Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2 , and B. Martin 1 , D. Riemann 1 178 177 , J. Schoenbein 1 erent human activities are allowed or forbidden (see Sect. 6). ff erence concerning flood control and management plays an im- ff , R. Glaser 1 erent sectors where di ff This discussion paper is/has beenSciences under (HESS). review Please for refer the to journal the Hydrology corresponding and final Earth paper System in HESS if available. Physical Geography, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany CRESAT, University of Haut-Alsace, Mulhouse, France di portant role in modernnon-navigable rivers flood is risk handled management. bywhich In PPRIs are (Plan negotiated France de by flood the préventiontion. risk-management du communities Their on risque and goal the d’inondation) is responsible to parts define of the the administra- area of the flood risk along a river and his zonage in Abstract This paper presentsdevelopment the and occurrence, distribution along cause the14 and southern of its frequency part tributaries of changes infocus the France of upper is and Rhine floods, Germany given River covering their on andcauses the which of period the show from a temporal 1480 significant BC. and changehow Special over long-term spatial space information and variations can time. help and Examples toanalysis are improve underlying while presented transnational connecting risk meteorological single and historical risk and management modern extreme events. 1 Introduction The knowledge about thecal occurrence causes of and their floodsunderstanding distribution in of within the historical natural the times, variability (hydrological)term of their year the knowledge meteorologi- does severity about of provide changes flood in aFlood events by the research deeper providing causes, on long- frequencies smaller and riverslarger gravities presented river of in systems the this for floods. paperdirect two complement response main those to reasons: related the first, to areas atmospheric creeks are forcing and subject and small to second, riversincrease especially major show in smaller a land settlement catchment more use areassmaller changes and catchments and infrastructure. resides alterations The with in floodthe the the risk large legal floodplain management river responsibility due of systems ofThis to these smaller are administrative communities di under while control of larger and stronger administrative units. 1 2 Received: 1 December 2014 – Accepted: 9Correspondence December to: 2014 J. – Schoenbein Published: ([email protected]) 7 JanuaryPublished 2015 by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Flood risk along the upperAD Rhine 1480 since I. Himmelsbach Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.,www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/12/177/2015/ 12, 177–211, 2015 doi:10.5194/hessd-12-177-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 5 25 10 15 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | c junc- ffi around Freiburg repre- N and decent protection 1 ◦ − 180 179 at Colmar to approx. 1000 mma erence between the rims and the valley floor account for 1 ff − Large parts of the study area belong to the European Region “RegioTriRhena”. For none of those tributaries a flood research or a comparative survey regarding This study presents the flood history of 14 tributaries of the river Rhine on the French Nearly the whole study arearhein” also belongs (TMO-MRO) to the a Trinational Metropolitan multicore,rach Region and tri-national “Ober- Mulhouse conurbanisation for the withThe RegioTriRhena Bale, and region Karlsruhe Freiburg, is and Lör- inhabited Strasbourg bytrial for more hotspots the than of MRO. the six chemical, millionby pharmaceutical, people education automobile and and and administration is units. food The characterized industry MRO by as also indus- well serves as as a European tra range). The July-maximum is generatedfrom mainly thunderstorms. by convective rainfall, resulting usually their temporal distribution.flood-maps, As newspapers, data gauges source data written and evidence, contemporaneous flood-marks, administrative drawings, reports flood-protection measures had asreconstruct of the yet flood been events between conducted. 1480 So and the 2007, their first meteorological interest causes was and to tion and stands for ahigh highly lights. productive The agriculture area asparticipation is well and also as alternative well for life known cultural styleing for and and population innovative manifold historical ideas and recreation in a possibilities.are civil An – some societies, increas- in more likewise comparison indicators. Both toon concepts the try the European to fields average improve of the –Strasbourg science, transnational is younger collaboration commerce, one population of technology the andcultural European politics and capitals. All societal as in values well all is as the very density civil high; in some societies. economic, of scientific, them are vulnerable3 to floods. Material and methods Within the TRANSRISK project thetributaries Rhine had between been Basel analyzed: andLauch, Strasbourg In and Alsace in 15 the Baden of rivers the its Elz, Largue, rivers Schutter Ill, Wiese, and Doller, Klemmbach, Kinzig. Thur, Kander, Fecht Neumagen/Möhlin, and Dreisam, between Basel/Switzerland and Strasbourg/France includingest the rims and of Vosges Mountains the Black (Fig.about For- 1). 250 The ma.s.l. elevation in ofthe the Basel Upper region to Rhine 130 are ma.s.l. Rift the rangesd’Alsace at from Feldberg (1424 Strasbourg. ma.s.l.) (1493 ma.s.l.) The in highest theof in mountaintops predominant Vosges. the The of westerly Black area winds Forest is andThe and located in climate in the the is the transition moderately Grand of mid-latitudes mild Ballon maritime a due to zone to continental its climate. location around 48 and German side as wellself. as The floods analyzed of time the period river stretchesemanate Rhine from 1480 from between to Basel the 2007. and The project Strasbourgin results it- TRANSRISK, presented collaboration here which between CRESAT was ofthe realized the between department University 2008 de of Haute andfunded Physical Alsace 2011 by in Geography Mulhouse the of and French thethe “Agence “Deutsche Albert-Ludwigs-University Nationale Forschungsgemeinschaft” of (DFG-Gl de 358/5-1). Freiburg, la Recherche” (ANR-07-FRAL-025) and 2 Study area The study area is located within the Upper Rhine Rift and stretches approx. 110 km against cool air masses fromerly the winds surrounding which low originate mountain fromonly ranges. the moderately Warm Western modified southwest- Mediterranean through region theever can “Belfort might reach gap” only the (“Burgundische happen area Pforte”). in1000 This m less how- than of 10 mean % of height the di year. The westerly winds and approx. a heterogeneous precipitation within the Upperfrom Rhine valley. as Precipitation varies little greatly as 550 mma senting the leeward and windward sidebe of identified the valley in floor. the Two precipitation course maxima of can the year: one in July and another in December (mountain 5 5 25 10 15 20 15 10 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 181 182 ers interpretation towards two main directions. First, dif- ff ects the French tributaries in Alsace. Examples are the floods ects the German tributaries in Baden. An example is the flood ff ff ects the river Rhine and all its tributaries in the study area at the same time. ff floods occur only at the river Rhine without involving its tributaries. Examples a this type only a this type only a Type 3: Type 4: Type 1: Type 2: A second part deals with the vulnerability of HQ 100 year events and the possibility A classification scheme had been applied in which the intensity and spatial dimen- For some case studies, detailed information on impacts had been used to analyze of December 1991, whichcause intense was and a persistent westerly soearly air Christmas flow called to thaw. “Christmas-flood”: Rain the Upper up low Rhine to pressure Valley the and systems summit initiate level an further speeds up the snowmelt the Examples are the floodstimes as of well July as 1480,of recently December heavy this 1882 damages. flood For or typeof this is January this reason characterized type 1910. it by a In is the specialheavy historic attention. necessary biggest snow Large pack spatial to scale characterize extent give and this the type. intensive rainfall meteorological events causes and/or rainof on March 1876 orwith snow February melt and characterize December this type. 1999. Small scale low-pressure systems for that type are the floodscause of for July this 1343, flood-type June is 1876, located September in 1881 the or Alps July 1910. and/or The in the Swiss midlands. utaries, floods on theon French French tributaries, and Floods German at tributaries. These the types German are tributaries described and below (see Floods Figs. 2 to 6). of incorporation ofment. historical There information is into alsoMulhouse. modern, another integrated example about flood technical risk alterations manage- regarding the5.1 city of Occurrence and definition of spatialIn patterns a of first flood step types alltypes flood can be events identified: had Floods been only clustered at regarding river their Rhine, spatial Floods patterns. at river Five Rhine and all its trib- and the underlying meteorologicalabout the causes changes had of these beenoccurrences underlying in determined. causes the and There context changes of is in the seasonality evidence overall of climatic the change flood debate. At last a total 2830 flood-eventsIn could Germany be we found identified and 1302 evaluated events withinto with the that an research emphasis most on area. of the the 20thcentury. flood century. A events In identified contrast reason on for the that Frenchhad can side been be dates passed found earlier through in than time thecollected a in 19th in higher France. France number However in of not comparison written as to chronicles many the which gauge German data side had (Table 2). been 5 Results The highly spatio-temporal resolved dataand set impacts and on the detailed the information society on o damages sion as well as theand impacts the as primary mitigation indicators, strategies theWith as duration this as scheme tertiary it secondary indicators is indicators possibleextreme were to events taken distinguish (see between into Glaser smaller, et account medium al., size, (Table 2012). strong 1). and and quantify the vulnerability. Togle compare events the of spatial and selectedstandardized. economic historical dimension with of modern sin- events, the economic values had been 4 Data set ferent types of spatial flood occurrences had been classified into five major groups and chronicles had been considered. Flood-risk-managementanalyzed and on perception had the been basis ofsuch well-established methods as introduced critical in source Historical analysis,climatic Climatology the factors derivation (Pfister, of 1985; indices Glaser and andGlaser the Stangl, et analysis 2003; al., of Jacobeit 2010; the et Wetter al., hydro- et 2003a, al., b, 2006; 2011; Himmelsbach, 2014). 5 5 25 20 15 10 20 10 15 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ects ff erentiate the sever- ff did not occur in conjunction ff dominated (see Fig. 8). In contrast to the ff 184 183 ected, but not the Rhine itself. Examples are the ff regime of the river Rhine changed during the 20th century ff regime. All other decades from 1500 to now did not show a distinct ff this type represents flood-events, where only the French and German trib- (Weischet and Endlicher, 2000). . That event might be linked to the ending of the Little Ice Age (LIA) around 1850. ff ff Looking at the two most important tributaries of the river Rhine in the study area (the In a second step the changes in seasonality have been analysed. Previous studies A comparison of the meteorological causes which induced flood events shows, that Type 5: The spatial pattern types can be connected with prevailing weather situation and period around the 1950th where the elevated winter runo total number since the secondattributed half to of a the data 18th related century. Thissummer signal. however Furthermore flood can events the most recently, Ill likely which displays be however a is noteworthy not increase triggered in 5.3 by extreme flood events. Vulnerability analysis Historical sources provide notdamages only and information impacts on aboutsilience society, floods aspect. which Both, and can hazards climate be andysis. but vulnerability used are One also to fundamental on major analyse elements of vulnerability task risk and of anal- re- the TRANSRISK project is to bridge modern and historical French Ill and the Germanchanges Kinzig) in it the is flood-regime noticeable,flood has that events occur up taken during to place the the (Figs. hydrological present winter 10 day half to no year 13). major with a It strong is increase evident, in the that most with extreme events (seea Fig. certain 10), degree, the induced by period big at and the extreme events. ending of the LIA was, at last to from a main discharge duringyear the (IKHR, hydrological 2007; summer- IKSR, tolasting 2011). the from From hydrological our the winter data 1820th half runo it to is the evident, 1860th that the only river during Rhine a displayed period pronounced summer emphasis towards one season.1940th The and only the exception 1970th might where be winter the runo period between the But it has toin be the taken context into ofchanged account the the runo that rectification from of 1817 the onwards river the Rhine massive system alterations by Tulla and successors concluded that the runo development. Changes in occurrence ofpronounced floods to caused minor by decrease long (see lasting Fig. rain 7). range from over the wholeis period followed “snowmelt/rain by on “long-lastingare snow” currently rainfall”. is discussed Events in the whichet connection most are with al., important a triggered 2005) changing cause played bythe climate a which “convective (REMO, meteorological less 2006; rain” causes important Zebisch decades of role shows as the a well floods significant asthe for increase “icebreak”. Wiese, the of However, while convective-rain-events comparing whole ice –crease time-period break-up with in almost with one vanished snowmelt exception the in related last modern events. five times. Floods There caused is by also an rain in- on snow show antithetic ity of the floods. Glaserand and Stangl the (2003) damage and Glaser causedabout et the by al. consequences (2010) of floods. focus the However, oncase flood it hints events, the it can e is is be also found, important meteorological importantcauses causes to not the of record the only classification timing event. and, scheme To to classify in causes: from meteorological collect convective Bauer and data (1952) continuous rainfall, is snowmelt, used, ice which breakup distinguishes and rain five on snow. utaries of the river Rhine are a frozen ground however prohibitsruno the melt- and rainwater to infiltrate causing surface 5.2 Changes in underlying meteorological causesEveryone and who seasonality deals with reconstructingdata and with evaluating hermeneutical historical methods floods has from to historical determine indicators to di therefore are of specific interest for furtherwill be climatological subject interpretation. of This further connection researchthe (see Jacobeit changes et in al., underlying 2003a, b). meteorological In causes the through following chapter times is elaborated. events of May 1872,or February April 1877, 1983. March 1896, December 1919, December 1947 5 5 25 20 15 10 25 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 50 . A case study 150 -events.To show the dif- to a HQ 100 erences are due to modern 1000 ff ected by the flood than the city of ff 186 185 events can be used for a better understanding of the 100 erent patterns for the damages can be observed which are specific ff ects on flood events and flooding of the city of Mulhouse. There was only ff erentiated and partly contradictory pattern (Fig. 15). After 1991 only minor ff fits best in this case to show the normalized damage in four classes from “no HQ100 risk maps 2 In Fig. 14 di The background for this is the fact, that the part east of the city of Freiburg is not In a second approach, the flooded areas had been compared with the modern HQ alterations and land use changes or misinterpretation and5.3.3 incomplete modelling. Mulhouse – changes in floodFor frequency the due to city technical of alterations in Mulhouse the and case the ofpositive river Mulhouse e the Ill building a of analysis a shows diversion that canal technical (“Canal alterations, de décharge”), had Freiburg. protected in the samecreeks. way There against floods: was there anregion, are concerning increase no settlements of and dams industrial humanthat along areas. the the activities Both river developments pattern during led and of to1896 the the the and the last fact 1991. damages 100 years in in this this region has5.3.2 not changed Comparison very of much flooded between areas of 1896 andThe comparison 1991 of with the modern historicalern inundation HQ50 HQ50 areas and of and 1896authority HQ100 and of inundation 1991 Baden-Württemberg) events areas with asmore as mod- part di published of by thechanges LUBW EU in water (Regional the directive planning riverbed (EU(Riach, and 2007) 2014). small shows There flood protection is measurements an were ongoing establisched debate whether di to each flood situation.damages For in the 1896 inner hadthe city been one of more of Freiburg concentrated the 1991a comparison along had canal shows been the in that more Dreisam thesmaller the disperse river villages city. like around itself, The Zarten the while map have been modern of much city more the a and accumulative also damages touches for 1896 shows that the damage” (white) to “high damage” (red) (Jeworutzki, 2010). ferences between the damage(1 : of 25 000), the to two getsluices flood-events, a dams we spatial and view worked the of625 with areas m the raster which concentration of were maps the flooded. damages, We like determined, on that bridges, a raster-cell of For parts ofrize the and German map the river damages, Dreisam which were catchment caused area by it two HQ was possible to summa- flood prone area asthe lined European out water by directive administration (EU authorities 2007; Santato as et part al.,5.3.1 of 2013; the Kjellgren, 2013). risk River maps Dreisam: of flood March 1896 vs. December 1991 information. While there are convincinganalysis examples (Grünewald, concerning 2010; flood Bürger events et andis al., hazard subject 2006), of the concepts recentnition to and of evaluate further vulnerability return research. periodscant likewise Integrating changed the historical reassessment mega-flood of gauging this of data1879–2002 important 2002 parameter. for into at Taking the defi- account Dresden gauging leads in datafrom to from 1936 comparison a to to 2002, signifi- changes merely the using return the period from data a for HQ the time period spatial dimension of flood damages andpart to of evaluate modern vulnerability and aspects as historical integrating flood risk management. for the extreme floodreturn event 1824 period and at rainfall river intensitythis Neckar were purpose, at historical underestimated Stuttgart data using on showed modernwere precipitation that data pattern incorporated flood, alone. and into For level, intensity modern and(1999) inundation the underlined areas the hydrological importance budget ofstep model the for LARSIM. social vulnerability dimension Pfister assessment. and ethouse The can al. demonstrate, be given regarded how examples as HQ for first the river Dreisam and Mul- 5 5 25 10 20 15 25 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | erence between the ff ciency of the diversion ffi from the rest of the Ill basin, with erent laws, bylaws and regulations ff ff 188 187 erence in terms of flood control developed between Baden and France ff ects of flooding (due to its indirect influence on the dynamics of floods) and erent for the rest of the Ill basin, where such strong technical alterations were ff ff cial regulative started on the German side after the foundation of the Grand Duchy The real di In the state of the Grand Duchy of Baden the first attempt to work on the non- Therefore, the administrative experience with the flood regulations has a much longer Until 1860 there is a high coherence between floods at Mulhouse and the rest of the In Fig. 16 an inventory of the historic floods in the basin of the Ill and a classification The comparison between the two chronologies turns out to be very instructive for the ffi along the non-navigable rivers. Toof underline the flood political control and it administrative dimension is necessary to analyse the di navigable Rivers was donethe in Grand Duchy 1816 of bywas Baden a founding result (“1. the of Großherzoglich-Badischer First the Flussbauverband”), engagement river which of training Johann syndicate Gottfried Tulla of (1770–1828). This was only technical protection buildings wasof not financial only opportunities a anddomains technical along was question, the not Rhine. but coordinated Firstof also in between France 1840 a France a and question and contract the the wasdevelopment of handled Grand German the out Duchy river between Rhine of theTulla according states (1770–1828) Baden, to (Himmelsbach, the which 2014). plans leads and projects to of a Johann Gottfried controlled and planned concerning the flood control.ferent While communities mostly there by had fishermeno been and a by distinct associations flood (Genossenschaften) control the in the dif- respective landlords. Even changesand during in the the Napoleonic era legalbased were system not on able the after to Roman change theowners legal this: French The tradition, property. French Revolution where Only riparian the rights withplans. non-navigable their Rivers were permission part the of administration the could implement her of Baden in 1806roads, whereas the on “Corps the des Frenchnearly ingénieurs side 100 years des the before ponts first in et administration 1716. chaussées” for bridges already and startedtradition their on work the French side. Inwere the following conducted, decades after in 1716 most manyThis small of was regulations mainly the due caseswere to where neither the the in legal main Alsace situation roads nor regarding in in the Alsace non-navigable Baden Rivers, cross accessible which rivers. to the state but under control of the canal has only becomebuilding land, manifest and very the urbanization progressively.out (factory There in buildings and was parallel housing with, a estates)new and was huge districts, carried even demand working-class in and for anticipationthose industrial, of that developed the proved on construction highly landthe of vulnerable liable owing the canal. to to canal. Conversely, flooding, the And after were completed, weaknesses the the Mulhouse of year the appears early 1905 clearlyfewer and versions when marked above of all the o less final damaging floods version (Martin of et al., the 2010, canal 2011). 6 was Trans-boundary aspects For the navigable rivers, like the river Rhine, there was not a big di basin as to the number and intensity of the floods. So, the e random e thereby on the vulnerability ofurbanization, which the became city, possible through after the its protection completion. it provides, enabling the in a scale of three levelsin of order damage to is shown. compare Two the separatehouse chronologies evolution and are of in displayed the the number rest and of the intensity Ill of basin. theevaluation damaging of in the Mul- process ofwhich increasing is the mainly safety due against to the the flood role risk of for the Mulhouse, channel. Its construction has an impact on the one major flood event afteris the very establishment di of thisnot bypassing possible channel. due The to situation contradicting water rights. French and the German partsluices of and the research other area: flood-protection On projects both since sides the one 18th worked century. on But dams, the quality of the 5 5 10 25 15 20 20 15 10 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | erences in the ff 189 190 erent concepts of flood protection led to two ff cient support by the administration but most frequently because of The research project TRANSRISK was supported by DFG and ANR ffi erent scales and leads to a clear and systematic image. The deriva- ff ered at some rivers a “win-win-situation” between the state, the riparian ff erent points of view regarding the natural stream channel: In Baden all rivers were Changes in flood frequencies (long-time series) are not coherent between the dif- In a long-term consequence these di In Alsace the riparian rights prohibit technical flood protection outside the towns on ff ferent rivers and tributaries.possible The at reconstruction di of underline climatological causes is Management directive from 2007and (EU risk-maps 2007) – a is bigmunities implemented and regarding by controversial the discussion publishing consequences has thereside for started flood- the near in private the the people concerned rivers,rivers and com- what the (and will enterprises, behind who happen theindustrial to dams) areas the and (which prices which inwant of possibilities many to their expand? will cases properties were the besides placed enterprises the in have the in natural the flood areas)7 if they Conclusions The reconstruction of historicaldetailed floods insights at into high flood spatialof and hazard flood temporal and concurrencies resolutions flood reveal allows events. hazard local, perception. regional The and spatial supra-regional patterns dimensions of flood tion of damage mapsmore detailed as in part the ofaccess historical context in the due modern vulnerability to times. analysistimes the on Flood restrictive is both regulations control also sides on was of possible.also public exploited the risk It’s data border management for even and and political risk thement objectives assessment border is clearly. in is Since controlled reflected many 2007 in by the the flood the risk risk EU-policies manage- perception (EU but 2007) but we see many di risques d’inondation dans l’espace du Rhin Supérieur). (ANR-07-FRAL-025, TRANSRISK, Analyse interdisciplinaire et transfrontalière de l’histoire des implementation on the regionalthe and perspective of local private level, and where economic operations uncertainties inAcknowledgements. occur, the future. regarding the non-navigable rivers. The attempt oftraining the French syndicates” government, (“Syndicats to build fluviaux”) so failedstructures, called in “river the this insu time becausethe of divergent the interests complicate of the members,only which interested had been in ordered water tofrom for them: the One agricultural drapery), part needs, was which the wantedfactories other and to to canalise part protect the were them rivers,of industrials against to the flooding. (mainly get rivers The constant led farmers water to worried,be a into that loss solved their a of canalisation neither the possibility byonly to noticeable the irrigate project their French that grassland. nor wasMeyenheim This done by conflict and was could the Colmar the correction German2014). between work administration 1878 on after the and river 1871. 1888 Ill The between (Bordmann, 2004; Himmelsbach, possible, because the Grand Dukesovereign of of Baden had the the people self-concept butposition of also being reminded landlord not undisputed. only for the The alltion types fact costs of that o the the riversand state in the his communities. incurred On country. 2/3 This otherdicate of rivers, (1822) e.g. river to the construc- rejoin Wiese,Meteorologie some in und communities Hydrographie 1882 left des after the Großherzogtumsof some syn- Baden, the 1887). serious 19th Up floods century tocanalized. (Bär, the nearly 1870; middle all Zentralbüro non-navigable für rivers in the grand duchy of Baden were di Wuerttemberg the attitude evolved, thatone behind can the build technical nearly floodone protection anything, has systems to from respect industrial thequence, areas natural flood flood protection to gets areas apartment part at of the houses. a non-navigable In site rivers protection. France and Now as – a the European conse- Flood-Risk- canalized while in Alsace one has to respect the natural flooding areas. 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Analyse, Veränderungen, Trends ( Internationale Kommission zumJacobeit, Schutz J., Glaser, R., des Luterbacher, J., Rheins Nonnenbacher, M., and (Ed.): Wanner, H.: Szenarienstudie Links between für das Jacobeit, J., Glaser, R., Luterbacher, J., and Wanner, H.: Links between flood events in central Jacobeit, J., Philipp, A., and Nonnenmacher, M.: Atmospheric circulationJeworutzki, dynamics linked with A.: GIS-gestützteKjellgren, Analyse S.: hochwasserinduzierter Exploring local Schadwirkungen risk an managers’ use der ofMartin, flood B., Ansel, hazard R., maps Drescher, for A., risk Guerrouah, communi- O., Glaser,Martin, R., B., Ansel, Riemann, R., Guerrouah, D., O., Vitoux, Vitoux, M.-C., M.-C., With, L., Drescher, A., Glaser, R., Himmels- Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (ed.): REMO – Regionale Klimasimulationen fürRiach, Deutsch- N.: Zum Hochwasserrisikomanagement im EinzugsbereichPfister, der C.: Klimageschichte Dreisam. der BSc SchweizPfister, 1525–1860 thesis, C., Bern, Brázdil, P. 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Hochwasser und Hochwasserschutz Internationale Kommission für die Hydrologie des Rheingebietes (Ed.): Das Abflussregime des Glaser, R. and Stangl, H.: Historical floods in the Dutch Rhine Delta, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. 5 5 15 10 20 25 30 20 25 30 10 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Tertiary indicators (Mitigation) porting measures Coordinated sup- porting measures with participat- ion of regional organizations Supra-regional (national), coordi- nated measures of major extent Secondary indi- cators (temporal structure) age duration to few days ing (several weeks) 194 193 Primary indicators (Damages) Little damage Short flood Little (local) sup- Average damage Flooding of aver- Serious damage Long-lasting flood- spatial dimension) up to 20 years] supra-regional flood [return- period 21–100 years] flood of a catastrophically dimension [return-period is higher than 100 years] Classification scheme for flood-events (meso-scale). 1 No classification possible no Information no Information no Information Class Classification (Intensity and − 1 Small flood [Return-period 2 Above-average, big or 3 Extreme/supra-regional Afrika, Asien, B.G.Teubner, Stuttgart, 2000. floods in theevidence, High HSJ, Rhine 56, 733–758, basin 2011. since 1268 assessedin from Deutschland documentary – Vulnerabilität and und Anpassungsstrategienbundesamt, instrumental klimasensitiver Berlin, Systeme, 2005. Umwelt- bau im Großherzogtum Baden,Braun, Beiträge Karlsruhe, zur 1887. Hydrographie des Großherzogtums Baden, 5, Table 1. Weischet, W. and Endlicher, W. (Eds.): Regionale Klimatologie.Wetter, Teil 2: O., Die Pfister, C., Alte Weingartner, Welt: R., Europa, Luterbacher, J., Reist, T., and Trösch,Zebisch, J.: M., The Grothmann, largest T., Schröter, D., Hasse, C., Fritsch, U., and Cramer, W.: Klimawandel Zentralbüro für Meteorologie und Hydrographie des Großherzogtums Baden: Der Binnenfluss- 5 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 196 195 Study area including the researched rivers and actual administrative districts in Total Germany:Rhine 9Total amount: 32 59 28 116 81 309 723 41 54 28 1302 86 59 4 327 2830 Total France:KinzigSchutter 21ElzDreisam 129Neumagen/Möhlin 86Klemmbach 2Kander 1 1 166Wiese 297 3 8 1 3 437 1 1 3 26 65 3 4 3 6 1201 1 39 8 10 2 1 2 4 88 3 15 22 21 160 3 6 23 115 57 2 32 10 10 53 115 8 10 332 2 5 156 10 96 11 14 218 5 68 5 60 1 18 176 188 34 11 0 237 31 RiverIllFechtLauchThurDoller 15thLargue 16th 17th 2 18th 6 3 19th 16 20th 5 37 21 3 21th 2 12 Total 28 28 11 13 17 14 74 18 16 9 45 116 8 16 26 210 16 56 27 39 38 18 28 9 43 30 9 489 43 157 60 3 124 8 18 139 120 172 Occurrence of reconstructed flood-events per century and catchment area. Figure 1. France and Germany. Table 2. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 198 197 Damage map of the flood in December 1882 (Type 2). Damage map of the flood in September 1881 (Type 1). Figure 3. Figure 2. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 200 199 Damage map of the flood in December 1991 (Type 4). Damage map of the flood in December 1999 (Type 3). Figure 5. Figure 4. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 202 201 Changes of the meteorological causes of the floods in the last five decades in com- Damage map of the flood in March 1896 (Type 5). parison to the period from 1480–2007. Figure 7. Figure 6. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 204 203 Floods of the river Rhine in the Hydrological Summer- and Winter-Year (big and Floods of the river Rhine in the Hydrological Summer- and Winter-Year (all events). Figure 9. extreme events). Figure 8. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 206 205 Floods of the river Ill (Alsace) in the Hydrological Summer- and Winter-Year (all Floods of the river Ill (Alsace) in the Hydrological Summer- and Winter-Year (big Figure 11. and extreme events). events). Figure 10. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 208 207 Floods of the river Kinzig (Baden-Wuerttemberg) in the Hydrological Summer- and Floods of the river Kinzig (Baden-Wuerttemberg) in the Hydrological Summer- and Winter-Year (big and extreme events). Winter-Year (all events). Figure 13. Figure 12. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 210 209 Comparison of flooded areas of 1896 and 1991 with modern HQ50 and HQ100 Normed damages of the floods from March 1896 (left) and December 1991 (right) inundation areas as published by LUBW as part of the EU water directive (EU 2007). Figure 15. Figure 14. near Freiburg. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 211 Changes in flood intensity due to technical alterations in Mulhouse. Figure 16.