit v. 1. dx6ba1, plZSbaa1. holy books n. 2. (with a stick) chyaabru'ba. silog.

hither av. holy man - Hindu n. jxul-. jogi.

hocus-pocus n. home n. jyomE lyomE. 1. dxT'. 2. (maternal) maidaa' . hoe 1. v. txaaba'. honest a. 2. n. (short-handled) kodaal i ' . imaandaari, sag satte' tabaa', sajan, sojo' . hold v. 1. (grasp) cheb.a, kxaaba. honesty n. 2. (closely, as of holding imaansaa'th. baby) khwe'ba. honey n. hold on1 (wait!) v. khudul . thaaidu'. Hong Kong n .p. hold out (a vessel to receive xagkalrJ. something) v. to'ba. honour 1. n. (self respect) abbru', hold over oneself (covering) v. i jed. pxoba' . 2. n. (respect to others) maaln. 3. v. maaln labaa'. hold tobacco in cheek v. pi ' rba. hood of sackcloth n. kuldu. holder for oil tamp n. diyo. hoof n. khuraa. hole n. 1. kh~,xa. hope v. 2. (small, in clothing, wall, xreba, aa4a labaa'. rocks) khu' ndr i . 3. (in ground) khold6. horizontally av. piru. HORNS 166 ILLEGITIMATE CHILD

horns (of cow, deer) n. hungry a. ru. pho' khrsbaa'. horse n. hunt v. gxodaa' . sigaar khly6baa1, lxaaba. hortatory (1st plural) s.v. hunter n. -1e'. sigaarel. hospi ta2 n. hurriedly av. aspatala'. jxaab jxup', xa'ta pa'ta. hot a. hurt v. 1. (to touch) cha'ba. 1. (of an awkward load) nxeba' . 2. (in taste) sobaa'. 2. na'ba. 3. (of fluids) laa, la'la. husband n. hot season n. 1. pyP . um. 2. (less respectful term) pha. hour n. husband of a woman's covenanted 1. (period) gxania ' . friend n. 2. (point of time) tySS1ma. aagu. house n. husks of rice (very fine, ob- dxT1. tained in second pounding) n. dxudu' . house and land n. gxa r khe ' daa . hymn of praise n. bxajan. household members n . paraa'. hypocrisy n. swssg. households s.num. -gi. hypocritical a. nakal i '. how av. 1. (question word) khaile. hypocritical, be v. 2. (emphatic, modifying ad- swSSg te'ba. jective) kaltti. hypothetical result s.v. how many, how much? av. -ma1 la. kad i ' . however c. 1. (sentence initial) di na . 2. (sentence final) gi. I pn. ga - howl v. 1. gxeba. identical a. 2. (of witch at night) cxuba. gxrinaal, khaal gxribaa'. hubbub n. idiotic a. jySSii jy99G. ul flu' . human being n. idol n. mxi . mu'rdi. hunched up (from cold or fear) a. kukrutga.

hundred num. illegitimate child n. prxal, sa i . progyaa. ILLNESS INDISCRIMINATELY

iZZness n. in a little while t. 1. bethaa, na'ba. togo' . 2. (caused by curse) baan. in a massed manner av. ilzumination n. kha'ga khulgule. u'jyaalo. in agreement, be v. thTbaal . in company with p. image n. saada ' r. mu' rdi . in front... loc. imitate v. -UI, agxaadi. chyaattiba'. in the case of s.n. immediately av. -la. dxamaa I dxaml, ekkaas i I, jxwaaffan, xa't pata'. in the direction of p. -i3di1. immediately after p. bittikan, tod6n. in turns av. palo' pal let. immigrant from another village (very derogatory term) n. in-charge s .n. bxatwaa' . -dxi 5 ' . impedimented speech n. inarticulate a. la'waaj. la'waaj.

imperative s.v. inauspicious, be v. 1. -d. gxaLba. 2. (if stem vowel is nasal) -n. 3. (polite) -s i . inauspicious time n . 4. (nonfinal in sentence) -dul, garaa. -nu1. 5. (on bxaul 'bring') -u'. incantation n. .6. (on bxagul 'bring') -gul. manta raa I . implement n. incarnation n . 1. sa"a"jul. autar. 2. (for carding woo 2) kaa . incense n. important (of person) a. saa'ldxub, sigri, tullT, dxub. thebaa I. increase v. impression (likeness) n. syobaa', thabdiba', xr7n labaa1. anman. indeed impr.int n. 1. s.v. -gon. chaa'b. 2. pa. jxa'n, wochL.

imprison v. index finger n. thundiba'. yo 5a"ma"a".

improve v. India n.p. sudaardiba'. bxaara'da, dexa, indiyaal, xindu'sthaa'n.

Indian a. bxaa rat i . in a few places loc. khan i ' mxan i , khan i ' . indiscriminately av . INOUSTRIOUS 16 8 INVISIBLE

ma'n pari. insert v. chwi ' ba. industrious a. gadilu'. inside 1. p. nx6. inelastic a. 2. loc. nx6Ciba1. axtal ngad i ba. inexact a. axsxuttu'. instantly av. inexpensive a. gxarchi'n, xa'ta pata'. sastu' . instead c. infant n. baru. o'lZ5, pxasi. instead of p. inferior in quality or rank a. saifaa' . maamul i ' . instruments for cutting n. influence (evil, causes dis- lxoji. harmony in home) n . thaa. intelligence n . buddi, dimaag. information n. thaahaa, pattaa. interest on loan n. byaaja. infrequently av. khaa ' gae . interjection of puzzlement i. xz . ingrate n. ba i gune. interpretation n. artha'. inheritance n . Zg2aa. interpret v. artha' kholdiba', maldab injection n. kholdiba' . swi. interrogate v. injure v. kerdi ba' . ne' my6'ba. interrogative particle pa. injure joint (usually as a result ki, u. of a fall) v. khr i baa' . intestines n: nxaanc. ink n. masi'. into p. nx8. inn n. xote' 1, bxaaf i ' . invert a vessel (chiefly used of emptying manure out of basket) v. inoffensively av. khlyuba' . aala'kkale. inverted a. insect n . padkhu' . 1. (general -term including maggots, caterpil tars, and investigation n. grubs) pxulz, pxalLS pxulz. j55j buj. 2. (which flies, bites, and is smaller than a fly) momso. invisible a. axmro'ba. INVITATION invitation n. Japan n .p . n imdu' . jaapan. invite a person v. Japanese a. nimdu' labaa'. jaapani.

IOU n. jar (usually earthenware] n. tamsug . sure. Iran n.p. jaw n. i raan. bSg ra. Iraq n.p. jealousy n. i raag. i kh. iron n. jeep n. pwe' . jib. iron sheets (galvanized, for roofing) n. f i'na. jock strap n. irrigate (a field) v. phaasu' . kyu' jx6ba1. join v. irritation caused by bites of 1. gaydiba, josdiba. small insects or secretion of 2. (of rivers) k6ba1. plants n. SO. joint I. n. cxi. is v. 2. n. (of knee, ankle, elbow, 1. (existential) mubaa'. knuckle) ka' blo. 2. (equative) xo, ya, ga, ba, 3. s.num. (of cane) -jSS. qx'i'ba'. joke isn't it? c. 1. n. thattaa'. gi, xwaa'. 2. v. fhatfaa' maardiba. it pn. Jomosom (town on road to cat. Mustang) n .p . j xumsaa ' . Italy n.p. id1 i. joy n. khuj i ' . itch 1. v. kebaa'. judge 2. n. (scabies) l'udu'. I. n. nyaa'edxiz. 2. v. (a case) nyaa'e labaa'. itchy because of caked mud and 3. v. (deem) churiba'. insects in planting season a. kyogy5' . judgement n . ni'yaa, nyaa'e.

juice n. 1. (of fruits) ra'sa. jackal n. 2. (produced in cooking food) selaa' . caulaani'. jail n. juicy a. j xyaa 1kha 'na. ra'silo'. jam v. jump v. kxoba. pyb'ba. JUMP OVER 170 KNOT

jump over v. kill v. Qwelba. saebaal. jump up v . killing two birds with one uphaardiba, uphridibaat. stone av. ek kaam dui banda. jumper n. swi fara1. kilt of white cloth worn by men n. kaalsa. jungle n. bana, jLgal. kind n. jaad, khaal, kisim, thalri. jungle clearing used for shear- ing n. kindling n. khlxye. ST' jxTjySZ1. just (deictic used ostensive ly) av. kindness n. 0'. xo. I xoyo. just because av. king n. chalen, phaatkarnaal. mri3, raaljaa.

just like av. kingdom n. dxblel. raalje.

just now t. kinship relationship n. bxakhaal r. sain"u.

just so i. kiss v. chabalna. mwl I l abaa . justice n. kitchen cupboards (upon which are nilyaa. placed undefiled dishes) n. phaesii, phwisii.

knead thoroughly v. ciS1ba. Kathmandu (capital city of Nepal) n.p. knead with feet v. kaafhmandu. nxebal.

Kathmandu Valley n.p. knee n. nxebaa I. cxi.

keep v. kneel v. 1. (animals) nxaba. cxi dxiibal. 2. (possessions) pxwEba . knife (penknife) n. kernels (of corn, etc.) n. cakkul. phii. knit v. kettle n. rolba. killi1. knock v. key n. fhaudibat.. kuj i I, sLLjul. knock down v. kick n. 1. (thing) khaalrwaaba. laatta1. 2. (opponent) pachaardibal.

kidney n. knot n. khali. 1. (in rope) gSZfho. KNOW LAWLESSNESS

2. fin wood) kalblo. utaardibaa', nxeha'. 2. n. (as opposed to sea) jamin. know v. 3. n. (agricultural) khlxyo 1. (recognise) go se' ba . nxE. 2. fa skill) xraba. land reform n. knowledge n. bxumi' su'darar. gyaan, thaa. landslide n . knuckle n. rwi baa'. cxi, yo cxi pxrirbae. language n. kxyui', -gi. labourers for agricultural work (work party) n. n6. large a. lace (of boot) n. dxiibaa ' . tan i . last Ladakh (region in north-west 1. a. akhkhiri. India) n.p. 2. v. khabdibaa', thubaa'. lataga'. lasting one night (of pael a. ladder n. ekaraa'de. 1. (with rungs) bxryagaa'. 2. (stepped pole) l i . late 3. ffor collecting honey from 1. av. axbelle. cliff ledge hives) prE. 2. v. (be late) kxaeba. ladle n. later t. 1. (flat, round, about 12" long, 1. (on the same day) komZS1 . for serving out rice) panyo'. 2. (beyond the immediate future) 2. ffor soups) flaflu. pxanz liM. 3. fin a few days' time) Lahachok (village just uest of pxanxzl i i. Ghachok) n.p. labji'. later born a. nx6"ua ' . lake n. samundra, taa' laa. laugh v. nisyubaa'. lama n. la'maa. Zaugh at v. jxugu'di ba. Lamjung (a major village of the eastern dialect of Gurung) n.p. laughter n. la1mjZ. ni, gri. lamp n. law (edict) n. 1. fsmaLL kerosene lamp, and aen, kaanun, saasan, xuku'm. smaL.2 butter lamps used in Buddhist religious rites) law case n. bad i . mu'dda. 2. (pressure)ma i ntolaa' . law court (district) n lamp-stand for oil wick tamp n. gosar. paanasaa' . Zawlessness n. land khaici 'ji. 1. v. (aircraft, bird) LAWN LET

lawn n. nostrils of animals drinking, bSSju. then living as parasite on animal 's b Zood) lawsuit n. nSPbl i I. jxagadaa', mutdda. left (opposite of right) a. lay down v. txebbre, txargyo. nebaa I. left-handed person n. lazy a. txebbre paale'. alchi I. left over, be v. lead ca'eba, Qaleba. 1. v. satdZba. 2. n. (metal) sisaa'. left-overs n. thgdaa .!hilie, fhcde. leaders n. cib naab. leg n. pxal i. leaf F.. PXO, la. leisure n. phursada', fyaam. leak v. yutba. lemon n. mxiba. lean (of man, animal, meat) a. dySS~graa, kadrSS. lend v. 1. (a durable article, esp. lean back, lean on v. clothing or jewellery) gxGbal. c]Gbaa I. 2. (food or small amount of lean hand on another's shoulder v. money, not at interest) dxGbaa' . khi 'ba.

learn v. length n. l ubaat . kru, lambaai.

learn by rote v. .. lengthen v. saGr mxaG1 thZbaal. xrin labaa'.

leather n. lenthened (of footprints on slick fxub i .. surface; of vowel sounds) a. lasgadiba. leather yoke in ox harness n. nxaraa. lentil n. 1. (green) caana. leave n. 2. (species of) t55~gra. 1. chuffi I. 3. (black grain) maa'sa. 2. (military) dib. 4. (red gram) masurit. 5. (general term) daala. leaves surrounding corn cob n. khoyaat . leopard n. cituwaa'. leavings of a meal n. j udaa, puraa I. leprosy n. koret. ledge of cliff n. tG1. less a. gxadi, kamdi'. leech n. 1; (in grass, leaves) tibe'. let v. 2. (lives in water and enters 1. (a house) baalar pSbaal. LETTER LIVE HARMONIOUSLY

2. (land to share farmers) lightning strike v. axdxe' pi'ba. rnurbaal yu'ba, nSZbri yuEba. letter n. likable a. citfhi'. mxayaalu. letter of alphabet n.. like acher. 1. p. -d6'. 2. v. khobaa', ma'n pardiba'. level a. sa ' rnma. like that 1. av. chaaba'na, cxagana. level ground n. 2. a. chaabaa'. rnxaidan, sa'rnrna khlxyo. liking n. lever out of the way v. xraar. uwaabaa I. lime n. lever up v. 1. (white colouring) phurnaal i ' . ple'ba. 2. (small chartreuse citrus fruit) kaagad i ' . limp v. khu'jd khu'jd xyaaba'. lick v. Ixzba. limply (hanging loosely) av. br5 bri'. lid n. kaa ' . line n. 1. (on paper or cloth) dxarge' . lie 2. (of arrangement on parade) 1. n. jxuftaa', syura. laen, lxaasyaarle tibaa. 2. v. syur te'ba. lineage n. lie down v. khalag. ro'ba. lion n. lieutenant (military rank) n si'gaa. lepfen. lip n. life n. rnadi'. 1. (lifetime) cha, aayuE. 2. (lot) juni, jyuni. liquid (of thin or weak liquids) a. 3. (breath) so'. kyu'gyu. lift v. listen v. kwi'ba, nolba, sywi'ba. theebaa' . light little (amount) a. 1. a. (of rain) bibijle. cyugu' cyugu', karndi'. 2. v. salgadibal. 3. n. u'jyaalo. little finger n. 4. v. (a lamp) rnrobaa', kho'rnro yo kanchi . bx7ba1. 5. a. (in colour) phikka'. live v. 6. a. (in weight) y6baat. solba.

light red a. live again (rise from dead) v. gulaaphi . bauridiba, so'xyaaba. lightning n. live harmonious ly v. tipli kaarnli'. sa8 krxiba. LIVE HUMBLY 174 LOWER IN ALTITUDE

live humbly v. look at v. cySnle fibaat. gxyoba. liver n. loom n. u' idaa. kwEdol saa'daa. living a. loop to secure carrying strap on so'g6. basket n. nxaj i. living things n. so' mubate sate. loose a. kholzba' . lizard n. chi baarge' . loosely av. brTbrT. load n. txi I. loot v. ludibat. loan at interest n. che' . lose v. 1. (in contest) xaard i ba. lobe of ear n. 2. (especially of concrete tz. objects) mxaba, mxoba. 3. (one 's bearings) mxa 1 i ba . locality (surrounding area) n. 4. (one's way) phlebaa'. khol folaat. loss n. location n. nausan. khlxyo. lot in life n. lock n. jyuni, juni. 1. (on house, etc.) sa"a"jul pa"a"iiru. lottery n. 2. (of hair on crown of head) ci 'ffha. tamii'. loudly (of voice) av. locust n . dururule, carkole. tirit. louse (head and body) n. lodging place for one or two set. nights n. baas. lovable a. mxayaalu. loin cloth n. phaasut . love n. mxayaa. long (in distance or pronuncia- tion) a. low a. xrTgyo. 1. (in height or pitch) mo'ba. 2. (pitch or volume of voice) long ago t.. matduro. sy6mBB sy6mZi.5. lower a. long live! i. pxriilba' . jay. lower back n. longing for absent friends or kre. . relatives n. sa"l. lower caste people n. puni 'mag. look after v. nxaba, ~xyoba. lower in altitude a. maaba', ma. LUCKY MANTLE

lucky a. make certain v. lacchin. nilscae labaa1. luggage n. make thread from fibre v. saaman. perbaa I. lullaby word n. make tired v. niil. naarwaaba I.

Lumle (a village west of make up (dress up) v. Pokhara) n.p. nakal telba. lxiili. malaria n. lump n. aulol, kwTnel. Gal la. Malaya n.p. lung n. malaai. khlxyoba. male a. 1. (of humans) mxarda. 2. (of animals) txoba. machine n. male relatives of second ascending misina, ka'l. generation n. baajyu. mad a. dimaag thig axxrebal, xaawaa' males - human n. nx6xyaaba1, sobaal tabal. aamuTmalS. madness (as of religious sadhus, malice n. or mentally unbalanced people ikh. who don't live in a socialZy acceptab le manner) n. mallet n. sobaala. 1. (for breaking up clods) gxanmase. Magar (large ethnic group of 2. (flat, heavy, for breaking West Nepal) n.p. previously unused ground) mxagaalra. tu'. maimed a. man n. Cliiflaa. 1. (human being regardless of sex) mxi . maimed person (usualZy con- 2. (male human) aamuyll. genital) n. ISggadaa', lulaa'. mandarin (fruit) n. sunda laa. main a. mull. mange 1. n. fin animals) ludul. main road n. 2. v. mwil tixyaaba. mull gxySS1. manger n. maintain v. khlxyaal di5Gaa. nxaba. mango n. maize n. 5Sbaa1. makhalE. manner n. major (military rank) n. calan, kaaidaal. mS1jar. mantle n. make v. 1. (fabric on pressure lamp) banidiba. jaal i. MANY MEDIUM

2. (woven of jungle thread or matter n. cotton, worn by men) xrzgaa'. tss.

many a. mattock (small) n. Ixe'. kud i .

mark n. mature (of wine, tree, animal, cakhi lo'. human) a. cig6'. market n. bajaar. meal 1. n. chaage'. marriage n. 2. s.num. -cho. byaa. meaning n. marrow of bone n. artha', maldab, rnaa'ne. $5. measure v. marsh n. 1. naabdiba'. sirna"L. 2. (volume) kxwzba. 3. (length in cubits) krubaa' . mash n. 1. (thin, of flour and water, measure of volume n. fed to animals) prokhu', 1. (approx. 20 gallons = khole', kiido'. 90 litresl rnxur i. 2. (of corn or millet flour, 2. (approx. one gallon = eaten as thick porridge) 4.5 litresl padi, py6'nG pa igii'. -by6. 3. (approx. one pint = 570 ml.) mask of demon, worn at pae n. rnxana. taiiri . 4. (approx. 2 oz. = 57 ml. I rnufhi. master n. saabaa' . measure of weight n. 1. (approx. 2.4 kg, comprising master of slave n. 8 ser in Pokhara or 3 ser = krxii. 12 pau in Kathmandu) dxaarne. 2. (approx. 300 g in Pokharal mat n. scr. 1. (small, round,. of maize husks, for sitting on) caudi ' . measurement n. 2. (thick, woven of rice straw, naa'b. used as floor covering) sukul. measuring unit for stored grain 3. (cane, finely woven, large, (if mat is used as an upright 5 feet by 8 feet, used mostly bottomless cylinder) n. for sun drying grains) pxyo. bxagaa'ri. 4. (about 6 feet by 3 feet, woven of rice straw) gundri. meat n. 5. (of cane,, 4' by 13'6", finer 1. se. than c i dra, often used as 2. (lean) 'no. roofing on shepherdsr huts and cattle sheds) bxagaa'ri. mechanic n. 6. (cane, thickly woven) cidra. rnistri'.

match meddle v. 1. v. krxiba, kxy3Lba. chwibaa'. 2. n. (for lighting fire) sale'. medicine n. matching rim or edge n. mag. cxyaarba. medium av. MINOR ROAD

fhikkale. midday n. txiyZZ axdxaa'. medium-sized a. andare1. middle 1. p. mxS5juri. meek a. 2. a. (in phrase 'middle giliba'. schoolr) midil. meet v. middle, in the p. txoba. axdxar i ' . meeting n. middle finger n. 1. kajuri', miring. yo naa'ni. 2. (to plan community projects) ag sabaa'. middle-aged a. axdxa' barse. melon (about 6" diameter, with hairy green skin and white mild a. flesh, used in Dasain sacri- ~iliba'. fices) n. kubindaa'. military n. milgleri'. melt v. bi 1idiba. military cross n. em si. member (of council) n. sadas i I. military medal n. em em. memorial n. 1. (general) c i nu I. military service abroad n. 2. (monument on a grave) laa'khure. deuraal i. milk memorize v. 1. n. Qxe. saEr mxaE thCbaa ' . 2. v. (a cow or buffalo) gxeba. memory n. milk pail (wooden, for storing yaa'd. milk and buttermilk). n. paru'. mend v. gardiba, kywE1ba, tundiba', mill (water-driven) n. faaldiba. gxafte' . menstruate v. mill stone for home grinding n. ko' yulba, kra khru'b tabaa'. xrEdo. meow v. millipede n. ~xeba. tuT1 pxuri. mercy n. mimic v. Ixoyo. chyatiba'. merit acquired by doing good mind n. deeds n. dil, sac. dxarmaa ' . mingled av. message n. malli. khabar, samjaa'r. Minister of government n. method n. mandri. tarigaa'. minor road n. PO ' gxySZ . MIRROR 178 MOSQUITO NET

mirror n. month n. aina'. 1. mxaina, -la. 2. (1st of Nepali calendar, mischievous (of child or baby mid-April to mid-May) animal) a. bai8aka. biihE. 3. (2nd of Nepali calendar, mid-May to mid-June) jeth. mislead v. 4. (3rd of Nepali calendar, xyaarba. mid-June to mid-July) asaar. 5. (4th of Nepali calendar, misled, be v. mid-July to mid-August) bxuldi'ba. sllIwZ. 6. (5th of Nepali calendar, misled, cheated a. mid-Aug. to mid-Sep. ) bxad u ' . chagad i ba. 7. (6th of Nepali calendar, mid-Sep, to mid-Oct.) asoda'. mist n. 8. (7th of Nepali calendar, nx5lmjyo. mid-Oct. to mid-Nov. 1 kaartika. mistake n. 9. (8th of Nepali calendar, galdi. mid-Nov. to mid-Dec. ) rnxa'is i r. mix v. 10. (9th of Nepali calendar, 1. k6ba1. mid-Dec. to mid-Jan.) pu's. 2. (husks of grain with jungle 11. (10th of Nepali calendar, fibre for strengthening) mid-Jan. to mid-Feb.) rnxaaga. chibaa'. 12. (11th of Nepali calendar, 3. (lemon with spices) s51diba1. mCd-Feb. to mid-March) phaawE1 . mixed up av. ma'li, che'laa rna'li. moon n. la1y15. moan with pain v. mxoba ' . moon, full n. purne' . mock v. jxugu'd i ba. moon, new n. aiisi I. moderate a. andare1. more av. bardaa. moment (one) n. chi 'ndri, chi'n gxri', ti'syaa. morning n. nxllga. momentarily av. gxarchi 'nna. morsel n. tya' te' . money n. rnxwi', paisaal. mortgage (the money lender pays the land owner a sum, less than mongoose n. the purchase price of the land, nyauri rnuso. and has use of the land until the owner refunds the money and monkey n.. redeems the land) n. 1. yogaara. bandaki . 2. (white-faced) sobaa ' rgi . mosquito' n. monosyllables n. Ixa'mkhuife' . -ji. mosquito net n. monsoon n. jxulaa'. barkha. MOSS NATURE

moss n. dobara tebara. lede'. multiply v. mother n. syobaa I . 2Lmaa. murderer n. mother-in-law n. jyaanmaa raa ' . syumi. mushroom n. rzother's husband (used in oath) n.. cxyZSbu. ampha. musical instrument (generic) n. motor vehicle n. baajaa. motoral. must v. mount v. txuba. kreba' . mustard n . mountain peak n. turi. 1. kadaalsJ. 2. (abode of the gods - mute n. mountain top) kailaas. la$aal.

mourning (distress) n. mutilated a. bedan. iii$aa.

mourning rites performed up to the muzzle (for ox, woven from thirteenth day after death n. cane) n. kire'. mxiiii l u.

moustache n. mu raa .

mouth n. nag v. sc. kaj kaj labaa', bururu laba'.

mouthful n. nail n. gaasa. 1. (metal) kSSdil. 2. (of toe or finger) chS, ST'. move 1. v. yog6ba4. naked (of person) a. 2. v.t. (a cowshed) ku'ba. khlyunaa'. 3. v.t. (something to a different place to make room) syolba; name n. sardibal, kuubaa'. mi. 4. v.t. (hands) xaastaa' labaa'. 5. v. (unrestrainedly, reck- nape of neck n. lessly, in dancing) kujy6. nalgadibal. nard n. much a. jatamanse. jyaadaa, utille', bele. narrow a. mucus n. 1. cyugul plxaaba, sZZgru4. naa' . 2. (of badly woven mat) rubaa'. mud n. nasal pronunciation n. xilaa' . nakhii' sii.

mug n. native of s.n. ma1ga. -this.

multiple av. nature n. NAUGHTY 180 NIGHT

behora, su'baasaa. Nepal n.p. nxebaal . naughty a. badmaza. Nepali (a citizen of Nepal) n.p. nxebaali, gorkhaali. Nau tanwa n .p . na'utuna. Nepali language n. prxu kxyw i ' . nave 2 n. padi'. nephew n. (see Appendix A) 1. (MaSiSo, WoHuSiSo) bxaan i ' ja . near p. 2. (WoBrSol kwZ. badZ, cZdo', chyogari', dana, jare. nervous a. aadidiba', kaaphaar. near side' p. cojaa- .-- . nest n. cx6. .nearness n. ri'tta. net for fish n. jaala. nearly equal in size a. gxoy6 may6. nettle n. pulu. neatly finished (of rope) a. khiridiba'. neverthelesk c . dile. neck n. kha'ri. new a. chaa'ra, na'ule, na8yZZ. neck of jar n. kha'ri. Newar (a large ethnic group in Nepal, particularly in Kathmandu necklace n. Valley) n. 1. xaaraa'. nxewaa r . 2. (of beads worn by women other than widows. In newcomer n. Brahmin custom, only by mar- syll. ried women with living hus- bands) kllji'. news n. 3. (of coral) bxiru'. baen, khabar, na'y8.S tZZ, samjaa ' r. need (of goods, money, facil- ities) n. next a. khZlj . aargo' . needed, be v. next day t. caidiba'. pxanxlgdu' . needle n. next year t. txa'. kxur ima.

negative prefix (on verb) nickname (not given by astrol- ax-. oger) -n. ce. neglect n. xe'l. niece n. (see Appendix A) 1. (MaSiDa, WoHuSiDa) bxaanji'. neigh v. 2. (WoBrDa) kwZmT' . r)xeba . night n. neighbour n. 1. mxwisa, -ro. r)xeb txub. 2. (used mainly in conjunction NIGHT OF DEATH OCCASION OF IMPORTANCE

with Nepali ordinals) nudge v. raa' daa . kodeba I . night of death (many animals die numb a. on night of kaal raa'di. Many 1. tobaa'. people stay awake on this night, 2. (with cold) gaqgridiba, viz. eighth day of, Dasain called kaathidiba', kz'ba, asfarni ', to "cut the death") n. thiridiba'. kaalraa'di. number n. nine num. nxarnba r . 1. ku'. 2. (in Nepali loan phrases) nau. nurse n. 1. (medical) susaare'. nineteen num. 2. (for child) dxaraa'le. unes . ninth day of Dasera festival n. naurni' . nip off v. chywi 'ba. O.K. pa. nipple (of breast) n. jei, tam, 6. qxe kra. o'clock (used in conjunction with noise n. Nepali numerals) n. aawa j . baje. nonpersonal (suffix on loan oath n. numera l 1 s .num . 1. (vow) baacchaa, kasarn. -oda. 2. (curse) kire kibaa' . obey v. qlbaa' . noon n. oblique a. txiySS axdxaal. bSSqgo-fedo'.

north loc. obscene a. kalEdu, taai', uttar. gairo, phori'.

nose n. obscenity n. na. pidSI.

nostril n. observe v. nakhij' . mxSSd i ba . note (currency) n. obstruction (as interrupting no'da. light or of child standing be- tween two people talking) n. note book n. che' I. kaabi I. occasion n. notice n. 1. (opportunity) rnaukaa ' . su'cana. 2. txi, belaa. 3. (astrological) joga, belaa. now t. aba, coro', dxero', togo1. occasion of importance (marriage, pae, house building - which nowadays t. necessitates astrological guid- coro', tii' joro', tilnxSSga. ance) n. kaarjya. OCCUPATION ONLY

occupation n. oh i. i laam. XO, oho, au. occupy v. oh, I see (signifying that one pxweba ' . has now understood) i. xe, gxe. ocean n. samudra . oil n. 1. te' la. odour n. 2. (cooking) chyugu' . baasan, thSZI. old (of cloth) a. of (possessive) s .n. thahi. -la, -e. old man n. of the present time a. khiba'. dxowo ' . omit v. of two minds a. biridiba. saE gxT1 tabaa'. on loc. off-centre loc. phiri'. chyogari' . on behalf of p. offence n. lxaagiri. gaar. on heat (of animals, lit. husband offend v. seeking), be v. sag na' 1 Iabaa ' . pha mxaeba. offended, be v. on the upper side of loc. gaar mxSZIdiba. kxowSS pxadE. offer v. once av. 1. (an animal sacrifice, espe- ekaal i I. cially to consecrate various parts of new house) khro once upon a time t. pTbaa' . paile', syom8E. syom8S syom8ZI. 2. (sacrifice) pujdiba' . 3. (to ancestors) chywebaa ' . one num. 1. elk, gxril, kri'. offering n. 2. (with suffixes) ti-. 1. (of rice given priests for use in ceremonies, the bulk one after another av. being kept as part of his dxamaa' dxa'm. payment) acheda'. 2. (to gods or priests, usually one and a half num. money) bxet i ' . der. office n. one by one av. 1. (government) addaal, adlaasa'. palo' pallet. 2. (of district administration gosa r . one ... the other pn. 3. (clerical) aphis. khaen ... khaen. official n. oneself pn. aph i sar . khi. official responsible s.n. onion n. -dxi19. pyaa'ja. offspring of animal n. only a. jxajal. khaali', ma'ttre', sirib. OPEN PALE

open 1. -J. (as of road's completion, switching on a radio, opening outside loc. a box for customs inspection, baairu. commencing an army career) kholdiba'. over p. 2. a. (of ground, road, box) phiri1. khul laa'. 3. v. (door) th5baa1. over and over av. 4. v. (eyes - of human) churbaa'. gxari I. open out over there loc. 1. v.t. phaebaa'. ca'ri, jxaa-. 2. v.i. (of flowers) pxaariba. over-indulge (in food, drink) v. opinion n. chyaalbaa'. bijaara', saZ bicaara'. overcast - of sky, be v. opportunity n. kxiiba . maukaa' . overflow v. opposed to p. 1xuba. barkhela. overflowing n. or c. jal tha'l. athaba1, u, yaa, ki'. overhead a. orange n. phibi. sundal aa. overturn v. order (governmental) n. paltidi'ba. xuku'm. own (ref lexive pronoun) order goods from a distant place xr8sa, k hemaE. (esp. from someone coming from overseas) v. owner n. thobaa' . khlxye. orders n. ox n. xa'k. khlxyaa' . ordinary a. maamul.i8, sadxaran, saadaa'. organisation n. paddle of wood about 18" long caal calaan, samaaj, bebasthaa. used for beating jungle fibres n. mxiiru.

page n. other a. pe'na. aargo', aaru, phaaltu'. pain n. other side of p. naane. ky6ja"Zl. pair n. . ought jodaa. txuba. palace n. our pn. darbaara. Qi'e. pate a. outlay n. phikkaa', saadaa'. PALM OF HAND 18Q PEN patm of hand n. pass plo. 1. v. (urine, bowet motion) tx6ba. pan n. 2. v. (wind rectatty) syubaal. 1. (handtetess, metat) dibj i. 3. n. (graduation) paa Is. 2. (long-handted, for frying food) taabgel. . past repetitive tense s. 3. (for scates) nau'li. -ma' la. 4. (of brass) tasalal. past tense s. panic v. -i, -di, -ji -1u -la. aadidiba'. pasture for cattte (uncuttivated) n panther n. pada, gaucaran. cy6'di cituwaa'. patch paper n. 1. v. khEbaal. kaagaadaal . 2. n. faalul. parade (mititary) n. path n. paredaa I . gxya"Z1. parade ground n. pattern n. tGiikhella. dxa"a"jal . parat let av. pawpaw n. piru. mewaa . parat tet mate cousins n. pay (satary) n. daajyu bxaai'. tanakhal . paraZysed a. pay attention v. k6jura xyaabal, kagraa ku'gru. dxyaan p'iba'. pardon n. pea n. maalph. ta"a"ggral. parents-in-law of one's own peace n. chitd n. gantok. samdi I. peace-maker n . parrot n . sG lachin. sugaa I. peacock n. part n. mG1juraa, na'ut6. -b%l, xissal. peak (of tree, mountain, stick part in hair n. or beam, top of statuette) n. olgya"a". CXO. partition (wooden, in house) n. peanut n. kaibaa'ra. badama . partner n. pee t 1. sajai. 1. n. bogro, phi. 2. (as of two friends) jodaa. 2. v. chaa'ba. party n. peg in verandah floor to hotd dapha, paatil, $olil. Zoom n. thuri. pass through v. kyulbaa' . pen (cage) n. cy6. PENALTY PICKLE

penalty n. almallaa'. danda. persimmon fruit n. penis of adult man n. xalwaa' . ml xe . person n. penknife n. mxi. cakku' . person whose nose is continually people of a kingdom or country n. . runny n. janta. naa'ble. pepper. F. perspiration n. ma'r~ja. chaeba. peppery ' a. persuade v. sobaa . 1. (of truth of something) kwE'l labaa'. percent av. 2. (to do something) xw88ba1. sai kafa. pertain to v. perfect a. pyaa'ba. 1. satte'. 2. (in physical excellence, of petticoat worn under sari n. humans) mxaarba. peffi'ko'da. perfect aspect S.V. pewter n. -00yG. kZ8su'. perforate v. pheasant n. cwibaa'. parwaa', ti'ntiri. perforated a. phlegm n. sii tabaa' . khona. perform v. photo n. labaa' . na'kasa, tasbir, pho;ol. perhaps pa. physical blemish (of man or saed. animal, such as scar, birthmark, crossed eyes, twisted limb, any perhaps ... perhaps c. malproportion) n. na'... na'. khodi I. permanently av. piano accordion n. igurle' . xarbin. permission n. pice (one hundredth part of xuku'm. rupee) n. pa i saa ' . permission to leave n. bidaa. pick at (as a dumb person pokes at people to draw attention) v. permissive a. khodeba' . -bxTba1 . pick up v. permit (as for cutting timber) n. tubaa' . phurj i I. pickle made from radish leaves perpendicular a. (pounded in a bamboo cylinder f haado'. then allowed to stand for a week till fermented. They are then perplexed a. sun dried and stored for later PICTURE 186 PLANT

use) n. pipe of bamboo for smoking n. gundru. kulbi.

picture n. pipe of clay about 2" inches long, na'kasa, photo, tasbir. for smoking tobacco n. ciIT. piece of old canew0r.k (as used in thaa sJ waabaa' ceremony) n. pitch (of song) n. cxaabl8. bxaagaa ' .

pieces n. pity n. cho'n5. Ixayo.

pierce v. place cwibaa'. 1. n. khlxyo. 2. v. th8baa1. pig n. 1. (domestic) tili'. place for dancing n. 2. iwild) t5. khaa l . pigeon (domestic) n. place in forest where dead trees pa rwaa ' . are available n. gxaa raa . pile n. khaa 'd. place where one lays head for sleeping - towards fireplace n. pill n. kregii. go1 i, phii. place where woman sits in pillar n. cooking n. 1. thaa'maa, txo. kxorbae khlxyo. 2. (central, set first in building a house) mu' l txo. plague affecting cattle n. xri. pillow n. kregc. plain (ordinary) a. saadaa', saadxaran. pimple n. ci. plains dwellers from Terai and north India n. pin (safety) n. mxad i se. pi'na. plait v. pineapple n. 1. (rope) khri'baa'. bxaTtkafar. 2. (hair) pebaa . pink a. plait of black cotton (plaited in gulaaphi . with woman's own hair) n. kram'i ' . pints s.num. -ma. plan n. 1. (design) iskim. pious person n. 2. (purpose) bijaar. bxakti. plane (aircraft) n. pipe n. jxaasaal . nalgi'. plant pipe band n. 1. n. (generic) dxii'. paai bE'n. 2. n. (with red berry in Nov.- Dec.) e'ra. pipe for hookah n. 3. v. (crops) ru5baa'. paaeba cilT. PLANTS SHOOTING CLOSE TOGETHER 187 PORCUPINE

plants shooting close together n. plunder v. jaiile. ludiba'. plastic n. plural marker s.n. ra'bara. 1. jaga, jau. 2. (for humans and animals) plate (for rice, about 10" -mate". diam.) n. 3. (fo~things and perhaps thaal i. cattle) budii. platform n. pocket n. 1. (upper floor of house) aadi'. guj i . 2. (resting place under shady tree) caudara. piint n. 1. rnlxu, mrxu. .ay v. 2. (of compass) d isaa. 1. (games) khlyzbaa' . 2. (musical instruments, radio) poison n. xraaba. bikh, rnegzz. 3. (on swing or ferris wheel) rnxaeba I. pole n. dSSda, daara, sadaa ' . playful baby animal n. bifhe". police n. pul isaa'. p leasant a. kxyaalaba, ra'rnid, swaabaa'. polish v. 1. rnijiba'. please (courteous, polite par- 2. (by rubbing with a cloth) ticle, sentence final on re- rnoldiba'. quests) pa. 0. pollen n. saa ' raa. pleased a. t7 s'itba. pond n. xraa . pledge not to repeat offence, the signing of which is a con- pony n. dition for release from faffu. p~isonn. kae 1. pool n. kuwaa. pliable (of cloth, skin) a. ra'bara, natrarn. poor a. garib. plough 1. n. kxora, xa'la. poor person n. 2. v. kxyoba'. khlySSnul. 3. v. (after spreading manure, repeatedly) ugaasdibaa'. pop (grains) v. ~xoba. plough share (metal) n. phal i. porch n. 1. (downstairs) pTdT. 2. (usually upstairs on end of house, usually enclosed, to which lower caste people are pluck v. given entrance) baarta1 i ' . thubaa' . porcupine n. pluck ripe grains only v. dxiisit . prubaa' . PORTENTS USED BY SH&MAN 198 PRETEND TO DO SOMETHING portents used by shaman in divina- prayer flag (erected on bamboo tion n. poles before Buddhist monasteries tx8-chyaa. and homes) n. l u~ta. porter (contemptuous term) n. dxaagre' . preach v. pracaar labaa1. possessions n. 1. dxan sampati', dxT1naa, precise a~. sampat i I. fhyaa' kka. 2. (goods and money brought back from service abroad) saaldi. precisely .1. av. (exactly) chen33le. post n. 2. i. (affirmative response) xo. 1. txo. 2. (to which threshing oxen are predict v. tethered) rnxZ . liGbale t33 bibaa. 3. (some inches in diameter, used particularly for pregnant woman n. tethering cattle, bigger kxone muba'e carnilri. than phargu or prxe) kyulul. prejudiced a. post-funeral ceremony (to conduct gxamalndi. a departed spirit to the resting place of the dead) n. prepare v. pae. 1. (meal, ceremony) cxuba ' . 2. (vegetables for cooking, pot with handle (of aluminium, cutting out waste) swibaa'. for ghee, milk, etc.) n. syaalrngo. prepared a. kasdi bal, tayaar. potato n. aalu'. present 1. n. (gift) nasul. pots and pans n. 2. a. (on duty) x33ji5r. bx33da' kGdG1. 3. n. (of food taken by a woman visiting her relafives) pounce upon v. kosyaali'. xwZba, mxuba . presently t. pound togo' . 1. v. (rice) dx6ba1. 2. n. (for animals) k5je xaaus. press 1. v. khS3diba1, rnxaaba. pour v. 2. v. (with foot) n?j1ba, jx6ba ' . 3Sfhidiba1. 3. n. (for extracting oil or powdered a. sugar juice) kulaa. paudara' . 4. v. (mud on paddy wall) a1 dxZbal. power (spiritual of gods or religious officiants) n. prestige n. gakt i . i jed, abbrul. praise (sung to a n. prestigious man (usually aaraalti. foreign) n. saabaa' . prawn n. kwi'jiri t33'ga. pretence n. ni'G, swSlg. prayer n. praarthana'. pretend to do something (as a PRETEXT PUMPKIN

pretext to cover one's real progress n. intent) v. bikaa5. ni'ii labaa'. prohibition n. pretext n. baan . ni 'ii. promise pretty a. 1. n. baacchaa. chyS8baa . 2. v. kabol labaa'.

previously t. prone a. as6', osc', syBmZZ, uySL'. padkhu'.

price n. property n. k6', sa'e. 1. (house, land) gxa'r khe'daa. 2. (baggage) maa'l. prick n. 3. (possessions) nxur. cwibaa', kobdiba', mlxubaa'. proportionate to p. pride n. xisaab. sikki'. prosperity n . priest n. cha. 1. (Buddhist) la'maa. 2. (Hindu) pujaare' . prosperous a. 1. (wealthy) plxoba' . prime (physically, usually of 2. (successfull xy6 lachin. men, but also of animals) a. phre". prostitute n. randi baaji. print v. chaabdi baa. protect v. jugudiba, racche labaa'. printed (of paadru' 'astrological calendar') a. protection n. chaapwaa', kS8si' waale'. saer.

prise up v. proud, be v. ku'ba. pxEba.

privately. av. proverb n. ekaantaa'. ukhaan.

proclaim (news, announcement) v. provide v. gxaudi'ba. khulidiba'.

proclamation n. prune v. su'cana. chSZdibal, khasi' labaa'.

prodigal n. mxaaswaa ' .

produce n. pull apart v. ubjani. t6baa ' .

profession n. pull out v. ilaam. thutti'ba.

profit (especialzy from corrupt pulse (lentils) n. practices) n. daala. naphaa'. pumpkin n. PUN RADISH

iisya. put up with v. khabdiba'. Pun (an ethnic group of Nepal, often regarded as a subgroup of Magars) n .p. pramas. qualified people (either refer- punch v. ring to arbitration of quarrels, 1. (with fist) bachaardiba. or to divination, or technical 2. (hole in ~aper)th6baa1. skills) n. xrab se'bmaz. pundit (religious scholar) n. pandidrna'i. quarre 2 1. n. jxagadaa'. punishment designed to reform 2. v. px6ba. offender n. sajai' . quarter n. 1. (one fourth) caGthC8. pure a. 2. (area of town) tola. 1. (ritually) cokho', suddo'. 2. (clean) saphphaa', pawitra. quarters n. 3. (morally) su'do, satte'. deraa. purpose n. queer. n. kada, maldab. rnriisyo. purposelessly av. questton n. khe ro. prasna. purr (of cat) v. question particle (seeking con- gxrubal. firmation of statement) pa. aa, xwaa ' . purse (cloth, women's, for money) n. quickly av. jxi lge' . gxari'nna, gxar chilnna, jxaab jxup, yumanaa. pursed lips (for blowing up fire) n. quill of porcupine n. phu'. mlxu. pursue v. quoted speech marker pa. lxagaard i ba. ro. pus n. nxo. push v. rabbit n. kxaeba' . kharaa' . push through a hole v. rabies (of dogs) n. chwi'ba. sobaala. put (place something) v. races (sports) n. the"baal . khel . put in (bolt in place, seeds in rack n. ground, sugar in tea, chickens 1. (over fireplace) fx6wSS. under basket, feed in manger) v. 2. (for stacking rice straw) jx6ba' . towaa. put to bed v. radish n. nebaa' . 1. labu' RECORD

2. (sliced and dried) canal. reach v. 3. (pickle of leaves) gundru. syaa'ba. 4. (preserved) kyiida. read v. raffle n. khe'ba. ci 'tfhaa. ready a. rafter n. tayaar, so'j, kasdiba'. balo, masi'. real a. ragged a. krxosena. thaun i . really! fin amazement) i. rags n. xet'teri, xo. kw6 faalaa' fuli'. reap v. rain 1. (full stalks) khalEba. 1. n. nZS1. 2. (heads of grain) thubaa'. 2. v. nSS' yu'ba. reason n. rainbow n. kaaran. xyaago. rebuke v. rain hat n. gaa l ke' ba, xaud i ba I. chadri kule'. receipt n. rainy season n. lesfa'. barkha. receive v. raised portion (verandah, bank of ki'ba' . gully, etc.1 n. $11. recently t. 1. bxakha'r. ram n. 2. (a few days ago) axySS Ui'. 1. sa"S1de. 3. (before yesterday) 67' mTT1. 2. (full grown) kxyu' s55'de. 3. (young, one to two years) recess in wall (to hold lamp so kxyu' khaarbu. that work can be done at night) n. rat n. khoba' . nimii. recital (given during Tiwa rat hole n. festival late Oct. for which ro. offerings are expected) n. bxai lo'. rate of goods or services n. kc'. recitation (memorized) n. mu 'waar. rather c. baru, jxan'. recite from memory v. mu'waar cadiba'. rattan cane n. mo'. reckoning n. xisaab. rattle v. gxaji'diba. recognise v. 06 se'ba, se'ba. ray (of sun or star) n. sa ' ra. recollect v. sa2r mxaZba1. razor blade n. ispaadaa'. record (on tape, film) v. khitti'ba. RECORDER 192 REPEATED

recorder (musical instrument) n. religion (traditional, animistic, murli'. sacrificial) n. santan dxarmat . recover (from illness) v. na'b sxaba'. religious officiant (indigenous Gurung, of shamanistic Tibe tan recovered slightly a. Bon tradition) n. khaj i j . khlxebri, pucu. red a. religious rules n. olgyaa'. riti thiti'. red powder used for tika n. religious teacher n. sTdur. dxarma' guru, guru. redeem mortgaged property v. reluctance n. khaa ' ba . kaes . reduce v. remain v. 1. (cay, army) tho'ba. 1. (left over) ca'eba, Qa'eba. 2. (zn size) gxadi'ba. 2. (stand still) chyobaa. 3. (abide) tibaa'. regard as v. churi bat. remainder n. 1. bZ8gi. regiment n. 2. (of uncompleted work) ekwaa', paldan. t6. regret n . remember v. pachi t. cxiba', mxazba'. regulations n . remembrance n . riti thiti. cinu'. reign v. remnant of cloth n. raaj labaa'. taalu'. related by kin, be v. remorse n. phebaa' . pach i t. relative n. ,remorseful ly av. naathu', sainij'. dxaradxara. relative who performs son-in- , remove a paddy wall in order to law's responsibilities at a enlarge rice paddy v. pae n. piridiba. mxo . render unavailable v. relatives n. pxweba ' . istaa' mi'ttra. rent n. relax v. 1. bxaaraa', kiraai. kii'ba. 2. (on house) baala. release v. repair v; 1. pi'ba, te'ba. banidiba, gaidiba, kywz'ba. 2. (from curse of witch or evil spirit) txzba. repeat words after someone v. lili lili bibaa'. reliability n. bxa r . repeated a. dabal . REPEATEDLY RICE

repeatedly av. rest gxar i I. 1. n. aaram. 2. v. bx6' nxaba. replacement n. bxarna' . rest day (work or travel for- bidden) n. reply n. kolsa prim. j uwaaba. rest house (built for travellers report as a meritorious work) n. 1. n. (reputation) baen. f ha"a"d i . 2. n. (gossip spoken behind one's back) phram tSZ. rest one's foot on v. 3. v. (for duty) xa"a"jilr tabaa'. nxeba.

repose n. rest upon v. aaram. dxtiba' . reprimand v. restaurant n. gaal ke'ba. xote' I.

reputation n. resting platform on roadside n. ijed, baen. nxZ.

request n. restore v. bindi. sE1ba.

required, be v. restrain (in pen or trap) v. Ixaidiba, Ixaudiba. thundiba'.

resemble v. restraint (moral or social) n. bycba, xri khabaa'. chyaar.

resembling a. resurrected, be v. dxurulstaa. bauridiba.

residue n. retail v. ekwaa' . Ii5baa1. resolve (a dispute) v. retaliate v. tobaa I . badalaa labaa'. respect v. retracted (of lamp wick), be v. 1. maaln labaa'. gaad i ba. 2. (as a person) mxi labaa', mxi cxiba. re turn 1. v.i. eba', respectful address for any older. 2. v.t. ewaaba'. man n. 3. n. sadaa'. txajyi5. 4. v.t. (goods) sSfba. 5. v.i. (on the same day from a response to greeting (respect- journey) khwi'ba. ful) i. xajur. revenge v. sadaa' pTbaal . response to call i. xwe' . reward v. saiaa ' mxaeba . responsibilities associated with funeral or post-funeral cere- rice n. monies n. 1. (as opposed to less preferred rnatdSS mu1 dti. staple foods) mlxog6. RICE STRAWS 194 RIVER

(cooked) ka6. right size a. (freshly harvested) siraaiilu'. plxi kru krxiba. (husked, uncooked) ml xas i . (insufficiently cooked or right to speak n. not ripe) si. p6'bae gxyS8'. (variety) ciniyZ8'. (paddy from seed to husking) right way up (as of woven mat) a. mlxa. suldu' . (roasted, thrown by women relatives at corpse and at righteous a. plxo at a pae, also offered gadi lul-. in pujal Ixawaa. (type of better quality than rim (of basket) n. clniyaa', planted early oZ8. asar, ripens late kaartik) mxaarsi . ring 1. v. xraaba. rice straws (prepared by extruding 2. n. (finger) cyaa', aifhi'. boiled mashed rice, drying in 3. n. (iron surrounding bamboo sun, and frying in deep fat for container) kZZjut. eating) n. 4. n. (worn in nose) phuli'. khyuni', jxilge'. rip off v. rice flakes n. chywi ba. cyura' . ripen (of fruit and grains) v. rice fragments broken during mT1ba. husking n. kZigaa ' . rise v. 1. (of people) ribaa'. rice gruel (sticky) n. 2. (of dough) rG'ba, phildiba'. kxole. 3. (of sun) mlxoba' . rice pounder n. rise and fall (of voice pitch) v. kun i . gxumd i ' ba.

rich a. rite n. plxoba' . 1. (initial used to 'neutralize witch's curse) paaldu' riches n. waabaa' . nxor. 2. (second used to negate curse of witch) dobaade waabaa'. ride v. 3. (third to neutralize witch's 1. (on a swing -or ferris wheel) curse) ~xae"sS' ba. ku'd i mxaeba' 4. (conducted in post-funeral 2. (car or animaZl krebaa'. ceremony) cxemphar labaa'.

' ridge n. rites n. dil. riti thiti'.

ridge pattern (imprinted on palm ritual fast (for special days, by leaning on gundr i, or in perhaps eating only one meal, seed plot) n. or fruit only, or only what one dyaamaa. has cooked oneself, or eating in silence) n. right barjit. 1. n. (authority) adi khaar. xa'k. ritually clean a. 2. a. (correct) fhi'k. cokho' . 3. a. (body parts) kyolo. 4. av. (direction) kyolo' river n. paffi'. 1. sy6. RUPEES

2. (in place names) kholaa'. rot (of vegetation) v. 3. (joining Seti east of krIllba. Ghachok) syaatti sy6. rotate rivulet n. 1. v.t. gxumdi'waaba. pxals. 2. v.i. (of mittstone, propeller, wheel) mxyaarbal. road n. gxy511. rotten (of eggs) a. kxwiba. roast v. 1. (in pan) cjxoba. rotund a. 2. (in coals) khr6baa ' . chobaa' . robber n. rough a. ElSIgu. khasro' . rock round about p. 1. n. cjyulmII, yu'maa. jare, kaa'rgyu, khaa'gu. 2. v. (a baby) Ixaaba' . rows of stitching s.num. rocky area (hard to make way -syaar. through) n. gx6'. rub hard v. t . 1. (as hands together, for rol l call parade n . warmth; or a cloth, to get xIljilr. dirt out) mijiba'. 2. (tobacco into flakes) roll over v. moldiba'. oleba' . rude a. roll over and over v. axlachin sG, axkho1jy51 sz. rali rali labaa'. rug n. roll up (mat, paper) v. 1. (type for sitting on) berd i ba. p5cjga l el . 2. (for floor, used for sitting roof and sleeping on) -xradi. 1. v.t. sywibaa'. 3. (woven of sheep or goat's 2. n. (covering verandah or wool) kaamlo' . sleep-out) paal i I. rule sternly, authoritatively v. roof garden with balustrade n. ro-ro pi-pi labaa'. kaus i I. ruled a. roof of mouth n. xrekha. sllso. rum n. room (in house) n. paa ' . kothaa' . rumour (generally false) n. rooster n. phram tl5. bxaa 1e' . run v. root n. kxyoba. jara. run away v. rope n. bxaudi'ba, chyu'di xyaaba'. chu, xrasi. rupees n. rose n. mxwi'. gulaaph. RYE-LIKE GRAIN 196 SCARE

rye-like grain (eleusine sane a. corasanal n. satte' . naare' . sapling n. txura.

sari n. sack n. phariya'. 1. (small) n5do.l. 2. (for holding grains or satisfactory a. flour, 10 pad i or more) !hi 'kan. kuldu. satisfied a. sacred thread of Hindu (worn on 1. (usually of food) mrC 'ba. neck or wrist) n. 2. (with a meal) sSZJ1 tabaa'. j ane . saucepan n. sacrificial rites (generally in- tasala' . tended to appease spirits) n. pujaa' . sauerkraut n. 1. (made from radish) kyJdaa8. sad a. 2. (made of garlic leaves) I khugi' axxreba', pir mubaa' 9 j imbu. sag na'ba. save V. sadness n. jugudiba. aaphsos, solga. save up v. salaried position n. sZS1diba. jaagir. saving of money n. salary n. thi. talaba'. savour n. sale n. swaad. bikri. say v. salt n. bibaa. caja. scabies (in man) n. salute n. ludu' . solod. scale (of fish) n. salvation n. katle'. mu'kti, ra'cche. scales n. sambhar n. 1. (balances - with lead weight jaraayo, e. on one end) paa'raa. 2. (with trays both ends for same a. measuring gold) kSSda. gxrinaa'. scar n. sample (food) v.t. tadel. mxy6ba. scarce a. sanction n. mxSZgu ' . sadar. scarcity n. sand n. Sga I. balwaa. scare v. sandal n. plxa 16waaba1. cab1 i. SCARF SEE

scarf n. cxyurba. 1. (long, wooZZen, worn by men) galbandi. scriptures of a religion n. 2. (worn on Woman's head) kram3 ' . dxarma Jastra', Jaastara. scatter v.t. scrubby area (with cy6'di, 1. (paper) paEbaa8.. dhurse') n. 2. (seed on field) plxubal. padyaani I. school n. scrubland (about 6000 feet to skula'. 8000 feet) n. dxusaa I. scissors n. kaTj i '. scrupulous about religious regulations (such as washings, scold v. diet, etc.1 a. pxaba, xaudiba'. bxakti '. scolding n. sea n. bururu. samudra . scorch seal n. 1. v.t. thi'ba. chaa'p. 2. v.i. krobaa'. search for v. score v. mxaeba. kordi baa. season (food, with spices) v. scorpion n. masala' jx6ba1. tximmru bicche. second a. SCOUT V. dosro. myaa'ba. second-born daughter n. scourer (straw, husks, corn cob, mxail i . etc.) n. lxiidi. second-born son n. mxaila. scrap n. taalu' . second day after a given date t. niili'mdG. scrape 1. v.t. (bark) khurkudiba' . second day after dasmi n. 2. v.t. (dishes clean) myaalba. duwaadasi. 3. v.i. (of door, etc.) ~xeba. second line of coupZet n. scraps (of cloth) n. kaal. kwE taalaa' tuli'. second-rate a. scratch kacca . 1. v.t. ru'iba. 2. v.i. (as of a pen) secretary n. kord ibal . sajib. 3. v.t. (by a thorn) roebaa' . section screen (on windows to keep out 1. n. (part) xissa'. insects) n. 2. s.num. -jZZ. jaal i. sediment in pan after boiling screw top n. milk n. kaa ' . kuraani', kaUri. screw up v. see v. SEED SETTLEMENT

sense (wisdom) n. buddi, dimaag. seed n. plxu'. senses n. plxa. seeds (of pumpkin, etc.) n. mrxe. sentence (penalty) n. sajaE1. seek v. mxaeba. separate 1. v.t. phribaal. seek an auspicious day v. 2. v.t. (wool, fluffing it with qxyoba. bow after washing process) pre"baal. segments (of fruit - orange, 3. v.i. churibal. etc.) n. phG. sergeant (in Indian or Nepalese Army) n. segregate v. xaawoldaar. cha"a"flibal. serpent form of a god n. seize v. lu. kxaaba, pagdidiba', pxEba. serrated (as of elephant's trunk, select v. rat-eaten pages of book, saw 1. ch5Zdiba1. teeth) a. 2. (after carefully comparing qri'ba qri'ba. various choices) txZZba. serve out (rice from pot) v. self pn. kywibaa ' . xr8sa. service n. self-control n. 1. ~employmentl no'kori . gyaan. 2. (attending to needs) susaar. self -respect n. set abbru' , i jed. 1. v.i. (of sun, moon) li'ba. 2. v.t. (aside for later use) selfish person n. so'j labaa'. kugaadaa', kh6'da. set fire to v. sell v. salgadlba'. ci'ba, 18baa1. set in order v. selvage (of cloth) n. krxil labaa', krxille thEbaal, qZZ. mxildiba. semblance (poor copy, in set out on a journey v. derogatory sense) n. saidul labaa', gxy5a"' kxaaba. anman. set up (prepare) v. send v. cxuba' . 1. (a thing, letter) pibxTbal. 2. (a person on an errand) Seti river gorge n. kulbaa', kul bxTbal. gaqgyu. send back v. settle (of earth, wall) v.i. se"' ba. bxaasi'diba. senior person n. settlement (of a dispute) n. cibaal. chi'na phaa'naa. SEVEN SHEEP

seven num. shaman (who divines supernaturaZ 1. oil. causes of illness, etc.) n.

2. (in loan phrases) saa't. a pujyu'.

seven hundred num. shameless a. ~i'braa. nakadaa ' . seventy num. share n. r~i'jyu. S'Eaa.

several a. share aanek. 1. s.num. -bSB. 2. n. bxaau', xissaa'. severe a. 1. (of person) nisturi. share farming n. 2. (of famine) carko'. axdxe' . severely av. share out (food) v. dururule. pSSbaa ' . sew v. sharp a. !xu ba ' . chyaa'rba. sexually aroused (of male ani- sharp edge (as of axel n. mals) a. dxaara' . caldiba'. sharpen (a point) v. shade n. myiibaa' . sidaa' la. shave (wood) v. shade of meaning n. khurkud i ban. bxaa ba ' . shawl n. shadow n. 1. (worn sash-like by mature chyaa. women) pro'. 2. (worn as head covering) shake pachyoraa' . 1. v.t. Ixaaba'. 2. v.i. yog6ba8. she pn. 3. v.t. (a door) gxaji'diba. ca'. 4. v.i. (in chill, fright, shaman's trance) txaarba. she herself pn. khi. shake head in negation v. kra Ixaaba', kra salibal. sheaf 1. n. Iii'daa. shake loose (as of dust off one's 2. s.num. (grass or fibres) feet) v. - j yaa . samet khaar thzbaa'. 3. n. (of grain) muthaa'. shake oneself (of animal shaking sheath of Nepali dagger n. water off after rain) v. syu. khaa' rba. shed n. shake to and fro (of cat with a 1. (near house, thatched roof) mouse) v. sinT1. mxuba .' 2. (temporary shelter for cattle) prx6. shaking (of fruit falling from trees being shaken) n. sheep n. bxudududu. kxyu' . SHEET SHRINE

shee t n. ceremonial purposes - at 1. (of white cloth carried Dasain) jamra . ahead of corpse) gxySS1. 2. (used on bed) cyaadar. shop n. dukhaan. shelf n. 1. (above firep2ac.e to hold short a. wood, meat for drying) 1. (in length) ranthi '. tx8wSS. 2. (of man) mo'ba. 2. (for big pots and water jars) .takhada' . short person n. put ke. shell 1. v. (husks off corn) pi'ba. short-tempered a. 2. n. (of snail) gxS3'. nxakhii pra'ba. shelter short-tempered person n. 1. v.i. (from rain) o'ttiba, jxadT8ySS, jxadTge. kru'ba. 2. n. (temporary, built in shortage n. fields distant from home khSSj . where workzrs stay over- night) fhS5di . shortly t. 3. n. (above rice housing ~XOWO', togo'. place) sy6' rSSni . shorts n. shelves n. j xSSge . a' lmudi. shot-gun n. shepherd bandxu' . 1. v. chabaa'. 2. n. chaz. shot-put n. chyolo. shift 1. v.t. sardiba'. shoulder n. 2. v.i. yog6ba'. 1. (especially towards neck) klSdaa ' . shin n. 2. (especially away from neckl khlxy6, nali', pxali d5Sda. pxazdo. shine v. shout v. 1. (of sun) pre'ba. gxaudi'ba, kae te'ba. 2. (with brightness) talgadiba'. shouting in confusion av. ship n. cySSii cySglGle? kyu' jxaasa' . show v. shirt n. t2baa1, uaTba. 1. kamZjal. 2. (Nepali style) bxodo' . shriek v. cijidiba'. shiver v. 1. txaarba. shrimp n. 2. (with fever) kwibaa' . kw'i'jiri tSS.'ga. shoe n. shrine n. juda. 1. (small, for offering religious rites to deudaa) shoot n. deuraa li.

1. maudu'. ' 2. (to a god, smaller than 2. (new, of edible lily) gaba. ma'ndi rl thaa'na. 3. (of barley grown indoors for SHRINK 201 SIT

shrink (of cloth or of hole) v. similar p. gxadi'ba, rubaa'. -d6'. shrouded completely (of wearing similar, be v. cape) av. krxiba. gxublukkale. simmer v. shuffle through (in 'looking for plu'ba. something lost) v. Ixiba'. simultaneously av. ticyaarnaa'. shut v. 1. (a door) tubaa'. sin (ritual defilement) n. 2. (eyes) mT' cy3' labaa'. paa b . shut up (imprison) v. t . since p. thundiba'. sero' , 'wono' . shy, be v. sinew n. pibaa'. nasa.

sib lings (blood brothers and sing v. sisters) n. 1. (a song) pr7'ba. ti'ma8, saget. 2. (first line of a solo couplet) ubaa' . sick, be v. na'ba. singe (an animal after killing) v. khr6baa' . sickle n. a"Ssil. singly av. ekaali'. side with v. Ixaidiba. sink v. 1. (of earth) bxaasi'diba. sieve n. 2. (of boat) dubdiba. 1. (cane, for winnowing grains) pwiga'8. sir n. 2. (uinnowing tray for small saabaa' . grains) ce'na. sister n. (see Appendtx A) sigh 1. (EtSi, address by younger 1. v. xui labaa'. siblings, relatively rare) 2. n. xa'ger xa'ger. axgxz' . 2. (ErSi) anSS. sights n. 3. (YtSi) kanchi. jxili ra mi'li. 4. (YrSi) ZrjSS' . 5. (2nd) mxaili. sign in Eevanagari script indi- 6. (3rd) saili'. cating that no vowel sound 7. (4th) kaTlil. follows a consonant (lit. 'foot cutting') n. sister-in-law n. (see Appendix A) pxal tho'ba. 1. (HuYrBrWi) deurZSni. 2. (WiYrSi) sali'. signature n. 3. (ErBrWi) c6. sail. 4. (YrBrWi) buwaa r i . significance n. sisters (MaSi, WoHuSi) n. bxaabaat, pattaa. rT', rT'rna8.

silver n. sit v. cSSd i ' . 1. k3'ba. 2. (of hen on eggs) n6'ba. S IVA SMASH

Siva (Hindu deity) n. often occupied by widowed, siba. adolescent, or divorced members of family) n. six num. khubi'. !XU'. sleepiness n. sixty num. nxaru. fxujyul . sleeping place n. skein of thread n. khlxyo. cyaa' . slender a. skid v. padlu' . plebaa' . slip v. skilful a. plebaa' . si'baalul. slip of the tongue n. skin n. SO phlebaa'. 1. fxubi. 2. (of goat used at pae cere- slither on stomach (of infant mony) khaa I. unable. yet to crawl) v. khlySSbaat . skirt n. 1. ligil, sySZmZZ1. slothful a. 2. (worn by young girls) alchi'. j ZZmaa . 3. tigisaal. slow a. 4. (of dark checked cloth worn !xi le' . by Gurung women) musre' ~xywi'. slowly av. nti'jile. skull n. khop 1E. slug n. 1. ka'bu. sky n. 2. (large, usually 2"-3" long) mu. maina' ka'bu.

sky gods (sun and moon, regarded small a. as remote, not requiring animal 1. cy8baa1, jxaja'. sacrifice or other offerings) n. 2. (in size) cyugu' thiri'. pa ramezwara . small as that a. sky is clear v. cxi siri', cxi thiri'. mu th6~~yfi'. small portion eaten by convales- slander n. cent n. cul i . tyal te. slanting a. small quantity of rice n. b22go-fedo. gaasa.

slap with open hand v. smaller a. chEraabal . gxadi I.

slaughter (animal) v. smalZpox n. tholba. biphar.

slave n. smart a. keb. calaakh.

sleepout (enclosed side verandah smash v. phordiba'. SMELL SOMETIMES

so 1. c. cxamare', dabae, diySS, diy3a"re'. 2. av. (. . . big, fat, etc.) smile (in friendliness or cxaa. mockery) v. ni xe'rara labaa'. soak v. kyobaa' . smoke 1. n. migu'. soaked a. 2. v. (cigarettes, etc.) p3a"'ba. thiit ba. soap n. smooth a. saabaanaat. 1. (of flour, cloth, skin, sur- faces) masinu'. society n. 2. (of surface) ci'llo. samaa j . smooth mud and cowdung on walls sock n. and floor v. juraabaa. syaa'laba. soda (a rising agent) n. snag v. sodaa ' . kxoba . soft a. snail n. galdiba, kamalot, masinu', ka'bu gxS3'. na'ram, gi liba'. snake n. soil n. 1. (in religious texts) l u. sa. 2. (small) pxuri. 3. (large) khl x6bae. soldier n. 4. (python) s.5S1be. laa'khure. 5. (green, with poor eyesight and painful bite) a"Sdil, soldier guards n. SSdi' pxuri. paa l e' . 6. (with poor eyesight and painful bite) pi'bi pxuri. sole of foot n. paidalat, plo. snarl of tiger (onom.) n. xSS. solid (not hollow, of jewel- lery) a. snatch away v. khanwaa' . pxgba. some days ago t. sneeze v. iiitmi ' . chibaa'. some people pn. snobbish a. ku'i. maattiba'. some people's pn. snore v. ku'ilaa. gxruba' . someone, something a. snot n. pha lanaa . naa' . something pn. snow n. to' budB t.5.S. khlyi'. sometimes t . snow peak n. khaatgae, kh6y6 kh6y6, kutila. kadaa'sii, kailaas. SOMETIMES...OTHER TIMES 204 SPIDER

sometimes.. . other times t . spade n. kh6y6.. . kh6y6. belca. son n. (see Appendix A) span of hand n. 1. cxa. bittaa. 2. (adopted) dxarma' pul tra. 3. (first) fhaagu.. spare a. 4. fsecon3) mxaTlaa. phal fun. 5. (third) saTlaar. 6. (fourth) kaTlaat . spare time n. 7. (youngest) kanchaa' , cy6. phursada'. son-in-law (DaHu) n. (see Ap- sparrow n. pendix A) ko' rml. mxo . speak v. son-in- law of household (who pG1ba. lives in wife's house and, in absence of son, inherits speak truthfully v. through wife) n. saccaal pG1ba. gxa r jaws. speak indiscriminately v. song n. nau' kisim bibaa. 1. kxwe . 2. (of praise) bxaja'n. special a. 3. (folk) jxyaaure' kxwe'. fhefaraa' . 4. (ballad sung in responsive parts) dokhore kxwe' . species n. jaad, thari. soot above fireplace n. krxij i. speckled (of animals or clotli) a. jxyaalel maale'. sore n. gxaa', pura. speech n. baagyaa. sores on face n. khors' . speechless (with fury, or joy, or any strong emotion) a. sorrow baagyaa axkhol ldiba. 1. n. aaphsos. 2. v. sag na'ba. speed I.. n. spif. sort (variety) n. 2. v. fin motor vehicle) jaad. kuttiba'.

soul n. spend (money, resources) v. plxa, sag. mxaaidi'ba, mxaasdi'ba.

soup n. spendthrift n. khu' . mxaaswaa'. spew out of the mouth (rinse water, spittle) v. swaalbaa'. south loc. dakhin, kyu'ru maai. spices n. masalal. sow by scattering v. plxuba' . spicy a. sobaa' . space between poles in a rack for stacking corn cobs n. spider n. khaal . tximmru. SPIKE SQUASH

spike n. split v. thuri . 1. tibaa1. 2. (cane) kulba. spill v. 3. (cane or wood lengthwise) ~xeba', okhaldiba'. khlyilba. spilling av. split cane or wood fused as pakha'r. fork) n. kaa'bro. spin 1. v.t. gxumdi'waabaa'. sponge n. 2. v.i. yurbaa'. i span. spinning wheel n. spoon (big) n. xaaia ' . camja' . spirit n. spot of religious significance on 1. (ghost) picaas. forehead, usually red n. 2. (wine) paa' . cxae I . 3. (not flesh) aadmaa'. 4. fevil, inhabitant of nal rga) spotted a. mxig i I. jxyaale' maale' phulaa. 5. (evil) bxut, ligySS1. 6. (evil, of a person or animaZ spout of water from vessel n. who has died as a result of dxaaraa' . falling from a cliff) syo'. 7. fevil, of a person who has sprain v. suffered a .violent death, khribaal. can be aroused by witch to hurt people) syaa'gi. spread v. 8. fevil, of dead person who 1. (news) phailidiba'. has been unable to reach the 2. (infection) ku I ba, sard i ba . village of the dead, dwells around cemeteries) masana'. spread out v. 9. fevil, of fire) sarwE1. 1. (paper) paEbaal. 10. (which dwells in forest 2. (blanket, mat) tibaa1. areas) xesaE.. 11. (of waterfall) muhSZ. sprig of bush n. nZ2. spit v. tul waabaal. spring n. kyu'waadxB1, mu'laa. spit at (usually contemptuously) V. tuld praa'baa. spring up v. mlxobal. spite n. ikh. sprinkle (as in ritual cleans- ing) v. spitting pan n. praa'ba. kobrel. sprout spittle n. 1. n. maudul. tu'. 2. v. paldiba', mlxoba'. splash v. sprout profusely - of leaves v. praa'ba. mxZSba . splashing n. spun yarn n. 1. jal tha'l. sarbul. 2. (of liquid out of a re- ceptacle) pakhalr. squash v. kujidibal. SQUEAK 206 STEPPED POLE

squeak v. stand upright v. ~xeba. fhaardiba'. squeeze v. star n. cxyurba. rnusaa' ra squint v. startled, be v. mi" fa'k saebaa'. plxa 1Sbaa'. stab v. starve (of men and animals) v. cwibaa', rnlxuba'. rudiba'. stable for oxen n. statement n. se'rBS dxT1. bxaannZB1. stack n. station (railway) n 1. (wood) rE. istesan. - 2. (hay) fowaa . 3. (sheaves) kunnyo' . statue n. rnu'rdi. staff (stick) n. prxe. statuette (of rice flour used in religious ceremonies, espe- stake n. cially funeral and post 1. kilo', phargu, thur i . funeral) n. 2. (forked, which supports ka'zdu. eaves of the cattle shed) pEdo8. statutory labour n. 3. (in gambling) baaji. j xaa raa ' . stale a. stay v. ST. fibaa'. stalk n. steal v. 1. (of plant such as maize) xyoba' . dZBda. 2. (of millet) na'la. steam 1. v.i. lorn khabaa'. stall (usuatly for cows) n. 2. n. IornZL. sini'. 3. v.t. plu'ba. stamp n. stem n. 1. (seal) chaa'p. dZSda. 2. (postage) f i gad. step v. stand kwBZ1ba. 1. v. (rest one's weight on) dxiiba I. step on v. 2. v. (take erect position) nxeba', mxaeba. raa'ba. 3.. n. (for earthen water pot,. step over v. ring woven of rice straw) qwe'ba. be"da. 4. n. (of copper, for ritual stepfather n. offerings) chaabri'. kaga' aaba. stand on v. stepmother n. rnxaeba. arnjy6 aarnaa. stand up v. stepped pole n. ribaa', raa'ba. li.

STRETCH OUT ARM 208 SUNDAY

stretch out arm v. study v. sy6baa1. khe' ba. stretched, be v. i . stumps n. lasgadi'ba. l ii f he. stretcher-like construction on stupid a. which corpse is placed n. murkhaa' . mora ' . stutter v. stride v. kawiba' . lamgadi'ba, te' kw5S1ba. stye in the eye n. strike nimur. 1. v.t. dx6ba1, fhaudiba', fi'ba'. 2. v.t. (bell, instrument) submitting a. xraaba. kael. 3. v.i. (of projectile, curse) faba'. substitute n. 4. v.i. (of clock) battiba. saatro' . 5. v.t. (corn cobs against each other to get grains off) suckle v. fhi'ba. mwZ' mwZ1 labaa'. strike against v. sudden change from sunshine to thurbaa' . threatening rain n. xa'ra xulri. strip of land - narrow and long, between adjoining fields n. suddenly av. dxarge' . ekkaasi ' . strip off v. suddenly and completely av. pi 'ba. dxyaa'ppa. stripe (as on ruled paper, suffice v. shirt) n. tabaa', yu'ba, thubaa'. dxarge' . sugar n. striped a. 1. (refined) cini'. xrekha. 2. (raw) guraa. strive v. sugar-cane n xwZba. -usyu. stroll v. suit well (usually of clothes) v duldiba, gxumdi'ba. gxzba. strong a. suitable, be (congenial) v. 1. (of cloth, paper) baaklo. khrubaa' . 2. bx6ba1, pakkaa'. sulky a. stub (toe) v. nxakhii pra' ba. thurbaa' . summer n. stubble of crops n. um. phugaa' ra, fhudu' . sun n. stubborn a. txiySS. gxama'ndi. Sunday n. stubs of cigarettes n. aai tabaara' . liifhe. SUNLIGHT TAKE PHOTOS sunlight n. sweep rice back into hole during txiySSel jyoti. pounding v. kywi'baa . sunrise t. salra. sweep up v. phyol ba. supervision arising .from knowledge of bad tendencies (ensuring sweet a. sentries do not sleep at post, ki'giba'. cattle graze at crops, husbands philander) n. swell v. cyowaa, yaa'd. 1. rnrxiba', phuldiba'. 2. (of flesh) r5'ba. support v.t. 3. (of popped corn) pxaariba. 1. (maintain) nxaba . 2. (encourage) kwi'ba. swim v. 3. (orally) manidibal. kywaal iba' . supremely av. swing with bamboo uprights n. taan bxandaal. la'iku'di. surprise n. sword n. bukka, chalkka. 1. (weapon) tarwaali'. 2. (part of weaving apparatus) surrounding p. k r6mSS ' . kaal rgyu. syllabary of Devanagari script n. surrounding area n. baarkhari I . khol folaa', eriyaal. survey (as of damage in acci- dent) n. naalb-jaab. tablet n. goli, phii. survive (from disaster or dis- ease) v. tadpole n. so1ba. cyoblaa'.

suspend tahr of Himalayas n. 1. v.t. {SSTdiba'. pelda. 2. v.i. cyobaa', mZ'jyobal. tail of animal n. suspicion n. mi. chyowaa, JSkaa. tailor caste n. swaddling clothes n. txul i. thaiin i . take v. swallow kiba', bobaa. 1. n. cili' paage'. 2. v. khlxy6ba. take away v. bayaaba. swamp n . simSS. take it? v. 1. nSS1. swear an oath v. 2. (somewhat disrespectful) 1u' . 1. phwi'ba. 2. (invoking curse on oneself take off (clothes) v. if oath is broken) kasam pl ibaa'. kibaa', kasam cabaal. take photos v. sweater n. khittilba. swifara'. TAKE ROOT THAT WAY

take root v. tell v. cy6baa1. 1. (a lie) syur te'ba. 2. (the truth) saccaa' p6'ba. talk v. 3. (a story, narrative) sebaa' . p6'ba. 'temple n. talkative v. 1. (of head) 0e"0S1. khaebaa ' . 2. (dedicated to Bindu rites) ma'ndir. tall a. nu'ba. tempt v. bxSZdiadiba. Tamang n.p. la'mmae". ten num. CYU', das. tantrum of child n. raar. tender a. kamalo' , kaaphaar . tap, piped water n. ka' 1, dxaru'. tenth day (after a given date, ese. of dasaz festival) n. tape-recorder n. dasmi . febrikod. terrace n. taste 1. b74i. . 1. v. mxy5ba. 2. (of paddy fields) n6, nx6'. 2. n. swaad. 3. (field - dry) pakh mr6'. tasty a. test n. 1. 1T'ba. bijaar, j55j. 2. (of goat meat) kasdiba'. testicle n. tax n. kxalphli. 1. (on land) baa l i . 2. feksaa'. tether v. cyw7baaa. taxi n. fyaaks i ' . tethering peg n. kilo'. tea n. 1. cxaa'. thank you! p. 2. (drunk on first arising, 1. (to equal or superior, but lit. 'bed tea I) bef icxyaa' . rarely used) dxanyaa'baad. 2. (to child or servant) teach (usually with causative syaabaas. particle, but not always) v. lubaa' . Thak (Gurung village east of Pokharal n.p. teacher n. thos6. 1. (especially religious) guru. 2. (school) maasfara'. Thakali (ethnic group inhabiting the Thak Kholal n.p. tear v. pxaemae". 1. (clothes, paper) fo'ba. 2. (into pieces) Iiibaa' . than p. bxandaa' . tears n. mili. that pn. ca'. telescope n. dirbin. that way a. cxa. THREE

that's the way it is av. thirsty a. chalen, cxagana. kyu' pii, pibaa'. thatch n. thirteen num. kxi'. tel roia. the more pa. thirty num. jxa'n. s6'jyu. the most av. this pn. taan bxandaal. CU' . the place of p. this much a. Qaar. .I. cxaa, cxo, ja. 2. (usually a small amount) themselves pn. cxaga. khemae". this side then c. 1. p. c5jSS''. cxarare', dabae, daai, diyHH, 2. av. jxu-. jxaale', phe'ri. this smaZZ a. there loc. cxi thiri'. 1. ca'ri, kya. 2. (way over there) ke' kyar i I. this (correlative with cha 'thus') c. therefore c. chu. cxa tamaa', daaiga, diyHH, diy6Hre1, jxaasero' . thither av. jxaa- . thick a. 1. dx8bat, r8'du. thong n. 2. (of cloth, paper) baaklo. cab1 i . thief n . thorn n. xyo' . puju' .

thigh n. thought n. ~xaa. 1. (reflection) bijaaraa' , saZ bicaara' . thin a. 2. (concern) yaa'd. 1. GyS'Zgra, kadrLS, pralba, t2iS'gu. thousand num. 2. (of cloth, paper) padlu', xa' jar. pobaa ' . thrash v. thing n. prxuba' - sate. thread thinness a. 1. n. rut. sibi' cheba 2. v. syu'ba. 3. n. (spun) sarbu'. third a. 4. v. la needle) kyulbaa' . tesro' . 5. n. (extracted from bush pZantl naT' . third finger n. 6. n. (worn around neck for yo rnxaTli. supernatural protection) ru'ba. third of four eras of Hindu mythology n. three num. dwaapaa r. s5'. THRESH 212 TOMCAT

thresh v. ticket n. nxeba' . figad. threshing floor (area cleared in tiger n. the rice field for threshing cE. at harvest time) n. khalaa'. tight a. 1. (narrow) sSSctgrul . threshing of grain with oxen n. 2. (of rope, belt, binding) daZ. kasdiba' .

threshold n. timber (sweet-smellingl n. gZ, sG, sSgaalraa. gxy6sT1.

thrice av. time n. tintiyaali. 1. (occasion) be1aa, txi , !ySZ1maa, yaa'm. thrive (of plants) v. 2. (occasion, astrological) sobaard i ba' . joga. 3. (turn) laa, palu'. throat n. 1. (internal) ml6'gu. time of very heavy rain n. 2. (internal, rarer than m16'gul gxaanaa' gxod'. org6. 3. (external) kha' r i . time to die n. kaal . throb (of wound) v. balag balag labaa'. times s.num. -ble. throne n. raa'j gatti. tin (can) n. baffa. throughout p. bxori', ti'laa. tire v. naar i bat . throw (a brick) v. prT1ba. toad n. pxadgu. throw away bxy6ba6, waabaa', bxyZSba1; tobacco n. 1. kzgadaa ' . thrust in v. 2. (chewing) sord i ' . kxyuba. 3. (smoking) tamaakhu'. thumb n. today t . yo aabaa. tiySS'.

thumbprint n. toddling unsurely n. sail. kaa'rZZ malrZZ.

thunder (lit. 'sky roaring I) n. together mu ~xeba. 1. a. khaa'gu. 2. av. khaa'gule, baalu. thus 1. av. cxa. together with p. 2. c. cxama re' . saathaa'ri, -ne baalu. Tibet n.p. tomato n. bxod, tibaade. golbxEdaal.

Tibetan n.p. tomcat n . bxode', cyobraallmaZ. nowSS dxaade'. TOMORROW TRIPLY

tomorrow t . train (railway) n. pxanxZZga. re1 gaadi.

tomorrow morning t. trance with shaking (of religious pxanxZZr i ' . officiant) n. gur. tongs for fire n. cirndaa' . transfer of land title perma- nently n. tongue n. raa'j inaa'm. le'. transparent a. tonight ( future7 t . saiilo' . kom nesaal. transplant seedlings v. tooth n. ruibaa' . 1. sa. 2. (protruding) daa re. trap n. 1. khoraa, 00'. top n. 2. (cage-like) cy5. cxo. travel cost n. topknot n . gxyZZi kha'rja. tam;'. tray (wicker, about 30" in topsy-turvy a. diameter used for winnowing) n. ulfaa' paalfaa'. nai31 i.

total tread upon v. 1. n. jamrna. pl ibaa'. 2. a. puraa'. 3. n. (of pay entitlement) treat v. todo1 . 1. (an illness) kho'j guwaar labaa'. touch v. 2. (medically) rnaE labaa'. chw i baa ' . tree n. towards P. 1. (generic) dxii ' . 1. (of time) badS. 2. (like the ginger tree which 2. (of place) patti ' , -Gdi ' . produces a sweet smelling white or yellow flower in towel n. September) keuraa 1i . pachyoraa', tauliyaa. 3. (species, when branch of which is crushed and soaked town n. in river fish are poisoned 1. (market) bajaar. and easy to catch) khere. 2. (village) nZZ1sa. 4. (kind of) prumfi'. 3. (city) Eahaara: tree without leaves n. town crier n. chadrZl. katwaale'. tremble v. trace n. txaarba. cakhilo', cinu', sags', fhyaa'ppa. trick n. cible tZZ. track (minor road) n. PO' gxyZZ1. trip (cause to fall) v.t. kxurwaaba. trade n. bepaari, ch5. triply av. tintiyaali. TRIPOD OVER FIRE TWO

tripod over fire (for cooking turn pots) n. 1. v.t. gxumdilwaaba'. jx6gu1. 2. v.i. yurbaa'. 3. n. (one in a number) pal u1. trouble n. du, kalsta. turn inside out v.t. sulba. trousers (long) n. pal dii. turn over v.t . paltidi'ba. truck n. gaadi . turn round v.t. sE1ba. true a. krx6sena1, satte1. turquoise n. tudul. trunk n. 1. (box) baagasa. turtle n. 2. (of tree) mull xSSga'. kachuwaa ' trust tusk n. 1. n. bigwaas. daare. 2. v. birwaas mxSSdiba. twelfth day of dasaE n. trustworthiness n. duwaadasi. bxar. twelve num. trustworthy, be v. baa ra . biJwaas mxSBdiba. twenty num. truth n. bis, gxisyu. saccaal. twenty-one num. truthful a. ekaais. sajan. twenty-four num. truthfulness n. caubi s. imaansaal th. twenty-nine num. try n. unantis, untis. kozis'. twice av. tube n. duwaali, r~xible. nalgil. twine v. Tuesday n. 1. (rope) khri'ba'. mxanglaa baaraa'. 2. (two strands of thread to- gether for strength in tuft n. weaving) dunidiba. jxyaad i I. twined tightly, be v. khiridibal.

twins (of offspring of normally tune n. monogenetic animal) n. bxaagaal jaiile. turban n. twist (rope, cane) v. krigi'. cyaa' r i ba. turmeric n. two num. besaara. 1. dui, 0x7'. TWO HUNDRED UNPROVOKED

2.. (emphatic) qxTSa"gl6' . not rice) a. syu. two hundred num. qxibraa. uncover (remove blanket or veil) v. syuiba' . two together pn. qxTnaal qxT'n. uncultivated hillside n. pakhaa' . type v. chyaabdiba'. undefiled a. 1. pabitra, ruddha. typewriter n. 2. (especially of food but also chaabdiba'e sale. of people) cokho' . undergrowth n. cxi. udder of a cow n. underneath a. m16. nx6iiba ' . umbilical cord n. underpants n. 1. (animal) sirnZZlaal. jZSge, mae kwE, xab jSSge. 2. (human) koloel thu. understand v. umbrage n. kxoba. gaar. unfriendly a. umbrella n. maattiba'. 1. chada ' . 2. (head cover made of woven ungenerous person n. cane interlined with leaves) khG1da, ku'gaadaa'. kxii. ungrateful man n. unbending a. baigune'. n i ' rrnae. uniform, be v. uncle n. (see Appendix A) kxya"a"ba. 1. (FaBr, MoSiEu) aabaa. 2. (PaEtBr, MoEtSiHu) aathebaa' . 3. (PaYtBr) aabjy6. 4. fFa2ndBr) axrna8Tlaa. 5. (MoYrBr, MoErBr) rnaa'rnaa. unit fin army) n. 6. (paternal, oldest in own palfan. family) kaag5'. 7. fFa3rdBr) aabsaTlaal. unjust a. asa'tte. uncles (paternal) n. aappa'e. unkind a. ni IrrnaZ. uncompassionate a. sag saaro'n tabaa' . unladen (of porter) a. thedz' . uncontaminated a. pabitra. unleavened bread n. plaagz'. uncontrollably av. rnurkhaa' caalle. unmotivated a. phaa'karna'. uncontrol led a. rnurkhaal . unprovoked av .' phaalkarnal, ani'yaa. uncooked (of meat, vegetables, UNRESTRAINEDLY VEGETABLE

unrestrainedly (of women uproot v. fighting) av. syu' iba. dGrBne mG1rule. upside down a. unripe (of berries, fruit) a. uldu' . axmxi'ba', kaji ka'duraa. upturned (of a vessel holding unruled (of paper) a. liquid to tip out the last saadaa ' . bit) a. kyu'ru pr6'. unselfish, be v. sa5 sxaba' . upwards av. ka'zdu. unskilled a. rnxakhandi. urinate v. kB tx6ba. unteachab le a. gxama'ndi. urine n. kii. untie v. pla'ba. use up (usually recklessly) v.t. mxaasdi'ba. until p. sa ' mmaa . used up, be v. fudi ' xyaaba' . unveil v. syui baa'. usefulness n. keraa' . unwillingness n. kaes. utter v. teaba. up l0c. ta, taai. uvula n. o' lm8. up, to P- sa'mma.

upend v. khlyubaa'. vaccinate v. kobdiba'. uphill 1. loc. tae'taadi'. vain, be v. 2. av. ukhaalu'. pxaEba.

upon lo'c. variegated in colour a. phiri'. jxyaale' maale'.

upper back n. variety n. kxo. khaal, kisim.

upright a. various a. 1. (ethically) gati lo', su'dho, aanek. sojo' . 2. (vertical) !haado' . various kinds of a. 3. (standing upright) thaar. na'u ul.

uprights (central 'forked.po les vegetable n. of a cattle shed) n. 1. (generic) txaa. kiido' . 2. (green, generic) rxaa !xu. 3. (fern) cible'. uproar n. 4. (spinach) paasag i I,. gadbad, kha'l bal, xallaa'. 5. (arum coZocasial Ixauna. VEHEMENTLY WALL

6. (like bamboo shoots) villagers n. karmaudu' . nZZ1sthEmaE. 7. (of forest - bracken-like) kudrugel . vine n. nxoril . vehemently av. cargo' le. violent 1. n. (of man or animal) vehicle n. jxadi 'yZa". 1. (road) gaad i . 2. a. ("hit first, speak after- 2. (air or sea) jxaasa'. wards" reaction) murkhaa' . vein n. violently av. ca, na'sa. dGrGnel mU1rule.

vengeance, take v. virgin (of male or female) n. badalaa labaa'. kanne' . verandah onto which lower caste visible, be v. people are given entrance n. mr6baa1. pidi . vision n. vertical a. dars'an. fhaado'. vomit v. vertical stroke in Devanagari ogaaldiba', ruliba. script for aa vowel n. kandalni. vomitus n. rut i. very av. bele, beseri, bxudulkan, khulb, vow revenge v. Ixe' . daagaa thEbal.

vessel n. vulture n. 1. (cooking) bxZZdol. kxure' . 2. (metal water pot about 10 litres) gaur i . 3. (large pot, for cooking rice) W khargana' . 4. (for collecting wine in wages paid to ploughmen in kind, still) pu. generally rice n. 5. (for carrying fire when mu'juri. making offerings) dxubaa'raa. 6. (earthen water pot) gxaidi ! . waist n. 7. (for eating or cooking) tZ1. kaffil. vestibule of house n. wait th6. 1. v. bxaEbal. 2. (imperf.) thaidu'. vexation n. di I kka. wakefulness (in contrast with sleep) n. victory to.. . i. sazmaa. jay. walk v. view n. prxaba' . tZZnl chenle mr6l y6baa1. walking stick n. viewmaster n. prxe. dirbin. waZZ n. village n. 1. (standing alone, usually of na"ll saa . stone) baanu. WALNUT TREE 2 18 WEAR

2. (of house, mud plastered) water frog, reddish in colour n. bxedaa ' . penflo'. 3. (of stone) gaara. 4. (of terrace field) ka l l SH1 . water hole (small) n. kuwaa. walnut tree n. kadul. water pot n. 1. (earthen) gaTd i I . wander v. 2. (metal) gauri . gxumd i ' ba. water source n. wander off (neglecting one's dxaru', kyu'waa dxii', mullaa. responsibilities, as of a rolling stone) v. water vessel n. badaardi xyaabal. 1. (copper, 3" high, storage) xroja. want to (with reduplication of 2. (small round) kasiidi I. monosyllabic verb stem) v. r~x3a"ba. water-pipe n. nalgi'. want to follow (of child after parent) v. waterfall n. twibaal. chaarel. war n. watermill n. ladZ1. chyodo. ward of village or town n. wave around v. 1. (geographical area) tolaa'. syurbaa' . 2. (political - about 140 adults) o'daa. waves n. bxelga' . warm (of clothes) a. txoba' . wax n. 1. (for sealing) Ixaa. warm oneself at a fire v. 2. (of bees) ky516'. txiba. way n. warmth (of weather) n. 1. (custom) calan. garmi. 2. (method) tarigaa'. 3. (of pronunciation) kaaidaal . warning n. sulcana. we pn. 1. (exc'lusioel r~i . wart n. 2. (inclusivel r~xyo'. chilbula. 3. (plural exclusivel rJij a' ga. 4. (plural inclusive) oxyo' jaga. wash v. khrulba. weak a. 1. axbx6ba1, kaccal, kaaphaar. wasp n. 2. (thin - of cloth) padulul, nal bbru kuj i I. pobaa I . waste n. weakness n. khlyi. kamjolri. watch wealth n. 1. n. gxadil. dxan sampati', dxT1naa, gacche, 2. v. riilba. nxora, piji I, sampati I. water n. wear v. kyul. 1. (head covering) kuubaal. WEAR AWAY WHISKERS

2. fa knife in the belt or well-being i. feathers in headband) sa' nca. khyaabaa'. 3- (clothes or jewelleryl well done a khi baa'. syaabaas.

wear away v. well-proportioned a. khiidiba'. plxi kru kxriba.

weariness n. wet 1. nxaru. 1. v.t. kyobaa' . 2. (with a certain food) nar. 2. a. sibaa'. 3. a. (of firewood or clothes) weary syu. 1. v.i. naariba'. 2. v.t. naarwaaba' . what pn. to'. weary, be v. nxaru yulba. what kind of a. khai, to'laa. weave v. rotba. what manner av. khai le. wedding n. byaa. wheat n. gaG. Wednesday n. buda baa r . wheel n. 1. (of machine) ca'kka. weed v. 2. (of vehicle) pzzuru, xw i I. no syu'iba. when t. weed out v. kh6y6 chSSdibal. whenever av. weeds n. kh6y6 bile, khGy6rn. no. whenever desired av. week n. belu kulbelu. sada', xaptaal. where loc. weep v. 1. khani'. krobaa' . 2. (of movable objects or people) kho' i . weigh v. 1. kwi'ba. wherever pn. 2. (in balances) tau l d i ba ' . khan i ' .

weight for balance-scales n. whet fa blade) v. dxaag' . myaa' ba.

welcome hospitably v. which a. chen kxyuin labaa'. khab.

welfare n. while S.V. bxalo' . -qere1, -male1. we l l whip 1. av. chenzzle, chenle, 1. v. kurra'd pri'ba. sarla'kkale. 2. n. kurraa'. 2. n. (large) inaar. 3. a. (of health, of person) whiskers n. sxaba'n. daari. WHISKY WITCH

whisky n. wife n. xuski ' . mri', phr2syo. white a. wife of a man's covenanted taargyaa. friend n. ~xelsyo. white ants n. dxami ' ro. wild animals n. janawaar, banarba'e jantu. white foreigner n. goraama18. win v. fxoba. white metal n. ka"a"sul. wind 1. n. khalS. white of egg n. 2. v. (bandage around wound) ca"ldi ' . berdiba. white woman n. window n. mi 'm. jxyaalaa' . whiten (of hair) v. wine bibber (disrespectful saa'riba. term) n. paa' ko. whittle v. khurkud i baa. wing n. 1. pxyaa. who pn. 2. (less common than pxyaal khab. pxyaagi5.

whoever pn. winnow v. khab. 1. (shaking tray up and down) faa'ba, cyaa'ba. whole a. 2. (from side to side) cxiba'. puraa', satte'. 3. (rice from above the head, in the wind) phyurbaa'. whose a. khaba' la. winter n. sarkha. why av. ta' le. wire n. taa ' raa. wick of lamp n. daaraa. wisdom n. gyaan. wicked a. badmaaza. wise men n. xrab seabmaS. wicked person n. badrnaa;, badmaazi. wish n. chutte', icchyaa', xraar. wide a. plxaaba. wisps n. 1. (of barley, rice, wheat) kho. widow n. 2. (of corn ear) bxudlaa'. xraadi, bidhuwaa. 3. (of hair growing out of corn cob) rnakha'z muraa. widower (insulting term) n. khere. witch (a living person who works malice against fellow villagers, width n. either personally or by rais- caudaai, plxi. ing up certain evil forces to do WITCH'S MALE RELATIVE WOUND

her bidding) n. woodpecker n. pumsyo. xugaa' xraabae nemSS, ST' nemSS. witch's male relative n. bausa. woods n. bana. witch-doctor n. jxSSkri I. wool n. 1. pae. with p. 2. (fine) bxuwaa'. 1. baalu, -ne baalu, saada'r. 2. (in consulation) ma'ne. word n. 1. tSS, gabda. wither v. 2. (simulating lama's reading oilidi'ba. of Tibetan chants) jyomE l yomag. withered ear n. pE'. work 1. n. kxe'. within p. 2. v. (for hire in fields) anda'rari '. ta'ba. 3. n. (incomplete, to be re- without a. sumed) to". binaa. workable (of earth) a. without cause av. galdiba. phaa'karna' . workman n. without considering others av. mistri '. ma'n pari. world n. without delay av. duniyaa, prithwi'. gxari'nna. worm n. without restraint (often sentence 1. (earth) kode' . initial and often with 2. (water) nSSbl i I. beseri) pa. 3. (intestinal, round worm) mSSri'. pxebe . 4. (in rectum, thread worm) without special cause av. curnaa' . chalen. worry n. witness (of an act) n. di'kka, du, phikkar, go'k. saaji'. worship n. woman n. ara'ti. 1. cami'ri, cxamiri, mrTsyol. 2. (young, 16 to 30 years) worship shrine near holy man's cham?' . house for his own use n. 3. (old) mSSbal. guphaa. 4. (in childbirth or period of ccnfinement following) worthtess a. sudgyaar i ' . 1. badmaag. 5. (young) rilmaE. 2. (of person, or of animal 6. (middle-aged) axdxa' barse. which breeds poorly) axgadilu'. wonder n. aacammaa', chakka. worthless person n. badmaag i . wood n. ST'. wound n . gxaa' . WOUNDED, BE YEAR OF THE TIGER

wounded, be v. year) saa'l. nel my6'ba. year, lust t. wrap around v.t. tugyimaa. berd i ba. year, next t . wrap oneself with btanket v. kur imbaa. pxobal . year, this t. wrap up v. tidi'maa. berdiba, mxuriba. year after next t. wriggle v. na ' ud i maa . khlySSbaa1, oleba'. year before last t. wriggling av. naidi 'maa. 1. swaa swaalle'. 2. (as of a snake) garlaane year of birth in Tibetan 12 year gudl i le. cycle (changes each year about Dec. 31) n. wring out v. 1x0. cxyurba. year of the bird (1945,57,69, wrinkle 81) n. 1. n. (in skin) boj. nemaa 1x0, cxe 1x0. 2. v. (skin) mxyiba'. year of the cat (1951,63,75,871 n. wrinkled, be v. xi 1x0, n6w5E 1x0. khumjidi'ba, grilba gri'ba. year of the cow (1949,61,73,85/ n. wrist n. lalo. naari'. year of the deer (1947,59,71, write v. 831 n. prxiba pho 1x0. writing paper n. year of the dog (1946,58,70,821 n. kaabil. nagi 1x0, khi 1x0.

year of the horse (1942,54,66, 781 n. gxodaa' 1x0, ta 1x0. X-ray examination n. eksrel. year of the monkey (1944,56,68, 801 n. pra 1x0, yogaara 1x0.

year of the rat (1948,60,72,84/ n. yam n. cyuilo', nimii 1x0. tilmT. year of the sheep (1943,55,67, yard n. 79) n. 1. (measure of length) ga j . Ixu 1x0, kxyu' 1x0. 2. (of a house) xyul. year of the snake (1941,53,65,77, yawn v. 89) n. k3S1ba, xali labaa'. sabri' 1x0, pxuri 1x0. year n. year of the tiger (1950,62,74, 1. (as unit of time) barja. 861 n. 2. (as unit of time, or in ci5 1x0, to 1x0. reference to a particular YEAR OF THE VULTURE ZONE

year of the vulture (1940,52,64, you know? i. 761 n. to'. rnubru' 1x0, kxure' 1x0. young (tender, c~fplants and years s.num. men) a. -di. kal i lo1. years past t . young but full-grown a. tugyl'rn naidi'rnaa. phrE. yell v. young man - 16-30 years old n. cijidiba', kae te'ba. phrgsil. yellow a. youngest (of child or animal) a. urgyaa. cyabaa' . yes (acknowledging statement or youngest born male n. expressing approval) pa. 1. (affectionate diminutive) a. cxi jyG. 2. (calling name) cy6. yesterday t. telaa' . yet t. axjxa i . yoke of oxen zigzag a. 1. s.num. guraa. bZZgo-figgo', tedo'. 2. n. khalrgZ, xa'la. zinc n. yolk of egg n. jasta. rnxaa ra . zone (one of 14 into which Nepal you pn. is divided for administrative 1. (singular) kxi. purposes) n. 2. (plural) kxernaS. Zcalaa' .

NEPALI-GURUNG INDEX

The purpose of this glossary is to allow the reader access to Gurung vocabulary entries by way of Nepali glosses. The first portion of each entry is Nepali and the glossary is arranged in Devanagari alphabetical order. This glossary will £om an index in Devanagari script to the Gurung- Nepali-English dictionary.

.mr~--mm,w qm.aib I w -- Ti. wT=l=r I m -- m,-Fm3 T3 -- 3.* 1 *--*.*I .i-fFF=J --m* I --I M*--m I d--rnI m - I 7- -- TsFer, rn 1 * -- 7 I 7- -- 7- I rn--rnI --.I *--a1 .mf-Tmfl

-Tr- m -- -*,"T 303 I rrg- -- m I - I m--cT? I TI-B -- I firjFir--~,~l TI-B7m--w I m--- I TTmT-G'PI rn--rn*-PFI c-ITrTmM--m I , 4, I

4qg-I-m qqT -- a-* I -5, 3 I -3' -- we% I m-- * I -1 ag~gI T@-- KIT, m, v-vra7 tm, -- aijm-1 v'g--s--61 I

%m--rnwal-I -- soar I am--o$b, I - I -

APPEND IXES

APPENDIX A

GURUNG KI.NSH IP TERMS

The Gurung kinship system is basically an Iroquois system in that sibling terms are extended to parallel cousins; but separate terms are used for cross cousins from both patrilineal and matrilineal descent. Descent and inheritance are patrilineal. Residence is patrilocal with daughters going to live at the residence of their husbands after mar- riage. Cross cousin marriages are preferred and, in Ghachok area at least, there is no expressed preference as to whether the mate is chosen through the maternal or the paternal link. Although Doherty (1974) reports sister-exchange marriage as favoured in West Gurung, sister ex- change between lineages (khalag) is prohibited in Ghachok area. The Gurung population is endogamous as also are the two moieties with- in the Gurung society. These two major moieties are called the 'four clans' (caa' r jaat) and the 'sixteen clans' (so'raa jaat). In actual fact neither name is correctly representative of the exact number of clans in each group.

GENERAL COMMENTS ON KIN TERMS

1. Members of the vertically extended clan are called one's txarnaz while members of one's own generation within one's clan are called titrnaE. Members of other clans within the moiety are called ~ErnaEand the people of these clans provide potential marriage mates for members of the clan. r7'rnaE are the female siblings of a male ego or the female siblings of a female ego's husband. rnuyGrna'E are the male siblings of a female ego.

2. In most kin terms there is a distinction made if the person re- ferred to is older or younger than ego. It has been suggested that the prefix a- is diagnostic of the terms for those older than ego. While 304 APPENDIX A

this is true in many cases, it is not consistently so, as in ali 'younger brotherf and angaa' 'younger sisterf.

3. People junior to ego are addressed according to their order of birth, using terms borrowed from Nepali except for the first born and last born children of each sex:

1st born son fhaagu 1st born daughter naa'ni 2nd " " mxai'la 2nd " If mxaT 1 i 3rd " " saTlaa8 3rd " II saTl i '

4th " kaTlaa8 4th II kaTl i1

last cy6 last II cxamT cy6, kaaj i

The terms (of reference and address) for FaBr (23, 27 on chart) and MoYrSiHu (36) are, according to the man's order of birth in his own family: FaBr MoYrSi Hu 1st born son aathebaa' kaagT1 2nd axmxaT1la axmxa'i'la 3rd " aabsai'laal aabsaTlaaa 4th " aabkai'laa' aabkailaa' last aabjy6 aabjy6

Terms of address for other affinal relations senior to ego are gener- ally based on consanguine links, typically maalmaa, baajyu, or aumo for men. (The terms for women show more variety, because affinally related women, such as mother-in-law, frequently belong to the same clan as a male ego.) So the terms of address for these relations are marked only by three dots in the key to the kin chart.

4. If a male ego's youngest female sibling is older than himself he calls her anjy6, that is aana + cy6. (The Gurung phonemic system re- quires stops to be voiced when they occur medially in a word. Hence cy6 becomes -jy6 when word medial.)

If a female ego's youngest male sibling is older than herself she calls him txajy6. In fact all one's elder male siblings except the eldest, can be addressed as txajy6 or axwaa'.

If the first born male sibling is younger than a female ego she calls him fhaagu. If the first born female sibling is younger than a male ego he calls her naa'ni. Father's female siblings who are not the eldest or youngest are called phaad8'. GURUNG KINSHIP TERElS

KEY TO KINSHIP CHART

Numbeh Genehation . Tmm .o addheso. Tehm..0.6. hedehence

axgxil aadaa c6 c6 axgxaZ1 aanaa aumo aumo . .-male aamaa . .-male aamaa, mri cy6 a1 i ... buwaar i kaaj i aQaa' fhaagu, etc. mxo saa'rju daai aasy6 jefh s'ali' 4ali1 ... syc'bu fhaagu, etc. saa'rju bxaai' ~616'syo ~616'syo ~516~ ~616~ fhaagu, etc. bxaa i ' naa'ni, etc. rS' naa'ni, etc. (no term in use)

aabaa aabaa aamaa aamaa aa thebaa' aathebaa' aathe, anthebaa' anthebaa' phaaga' E phaagalS phoji6 phojy6 aabjy6 aabjy6 amjy6 amjy6 kZ .. . syumi maa'maa maa'maa aQ0i1 a00 i ' aathe, anthebaa' aathe, anthebaa' aa thebaa' aathebaa' axjxyu1/axccy6 axjxy u' /axccy6 kaagi', etc. kaagT1, etc.

continued overleaf APPENDIX A

Key to Kinship Chart - continued

Numbeh Genehation Tehm 06 addhe66 Tehm 06 hedehence

G+2 baajyu baajyu bxujyu' bxujyu'

G- 1 fhaagu, etc. cxa naa'ni, etc. cxami cy6 cxa kaaj i cxarni cy6 naa'ni, etc. cxa c6 fhaagu, etc. cxarni rnxo {haagu, etc. bxaanja', bxaani'ja naa'ni, etc. bxaanj i '

G- 2 {haagu, etc. naa'ni, etc.

G- 3 fhaagu, etc. naati. panaati naa'ni, etc. naatini, panaatini

APPENDIX B

REL IGI OUS TERMS

1. SUPERNATURAL BEINGS

In his daily activities the Gurung villager is vitally concerned with the world of the supernatural because he believes that all of life's misfortunes are at least potentially, and most probably, caused by supernatural beings. These beings fall into three main categories: gods, evil spirits, and witches.

1.1. GODS. There are two levels of deity expressed by the villager in his discussion about gods. The high god is referred to as pararnerwara or bxagawaan. The high god has appeared in the world in several incar- nations (autara), namely sitaa, kri+s?aa, biznu and lakzrna?. Somewhat lower than the high god are the godlings (deutaa), whom the villager fears more than the high god because of their apparent power to curse him. rnahaadew, durga, saarazwati, guje suri, jaoge suri, pazupati, sattea narayaa?, zitala dewi, bxayZZ1r, deuraali, salbi, kabo, side, bauddxa, sirnbu, dev ghar, and siva have all been named as deutaa.

1.2. EVIL SPIRITS are also feared by the villager and come in many manifestations . IigyZS manifests itself to children and dogs only in the form of a hairy man with his feet back to front. rnu'l katfa or mxCa ZZlaa takes a headless form with eyes seated in the shoulders. syoa is the ghost of a person or animal who has suffered a violent death. sawa rnana is the ghost of a person who has been killed when digging out clay from the mountain sides. 310 APPENDIX B

masana is the ghost of a person who has not been able to reach the village of departed men's souls and usually dwells around cemeteries. syaa'gi is the ghost of a person who through suffering a violent death has not been able to reach the village of departed men's souls. Unlike the syo' these spirits are able to leave the scene of the death and roam around the village to attack the villagers. mx6' or bxut is the ghost of any person who has died and not yet reached the village of departed men's souls. sarwE1 is a spirit which manifests itself as fire which consumes any- thing new. xesaE is a spirit which lives in the forested areas and manifests it- self as a horse carrying a deity. thaa is a spirit which manifests itself by causing disharmony in the home.

1.3. The WITCH pumsyo is a living person who works malice against the villagers either personally or by causing certain evil spirits, the mxol, syaa8gi and masana, to do her bidding.

2. RELIGIOUS OFFICIANTS

2.1. SEERS are people who can divine the supernatural origins of a mis- fortune and are called ~xyobamxi' 'a Zooking person'. la'm kami, of the blacksmith caste, is considered by many to be the most competent type of seer. jaisi are skilled in the art of reading astrological calendars and horoscopes and are often called for by the villager to use this science to divine the causes of illness or calamity. bomaE 'Brahmin' is of the Hindu tradition. Because of his skill in reading astrological calendars and horoscopes he is also sometimes con- sulted by the Gurungs.

2.2. SHAMANS are religious officiants who can not only divine the supernatural causes of misfortunes, but also prescribe and perform the curative rituals. pujyu' (P) is of the indigenous Gurung tradition, of the soraa jaad (sixteen cZans) moiety. He frequently officiates in association with the khlxyebr i . khlxyebri (K) is also of the indigenous Gurung tradition and a . member of the soraa jaad. la8maa (L) is a Gurung who has taken special training in the Buddhist monastery and officiates using the Buddhist scriptures. RELIGIOUS TEREfS

la'm kami (LK) - see under Seem.

3. RITUALS

3.1. Many RELlGlOUS RITUALS can be carried out by the untrained house- holder without need of calling a shaman or a seer. sxywaa labaa' is a rite which involves placing both hands on the head or shoulders of one who has had a bad fright or been exposed to evil in- fluences thus endangering the security of his own souls, plxa. (Men are thought to possess nine plxa and women seven plxa.) The placing of the hands on the head is intended to hold in these potentially escaping plxa. ru'ba jx6ba lputting on the thread1. When a person has been sick or exposed to evil spirits through death rituals or other calamity, then friends, neighbours and relatives come and place a cord around his neck knotted with seven or nine knots according to the sex of the suf- ferer. This also is expressive of the desire to preserve intact within the body all of the plxa as is necessary for one's well-being.

3.2. CURATlVE RITUALS which require the services of a trained officiant .are listed below in chart form for clarity of display.

CURATIVE RITUALS

Name

probrb' labaa' being cursed by mx8' baby goat

plxa xui' labaa' having lost one or more o.f one's plxa resulting in sickness

disharmony in home as a result of presence of evil influences

mx8' puja to dispel ghost of chicken dead person from home

gaara tho'ba protection from attack chicken of evil spirits caus- ing sickness

xy6 khubaa' one's wealth and property have diminished

sickness due to attack eggs, sheep and by 1igya"a" goat's wool, and grains, rooster con1 312 APPENDIX B

Curative Rituals - continued

Name CaLami.ty Sackidice Od diciant

dx7' baar labaa' sicknessinhousehold rooster,river PIL water and sand

pae labaal the ghosts of dead are sheep (if K of- L (P & K) still wandering in the ficiates) village potentially causing harm to rela- tives

paaldu' waabaa' curse by witch fermented millet L,P,K and rice

dobaade waabaa' 11 II 11 chicken L,P,K

0xa8 s8ba 11 II 11 kid P or nxo OxaZ If If It or phi ~xaE 11 IT II or tx8 laba 11 II II L, LK

cho'p chebaal curse by witch upon rooster hunting dog

3.3. REGULAR VILLAGE AND HOUSEHOLD RITUALS are also performed through- out the year. These also are displayed in the chart below.

RituaL Month Pukpoh e Sackidice 066iciant

panca bxoli' jethaa to dispel 5 creatures: ritually (May-June) illness and pidgeon, kid, prepared plagues from fowl, sheep, villager village calf

kul' pujaal aasal ra to ensure kid B (June-July) good rain- fall for planting season

saalwE sakrzanti saalwE to dispel fowl house- pujaa' (July-Aug) illness from holder village

txode labaa' I1 to dispel millet and Young evil spirits fowl boys from village

bxayZS1r pujaal bxadu' to ensure fowl PIL (Aug-Sep) evil spirits leave house continued next page RELIGIOUS TERMS

Regular Rituals - continued

Ritual Month Putrpon e Sachi6ice 066iciant

dasa5 asauj (Sep-Octl debi pujaa' to placate hen house- goddesses holder durga pujaa' 1l to placate rooster 11 I god Durga dxT baar labaa' kaarti ka to dispel rooster p ,L (Oct-Hovl sickness from house- hold

t i haara 11 to honour - house- dogs, oxen, holder COWS, and brothers

si'ldo pujaal PU' 5 to beg for fish villager (Dec-Jan) sunshine or rain

satte' narayaa? mxaaga to gain aus- grain and B pujaal (Jan-Pebl picious food favour of gods - to gain ritual purity for household

mxaaga sakraanti II no expressed - house - purpose holder

rxod6 labaa' caida to dispel millet and youths (Mar-Aprl evil spirits fowl from village

gaara tho' ba 11 to gain pro- fowl p,L tection from evil spirits, sickness

dxT baar labaa1 It see above see above see above

REFERENCES

BENEDICT, Paul K. 1972 Sino-Tibetan: a Conb pectub. Phinceton-Cambhidge Studies in Chinebe Linguibticb, vo1.2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

CHANG, Kun, and Betty Shefts 1964 A ManuaL 06 Spoken Tibetan [Lhaba DiaLectJ. Seattle: Uni- versity of Washington Press.

DOHERTY, Victor 1974 'The Organizing Principles of Gurung Kinship'. KaiLabh 2:273-301. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

GLOVER, Warren W. 1969 Guhung Phonemic Summahy. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Lin- guistics. 1974 Sememic and GhammaticaL SthuCtuheb in Guhung [ NepaLl . ST L PubLicatio nb in Linguib tic6 and ReLat ed FieLdb , vo1 .49 . Kathmandu: SIL.

GLOVER, Warren W. and John K. Landon n.d. 'Gurung Dialects'. To appear in Pacidic Linguibticb, A.53.

LANG, Adrianne, Katherine E.W. Mather, and Mary L. Rose 1973 Tn6ohmation Stohage and RethievaL: a Dictionahy Pho ject. Pacidic Linguibticb, D.8. Canberra: Australian National Uni- versity.

MEERENDONK, M. 1960 Babic GuhkhaLi Dictionahy [Roman Schipt). Nepal agents: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu. REFERENCES

PATHAK, R.C., comp. and ed. 1966 Bhahgava'h Standahd IlQuhahated Dictionahy od the Hindi Lan- guage (Hindi-EnglLh h Edaion) . Varanasi: Bhargava Sook Depot.

PITTMAN, Richard S., and Jessie R. Glover 1970 ' Proto-Tamang-Gurung-Thakali' . In : Tone Systems o 6 Tibeto- Buhrnan Languages 06 NepaL. Paht 11: Lexical Lihth and Corn- pahative Studies. Edited by Austin Hale and Kenneth L. Pike, pp.9-22. (0ccahionai? Papehh 06 the WoLdenden Society, edited by F.K. Lehman, vo1.3) Urbana: Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois.

WGMI, M.P. n.d. AngQo-NepaQi Dictionahy. Varanasi: M.P. Sharma.

SINGH, Chandra La11 1971 NepaQi to Englib h Dictionahy. Kathmandu: Educational Enter- prise.