PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series C- No. 51 GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY WITH ENGLISH-GERUNG AND NEPALI-GERUNG INDEXES Warren W. Glover Jessie R. Glover Deu Bahadur Gurung Out of print book Photocopied by Pacific Linguistics SPAS, Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia PACI FIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Linguhintic Chcte ob Canbc&&a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES D - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS. EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. L~ycock,C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS : B. Bender, University of Hawaii A. Healey, Summer Institute of Linguistics, New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii S. Elbert, University of Hawaii 8. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, B.C. W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics G. Grace, University of Hawaii E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright @ The Authors. First, published 1977. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 147 3 PREFACE This first Roman edition of a Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary con- tains about 4000 Gurung words, collected on various field trips between 1967 and 1974 under the agreement of cooperation between the Summer In- stitute of Linguistics and Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. We grate- fully acknowledge the encouragement, assistance, and active interest of Dr S.B. Shakya, Vice Chancellor of the University, and of Dr P.R. Sharma, Dean of the Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. Among our many friends in the village of Ghachok we wish to thank especially Shri Phouda Bahadur Chetri, former Pradhan Panch, and Shri Sher Bahadur Gurung, former Upa Pradhan Panch, of the Lower Chachok Pan- chayat and Shri Pas Bahadur Gurung, Pradhan Panch of Upper Ghachok Panchayat, for their interest, support, and encouragement on field trips. A Guhung-NepaLi- EngLLbioh GLobbaky was published in 1976 by the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Kathmandu, in the Devanagari script. We are grateful to the two publishers, of that and of this edition, for agreeing to the use of the same Devanagari Nepali-Gurung index in each volume. We are grateful to Miss Amrita K. C. of Kathmandu for help in checking the semantics and spelling of the Nepali glosses, and for typing the Devanagari manuscript, and to Mrs Sally Sinisoff of the Department of Linguistics, Australian National University, for her typing of the Roman manuscript, a task made the more exacting by the authors' remoteness from Canberra. W.W. GLoveh J.R. GLoveh 0.8. Guhung Pokhaka, Septernbch 1977. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page iii INTRODUCTION v 1. Orthography v 2. A1 phabetising Order viii 3. Structure of an Entry viii 4. Comparative Information ix 5. Abbreviations xi GURUNG-NEPALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY ENGLISH-GURUNG INDEX NEPALI-GURUNG INDEX APPEND1 XES Appendix A: Gurung Kinship Terms Appendix B: Re1 igious Terms Gutung Kind hip Chalrt following page 306 REFERENCES 315 INTRODUCTION Gurung is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by about 170,000 people, mostly living in Gandaki zone in central west Nepal. With Tamang, Thakali, and Manang, Gurung is a member of the Gurung Family within the Bodish Substock, which includes also the Tibetan Family, Kaike, and Ghale (W. Glover 1974:8-13). The dialect represented here is primarily that of Deu Bahadur Gurung, born and raised in Ghachok village, near Pokhara, in Kaski district. Pronunciation variants shown in the dic- tionary have all been heard in Ghachok, either from DBG himself or other speakers, some of whom come from other villages up to one day's walk away. Study of Gurung dialects (W. Glover and Landon n.d.1 reveals at least three major geographical dialects of Gurung - East, West, and South - with continuous variation within dialects. Ghachok falls 'within the West Gurung dialect. 1. ORTHOGRAPHY Gurung and Nepali forms are cited in a Roman transliteration of the Devanagari script. Figures 1 and 2 show the segmental phonemic inven- tory of Gurung, and symbols used for native Gur~ungwords. ~abial Dental Retro- Apico-alveolar Velar Glottal flex affricates stops: vl. unasp. vl. asp. vd . Fricatives Nasals Lateral Flap Semi vowels Fig. 1. Consonants INTRODUCTION Front Central Back High i u Mid e a o Fig. 2. Vowels Although phonemically there is only one sibilant phoneme /s/ in Gurung, as in Nepali, loanwords from Nepali are spelt with the same sibilant symbol as in the Nepali source, whether the 'dental' s, 're- troflexed' ?, or 'alveo-palatal1 5. The voiceless glottal fricative x (phonetically Chi) is not a seg- mental phoneme in native Gurung words but occurs only in loanwords from Nepali, and then only in word initial position. The symbol x is also employed to represent the feature of breathiness on a syllable. The positioning of x in the orthography represents the position of the cor- responding Devanagari symbol (transliterated h in Roman Nepali) in the syllable; that is, preceding the vowel, except in the prefix ax-, and preceding the consonants y, r, and w (except that it follows the conso- nant clusters kr, mr, pr). In Gurung, aspiration of a voiced stop or affricate is phonemically breathiness on the syllable and is marked by x. The departure from the traditional bh, dh, etc., for voiced aspirates is necessitated by the contrast in Gurung between aspiration and breathiness following voice- less stops: pxi 'carrying basket ', phi 'bark, pee2 '. Once x is used to mark breathiness in this environment, following voiceless stops, con- sistency dictates use of the same symbol in the environment following voiced stops, and consistency in transliteration from Devanagari requires x for the glottal fricative [h]. Contrastive nasalisation is represented by a superscript tilde (a, 8, T, 6, GI. Preceding a nasal consonant, Gurung vowels automatically take on a nasal articulation. Should this nasality be written? Ac- cording to strict phonemic theory, yes, since nasality is a phonemically contrastive feature in the language, and in fact literate Gurungs gen- erally do write the Devanagari nasal diacritic on such vowels, reacting to the phonetic and phonemic nasality. However, many of the words in- volved are loans from Nepali, and for the sake of orthographic consis- tency with Nepali, in which language vowel nasalisation is not written before a nasal consonant, and for the sake of orthographic economy in Devanagari (not writing a predictable diacritic), we have in this dic- tionary written vowels preceding nasal consonants within the same mor- pheme as oral vowels. Thus taan 'a22 1 e INTRODUCTION vii Accent, or high tone, is represented by apostrophe ('1 following the accented syllable. On monosyllabic morphemes (the majority, when loan words are excluded) accent and breathiness intersect to give four tone classes: clear intense (cal 'he'); clear relaxed (ca 'vein'); breathy rising (cxaa' 'tea '1 ; breathy low (cxa 'son'). In polysyllabic mor- phemes, breathiness occurs generally only on the first syllable, but accent may occur on any one syllable or none. Phonemically long vowels are written geminate. By far the most com- mon is aa. Word finally there is no sharp contrast between -a and -aa. In rapid speech all words written with either the short or long vowel tend to be pronounced with the short, more central, a; in slow, delib- erate "spelling pronunciation" speech some words show the lengthened, phonetically lower, aa. The difference is partly conditioned by word tone and shape (as noted for verb suffixes in W. Glover (1974:xxiii)), and an attempt has been made to represent the distinction in the dic- tionary, but the analysis is not final, nor is the present representa- tion, unfortunately, consistent. The consonants s, c, and j coalesce with a following y to become lamino-alveolar in pronunciation. The same palatalising process normally occurs before the front vowels i and e, but in a very few words the apico-alveolar pronunciation is retained. These words are marked by a slash through the consonant: $xi 'undergrowth' (contrasting with cxi 'knee'). The phonemic sequence /kl/ has different phonetic realisation in dif- ferent Gurung dialects. In Ghachok it is voiceless lateral fricative with palatal release [hvl, and is represented in the present orthography by a conventional khly (as the symbol cluster in Devanagari approximat- ing as nearly as possible to the phonetic realisation). Further phonetic description of Gurung, including the tone system, is given in W. Glover (1969). Nepali words are transliterated using a similar transcription, but without x cr I, and with the addition of (nonphonemic) distinctions be- tween 'dental' n and 'retroflex' II, and between 'short' i and u and 'long' T and li. The Devanagari script employs a special symbol for the combination /ri/, and the symbol is here transliterated ri+, as in ri+? 'loan' (G che). The primary spelling standard adopted for Nepali words is Singh (1971); words not found in Singh have in some cases been supplied from Meerendonk (1960) or Regmi (n.d.1, but many words could not be found in any of these sources. viii INTRODUCTION 2. ALPHABETISING ORDER The Gurung entries are arranged according to the English alphabet, except that the symbols aa and 0 are treated as units immediately fol- lowing a and n respectively, and 5 is a unit immediately preceding 5, which in turn precedes s.