Russian Eugenics Journal

Preface

USSIAN EUGENICS AND THE Russian Eugenics Journal have always evoked interest; how- Rever, the question was not resolved: If the articles in this journal are so good, then why did eugenics lead to racism? Indeed, 100 years ago the mainstream American eugenics meant racism, xenophobia, and compulsory sterilization. It appears that for exactly this reason the appearance of Anglo-American medical genetics was delayed for about 20 years. However, the Russian eugenics movement was designed and has developed as a pre- cursor to research in human evolution, human behavior, and human genetics. “Why then don’t we call eugenics ‘medical genetics’?” asked a colleague. But eugenics is not medical genetics; it is not even entirely a science. A science does not appear in ready form like Athena from Zeus’s head; there needs to be a preliminary orientation period. Russian eugenics was a discussion of certain themes and approaches, a kind of anticipation. N.K. Koltsov’s eugenics addressed a comprehensive study of man. For Yu.A. Filipchenko, eugenics was demographic statistics. The Russian eugenics movement was concerned with a wide variety of fields, including evolutionary genetics and evolutionary theory, population genetics and population ecology, the study of human constitution and typology, psychology and behavioral science, pathography, pedology, and many others. All these fields were unlucky to be disfa- vored by Stalin, and as a result they ceased, and books and journals on these subjects were banned. In 2005, over winter vacation, an old friend asked me what I would be doing over the near year. I mentioned Dawn ..., and he replied (only partially joking): “Twenty years ago you would have been shot for that right away.” But this book was conceived 30–35 years ago: Eugenics is related to population genetics, my first field of study, and 20 years ago I was already giving a series of lectures on the history of eugenics. The Russian eugenics movement appeared at the boundary of the 19th and 20th centuries, when people were expecting “the end of days.” Now this is history. But we are now again at the boundary of centuries, and even of millennia. Many feel that a new apocalypse is coming and talk about the inevitability of a new eugenics. What will it be? Nobody knows! But we must be ready. This book aims to give a general survey of the Russian eugenics movement, to present the fundamental texts, and to provide orientation for future scholars.

xxvii xxviii /Preface

I am sincerely grateful to Yu.P. Altukhov, B.L. Astaurov, V.N. Belyaeva, R.L. Berg, N.N. Bogdanov, Yu.F. Bogdanov, L.S. Davidenkova, V.P. Efroimson, D.P. Furman, K.A. Golovinskaya, K.N. Grinberg, G.M. Illis, Vl.Il. Ivanov, Vyach.Vs. Ivanov, L.G. Kalmykova, S.G. Kara-Murza, V.S. Kirpichnikov, D.V. Lebedev, T.S. Levit, N.A. Lyapunova, A.A. Malinovsky, R.P. Martynova, N.N. Medvedev, E.N. Mirzoyan, Ye.B. Muzrukova, V.M. Oryol, N.D. Ozernyuk, A.V. Postnikov, A.A. Prokofyeva-Belgovskaya, I.A. Rapoport, P.F. Rokitsky, D.I. Sergeev, B.S. Sokolov, V.N. Stegniy, V.A. Strunnikov, N.V. Timofeev- Ressovsky, T.V. Tomashevich, K.A. Tomilin, Z.M. Volotskaya, and B.G. Yudin. I am grateful to the administration and staff of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, State Archive of Russian Federation, Library of the N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Library of the Institute of Research Information in Social Disci- plines, Library of the Institute of History of Natural Sciences and Technology, and Museum of History of Medicine of I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. My work was supported for a number of years by the Russian Scientific Foundation for Humanities, grants No. 97-03-04373a—“N.K. Koltsov (1872–1940): A Political Biography”; No. 00-03-00104a—“Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Ressovsky, 1900– 1981: A Scientific Biography”; No. 01-03-16057d—“Book: V.V. Babkov & Ye.S. Sakan- yan, Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Ressovsky, 1900–1981”; No. 01-03-00241a—“Social History of Human Genetics in Russia”; and the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research, grant No. 00-06-80109—“History of Human Genetics in Russia, 1920s– 1940s.” The work was completed with the support from the Russian Foundation for Funda- mental Research, grant No. 04-06-80174, “Natural Variation and Its Maintenance in Populations.” The monograph was published with the financial support of the Russian Research Foundation for Humanities, grant No. 05-03-16034d. Introduction by James Schwartz

HE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL GENETICS, and more generally human genetics, in the West Tsuffered greatly from its too close association with eugenics. More progressive doctors, who would have been needed to advance the field, were put off by the racism and xenophobia of eugenics and were given almost no training in the complexities of the then new science of genetics. However, in Russia, the initial euphoria of the Bolshevik leaders for a new socialist society to be populated by a new kind of socialist Man, combined with a commitment to a truly universal health care system, gave a huge boost to the emergence of both the eugenic and medical aspects of human genetics. The obstacles that proved so formidable to the successful launch of the field in the West—the lack of available data on the genealogy of diseases in families, the difficulty in getting a statistically significant number of identical twins to study, and the skepticism of the medical establishment— were all swept aside in the Soviet Union. In the 1920s, under the stewardship of the charismatic and gifted biologist Nikolai Koltsov, the groundwork was laid for a uniquely Russian approach to medical genetics, and by the early 1930s the physician–geneticist Solomon Levit was able to build the well-funded, extensively and expertly staffed Medical-Biological Institute (MBI) (later renamed the Medical Genetics Institute) into the world’s leading center for the study of the genetic basis of many diseases and human genetics in general. The immense success of the movement, which is little known even to Russians, is brought to life in V.V. Babkov’s The Dawn of Human Genetics, as is its dra- matic and violent end, which resulted in the “liquidation” of many of the country’s finest biologists, as well as a major setback to the development of world science. Like many other promising ideas and projects that were born in the Soviet Union, this one was abruptly truncated and then virtually eradicated. This book, which was V.V. Babkov’s last before his untimely death in Moscow in 2006, was his most ambitious work. The text consists of many of the original texts— articles, letters, and other documents—from the 1920s and ’30s, as well as a series of short interpretative essays by Babkov himself, which serve as explications and interpretations of the primary source material. The final chapter of the book features some of the few remaining geneticists in the post-Stalin era. Of special interest is a remarkable and, as far as I know, never-before-translated essay on the origin of altruism by the great scientist and humanist V.P. Efroimson, which was written at the same time that the sociobiology movement was coming into its own in America and England. In contrast with the

ix x / Introduction by James Schwartz sociobiologists, with their emphasis on the warlike, aggressive, and individualistic nature of mankind, Efroimson argues that man is born with an innate sense of justice, humaneness, and kindness, as well as a passion for knowledge. Babkov is an unapologetic champion of the style of historical writing that views the scientist as a Romantic hero (or villain) and attributes great significance to the actions of a select group of highly energetic, charismatic leaders. In that sense, he was a Russian of the old school—passionate, intuitive, intensely opinionated, interested in the big sweep of ideas and less in the details, and occasionally giving himself over to mysticism. The son of a decorated air force general who shot down 23 Nazi planes during World War II, Babkov grew up in a privileged milieu. Unlike many of his colleagues, who still hardly dare to deviate from a catalog of places, titles, and dates, Babkov was unafraid to leap to conclusions about people and events. It was for this reason that I was immediately attracted to his writing, which presents a quite novel picture of the birth and destruction of human genetics in the Soviet Union, as well as a great deal of the primary source material that will allow the reader to come to his or her own conclusions. It is perhaps not surprising that this historian of the Romantic school devoted a large part of his career to the most romantic of Russian biologists, N.K. Koltsov, who is, along with Solomon Levit, at the center of this book. Koltsov’s articles and Babkov’s writing about him take up no less than a quarter of the book, and most of the rest concerns Kolt- sov’s disciples and their writings. Koltsov was a hugely productive scientist and organizer of scientific projects. In the tumultuous summer of 1917, which was characterized by wild experimentation in art and science, Koltsov founded the Institute of Experimental Biol- ogy (IEB). The first center for new biological research in the country, the IEB encom- passed a huge diversity of disciplines, including genetics, cytology, embryology, hydrobiology, physicochemical biology, endocrinology, and neurobiology. Koltsov’s interests spanned the gamut of modern biology, ranging from the structure of molecules—he predicted several key features of the hereditary molecule, which would later be borne out by the structure of DNA—to the anatomy of the cell (advancing the idea of the existence of a cytoskeleton), to evolution and population genetics. He had command of the latest findings in physiology, endocrinology, and neurobiology, as well as the recent developments in animal psychology. In addition, Koltsov had a great passion for human biology and eugenics, and it is this aspect of his career that Babkov’s book focuses on. In 1921, Koltsov expanded his efforts in this direction by forming the Russian Eugenics Society (REO), along with the Russian Eugenics Journal, which published seven multi-issue volumes over the next nine years. Koltsov was himself a prolific contributor to this journal, and Babkov has included four of his weighty papers from the period 1922–1926 in Chapter 2, as well as the tables of contents of all seven volumes of the journal. Although the mood of the country and official policy took a wrenching turn at the end of the decade, there was a palpable sense of promise and possibility, of a “New World” and a “New Man,” in the early 1920s. The quick development of Koltsov’s Institute and the Eugenics Society were greatly facilitated by his friendship with N.A. Semashko, the Commissar of Health (head of the NKZ), who had briefly taken over the Institute when Koltsov was arrested for his role in the Tactical Center Affair, an anti-Bolshevik movement undertaken by disillusioned members of the “intelligentsia.” Although Lenin spared Koltsov, he was no fan of the liberal intelligentsia, as he made clear in his reply to Introduction by James Schwartz / xi the already famous Maxim Gorky, who had written an appeal on Koltsov’s behalf. “The intellectual powers of workers and peasants are growing and get stronger in the fight to overcome the bourgeoisie and their supporters, the intelligentsia, the lackeys of capital, who imagine themselves the brain of the nation,” he wrote, adding with terse acerbity: “Actually this is not a brain, but shit.”1 It was only the timely intervention of Gorky and Semashko that won Koltsov’s reprieve the night before he was to face a firing squad. Ever the scientist, Koltsov had written a paper on the physiological changes of prisoners sentenced to death entitled, “About Weight Change of a Human in a State of Unstable Equilibrium.” Like his hero, Francis Galton (Charles Darwin’s cousin and the founder of modern eugenics), Koltsov saw no reason why humans could not be bred for particular traits in exactly the same way that animals and plants were. In the fall of 1921, he gave an address to the newly formed Russian Eugenics Society, which appeared later that year as the lead article in Volume 1, Issue 1, of the new Russian Eugenics Journal (see Chapter 2, p. 87), an article that would haunt him in future years. In it, he described a vivid thought experiment illustrating the power of breeding. Borrowing from H.G. Wells, Koltsov imag- ined the invasion of a group of super-intelligent Martians who treated humans exactly as they treated their farm animals and household pets. People would be suitably “domesticated” just as dogs had been made from wolves. Independent-minded, rebellious types would quickly be eliminated, while large, docile breeders would be chosen to create a strong, compliant workforce. Other people with fine motor control would be selected to create a class of craftsmen, and special races of the most beautiful—to the Martian taste—would be created. “In as little time as a century,” he wrote, there would be “endless individual races of domesticated people as sharply distinct from one another as a pug or a lapdog is from a Great Dane or St. Bernard” (p. 71). Had the laws of Mendel been known to Russian landowners or to American slave owners in the previous century, he continued, they could have accomplished the same ends by means of breeding their serfs and slaves. However, Koltsov believed that the right to choose one’s spouse was a “precious freedom”—one that mankind would never willingly relinquish. It was just this precious freedom that Koltsov’s disciple A.S. Serebrovsky and the expatriate American geneticist H.J. Muller, who was one of the principal architects of the modern chromosome theory, would propose to revoke a decade later, and their suggestions would set off a cascade of horrible events. But this comes later in the history and in Babkov’s book as well. For Koltsov’s 1921 speech was given in the first months of Lenin’s New Economic Policy, following three years of “real communism” during which the government had requisitioned all produce, resulting in the virtual disappearance of food in the cities. Moscovites were eating horses and cats. In the wake of this wholesale confiscation, Lenin’s new policy was meant to encourage individual enterprise, and Kolt- sov’s genetic theory was perfectly consonant with the new economic theory. According to Koltsov, centuries of serfdom had created a dull, passive peasant population, little different from the hereditary slaves that might have been bred by his Martians. Koltsov believed that humanity itself could be divided into two types: Homo sapiens explorans, a subspecies characterized by its inborn qualities of enterprise, independence, and

1 Lenin to Gorky, September 15, 1919. xii / Introduction by James Schwartz bravery; and the entirely passive, authority-craving Homo sapiens inertus, among whom the long-suffering, highly conservative peasantry was a prime example. The idea that the best genes resided in the aristocracy was of course unacceptable after the Revolution, as one would have had to praise the fiercely anti-Bolshevik White Army, and even as Koltsov and his fellow members of the Russian Eugenics Society were writing, the aristocrats and bourgeois classes were being eliminated. It was safe, however, to reach back to the Decembrist uprising of 1825, which was led by Russian army officers against Tsar Nicholas I, to show that these officers were richly endowed with genes for activity, bravery, and intelligence, and to trace their origin and mode of inheritance. Likewise, it was still acceptable to focus on the old nobility, and Babkov includes a representative sam- ple of genealogical studies of Russia’s most celebrated aristocratic families, including the Tolstoys, Pushkins, and Trubetskoys, attempting to find patterns in the inheritance of their special talents (see Chapter 5). An essay on Dostoevsky by M.V. Volotsky, who worked foratime in Koltsov’s Institute, is anexample of an early, and maybe the first, study of epilepsy informed by genetics. Koltsov himself wrote a genealogical studyof the Darwin and Galton family. In a separate chapter, Babkov includes a contemporary study of the “Criminality of Jews,” which found criminality of all types to be less prevalent among Jews than among Christians (see Chapter 4), and the table of contents of an entire journal devoted to the study of the constitutional makeup and diseases of Jews (pp. 301–305). Unlike the aristocracy, the vydvizhentsy were an entirely uncontroversial subject for study. By the 1920s the word had come to describe those who opportunistically pushed their way into positions of power in the Communist Party, but Koltsov meant it in an older sense. For him, the vydvizhentsy referred to those of humble origins who had suffi- cient inborn ambition, drive, and intelligence to make “great men” of themselves—people so overflowing with energy and talent that no external obstacle could prevent them from achieving their creative goals and advancing to the highest levels of society. In fact, Koltsov might just as well have used his own story to illustrate the point. As he described in his 1924 article in the Russian Eugenics Journal (Chapter 2, p. 96), the new class of scientist and merchant must be uncommonly endowed with genes for creative capacity and the “will for power,” which enable them to organize others, as well as genes for “propagandizing.” These genes, he added, were most likely dominant, and with- out the ability to promote one’s ideas a scientist’s “labor was wasted” (p. 99). Ruling over the immensely influential IEB and REO, each of which turned out reams of impressive work, Koltsov was certainly an exemplar of the active type, but Koltsov’s longtime friend Maxim Gorky was an even more perfect example of the vydvizhensty, and Gorky’s family was the main subject of Koltsov’s 1926 study, “Genealogies of Our Vydvizhentsy” (Chap- ter 2, p. 152). Because Gorky’s relatives were all indisputably working-class—a family of drunks, storytellers, savants, and miscreants—it was politically acceptable to talk about the origin of Gorky’s inborn traits, the unique “availability of neuron-rich cortex strata” that Koltsov believed accounted for the creativity of the writer or poet (p. 178). After Lenin’s death in 1924, Russian eugenics continued to grow and prosper for the next five years. Complementing the work of Koltsov, the geneticist–statistician Yu.A. Fil- ilpchenko, who had formed his own eugenics society with its own journal in Petrograd (soon to be renamed Leningrad) in the early ’20s, embarked on his most ambitious eugenical work in 1925. Taking inspiration from Francis Galton’s book-length study Eng- lish Men of Science, Filipchenko did a careful statistical study of the members of the Introduction by James Schwartz / xiii

Russian Academy of Sciences. Meticulously, he documented the achievements of close relatives of .80 members of the Academy. Like Galton before him, he erroneously con- cluded that the fact that close relatives of brilliant men were also brilliant proved that scholars were born and not made, glossing over the obvious objection that it might have been the special benefits that accrue to the family members of celebrated scholars rather than their great brains that accounted for their exceptional level of accomplish- ment. Nonetheless, Filipchenko’s studies were taken seriously, and he was put in charge of dividing all researchers into five groups, ranking them according to the level of their inborn talent for the Central Commission on Improvement of Scholars’ Lives (TsEKUBU). The greater your inborn talent, the greater the benefits you received. Over the subsequent years Koltsov and his collaborators at the REO continued to argue the case for genetic determination of human psychology, diseases, and other characteristics. Koltsov was deeply impressed by the purely mechanistic approach to neuro- physiology being developed by I.P. Pavlov, who banned all references to thoughts, desires, memories, and emotions in his lab in favor of his famous conditional and unconditional reflex arcs. In his “Genetic Analysis of the Psychological Features of Man” (Chapter 2, p. 87), Koltsov applied his expertise in microscopic anatomy to make the case that although “conditional reflexes” were obviously not inherited, the ability to lay down such reflexes and the rate of their formation were (p. 112). At the same time, Koltsov was interested in subjective psychology, speculating that the ancient classification of temperament into four types—choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic—could be correlated with the activity of the thyroid gland or the gonads. Although conceding that the expression of genotype depended on random environmental conditions, he believed that it was nonetheless possible to define “constitutional types.” Temperament he considered to be a purely zoological feature, and expressions such as “timid as a rabbit” or “brave as a lion” could be taken literally. Thus, it was possible in principle to dissect personality into units that were inherited as genes. Perhaps most importantly from a contemporary perspective, Koltsov also initiated a wide-ranging study of what he called “racial pathology,” which focused on the many isolated populations of the Caucasus that had been virtually untouched for centuries, with the goal of looking for higher incidences of specific diseases that could then be analyzed genetically. The concepts of what would come to be called population genetics had recently been developed by the brilliant geneticist Sergei Chetverikov, who had been pro- foundly affected by his exposure to Drosophila genetics, which had been introduced to Koltsov’s group by a highly energetic and idealistic Muller in a whirlwind tour of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1922. This interest in studying isolated populations in order to find disease genes was picked up by the young physician–geneticist Solomon Levit. Levit was born in a shtetl in Lith- uania and was the first member of his family to receive a formal education. Although many scientists—even the most left-leaning among them—avoided joining the Commu- nist party, it provided a quick means to advance in society for a poor Jew from the hinter- lands. As a teenager, Levit had joined the Bund, the most leftist of the Jewish parties in the Jewish Pale, and later he joined the Bolshevik faction of the RSDRP. Levit entered Moscow University medical school in 1916. Shortly after the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, he served briefly as a medic in the Red Army until he was struck with typhus and allowed to return to his medical studies. After the Civil War ended in 1921, Levit returned xiv / Introduction by James Schwartz to his native village in Lithuania to be married. Although he would have been well-advised to emigrate to the West as had many Jews from similar backgrounds, Levit chose instead to return to Soviet Russia with his bride. For him, the Communist Party was a new religion, and he had an almost messianic fervor about it. In the prime of his life he would be richly rewarded for his loyalty to the Bolshevik cause, and subsequently, as was the norm under Stalin, cruelly punished for it. A devoted Party member, Levit would have had good reason to believe that he was acting in accord with Stalin’s famous injunction in December 1929 to elevate practice over theory (p. 541). For he was vigorously advocating a new medical genetics, a field that would apply the new insights of the chromosome theory and Mendelism to the practice of medicine. As a founding member of the Society for Study of Racial Pathology and Geographic Distribution of Diseases and the head of the Laboratory of Human Heredity and Constitution at the Medical-Biological Institute in Moscow, Levit had initiated field studies of local populations; twin studies, nonidentical and identical; and the collection of genealogies. In addition, he began to compile data on the human chromosomes with the eventual goal of creating a map of the complete set of chromosomes, as well as genetic data on the inheritance of various diseases. In 1929, the first volume of the Laboratory’s works was published, which included Levit’s visionary article, “Genetics and Pathology (in Relation to the Current Crisis in Medicine)” (Chapter 8, p. 552). In this article, Levit pointed out that genetics would play a key role in understanding purely internal diseases—what he termed “constitutional diseases”—including many forms of cancer, but also in illuminating a patient’s predisposition to diseases triggered by specific pathogens (like tuberculosis) and in understanding susceptibility to paratypic diseases (diseases caused by infections, traumas, etc.). With the zeal of a recent convert, Levit trumpeted the role of heredity, proudly proclaiming: “We put an end to simplified ideas about the almighty role of the environment, for which an organism is a kind of an amorphous mass that is able to change in any direction.” Others might have been more cautious about going against Soviet orthodoxy, which sanctified the role of the environment in disease, learning, and heredity itself, but for Levit, who was firmly convinced that in the end science would trump ideology, such unambiguous and direct statements were second nature. Until the veryend he could not believe that hewould be punished for the clear-sighted and groundbreaking new science that he was creating. In particular, Levit had already begun gathering all available information on the mode of inheritance—whether recessive or dominant, sex-linked or autosomal—for diseases that ran in families. Such data, he pointed out, could immediately be used clinically to distinguish between two different diseases that presented with the same symptoms. Based on his own findings, it was already clear that there were at least two different forms of hemophilia—the classical sex-linked version and another that was autosomal dominant. Furthermore, Levit predicted that a time would come when it would be possible to determine the linkage of a disease gene to other traits, and to map its exact location, as well as to find other contributing genes—so-called modifiers—that influenced the primary gene’s expression. When this happened, he said, clinical differentiation would be put on a solid scientific foundation. This possibility had been pointed out by H.J. Muller in a remarkable paper that occupied an entire issue of the Journal of Genetics in 1920. In that paper, which was based on work he had done as a graduate student at Columbia, Muller had shown that it was possible to map complex traits by locating both the master Introduction by James Schwartz / xv gene for a particular mutant phenotype (truncate wings) and the associated modifier genes to specific chromosomes in Drosophila. Eighty years later, with the advent of genome-wide association studies, Levit’s dream of finding the genes that contribute to complex human diseases would begin to be realized. Around the time that Levit published his foundational article, there was an abrupt change of mood in the Soviet Union. In several chapters Babkov spells out the ways in which the advent of the Five-Year Plans in 1929 and the push for industrialization marked the beginning of a new relationship between the state and science. The liberal-minded commissars of health and education, Nikolai Semashko and Anatoly Lunacharsky, were removed, and the leading geneticist at the IEB, Sergei Chetverikov, was arrested and exiled. Koltsov was accused of leading “a reactionary-party biology,” and his past writing was subjected to analysis by a brigade of ideologues, including the notorious Lysenko crony I.I. Prezent, who found that Koltsov was conspiring to import the conclusions of Fascist eugenics into Russia. Even Koltsov’s finest and least controversial work on the distribution of blood types was criticized as Fascist. Among the younger generation, the Koltsov prote´ge´ A.S. Serebrovsky was singled out for attack for his zealous advocacy of eugenics. In his 1929 article, “Anthropogenetics and Eugenics in a Socialist Society” (Chapter 6, pp. 505–516), which appeared concurrently with Levit’s “Genetics and Pathology,” Serebrovsky laid out his vision of a new socialist eugenics. He called for the destruction of the traditional family, state child care for all children, and artificial insemination of women by sperm from state-approved donors. The notion that a man could love offspring only if they were products of his own sperm was, in Serebrovsky’s view, an entirely artificial construct that followed from the capitalist conception that a wife was a man’s property (pp. 513–516). Although equally radical ideas had been embraced in the 1920s, such independent-minded initiatives were no lon- ger welcome. Serebrovsky was severely criticized for overreaching and forced to recant, and in his future writing he put aside his ideas for improving the national “genofond” by means of artificial insemination and stuck to less controversial topics. In February 1932, Levit, having returned from a yearlong stay in Muller’s Texas laboratory on a Rockefeller stipend, found that he had been removed from his position as head of the Medical-Biological Institute and that all of his genetic projects had been sus- pended. In his absence, the attacks on Koltsov had escalated and a decision had been made to disband the venerable IEB. Once again, it was Maxim Gorky who came to the rescue, hand delivering a letter from Koltsov to Stalin, which was enough to stay the assault. Nevertheless, Koltsov felt it was necessary to divest his institute of its association with human genetics altogether, and he handed off the researchers involved with human genetics as well as their projects to Levit. Six months later, Levit was reinstated as head of the MBI and persuaded the Central Committee to allow him to resume genetic research. His friends warned him that this was suicide, but the indomitable Levit pressed forward. Over the course of the next four years the MBI, which would be renamed the Maxim Gorky Institute of Medical Genetics (MGI), resumed work on the analysis of the genetics of pathology that Levit had laid out in his 1929 paper. In addition, the twin studies that had been initiated at Koltsov’s IEB were greatly expanded, and by the time it was closed in 1937, the MGI was monitoring .1700 twin pairs and overseeing the development of seven pairs of twins in the Institute’s twin kindergarten. In the department of cytology, researchers were studying the chromosomal changes associated with leukemia, and xvi / Introduction by James Schwartz making great strides in characterizing chromosomal irregularities more generally, an effort that would only come to fruition 20 years later in the West. In the final section of his book, Babkov presents the narrative of events that led to the demise of genetics in the Soviet Union. Among the texts that are reprinted is Muller’s letter of July 1936 to Stalin, in which Muller, who was then living in Moscow, argued, as Serebrovsky had before him, for a eugenics program based on the use of artificial insemination by selected donors. It was this letter, Babkov argues, that tipped the balance and persuaded Stalin to liquidate the Soviet genetics program. Although it seems unlikely that Muller could have exerted so large an influence on a matter of such vital interest to the state, it is clear that he and the geneticists had failed to understand how thin was the thread on which the future of genetics hung. Although Muller would escape, Levit, Kolt- sov, and many of their colleagues were to perish in the upheaval that followed. For several years Koltsov staved off the final dissolution of his institute. His eugenic writings from the 1920s were resurrected and turned against him, but again and again he refused to renounce his former writings or to recant, insisting that his words were being taken out of context and that the specific criticisms that were being leveled against him were unjustified. When pressed, he continued to insist on the importance of eugenically sound marriages. In the end, Koltsov died of a heart attack under suspicious circumstances in a hotel in Leningrad in December 1940. Ironically, Koltsov’s fantasy of the 1920s had been enacted. It was Stalin himself who played the role of the nearly omnip- otent Martians, systematically destroying the most independent, active, and rebellious members of society. Regardless of whether these qualities were inborn or the result of education and acculturation, the destruction of these individuals had far-reaching consequences. The fact that the children of these gifted individuals were deprived of nurtur- ing parents, or murdered along with them, or never even conceived had a profound effect on the subsequent generation, and this effect is still felt today, as is the effect of the loss of one of the crowning achievements of Russian science—a brilliantly conceived and highly productive program in medical genetics. Introduction

AN AND EVERYTHING CONNECTED to him is the favorite, the main, and the almost sole Mobject of our observation and study. In our tradition, Judeo–Christian–Muslim, there are two main myths—a myth about the creation of the world and a myth about the creation of man, and the second is a special aspect of the first. The creation myth in a secularized society and a modern intellectual environment assumed the form of evolutionary and cosmological hypotheses and theories. Both, because of their origin, pos- sessed rich and very explosive associations; the consequences are obvious. For instance, in the early 1920s, Albert Einstein, with a true religious zeal, attempted to fight the ideas of a young Russian physicist, A.A. Friedman, which contradicted Einstein’s postulate of a sta- tionary universe. If the origin of the universe and evolution of the world so deeply touch both specialists and the broad public, what powerful energy must be carried by a hypothesis about man himself, about the causes of his diseases, abilities, and talents? While anthropology was slowly accumulating its facts, it was not subjected to any demonization (however, the later natural-philosophic discussions of ultramaterialists and radical Darwinists caused a number of problems, including the Monkey Trials). The public now is not keenly interested in modern human molecular genetics. Even the widely publicized Human Genome Project did not capture the public interest as expected. In part, this is because biotechnologists have no idea of the meaning behind the nice pic- turesthat theyobtain. However, the lackof charisma of this project is largely due to the fact that molecules (as well as elementary particles) are objectsthat are as alien to man as are the fish in exotic seas, volcanoes on faraway islands, and comets and asteroids. The public is more interested in the cloning of mammals and humans, which is entirely limited to sen- sational reports in the mass media, but this subject is compromised by falsifications. Modern evolutionary studies use genetic methods and approaches, and this is also completely true in the study of human evolution. But human genetics appeared rather late, much later than the direction of research that was shaped by the interest of scientists and laypersons alike in obtaining healthy and outstanding offspring over a number of generations. The teaching of Francis Galton on human evolution and heredity was the most developed and influential; he combined Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which he applied to man, with his own mathematical–statistical approach, and this he named “eugenics.” Galton’s ideas deeply influenced British science. They provided legitimacy both to the creators of the Darwinist and mathematical–biological school (Karl Pearson) as

xxix xxx / Introduction well as to the creators of the rival Mendelian school (William Bateson). Later Ronald Fisher, a biomathematician and ardent supporter of Galton’s eugenics, removed the con- troversy, united both directions, and opened new prospects of study; it was precisely because of his interest in eugenics that Fisher developed mathematical population genetics. It should be noted that Galton’s eugenics included two programs, a program of study and a program of practical action. The latter was logically divided into two types: negative (limiting the number of births of people with hereditary defects) and positive (encour- aging reproduction of the most valuable members of society). Galton remarked on that matter, “It is nice to invent eutopias,” and admitted that he allowed himself this pleasure. Although one admires the research program of Galton, one should be very cautious about specific implementation of his program of practical action. The British eugenicists, based on sophisticated research methods, further developed Galton’s research program. Some of the American work, which was less sophisticated in its approach, based on class and racial feelings, increased interest and obtained serious financial support in the harsh conditions of the early 20th century, and this delayed other studies that later had great importance for the development of modern medical genetics. It was those American eugenicists who provided pseudoscientific justification for the 1924 law that limited immigration of certain races (the same law used when German Jews, threatened by con- centration camps, fled to their relatives in the United States in 1940 and were sent from New York directly back into the Nazis’ hands).a It was precisely those eugenicists who created the Indiana program (named after the state where it was first used), the compulsory sterilization by court order of “undesirable” persons. In the United States, tens of thousands were subjected to this procedure. In Europe, a law on compulsory sterilization was discussed and generated both interest and opposition. In Germany, following the 1933 law that banned marriages between Aryans and non-Aryans, a law was enacted on the sterilization of the mentally ill.1 (When the law was repealed, the initial concen- tration of the mentally ill in the population was reestablished, so the goal of racial cleans- ing was not achieved.) Such laws were adopted in all Scandinavian countries (in Denmark as early as 1929), in one of the Swiss counties, and in Estonia. In the United Kingdom, a law on voluntary sterilization was discussed starting in 1934 and was finally rejected in 1939. In France and Italy, no such law was discussed. With the end of the Great Depression in the United States and the defeat of Nazism in Germany, these kinds of practical actions in demographic policy lost their former popularity. From that time, positive eugenics existed only as traditional measures for the care of mothers and newborns, professional and social hygiene, and negative eugenics existed as medical genetics.2

a Babkov is probably referring to the fate of nearly 1000 Jewish refugees who sailed from Hamburg to Cuba in May 1939 aboard the St. Louis. Denied entry to Cuba or the United States, the passengers eventually were returned to Europe where just over a quarter perished in the Holocaust.—Ed. 1 Voluntary sterilization for medical reasons is currently done in all countries with developed medical services. 2 In the enthusiasm about biotechnology of the last 20 years, the term “positive eugenics” is used to describe plans for gene transplantations in humans to improve physical or mental abilities. Introduction / xxxi

The beginning is the most interesting time. As in any field of human endeavor, science is based on something that is outside of itself, life circumstances specific to a certain time and place. This book clarifies the circumstances that inevitably led to the formula- tion of medical-genetic goals in our country, and the course of events as medical genetics was created and then liquidated. Stalin’s clear and still unexplained hatred of gene theory in our country resulted first in the folding of eugenics, then in the liquidation of human genetics, and later in the general ban of scientific genetics. These processes were preceded by massive campaigns of the agitprop from which the citizens learned their lesson: To be interested in human genetics was to endanger one’s life. Meanwhile, Russian eugenics (an early stage of human genetics as well as human evolutionary studies) posed important and interesting issues. Based on the great traditions of Russian biology and medicine, and guided by N.K. Koltsov and other prominent biologists and physicians, it also lacked the abuses characteristic of the old-style American eugenics and German racial hygiene. On the contrary, the Russian Eugenics Journal of Koltsov constantly criticized any unjustified conclusions and deviations from strict scientific thought, which abounded in that period of general enthusiasm. This book includes selected fundamental texts of the Russian eugenics movement and early Russian medical genetics, which have long been inaccessible to readers. Famil- iarity with discussions of the 1920s and the early 1930s on a number of issues concerning human evolution and genetics will no doubt be useful in social–ethical discussions of modern problems that arise in relation to the Genome Project, certain types of legal bills introduced in our parliament, as well as in the problems that will inevitably emerge in the process of globalization in which Russia is now also involved. Index

Abich, H.W., Academician, 237, 250 Alapovsky, Ye., 337 detailed list of generations, 411–414 Abramov, M.P., 395 Albinism, 116 ethnicity and possible inborn traits, Abrikosov, A.I., 469, 470 Albrecht, W., 561 410 Academy of Sciences Album of Confessions (L.F. Dostoev- father’s traits and life story, 407–409 attacks on members’ defense of sci- skaya), 441–442 Friedrich Witte’s descendents, 406– ence, 680–682 Alchevskaya, Kh.D., 450 407 campaign to keep Koltsov out, 684 Alcoholism and natural selection, 143 German heritage, 405–406, 410 membership study (See Academy of Aleksandr Nevsky, Prince, 358 mother’s traits and life story, 409 Sciences membership study) Aleksandrov, A.D., 697 talents of S.Yu. Witte, 334 Academy of Sciences membership study Aleksandrova, F.I., 301 Anderson, 607 age at election and life span, 234–237 Alekseev, Academician, 233 Andreev, A.A., 469 birthplace and place of origin, 240– Alekseev, K.S. See Stanislavsky, K.S. Andreev, F.A., 531 243 Alexander I (Romanov), 321, 328, 335, Andreev, L.N., 462 children and grandchildren, 265–270 368, 386, 394, 408 Andres, A.G., 544, 545, 582, 593, 624, conclusions and observations from Alexander II (Romanov), 325, 327, 409 654 the survey, 276–278 Alexander III (Romanov), 409 Andreski, Stanislav L., 723 data collection method, 230 Alexander the Great, 441, 646 Andreyevich, Ya.M., 343 date of birth and grouping of the data, All-Union Academy of Agricultural Scien- Andrusov, N.I., Academician, 244, 260, 230–233 ces (VASKhNIL), 530, 535, 536, 537, 263, 267 departments and specialties, 233t 646, 656, 678–680, 686, 687, 691 Anesthetics, 428 ethnic and social origin, 243–246 All-Union Agricultural Exhibition Anﬁmov, V.Ya., 308, 415 family status, 255–257 (VSKhV), 650, 677 Anna Ioannovna, 21 family trees illustrating outstanding All-Union Communist Party (VKPb), 647 Anna Yaroslavna, 313 lineages, 270–276 All-Union Institute of Plant Breeding Annals of Eugenics, The (Fisher), 11, features of the intelligentsia, 279–280 (VIR), 207, 677 586 higher education and activities prior ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), Annenkov, I.A., Decembrist, 388, 400 to election, 237–240 543–544 Annenkov, N.N., 388 limits and content of, 229–230 Altenburg, Edgar, 604, 605 Annenkova, V.N., 388 number of children of fathers and Altruism. See “Origin of Altruism, The” Anosov, P.P., mining engineer, 251 brothers and birth order, 257–260 Altukhov, Yu.P., Preface Anthropogenetics occupations of fathers and brothers, Amenitsky, D.A., 306 medicine and (See “Anthropogenetics 247–250 American Breeders Association, 13 and Medicine”) outstanding relatives, 250–255 American eugenics. See Eugenics in place in a socialist state (See Russian and foreign composition over America “Anthropogenetics and Eugenics 200 years, 227–229 American Genetic Association, 13 in a Socialist Society”) spouses and their lineage, 261–265 American Jewish Joint Agricultural trait inheritance and, 728–730 Acosta, Uriel, 684, 686, 687 Corporation (Agro-Joint), 292 twin studies (See Twin studies) Adadurov, V.Ye., Academician, 228 Ammon, Otto, 519 “Anthropogenetics and Eugenics in a Agol, I.I., 534, 536, 649, 654, 678, photo Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Socialist Society” (Serebrovsky) insert 543–544 argument that relationships and Agranov, Ya.S., 57 Analytic abilities and heredity, 119–121 emotions should not be a factor in Agro-Joint (American Jewish Joint Anaximander of Miletus, 703 reproduction, 514–515 Agricultural Corporation), 292 “Ancestors and Descendents of the conclusions from a blood type Akaky Akakievich (literary character), Academician Karl Ernst von Baer” genofond analysis, 509–510 437 (Nelidov and Essen) content of anthropogenetics, 505 Aksakov family, 63, 196 ancestors of K.E., 374–376 eugenics’ inability to succeed in a Aksakov, I.S., 263 descendents of Maria Julianne, 384– capitalist society, 512–513 Aksakov, K.S., 263 386 formula for possible gene Aksakov, S.T., 263 detailed list of generations, 377–384 combinations, 505 Aksyonov, V.V., 201, 203 genealogy table narrative, 371–374 geographical genetics’ relevance to Alapovsky, I. “Muravey”, 337 “Ancestors of Count S.Yu. Witte” population analysis, 507–509 Alapovsky, V., 337 (Lyubimov) mutational process and, 510–511

749 750 / Index

“Anthropogenetics and Eugenics in a Ardrey, Robert, 732 Bakunin, M.M., 352 Socialist Society” (Serebrovsky) Aristotle, 27, 148, 646, 667 Bakunin, M.P., 352 (Continued) Aristhophanes, 343 Bakunin, N.A., 346, 353–354 promise of eugenics, 511, 515–516 Arsenyev, V.S., 334 Bakunin, P.A., 346, 354 response to comments about the Arsenyev, Yu.V., 334 Bakunin, P.P., 352 article, 517–518 Arsenyeva, M.A. (Geptner), 689, photo Bakunin, P.V., 352 scope of task involved in studying the insert Bakunin, V.M., 352 human gene, 505–506 Arteriosclerosis as a racial characteristic, Bakunina, A.A. See Wulf, A.A. socialism’s potential for changing 487–488 Bakunina, L.A., 346 attitudes towards selective Art of Inmates (Karpov), 307 Bakunina, P.M., 352 reproduction, 515 Art of the Mentally Diseased, The (Kar- Bakunina, T.A., 346, 353 topographical genetics importance, pov), 307 Bakunina, V.A., 345, 346, 353 506–507 Asch, 560 Bakunina, V.A., neé Muravyova, 345 Western eugenics’ misguided focus Aschner, B., 553, 565 Bakunina, V.M., 352 on selective breeding, 513 Aschoff, 480 Bakunina, Yekaterina M., 352, 354 “Anthropogenetics and Medicine” Aseev, N.N., 415 Bakunina, Yevdokia M., 352 (Levit) Association of Science and Technology Balabanov, N.I., 431 birthrate and differential mortality of Workers for Contribution to Balkashina (Balkaschina), Ye.I., 64, 211, males and females study, 593 Socialist Construction (VAR- 626, 627, 628, photo insert bourgeois science being conducted in NITSO), 475, 477 Bandre-du-Plessis, A.F., 408 Germany, 588 Astaurov, B.L., Preface, 59, 64, 208, 475, Bandre-du-Plessis, H.A., 408 call to advance anthropogenetics 625, 627–628, 633–634, 695–698, Bantysh-Kamensky, D.N., 403 studies, 598–599 725 Baratynsky, Ye.A, 325 correlation of humans study, 593– eulogy at Timofeev-Ressovsky’s Barbot de Marni, Ye.Ye. See Tolstaya, 594 funeral, 696 Ye.Ye. deep divide regarding study of genetics research, 64, 627 Barchenko, A.V., 2 heredity and environment, 595– Koltsov institute organization, 208 Barclay family, 316 596 paper on evolution, 695 Barclay, Robert, 315 deficiencies and advantages to man as photograph of, photo insert Barinshteyn, L.A., 302 an object of genetic study, 589, 590 political vulnerability of, 475 Barsukov, I.P., 348, 350 etiology of disease helped by genetics, posthumous accusations against, 697 Bartenev, P.I., 339 591 response to Efroimson’s altruism Bartold, V.V, Academician, 256, 264 gender and its relation to pathology paper (See “Evolutionary Genetics Baryatinskaya, M.F., Princess, neé study, 592–593 of Humaneness”) Countess Keller, 365 genetics and the nature of mutations, work with Davidenkov, 633 Baryatinsky family, 363 597–598 Asthenic physiques, 429 Baryatinsky, A.I., Prince, Field Marshal, incompletely expressed disease study, Athletic physique, 430 365 592 Auerbach, Charlotte, 691 Baryatinsky, I.I., Prince, 365 mathematical genetics, 598 Auger, Hippolyte, 342 Barykova, A.P., neé Kamenskaya, poet- need to raise the scientific level of Augustus, Emperor, 149 ess, 318, 321 anthropogenetic studies, 596–597 Australopithecus, 703, 704 Bashkirtseva, M.K., writer, 264 nosology study, 592 Avdeeva, M., 74 Bashkova, Ye.M., 430 purpose of the genetics conference, Averbakh, M.I., 469 Basina, I.L., 623, 624 588–589 Avramov, A.I., 531 Bates, Henry, 494 questions that emerge only in the Azbukin, D.I., 443 Bateson, William, 2, 79, 601, 602, 604 study of humans, 590 Batkis, G.A., 469, 476, 477, 519, 524, 534 role of genetics in studying Batyushkov, K.N., poet, 341, 351, 392 intersexuality and Babinsky phenomenon, 110 Bauer, Julius, 102, 110, 113 gynandromorphism, 593 Babkov,V.V.,57,64,208,474,477,527,534, Bauer, K., 563, 564 role of genetics in studying 625–628, 643, 645–646, 689–690 Bauman, K.Ya., 651, 653, 679 prophylaxis and therapy, 594–595 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 72 Baur, E., 487, 524 “Anthropotechnical Projects of Peter I” Baer, Heinrich Johann, 371 Bazhenov, N.N., 307 (Volotskoy), 20–22 Baer, Heinrich Sr., 371 Beck, Ye., 489 Anthropotechnics, 20–22, 70 Baer, Karl Ernst von. See von Baer, Karl Beck’s disease as a racial Antonov-Ovseenko, A.V., 654 Ernst characteristic, 489 Antsiferov, N.P., 686 Bagg, 44 Bedny, D., 476 Anuchin, D.N., 21 Bakh, A.N., 75, 684–687 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 462 Apert syndrome, 635 Bakunin family, 63, 200, 252, 308, 340, Begichev, S.N., 396 Apostol, D., Hetman, 343 345, 350–352, 392 Bekayryukov, D.D., hygienist, 264 Appendicitis as a racial characteristic, common psychological features, 354 Beketov family, 271, 275 485–486 connection to Muravyovs, 345–346 Beketov, A.N., 271, 275 Applied Genetics ( journal), 15 genealogy table narrative, 352–354 Beketov, Nikita A., writer, 271 Apraksin, Count, 407 suicides, 354 Beketov, Nikolay A., 271, 275 Apraksina, S.P., 329 Bakunin, A.I., physician, 346 Beketov, N.N., Academician, 237, 244, Apukhtina, N.D. See Fonvizina, N.D. Bakunin, Aleksandr A., 346, 354 251, 267, 275 Arabazhin, K.I., writer, 254 Bakunin, Aleksey A., 346, 349, 354 Beketov, P.P., iconographer, 251, 275 Arab culture, 132 Bakunin, A.M., 345, 352 Beketova, neé Yakushkina, 271, 275 Arakcheev, A.A., 343 Bakunin, I.A., 346 Bekhterev, V.M., 6, 463, 527 Archiv fu¨r Kriminal-Antrhopologie,20 Bakunin, M.A., Anarchist, 335, 337, Bekker, D.E., photo insert Ardashnikov, S.N., 540, 578, 623, 672 345–346, 348, 351–354, 370 Beklemishev family, 363 Index / 751

Belarchet, 3 Biogeocoenology, 742 Bogdanov, Ye.F., 53, 534 Belinsky, V.G., 79, 345, 346, 350, 353, Biological Basis of Human Nature Bogdanov, Yu.F., Preface 409 (Jennings), 467 Bogomolets, A.A., 469, 470 Bell, Alexander Graham, 13 “Biological Heredity and Social Bogoslovsky, M.M., Academician, Belogolovy, N.A., doctor, 344 Heredity” (Dubinin), 697 253, 260 Belopolsky, A.A., Academician, Biology of Death, The (Pearl), 372 Bogoyavlensky, N.V., 59 244, 251 Biophysik (Timofeev-Ressovsky), 657 Bohr, Niels, 642 Beloselsky-Belozersky, A.M., Prince, Biosocial eugenics, 528–529 Bolshevist eugenics, 473–474 poet, 389 “Biosphere and Mankind, The” Bondarenko, P.P., 476, 682 Bely, A. (Bugaev, B.N.), 1, 264 (Timofeev-Ressovsky) Bonnevie, Kristine, 604, 635, 642 Belyaev, D.K. 695, 697 biogeocoenology, 742 Borgstrem, 721 Belyaeva, V.N., Preface biological cycle, 740–741 Boris Godunov, Tsar, 407 Belyayev, N.K., 475, 627, 697, photo consideration of how matter leaves Borisov, A.I., Decembrist, 403 insert the biosphere, 743–744 Borisov, N.I., Decembrist, 401, 403 Benkendorf family, 407 estimate of the total biomass of the Borodin, I.P., Academician, 251, 260, Benkendorf, M.I., 209 Earth, 740 263, 267 Bentham, Jeremy, 349 imperative to achieve equilibrium Bortsov, A.A., geographer, 252 Berdyaev, N.A., 3 with the biosphere, 744 Boryatinskaya, 400 Berg, L.S., 102, 136, 684 natural energy input and population Boryatinsky, A.N., Prince, Berg, R.L., Preface, 689, 695, photo insert sustainability, 741 Decembrist, 400 Bergholtz, F., 22 need to use science to leverage the Boryatinsky, F.S., Prince, 397 Bergson, H., 42 biological cycle, 741–742 Bosch, Hieronymus, 180, 525 Beria, L.P., 537, 653, 655 prediction of unsustainable Bosik, L.Ya., 579, 580, 622, 624 Berkovich, I.M., 570 population growth, 739 Bostrem, 429 Berkovich, M.Ye., 302 problem of balancing living nature, Botkin, V.P., 346, 350 Berlin, Ye.A., 623 742–743 Boudin, 26 Bers, S.A. See Tolstaya, Sofia Andreevna publication, 691–692, 698 Boveri, Theodor, 601 Bersenev, S., 350 Biryukov, D.N., 689 Brakman, Zh.A. See Muravyova, Zh.A. Bestuzhev family, 388–389 Biryukov, I., 323 Bramson, A.M., 292 Bestuzhev, A.A. (Marlinsky), 388 Bismarck, Otto von, 334 Braude, Kh.B., 301 Bestuzhev, A.F., 388 Black Square (Malevich), 1 Bravais formula, 260 Bestuzhev, M.A., 389 Blavatsky, N.V., Vice-Governor, 409 Braxl, Gertrude, 376 Bestuzhev, N.A., 388 Blavatsky, Ye.P., neé Hahn, theosophian, Bremer, FriedrichWilhelm, 616, 670 Bestuzhev, P.A., 389 18, 409 Bresler, S.Ye., 689 Bestuzheva-Ryumina, A.G., Countess, Bleuler, Eugen, 419, 427 Bridges, Calvin, 604 neé Golovkina, 397 Bliss, Chester, 543 Brieseman von Nettig, Ye.I., 408 Bestuzheva-Ryumina, A.I., Countess. See Blok, A.A., poet, 251, 271, 275, 416, 417, British Eugenics Education Society, 11 Volkonskaya, A.I. 429, 463, 712 Brodskaya, V.A., photo insert Bestuzheva-Ryumina, M.S., 362 Blok, A.L., Professor, 275 Brodsky, N.L., 346, 351 Bestuzheva-Ryumina, Ye., Countess, neé Blood type and heredity Brown-Se´quard, Charles-E´ douard, 92 Talyzina, 364 anecdotal evidence of blood Brunelli, Professor, 487 Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A.A., Count, 401 poisoning as a cause of emotions, Brusnitsyn, L.I., mining engineer, 263 Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A.P., Count, 364 101–102 Brusnitsyn, P.L., Professor, 263 Bestuzhev-Ryumin, K.N., Academician, blood chemical properties’ Brussels Congress of the International, 9 historian, 231, 253, 363, 389, 394 inheritance studies, 73–75 Bryukhatova, A., photo insert Bestuzhev-Ryumin, M.P., Decembrist, conclusions from a blood type Brzeska, Ye.F., 271, 274 394 genofond analysis, 509–510 Brzezinski (literary character), 526 Bestuzhev-Ryumin, N.D., 394 Mendelian inheritance of blood type, Buchan Telfer, John, 342 Betskoy, Iv.Iv., 394 13 BuchanTelfer,Ye.A.,neéMuravyova,342 Betterment and Degradation of the Blu¨cher, Gebhard von, 107 Buffon, Georges-Louis-Leclerc, Comte Human Race (Florinsky), 9 Blyakher, L.Ya., 527, 530, 544, 653, de, 3, 495 Beylshtein, F.F., Academician, 246, 256, photo insert Bugaev, N.V., Professor of 260 Blyumina, M.G., 634 Mathematics, 264 Bezobrazov, P.V., Professor, 271, 274, Bobrishcheva-Pushkina, Ye.M. Bukharin, N.I., 531 345 See Golitsyna, Ye.M. Bulatov, A.M., 399 Bezobrazov, V.P., Academician, 240, Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A.M., 389 Bulgakov, M.A., 308 252, 263, 268, 345, 392 Bobrishchev-Pushkin, N.S., Bulgakov, M.P. (Metropolitan Makary), Bezobrazova, M.S., neé Solovyova, 271 Decembrist, 389 Academician, 231, 246, 253, 256 Bezobrazova, M.V., 345 Bobrishchev-Pushkin, P.S., Bulletin of the Bureau of Eugenics Bezukhov, Pierre, Count (literary Decembrist, 389 Academy of Sciences membership character), 402 Bobrishchev-Pushkin, S.S., 389 study (See Academy of Sciences Bibikov, A.I., military leader, 390 Bobrishchev-Pushkin, V.M., 389 membership study) Bibikov, I.M., 344 Bobrishchev-Pushkin, V.V., 389 article on categorizing scholars (See Bibikov, M.I., 341 Bochkov, N.P., 694 “Our Outstanding Scholars”) Bibikova, S.N., neé Muravyova, 341 Bodisko, B.A., Decembrist, 389 contents of published volumes, Bibikova, Ye.I., neé Muravyova-Apostol, Bodisko, D.M., agronomist, writer, 389 287–289 344 Bodisko, F.N., writer, 389 emergence of two eugenics journals, Bilyarsky, P.S., Academician, 246 Bodisko, K.A., 389 209–210 Binshtok, V.I., 292, 301, 302 Boetling, Academician, 229 focus on the science of human Binshtok-Grinberg, B., 302 Bogdanov, N.N., Preface, 305, 631 heredity, 210–211 752 / Index

Bulletin of the Bureau of Eugenics Charles XI of Sweden, 372, 407 Practice”; “Genetics and (Continued) Chebyshev, P.L., Academician, 233, Pathology” perpetuating the intelligentsia (See 250, 256 Clinical Archive of Genius and Talent (of “Intelligentsia and Giftedness”) Chekhov, A.P., 79, 129, 462 Europathology) (Segalin), 213, 308, publication of, 205 Chemical bases of psychological features 460–463 Bulletin of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, emotions, 99–104 Clinical Issues of Nervous Diseases 680–682 instinct, 93–99 (Davidenkov), 693 Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, novelist, 312 temperament, 89–93 Clinical Psychotherapy Institute, 2 Bumke, Oswald, 429, 448, 452 Chepurkovsky, M.M., 502 Club of Rome, 692, 698 Bunak, V.V., 59, 209, 469, 470, 478, 493, Cherkasov, A.I., Baron, Decembrist, Collier, Elizabeth, 310–311, 315. See also 502, 503, 545, 623, 624 395, 398 “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and F. Bunge, N.Kh., Academician, 240, 252, Cherkasov, I.A., 395 Galton” 256 Cherkasov, N.G., 395 Collier, Jeremy, 315 Bunin, I.A., writer, 264, 270, Cherkasskaya, K.P., Princess, 348 Colyear, Charles, Earl of Portmore, 315 Bunina, A.I., poetess, 264 Cherkasskaya, M.B., 349 Commission for the Study of Natural Bunina, M.P., poetess, 273 Cherkassky, V.A., Prince, 348, 365, 394 Productive Powers of Russia Bunsen, Robert, 107 Chernopyatov, 403 (KEPS), 205, 208, 210 Burdenko, N.N., 686 Chernorutsky, M.V., 426 Committee for the Study of the Jewish Burmeister, Maria von, 383 Chernova, O.A., photo insert Race, 62 Buslaev, F.I., Academician, 260, 321 Chernoyarov, M.V., 674 Committee of the Russian Ethnographic Buslaev, V. (literary character), 180 Chernoyevich, A.S. See Muravyova- Society, 291–292 Butlerov, A.M., Academician, 134, 260, Apostol, A.S. Conant, Levi Leonard, 124n17 263 Chernoyevich, Ye.A., neé Kashkina, 343 Conditional reflexes and their psycho- Butsinsky, P.N., 348, 350 Chernyshev, F.N., Count, 244, 251, 389 logical impact Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 80, 368 Chernyshev, I., Count, 389 analytic abilities, 119–121 Chernyshev, Z., Count, 389 attributes of brain interconnections, Chernyshev, Z.G., Count, Decembrist, 127–128 Cain (literary character), 79, 80 389, 395, 400, 401 brain nerve impulse development, Calvin, John, 108, 429 Chernysheva, A.G., Countess. See 126–127 Cancer, 486–487 Muravyova, A.G. complexity of human synthetic center Cancer tumors as a racial characteristic, Chernysheva, N.P., neé Princess capacity development, 122 486–487 Golitsyna, 359 conditional reflex development in Cannon, Walter, 103 Chernysheva, Yekaterina I., Countess. dogs, 121–122 Capitalism and eugenics See Vadkovskaya, Ye.I. critique of Spengler’s view of cultures, eugenics’ inability to succeed in a Chernysheva, Yevdokia I., Countess, neé 133–135 capitalist society, 512–513 Rzhevskaya, 401 cultures seen as a result of dominant state of Anglo-American genetics, Chernyshevsky, N.G., 253 constitutional types within the 586–587 Chetverikov, N.S., 540, 544, 623, 693 populace, 131–133 Carlson, E.A., 7, 645 Chetverikov, S.S., 63, 211–212, effector organs of behavior, 117–119 Carlyle, Thomas, 722 467–470, 475, 540, 542, 546, 548, familial analysis of acting talent, Castle, William Ernest, 147, 560, 601, 625–626, photo insert 129–130 603, 605 Filipchenko’s ignoring of his ideas, finalist versus causalist thinking, Catherine I, 319, 352, 369, 407 211 128–129 Catherine II (the Great), 19, 325, 363, political problems, 475 inherent nature of rational thinking 390, 394, 398, 402, 408 population genetics work, 63, 467, ability, 128 Central Commission on Improvement 468, 626, 628 inheritability of musical talent, 125– of Scholars’ Life (TsEKUBU), rejection of eugenics, 470 126 474, 475 Chetverikova, A.I., photo insert inheritance of mathematical abilities, Central Executive Committee of the Chicherin family, 155t, 357 123–125 Soviet Union (TsIK SSSR), 646 Chicherin, V.I., 155t inherited ability to form groups of Chaadaev family, 359 Chicherina-Pushkina, O.V., 155t reflexes, 112–116 Chaadaev, P.V., Major General, 155t, Childhood mortality and natural selec- sensory abilities study, 116 320, 362 tion, 140–141 speech center capacity variance Chaadaev, P.Ya., 63, 155t, 156, 201, 318, Chinari (literary group), 1 between people, 122–123 320, 355, 356t, 361–363, 365, 367, Chinese Exclusion Act (U.S.), 15 Spengler’s analysis of cultures and, 392, 394, 395 Chistovich, Ya., 305 130–133 Chaadaev, Ya.P., 155t Chizh, V.F., 305, 306 study of the imagination, 130 Chaadaeva, M.D., See Volkonskaya, Chizhov, D.S., professor, 395 Conditional tropisms, 656 M.D. Chizhov, N.A., Decembrist, 395 Conference on Medical Genetics, Chaadaeva, M.I., neé Tolstaya, 320, 361 Cholerics, 423 545–547 Chaadaeva (Shcherbatova-Chaadaeva), Christiansen, Karl, 720, 721 Conklin, E., 596 N.M., 155t Chronicle of the Dostoevsky Family Conrad, 670 Chaliapin, F.I., 63, 156, 181–184 (Volotskoy), 307 Constitutional Disposition to Internal Chaliapin, I.Ya., 181–184 Chugaev, L.A., chemist, 252 Diseases (Die Konstitutionelle Dis- “Characterological Analysis of Families” Chulkov, N.P., 155t, 197, 200, 318, 331, position zu Inneren Krankheiten) (Volotskoy). See Dostoevsky fam- 337, 351, 353, 359 (Bauer), 110–111 ily analysis Clausen, W., 115, 559 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 108 Charcot-Marie amyotrophy, 616, Clinical applications of genetics. See Correns, Carl, 513, 601, 603 636, 669 “Anthropogenetics and Medi- Creativity. See “On the Psychopathology Charlemagne, 313, 316–317 cine”; “Genetics and Clinical of Creativity: V. Khlebnikov” Index / 753

Crick, Francis, 550 653–658, 667, 689, 693, 695, tendency towards religiosity and Criminality 730–732 Freemasonry, 398–400 biological versus social argument of, advocacy of education programs, 547 Decline of the West, The (Spengler), 715–717 closing of the MGI and, 655 130–133 genetics of, 719–722 critique of Volotskoy’s family trait Dedeneva, A.V., 401 study of the Jews (See “Criminality of study, 631–632 Dejerine, J.J., 4, 615, 616, 629 Jews”) defense of genetics at the 7th Delvig, A.N., Baron, 322 “Criminality of Jews” (Vermel) Congress, 656 Dembo, G.I., 292, 301 absence of data supporting inherent dismissal of his ideas by the Moscow Demerec, M., 607 criminality, 300 school, 638–639 Deniker, J, 502 among urban populations in Russia, on the duality problem, 636 Denmark, 16 298 dynamics of mutations study, 634 Depressives, 426 contents of published volumes on, genetics research, 468, 542, 543, 693 Derenkova, M., 176 301–304 gene-trait issue analysis, 635 Descartes, Rene´, 474, 644 criteria for good data collection, 296 growing caution over the political Descent of Man (Darwin), 10, data from non-Russian countries, situation, 653 732–734 296–298 heredity work, 293, 305 Description of the Kalmyk People, A historical influences on the Jewish hypothesis of conditioned tropisms, (Bakunin), 352 temperament, 299–300 636–638 Detengof, F.F., 198 Jewish suitability for the study of the impetus for the start of clinical- De Vries, Hugo, 495, 497, 504, 549, etiology of criminality, 295 genetic analysis of pathological 601, 603 statistical analysis of, 298–299 forms, 629–630 Devushkin, Makar (literary character), Culture incomplete penetrance and 431 basis in constitutional types within environmental influences issue, Dick skin test, 490 populations, 130–135 636 Didelot, Charles-Louis, 321 selection in humans and (See “Impact on the inheritance of epilepsy, 456– Die Konstitutionelle Disposition zu Inne- of Culture on Selection in 457 ren Krankheiten (Constitutional Humans”) investigation into inheritance of Disposition to Internal Diseases) Curtius, 670–671 nervoussystemdisorders,631–633 (Bauer), 110–111 Cycloid character type, 424, 425–427 mono- or polymeric inheritance Dietrich, L., 75 Cytology studies, 544 questions, 635 Dikhtyar, S.R., 303 Czartorysky, A., Prince, 368 paper on eugenics (See “Our Eugenics Dillon, Ya.G., 622 Czechoslovak Eugenics Society, 12 Prospects”) Ditmar, E.F., 452 Czerny, Adalbert, 140 paper on genetics and clinical practice Divov, P.G., Senator, 390 (See “Genetics and Clinical Divov, V.A., Decembrist, 390, 403 Practice”) Dmitriev, I.I., 251, 271 Dahl, V.I., 271, 276, 358 paper on the promise of eugenics (See Dmitriev-Mamonov family, 403 Dahlberg, Gunnar, 468 “Our Eugenics Prospects”) Dmitriev-Mamonov, F.I., Count, 395 Daltonism, 116 paradox of neuropsychological Dmitriev-Mamonov, M.A., Count, 402 Dante, 429 evolution as described by, 4, Dobrolyubov, N.A., 251 Dargomyzhsky, A.S., composer, 365 630–631 Dobzhansky, Theodosius (Dobrzhansky, Darwin family, 310–313 photograph of, photo insert Feodosy Grigoryevich), 206– Darwin, Charles Galton, 311 presentation on how genetics affects 209, 288, 439–440, 476, 534, Darwin, Charles Robert, 1, 4, 5, 8–10, medicine (See Medical genetics 604, 709 23, 42, 58, 63, 67, 81, 107, 134, 136, presentation by S.N. Davidenkov) Do¨derlein, 562 137, 196, 211, 275, 308, 474, 507, Russian Eugenics Society work, 63 Dokuchayev, V.V., 2 508, 527, 548, 644, 664, 678, 681, study of the issue of incomplete Dolgorukov family, 366, 397, 398, 707–709, 722, 725, 732–736. See expressivity, 633–634 408, 410 also “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and Davidenkova, L.P., Preface Dolgorukov, I.A., Prince, 397 F. Galton” Davidenkova, Ye.F. (Kulkova), 632, Dolgorukov, Pavel D., Prince, 395 Darwin, Erasmus, 58, 310–311. See also 689, 695 Dolgorukov, P.V., Prince, 395 “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and F. da Vinci, Leonardo, 474, 644 Dolgorukov, Pyotr D., Prince, 395 Galton” Davydov, D.V., 390 Dolgorukov, S.G., Prince, 408 Darwin, Francis Sacheverel, Sir, 311 Davydov, V.L., Decembrist, 390, 399, 401 Dolgorukov, V.S., Prince, 408 Darwin, George, 311 de Candolle, Alphonse, 310 Dolgorukova, A.I., Princess, neé Darwin, J. Francis, 311 “Decembrists” (Zolotarev) Ladyzhenskaya, 401 Darwin, Leonard, 11, 210, 520 alphabetical listing of intellectually Dolgorukova, I.P., Princess, neé Princess Darwin, Robert Waring, 310 prominent families, 388–396 Golitsyna, 399 Dashkevich, N.P., Academician, 246, instances of eroticism or mental Dolgorukova, M.P., Princess, 336 254, 256, 260 illness, 400–402 Dolgorukova, Ye. Pavlovna, Princess. Dashkova, Ye.R., Princess, 392 Muravyov family connections (See See Fadeeva, Ye.P. Das Kapital (Marx), 9 “Genealogy of the Decembrist Dolgorukova, Ye. Petrovna, Princess. Dauge, 59 Muravyovs”) See Tolstaya, Ye.P. Davenport, Charles Benedict, 14, 90, noble behavior, 398 Doncaster, Leonard, 513, 602 107, 210, 455, 649 political life of ancestors and relatives, Don Quixote (literary character), Davidenkov, N.S., 656 397–398 127, 442 Davidenkov, S.N., 4, 19, 48, 63, 198, statistics supporting a high degree of Dorfman, I.A., 622 201, 293, 294, 305, 307, 455–457, giftedness in the families, 402–403 Dorsht, A.Ya., 430 468–471, 540, 542, 543–548, tendency towards individualism, Dostoevskaya, L.F., 427, 439, 441–443 582, 592, 614, 625, 627, 629–639, 396 Dostoevskaya, V.M. See Karepina, V.M. 754 / Index

Dostoevsky family analysis Dragomanov, Ya.A., poet, 396 blood-based physiological response characterological colors of human Driesch, Hans, 136 to, 102 personality, 457–459 Drimpelman, K.P., 409 chemical basis of sleep, 103–104 compassionate behavior of Drosophila melanogaster (fly) chemical processes connected to, Dostoevsky, 435–436 application of heredity studies to 99–100 conclusions and assumptions, medical genetics, 627 fear studies, 100–101 454–455 characteristics of linkage groups, hereditary character of, 104 connection between physique and 34–35 hormonal system responses to, character, 429–430 chromosomal theory of heredity 102–103 cycloid character type, 425–426 and, 603 sequence in chemical processes cycloid character type in the family, inheritance of characters of corresponding to, 101 426–427 domesticated animals and plants using a questionnaire to gather Davidenkov’s critique of Volotskoy’s and, 37–38 data, 104 study, 631–632 mechanism for inherited mutations Empedocles, 177 epileptoid meticulousness in the in, 33–34 Engelhardt, E.F., 386 Dostoevsky branch, 448–452, possible hidden effects of visible Engelhardt, V.V., 401 453–454 mutations, 36 Engels, Friedrich, 522–524, 527, 549, epileptoid meticulousness in the relative irrelevance of recurring 585, 599, 664, 703, 711, 712 Ivanov branch, 453 mutations, 37 Enthusiasm (film), 477 epileptoid pathologies, 447–448 specific modifiers of mutations in, Environment versus heredity epileptoid type and temper, 454 35–36 analysis of Peshkov family (See equipolar personality, 445–446 value of mutant types from a heredity Peshkov, A.M.) expressions of the meek pole, 443 point of view, 36–37 deep divide regarding study of facets of character that can be Dubinin, N.P., Academician, 558, 628, heredity and environment, studied, 423 648, 652, 684, 694–697 595–596 inheritability of epileptoid genes, Dubrovin, N.F., Academician, 231, 256 environmental impact on realization 455–456 Dubrovina, N., 696 of inborn mental abilities, 154– inheritance of epilepsy, 456–457 Dubrovskaya, S.T., 319 156 Kant’s four types of temperament, Duchesne, architect, 263 examples of phenotypic expression 423–424 Dudina, A.F. See Tolstaya, A.F. dependence on external Kretschmer’s characterological types, Dugdale, Richard Louis, 13 environments, 153–154 424–426 Dukhovnikova, 544 human inheritance paper by Morgan masochistic behavior of Dostoevsky, Duncan, Isadora, 118 (See “Human Inheritance”) 436 Dupouy, R., 416 impact of the social environment on meek epileptoid in the family, 442– Durasova, S.A. See Tolstaya, S.A. human evolution, 731 444 Dyakonov, D.M., 210, 287, 288 incomplete penetrance and relational proportions of Dyakonov, M.A., Academician, 236, 252, environmental influences issue, personalities, 446–447 264, 268 636 sadistic behavior of Dostoevsky, 438 Dyakov, A.N., 353 interaction of heredity and schizoid character type, 427–430, Dyakov, N.N., 346 environment, 726 431–432 Dzhugashvili. See Stalin, I.V. meaning of “environment” with schizoid character type in the family, DZR (Make Healthy Babies), 294 regard to ethical development, 432–433 726 scope of issues involved in an reality of both a nature and nurture analysis, 422 Earle, Anna, 312 contribution to human willful epileptoid features among the East, E.M., 601 development, 727–728 family, 439–442 Edison, T.A., 153, 710 role of modifier genes and the willfulness–meekness polarity in Efroimson, V.P., Preface, 308, 539, 543, environment, 563–564 Dostoevsky, 434–435, 436–438 628, 634, 689, 692–698 Epilepsy in the Creative Presentations of willfulness–meekness polarity in Astaurov’s response to altruism paper Dostoevsky (Amenitsky), 306 Dostoevsky’s writings, 433–434, (See “Evolutionary Genetics of Epileptics, 16, 455–457. See also Dosto- 444–445 Humaneness”) evsky family analysis Dostoevsky, A.A., 263, 450, 451 continuation of genetics work, Epileptoid character type, 447–454 Dostoevsky, Aleksey F., 442 689 Equipolar personality, 445–446 Dostoevsky, Andrey F., 427 frustration over limited medical use of Erb, W.H., 615, 629 Dostoevsky, A.M., 450, 451 genetics, 693 Ernshtedt, V.K., Academician, 246, Dostoevsky, F.F., 442, 450 “Origin of Altruism, The” paper, 268 Dostoevsky, F.M., musician, 263 699–724 Essen, A.M. See Ryleeva, A.M. Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhaylovich, 79, photograph of, photo insert Essen, N.K., 202, 371 107, 208, 263, 306, 422–459, 462, research on mutational processes, Estabrook, Arthur H., 14 463, 528, 529, 631. See also Dosto- 543, 628, 634 Eternal Motion (Vechnoe dvizhenie) evsky family analysis Ehrenfels, Christian, 55 (Dubinin), 696 Dostoevsky, M.A., 439, 440, 448, 451, Einstein, Albert, 1, 474, 644 Ethics (Kropotkin), 734 453, 454, 456 Eliasberg, Helene, 140 Ethics and heredity. See “Origin of Dostoevsky, M.M., 263, 437, 448, 450, Ellis, Henry Havelock, 11 Altruism, The” 452 Emme, M.Ye., 33, 199 Ethnic group (natsiya), 299 Dovnar-Zapolsky, M.V., 350 Emme, Ye.K., 33, 199 Etkind, A.M., 2 Down syndrome, 465, 737 Emotions Ettinger, 653 Dozortseva, R.L., 684, 686 anecdotal evidence of blood Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 430 Dragomanov, M.P., 396 poisoning as a cause, 101–102 Eugenical News (U.S.), 14 Index / 755

Eugenics Florinsky’s versus Galton’s views on application of Mendel’s laws to in America (See Eugenics in America) improving the human race, 27 eugenics, 13 Galton’s work involving (See Florinsky’s views on heredity, 28 approaches to constructing the Eugenics of Galton) intellectual background for New Man, 2–3 Koltsov’s position on (See discussion of, 18–19 discussion of a relationship between “Improvement of the Human movement’s basis in liberalism, 19 high intelligence and neurosis, 4 Race”) Muller’s letter to Stalin advocating eugenics in Russia (See Eugenics in micro- and macroevolution theory, positive eugenics, 659–666 Russia) 211 official view that science must be a eugenics in the U.S. (See Eugenics in national interpretations of, 11–12 servant of agriculture, 677 America) ORP views expressed by Batkis, 519– politicalization of eugenics eugenics of Francis Galton (See 523 (See “Lamarxism”) Eugenics of Galton) race studies (See “Goals and Methods prehistory of the movement, 20–22, hereditary degeneration idea of Studies of Racial Pathology”; 23–28 introduced in fiction, 3–4 “Term ‘Race’ in Zoology and promise of eugenics due to socialism Lamarckian perfection principle Anthropology”) (See “Anthropogenetics and applied to generations, 4, 6 in Russia (See Eugenics in Russia) Eugenics in a Socialist Society”) Malevich’s depiction of, 1–2 view of the promise of (See “Our theme of a passion for new science, 18 national characteristics of eugenics in Eugenics Prospects”) “Eugenics in school” (Filipchenko), the 1920s, 11–12 “Eugenics” (Batkis) 29–32 New Man envisioned as a genius, 3 basis of, 519 Eugenics of Galton psychological foundation for racism, 6 inapplicability of biological advocacy of grouping people based on reflected in early Soviet Russia’s inheritance to behavior, 522 talents, 10 establishment of institutions, 2 inappropriateness of selective background to his work on heredity, science of human inheritance (See inheritance, 522–523 8 “Human Inheritance”) politicalization of by Europeans and belief in positive eugenics, 9 social and biological hierarchies Americans, 520–522 classes of giftedness and, 280–281 espoused by Muller, 6–7 positive and negative, 522 genealogical component of his study of heredity’s start in social and economic goals of some model, 8–9 psychiatry, 3 proponents, 519–520 genealogy of Galton (See “Genealogy Eyger, Ya.B., 302 sterilization programs, 522 of Ch. Darwin and F. Galton”) Eugenics Education Society (U.K.), 11, photo of Galton, photo insert 29 proposed “law of regression,” 8 Fadeev family, 407–410 Eugenics in America publications and conferences initiated Fadeev, A.M., 407, 408 anti-immigration focus of, 468 by Galton, 11 Fadeev, M.I., 408 campaign against the “unfit,” 12–13 suggestions for state support of a Fadeev, R.A., 335, 408, 409 concepts popularized by, 14 eugenics program, 10–11 Fadeeva, Yekaterina A. See Witte, Ye.A. consequences of selective Eugenics Quarterly ( journal), 17 Fadeeva, Yelena A. See Hahn, Ye.A. immigration, 15 Eugenics Record Office (U.S.), 13–14, Fadeeva, Ye.P., neé Princess Dolgoru- criticisms of eugenics by geneticists, 15, 17 kova, 394, 402, 407, 408 14–15 Eugenics Research Association, 14 Falenberg, P.I., Decembrist, 395 current reformist genetics, 17 Eugenics Review, The,11 Famintsyn, A.S., Academician, 237, eugenicists’ belief that personal Euler, Johann Albrecht, 228 250, 260 problems were due to mental Euler, Leonard, 228 Fanonnel, Jeanne, 443 retardation, 14 Evolutionary-Genetic Problems in Faraday, Michael, 108, 153 eugenics’ “inability to succeed in a Neuropathology (Davidenkov), Faulkner, William, 465 capitalist society”, 512–513 625, 633, 656 Faustian culture, 132 focus on negative eugenics, 15 “Evolutionary Genetics of Humaneness” Federley, H., 605 goal of the movement, 15 (Astaurov), 725–736 Felix, 21 institutions and publications in anthropogenetics and trait Fe´re´, Charles, 4 support of, 13–14 inheritance, 728–730 Ferri, L.V., photo insert laws regarding immigration and evolutionary role of altruism as Fersman, A.Ye., 205, 210, 231, 252 sterilization, 15–17 explored by Efroimson, 735–736 Fet, A.A., 324, 396 ranking of racial groups, 14 fundamental role of heredity in Fetscher, R., 560 recommended curriculum plan for human development, 725–726 Feuilletonists (Tur Brothers), 647, 648 introducing eugenics in high group selection for social instincts Feygel, I.I., 624 school biology courses, 30–32 theory, 732–735 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 345 societies, 12 impact of the social environment on Filaret, Metropolitan, Academician, state of Anglo-American genetics, human evolution, 731 229, 340 586–587 interaction of heredity and Filatov, D.P., 263, 734 Western eugenics’ misguided focus environment, 726 Filetichskaya evolyutsiya cheloveka (Phy- on selective breeding, 513 meaning of “environment” letic Evolution of Man) (Novoz- Eugenics in Russia with regard to ethical hyonov), 695 advocacy of, 17–18 development, 726 Filipchenko, G.Yu., 213 eugenic propaganda in schools, 29– reality of both a nature and nurture Filipchenko, N.P., 213 32 contribution to human Filipchenko, Yu.A., 19, 29, 52, 54, 62, eugenic prospects for the future (See development, 727–728 147, 196–199, 205–213, 287–289, “Our Eugenic Prospects”) Social Darwinism, 731–732 291, 293, 402, 437, 477, 520–521, Florinsky’s “marriage hygienics” twin studies on inherited traits, 729 529–531, 534, 538, 627, 650, 676, book’s arguments, 24–27 Expectations of a New Man 689, 696 756 / Index

Filipchenko, Yu.A., (Continued) Freymann. See von Freymann Gelman, S.Ye., 621 academic and institutional work, Fridman, B.D., 425, 438 Genealogical Record Office, 13 206–209 Friedman, A.A., 1 Genealogies and pathographies Academy study (See Academy of Friedreich ataxia, 561, 592, 617, 619, 620, Clinical Archive of Genius and Talent, Sciences membership study) 635–637 213, 308, 460–463 advocacy of eugenics being taught in Friedrich Barbarossa, 313 definition of pathology, 305 schools, 29–32 Friedrich II, 722 goal of genealogical analysis, 305 article on categorizing scholars “Full Members of the Former Imperial, psychiatric literature on pathologies, (See “Our Outstanding Scholars”) now Russian, Academy of Sciences 305–308 article on eugenics in school over the Last 80 Years” (Lepin, Lus selected genealogies, 309, 318, 331, (See “Eugenics in school”) & Filipchenko). See Academy of 337 Bulletin work (See Bulletin of the Sciences membership study “Genealogies of Our Vydvizhentsy” Bureau of Eugenics) Functionalist cognitive types, 132–133, (Koltsov) criticism of neo-Lamarckism, 213, 134 conclusion about the quality of 529 Furman, A.F., Decembrist, 395 Russian genes, 194–195 difference in style compared to Furman, D.P., Preface difficulty in studying the genealogy of Koltsov, 206, 212 Furman, P.R., writer, 395 talented people, 152–153 eugenic activities, 205 Fuss, N.I., 228 environmental impact on realization hereditary giftedness writings, 402 Fuss, P.N., 228 ofinbornmentalabilities,154–156 medical-eugenics program pursued Fyodorov, L.N., 653 examples of phenotypic expression by, 206 Fyodorov, S.P., 553, 555, 556 dependence on external micro- and macroevolution theory, Fyodorov, Ye.S., Academician, 251 environments, 153–154 211 Fyodorova, N.Ya., 289 F.I. Chaliapin, 181–184 paper on giftedness (See genealogies of several Russian writers, “Intelligentsia and Giftedness”) 192–193 photograph of, photo insert Gaaz (Haass), F.P., 167 genealogy of a Russian intellectual plasmon hypothesis, 212, 627 Gabinsky, A.M., 303 noble family, 155t recommended measures to maintain Gaboriau, E´ mile, 180 Leonid Leonov (See Leonov, L.M.) numbers of intelligentsia, 205 Gabrilovich, A., 302 Maxim Gorky (See Peshkov, A.M.) Russian Eugenics Society work, 62 Gagarin family, 367 N.P. Kravkov (See Kravkov, N.P.) Filipson, G.I., 348 Gagarin, G.G., Prince, 399 origin of genius, 152 Finkelshteyn, G.D., 302, 303 Gagarin, G.P., Prince, 399 “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and F. Gal- Finland, 16 Gagarin, I.A., Prince, 367 ton” (Koltsov), 309–317 First International Eugenics Congress, 11 Gagarin, I.S., Prince, 399 Darwin and Galton’s shared lineage, Fischer, Eugen, 501, 503, 504 Gagarin, I.V., Prince, 367 310 Fisher, Ronald, 2, 9, 11, 467, 542, 543, Gagarina, M.V., Princess, neé Pozdeeva, Darwin’s agreement with Galton, 586, 589, 597, 607, 626, 628, 636 367 309–310 Fleischer, 115 Gagarina, P., Princess, 383 emergence of genius due to Florensky, P.A, Father, 1 Galachyan, A.G., 197, 305, 307, 425, 469 inheritance of traits, 316 Florinsky, V.M., 9, 23–28, 197 Galant, I.B, 64, 460–463 Erasmus Darwin’s descendents and Fogelson, L.I., 622, 623 Galasso, 149 their accomplishments, 310–311 Foley, Penelope, 313 Galilei, Galileo, 681 Galton’s emphasis on nature over Foley, Thomas, 313 Galton, Francis, 1, 2, 8–11, 19, 23–24, nurture, 309 Fonvizin, D.I., 390 27–29, 42, 48, 58, 61, 63, 64, 194, genealogical survey of Erasmus Fonvizin, M.A., Decembrist, 343 196, 210, 212, 222, 224, 231, 250, Darwin, 311–316 Fonvizin, P.I., 395, 400 280, 281, 301, 463, 512, 519, 520, “Genealogy of the Count Tolstoys” Fonvizina, N.D., also Pushchina, neé 524, 544, 546, 602, 696, photo (Chulkov) Apukhtina, 400 insert conclusions about the family, 329– Forel, Auguste-Henri, 463 kinship with Darwin (See 330 Formalistic cognitive types, 132, 133 “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and F. family legacy, 318 Formes frustes, 592 Galton”) genealogical survey and character Fortunatov, F.F., Academician, 253, 256 start of eugenics as a field and (See traits, 324–329 Fouche´, Joseph, 723 Eugenics of Galton) grandparents, aunts, and uncles and Foundations of Biology (Spencer), 5 Galton, Samuel Tertius, 311, 315 their traits, 322–323 Foundations of Sociology (Spencer), 5 Gamarnik, I.Ya., 303 Pyotr Andreevich’s descendents and France and population growth, 150 Gannibal family, 357, 403 their traits, 319–322 Francis Galton: 1822–1911 (Kanaev), Gannibal, A.P. (“Peter the Great’s Pyotr Andreevich’s political career, 696 Blackamoor”), 357 318–319 Francis Galton Laboratory for the Study Gannibal, M.A., 359 relationship between Tolstoy and of National Eugenics, 11 Gannushkin, P.B., 107, 425 Pushkin, 323 Frank-Kamenetsky, Z.G., 200 Gardner, P.N., 330 “Genealogy of the Decembrist Mura- Frankl-Hochwart, Lothar, 103, 113, 114 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 354 vyovs” (Chulkov) Frantsev, V.A., Academician, 244, 256 Garrod, Archibald, Sir, 13 background in nobility, 337 Franz I, Emperor, 371 Garshin, V.M., 79, 97 Bakunin family and, 345–346 Fredro, Boleslav, Count, 335 Garshin, Ye.M., 324 first branch, 338–340 Fredro, F.M., Count, 334 Gassko, S.M., 578, 623 general conclusions about hereditary Freemasons, 398–400 Gavreneva, K.V., 362 features, 349–350 French Eugenics Society, 11 Gekker, V. See Hacker, Valentin Mordvinov influence, 349 Freud, Sigmund, 2 Geladze, T.Sh., 633 Nikolay Nikolayevich and his Freydenberg, S.A., 422 Gelineau, J.-B.-E., 671 descendents, 338–340 Index / 757

second branch, 341–349 pathological forms of diseases, infectious childhood diseases and, Wulf family and, 346–347 554–556 489–490 Gene pool. See Genofond problem of ignorance of etiology of methods of study, 481–482 Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, The diseases, 553–554 practical aspects of the study of racial (Fisher), 542–543 question of genetics study being differences, 479 “Genetic Analysis of the Psychological advanced enough to be of clinical race definition, 482–485 Features of Man” (Koltsov) value, 558–560 single species and, 482–483 biological psychology and human role of modifier genes and the vision and, 492 regulatory systems, 88 environment, 563–564 Gobineau, Arthur de, 521 chemical bases of emotions, 99–104 Genetics and Us (Genetika i my), 695, Goddard, H., 14 chemical bases of instinct, 93–99 737–738 Goering, Hermann, 585 chemical bases of temperaments, 89– Genetics Bureau, 294 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 107 93 Genetics studies by Morgan. See Gogol, N.V., 79, 306, 328, 329, 335, 389, constitutional reflexes (See “Human Inheritance” 400, 429, 462, 705 Conditional reflexes and their Genetics studies using twins. See Twin Goiters as a racial characteristic, 488– psychological impact) studies 489 constitutional types of temperaments, Genius and Madness (Lombroso), 4 Goldblat, G.O., 302 105–108 Genkin, I.L., 302 Goldscheider, A., 554, 564 evidence of a robust gene pool in Genofond (gene pool), 63, 195, 508– Goldschmidt, Richard, 97, 211, 487, Russia, 194–195 510, 511, 512, 518, 534, 540 549, 627 explanation of mental illness in some Geographical genetics, 507–509 Goldstein, 300 families, 192 Geptner, M.A. See Arsenyeva, M.A. Golenovskaya, A.M., 426 importance of maternal contributions Gerasimovich, photo insert Golenovsky family, 335, 426 to inherited traits, 194 Gerd, A.Ya., pedagogue, 264, 272 Golenovsky, N.I., 427 limited appreciation of heredity in Gerd, N.A., 272 Golitsyn family, 358–359, 361, 364– autobiographies of famous people, German Jewish family birthrate, 149– 365, 390 192–193 150 Golitsyn, A.A., Prince, 394 limits to knowledge of hereditary German Society for Racial Hygiene, 12 Golitsyn, A.I, Prince, 399 mental features, 87 Gershenzon, A.O., 303 Golitsyn, A.M., Prince, 399 nervous-psychological characteristics, Gershenzon, S.M., 628, photo insert Golitsyn, A.N., Prince, 399 108–112 Gertsenberg, Ye., 622 Golitsyn, B.B., Prince, Academician, subjective psychology’s grouping of Gessen, S.Ya., 350 geophysicist, 235, 244, 251, 256, mental phenomena, 88–89 Geybovich, A.I., 435, 437 394 Genetic Record Office (U.S.), 17 Giftedness as an inherited trait. See Golitsyn, D.D, Prince, 399 “Genetics and Clinical Practice” “Intelligentsia and Giftedness” Golitsyn, D.M., Prince, 397 (Davidenkov) Gigantopithecus, 704 Golitsyn, M.M., Prince, 397 conclusions, 620 Gilyarov, Professor of Philosophy, 263 Golitsyn, N.B., Prince, 402 doctors’ skepticism about genetics, Gindze, B.K., 461 Golitsyn, P.B., Prince, 399 614–615 Ginter, Ye.K., 694 Golitsyn, V.M., Prince, Decembrist, 318, examples of theoretical and practical GINZ (State Institute of People’s Health 390, 399 applications of genetics to Care), 489 Golitsyn, V.V., Prince, 397 medicine, 615–616 Giuffrida-Ruggeri, V., 500, 504 Golitsyn, Yu.N., Prince, composer, 402 family history’s importance to clinical Glebov family, 323, 365 Golitsyna, I.P., Princess. See diagnoses, 618 Glebova, M.B., 323 Dolgorukova, I.P. medical researchers study of the Glinka, A.G., writer, 391 Golitsyna, M.A., Princess. See pleiotropic effects of pathological Glinka, B.G., writer, 391 Tolstaya, M.A. genes, 616 Glinka, D.G., writer, 391 Golitsyna, N.P., Princess. See need to expand the field of medical Glinka, G.A., writer, 391 Chernysheva, N.P. genetics, 617 Glinka, M.I., composer, 347, 351, 393, Golitsyna, V.N., Princess. See Golovina, social-hygiene applications of 415 V.N. genetics, 618–620 Glinka, Yu.K., neé Kyukhelbeker, 391 Golitsyna, Ye.D., Princess, 394 study of pathological mutations, Gnedich, P.I., 320 Golitsyna, Ye.M., Princess, neé 617 Gnilovskaya, M.B., 643 Bobrishcheva-Pushkina, 390 “Genetics and Pathology” (Levit) “Goals and Methods of Studies of Racial Golokhvastov family, 369 clinical differentiation of pathologies, Pathology” (Koltsov) Golovin family, 323, 330, 357–358 557–558 analysis of degree of isolation needed Golovin, F.A., 358 connection between pathology and for a race to exist, 483–485 Golovin, I.M., 323, 358 genetics, 552 appendicitis and, 485–486 Golovin, K.F., novelist, 344, 351 example of how genetic analysis can arteriosclerosis and, 487–488 Golovina, O.I. See Trubetskaya, O.I. be useful, 560–562 Beck’s disease and, 489 Golovina, V.N., neé Princess Golitsyna, genetics’ role in Soviet medicine, cancer tumors and, 486–487 335 565 data collection focus of the Society, Golovina, Ye.I. See Pushkina, Ye.I. importance of the study of genetics, 480–481 Golovinskaya, K.A., Preface 556 geographic distribution of Golovkin family, 330 information derivable from familial tuberculosis, 490–491 Golovkin, G.I., Count, 397 type analysis, 562–563 geographic distribution of venereal Goltsev, 404 information derived from genetic diseases, 491–492 Golubinsky, Ye.Ye., Academician, 235, analysis of a disease, 555–556 goiters and, 488–489 246, 256, 260 obstacles to the diagnosis of importance of the study of evolution, Golubtsov, 403 hereditary nature of a disease, 556 479–480 Goncharov, I.A., 123, 348 758 / Index

Goncharova (Pushkina), N.N., 355, Grinevich, V.S., 462, 463 Herzen, N.A., 370 392, 401 Gritsevich, A., 74 Hess, F., 116 Good Soldier Sˇveik, The (Hasˇek), 4–5 Groenouw, Arthur, 116 Hewitt, Ann Cooper, 465, 466 Gorbachevsky, I.I., Decembrist, 390, 403 Grossman, L.P., 436 Hewitt, Peter Cooper, 465 Gorbaty-Shuisky family, 359 Grot family, 270, 273 Heyking. See von Heyking Gorbunov, A.V., 50, 201 Grot, Joachim, 270 Hill, Elizabeth, 312 Gorchakov family, 359–360, 390 Grot, K.Ya., 270 Hippocrates, 423 Gorchakov, A.I, Prince, 360, Grot, N.A., neé Lavrovskaya, 270 Hoffmann, 108 Gorchakov, A.M., Prince, State Chan- Grot, N.P., neé Semyonova, 270, 273 Hogben, Lancelot, 586, 607 cellor, 360, 409 Grot, N.Ya., 270 Holmgren, 562 Gorchakov, D.P., Prince, 360 Grot, Ya.K., Academician, 237, 253, 264, Homo erectus, 704 Gorchakov, F.V., Prince, 360 268–270 Homo sapiens, 27, 77, 128, 151, 482, 500, Gorchakov, V.N., Prince, 360 Grotjahn, Alfred, 142, 519, 521 504, 546, 589, 598, 695, 704 Gorchakova, A.P., Princess, nun, 360 Group selection, 708–709, 732–735 “Homo sapiens et humanus” (Astaurov), Gorchakova, P.N., Princess. See Tolstaya, Gruber, Max, 139, 140, 146, 147, 149, 695. See also “Evolutionary P.N. 520 Genetics of Humaneness” Gordon, Catherine, 316 Gruhle, Hans, 418 Horst, 429 Gordon, I.M., 303 Grushetskaya, P.V. See Muravyova- Howard family, 312 Gorenko, A.A, 435 Apostol, P.V. Howard, Mary, 310, 313. See also Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, A.M.), 2, 63– Gruzinskaya, A.G., Princess, 328 “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and F. 65, 156–180, 188, 194, 209, 436, Gruzinskaya, A.Ye., Princess. See Galton” 460–462, 463, 474–475, 477, 685 Tolstaya, A.Ye. Huddy, 563 environmental influences on Guber-Griz, 430 Human Beast, The (Zola), 3 development of his talents, 179 Gurdzhiev, G.I., 532 Human Heredity (Neel and Shull), 693 environmental influences on Gurevich, I.B., 580, 594, 622, 624 “Human Inheritance” (Morgan) grandfather’s fate, 160–161 Gurevich, M.O., 430 absence of known linkage cases, 39 environmental influences on Gurvich, K., 202 analysis of veracity of somatic grandmother’s fate, 167 Gutzkow, Karl Ferdinand, 687 induction of mutations, 42–45 expression of traits inherited from Guyer, M.F., 43 attention given to inheritance of both parents, 173–176 anomalies, 41 genealogy table, 158t biological selection in the case of grandfather’s entrepreneurial history, Hacker, Valentin (Gekker), 198 disease, 46 158–160 Haeckel, Ernst, 494 characteristics of linkage groups in grandfather’s religiosity in old Hahn, Lieutenant Colonel, 409 Drosophila,34–35 age, 160 Hahn, Ye.A., neé Fadeeva (“Zinaida R- distinguishing between grandmother’s demonstrations of v”), 409 recombinations and mutations, 41 fearlessness and action, 162–164 Haldane, J.B.S., 14, 467, 542, 543, 586, environmental effects and, 42 grandmother’s dominant traits, 607, 623, 628, 634, 734, 735 inheritance in domesticated plants 164–166 Hamilton, M.D., lady-in-waiting, 407 and animals, 37–39 grandmother’s lack of religiosity, 166 Hamilton, W.D., 707 mechanism for inherited mutations grandmother’s origins and Hamlet (literary character), 127 in Drosophila,33–34 temperament, 161–162 Hammett, Frederick, 100, 101 possible hidden effects of visible mother’s talents, 168–170 Hardy, G.H., 549, 628 mutations, 36 neuropsychological intellectual Harriman, M.W., 14 probability of a Mendelian abilities, 176–179 Hasˇek, Jaroslav, 4 relationship between genes in self-made man qualities of his father, Hauptmann, Gerhart, 107 humans, 38–39 168–170 Hayashi, 721 probability that extreme mutations social environment of his youth, 157 Hegel, Georg, 345, 346 will disappear eventually, 39 story of his father’s resistance of his Heine, Heinrich, 107 question of fertility in racial in-laws, 171–173 Helmersen, G.P., Academician, 229 crosses, 40 traits of extended family members, Helmholtz, Hermann von, 77 relative irrelevance of recurring 179–181 Hemophilia, 79, 116, 194, 507, 523, 543, mutations, 37 uncles’ phenotypic expression of 555, 556, 559, 567, 617, 622, 634, safety of crossing varieties or races, grandparents’ recessive genotypes, 669, 729 39–40 167–168 Henckel, 503 sex-linked inheritance, 38 Gradovsky, A.D., Professor, 264 Henry I, 313 social and economic inheritance Graham, Robert, 645 Henry IV, 718 contrasted with biological Gran, M.M., 292, 301, 302 Henschen, Volker, 642 inheritance, 45–46 Grant, Madison, 14 Hereditary diseases and natural selec- specific modifiers of mutations in Grashchenkov, N.I. (Propper), 638, 654, tion, 143–144 Drosophila,35–36 656, 657, 686, 687 Hereditary Genius (Galton), 9 understanding the complexity of, 46– Great Britain, 9, 16 Heredity and environment. See Envi- 47 Grech, N.I., 341 ronment versus heredity; “Evolu- value of mutant types from a heredity Greek culture, 131–132, 148 tionary Genetics of Humaneness” point of view, 36–37 Griboedov, A.S., 155t, 322 Heredity and Selection in the Life-Cycle of Humboldt, Alexander von, 107 Grigorovich, D.V., 431 Nations (Vererbung und Auslese) Hunold, 570 Grigoryev, B.D., artist, 180 (Schallmeyer), 20 Huntington’s chorea, 718 Grigoryev, S.T., writer, 192 Hermann, Jacob, Academician, 227 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 8, 501, 708, 734 Grigoryev, T.T, 192 Herzen, A.I., 63, 195, 201, 342, 346, 355, Hyperesthetics, 427–428 Grinberg, K.N., Preface, 694 356t, 368–370 Hypomanics, 425 Index / 759

Ibsen, Henrik, 107 hypothetical Martian’s process of origin of an exceptionally gifted Iceland, 16 breeding trait-specific humans, cluster, 284–285 Idelchik, Kh.I., 648 71–72 quantitative population policy Idlis, G.M., Preface ideals that could be pursued by a advocacy, 284 IEB (Institute of Experimental Biology), eugenics movement, 76–78 recommended measures to maintain 59, 207, 478, 682–684, photo insert identification of a relationship numbers of, 205 Ignatyev, M.V., 542, 544, 580, 581, between blood properties and social and economic obstacles to 622–624 disease resistance, 75 joining the intelligentsia, 282 Ikhmeneva, Natasha (literary character), implications of Mendelian International Commission of 434, 444 inheritance for mankind, 67 Eugenics, 62 Ikonnikov, V.S., Academician, 235, 237, plant biologists’ process of selecting International Genetics Congress, 254, 268 for desired traits, 68–69 7th, 646 Ilyina, Ye.V. See Tolstaya, Ye.V. preferred support of positive International Solidarity school, 2 Imaginary Numbers in Geometry measures, 80 Introduction to Medical Genetics (Florensky), 1–2 recognition of a frequent (Efroimson), 693 “Impact of Culture on Selection in combination of madness and Ioann Antonovich, 368 Humans” (Koltsov) genius, 79 Ioasaf Gorlenko, Bishop, 399 elimination of natural selection requirement of careful maintenance Ioffe, A.F., Academician, 246, 252, 260 and, 139 of desired breeds, 70 Ioffe, V.I., 689 estimated rate of natural selection in a scientists’ obligation to be neutral, Iomudsky, 485 modern country, 139–140 75–76 Ionesko, I., Hetman, 410 generational consequences of neo- sociologists’ belief in inheritance of Ipatyev, V.N., Academician, 244, 252, Malthusian unnatural selection, acquired positive traits, 67 260, 267 145–148 unlikelihood that people would give Irenaeus of Lyon, St., 532 irony of self-extermination leading to up freedom of marriage, 72 Isaeva, M.D., 436 extinction of civilizations, Increase in the Life Force of a Race Ishmaelite clan, 13 148–150 (Volotskoy), 530, 531 Islenev family, 324 Malthus’s advocacy of limits on “In Defense of Degenerates” (Shaw), 64 Ismail Pasha, 409 childbirth, 136 “Indiana idea,” 15 Istomin, V.K., physicist, 263 reproductive rate decrease with Indris, 318 Istrin, V.M., Academician, 231, 246, economic success, 147 Infectious childhood diseases as a racial 254, 256 selection of the fittest in modern characteristic, 489–490 Italian eugenics association, 12 times and, 140–145 Infectious disease and natural selection, Itsikson, I.A., 623 stopping the process of degradation of 141 Ivanenko family, 409–410 civilized nations, 150–151 Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Ivanenko, A.I., 410, 411 utility in Darwin’s natural selection Development (Galton), 9 Ivanenko, N.A., 411 process, 137–138 Instinct Ivanov family, 432 Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 487 activity compulsion, 94–95 Ivanov, A.P., 426 Improvement and Degeneration of the chemical bases of basic needs, 93–94 Ivanov, B.V., 441 Human Race (Usovershenstvovanie maternal, 95 Ivanov, I.I., 2, 211 i vyrozhdenie chelovecheskogo roda) need for animal experiments to clarify Ivanov, Viktor A., 453 (Florinsky), 23 the genetics of, 111–112 Ivanov, Vladimir A., 453 “Improvement of the Human Race” self-defense and, 94 Ivanov, Vladimir Ilyich, Preface (Koltsov) sexual, 96–99 Ivanov, Vsevolod Ivanovich, 694 advocacy of education programs, social, 95–96 Ivanov, Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich, 192, 80–81 will for power, 96 193 beneficial nature of natural selection, Institute for Heredity (U.S.), 13 Ivanov, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich, 81–82 Institute of Experimental Biology (IEB), Preface, 417 biological selection applied to chicken 59, 207, 478, 682–684, photo Ivanov, Yu.A., 433 breeding, 69–70 insert Ivanova, A.I. See Tolstaya, A.I. blood chemical properties’ Institute of General Genetics, 694 Ivanova, I.A., 433 inheritance studies, 73–75 Institute of Genetics of the Academy of Ivanova, N.A. See Proferansova, N.A. complexities in studying trait Sciences, 604 Ivanova, V.M., neé Dostoevskaya, 426, inheritance in humans, 72–73 Institute of Genius, 2 453, 441, 446, 453 consideration of selective Institute of Medical Genetics, 470, 694 Ivanova, Ye.A., 433, 443, 445, 457, 458 endorsement of some marriages “Intelligentsia and Giftedness” Ivan Vasilyevich IV Grozny (Ivan the and banning of others, 78–80 (Filipchenko) Terrible), 305 eugenicists’attentiontophenotype,73 classes of giftedness and unit factors, Ivashev, P.N., 390 eugenic significance of limitations on 280–281 Ivashev, V.P., Decembrist, 390, 399 reproduction, 84–85 classes of giftedness depicted as a Ives, 457 eugenic significance of revolutions, circle of sectors, 281 Izvestiya, 476, 647 83–84 conclusions about inheritance of, 286 eugenic significance of war, 82–83 conditions necessary to maintain the eugenic’s meaning, 66 numbers of, 283–284 Jacobi (Yakobiy), P.I., 510 eugenics presented as a national good, features of, 279–280 Jacobi, I.V., 400 85–86 genetic combinations resulting in, Janssens, Frans Alfons, 603 eugenics seen as a religion, 86 282–283 Jeannotte, 29 eugenics versus previous attempts to inadequacy of current reproduction Jennings, H., 467 improve humanity, 66–67 rate, 283 Jewish Historical-Ethnographic forced sterilization laws, 79–80 intelligentsia described, 279 Society, 291 760 / Index

Jews Kashirin, M.V., 167–169, 172, 180, 181 Kibler, 429 criminality study (See “Criminality of Kashirin, V.V., Gorky’s grandfather, Kino-Pravda (film), 477 Jews”) 158–161, 167, 169 Kipling, Rudyard, 702, 710, 712 culture of, 132, 149–150 Kashirin, Ya.V., 167–168, 172, 180–181 Kireev, A.N., 391 formation of REO committees to Kashirina, A.I., Gorky’s grandmother, Kireev, I.V., Decembrist, 391 study Jews, 291–292 161–164, 167 Kirillov (literary character), 434, 445 research paper on, 292, 301–304 Kashirina, M.I., 162 Kirpichnikov, V.S., Preface Job (biblical character), 435, 437 Kashirina, V.V., Gorky’s mother, Kiselyov, P.D., Count, 365, 394 Johannsen, Wilhelm, 8, 520, 568, 600, 168–173 Kitchener, H.H., Earl, 417 601 Kashkin, A.A., 401 Klaproth, M.H., chemist, 250 Johnson, Roswell, 14, 15 Kashkin, D.Ye., writer, theologian, 399 Klyuchevsky, V.O., Academician, 231, Johnson-Reed Act (U.S.), 15 Kashkin, N.N., 393, 403 246, 260 Joliot-Curie, F., 658 Kashkin, N.S., 393 Kno¨pfehl, 139 Jollos, Victor, 607 Kashkin, S.N., 393 Kobyla, A., Boyar, 369 Joravsky, David, 209 Kashkina, 347 Koch, Robert, 107 Journal of Heredity (Popenoe), 13–14 Kashkina, S.Dm., nun, 399 Kochetov, I.S., Academician, 229, 231, Jukes family, 13 Kashkina, Ye.A. See Chernoyevich, Ye.A. 233, 246, 268 Junge, E.A., 321 Kasso, L.A., 190 Koestler, Arthur, 522 Junge, Ye.F., neé Countess Tolstaya, Katerina Ivanovna (Marmeladova, Kogan, B.B., 541 artist, 318, 321, 329 literary character), 445 Kogan, I.G., photo insert Just, G., 585, 586 Katkov, M.N., 322 Kogan, M.S., 350 Katsnelson, T.I., 302 Kogan-Yasny, V.M., 302 Kautsky, Karl, 522 Kokovtsev, P.K., Academician, 244, Kabakov, I.B., 570, 574, 579, 594, Kavelin, K.D., 188 252, 256 621, 622 Kavelin, L.A., 399 Koksharov, N.I., Academician, 260 Kakhovsky, P.G., Decembrist, 390 Kazarinova, M., 348 Kolbanovsky, V.N., 579, 622, 686, 687 Kalachov, N.V., Academician, 240 Kedrovsky, V.I., 470 Koldobsky, M.A., 469 Kallikaks family, 13 Kehrer, F.A., 561 Kollontai, A.M., 2 Kalmykova, L.G., Preface, 694 Keith, Arthur, Sir, 701 Kolman, E., 477, 647, 673, 678 Kamenetskaya, M.V., 435 Keller, B.A., Academician, 684 Kolokoltsova, Ye.F. See Muravyova, Ye.F. Kamenskaya, A.P. See Barykova, A.P. Keller, Gottfried, 107 Koltsov, N.K., 3, 9, 18–20, 45, 57–66, Kamenskaya, M.F., neé Countess Tol- Keller, M.F., Countess. See Baryatin- 87, 109, 136, 152, 156, 174, 186, staya, 318, 321, 329 skaya, M.F. 196–200, 202–203, 206–210, 212, Kamensky, P.P., 321 KEPS (Commission for the Study of 213, 291–294, 308–309, 469–479, Kaminer, S.B., 623 Natural Productive Powers of 512, 520–522, 527, 529–531, Kaminsky, G.N., 551, 648, 653, 654 Russia), 205, 208, 210 534–535, 537–542, 545–546, 550, Kaminsky, L.S., 303 Kerkis, Yu.Ya., 607 604, 610, 614, 625, 641, 646, 650– Kammari, M., 533 Kern, A.P., also Markova-Vinograd- 652, 656, 676–688, 691, 693–698 Kammerer, Paul, 525, 526, 528, 532 skaya, neé Poltoratskaya, 347 academic and institutional work, Kan, O.L., photo insert Kern, Ye.Ye., 347 206–209 Kanaev, I.I., 8, 694, 696, photo insert Kesser, I.D., 303 appeal to Stalin to keep the IEB, Kanarevskaya, A.A., 622 Kessler, chemist, 252 684–685 Kandinsky, V.V., 1 Kessler, K.F., zoologist, 252, 734 campaign to keep him out of the Kankrin, Ye.F., Count, Minister, 344 Kevles, D.J., 17, 466, 467 Academy of Sciences, 684 Kankrin, Ye.Z., Countess, neé Kevorkov, N.P., 303 Caucasus population survey project, Muravyova, 344 Kharkov Regional Psychiatric 470–472 Kant, Immanuel, 108, 423, 424 Hospital, 415 chairmanship of Society for Study of Kantonova, 578, 592 Kharms, D., 1 Racial Pathology, 469 Kantor, D.V., 303 Khlebnikov, V.V., 1, 17, 309, 415–421, committee meeting meant to Kantorovich, S.I., 653–654 525 discredit him, 685–688 Karakozov, D.V., 340 Khlyustina, V.I., neé Countess Tolstaya, course of the debate on genetics, Karamazov, Alyosha (literary 322 677–680 character), 434 Khokhlakova, 444 criticism of political attacks on Karamazov, Dmitry (literary Kholmsky family, 359 science, 679–680 character), 444 Kholodkovsky, N.A., 525 death, 688 Kara-Murza, S.G., Preface Khovanskaya, Ye.P., Princess, 364 defense of science against political Karamzin, N.M., 271, 341 Khovansky family, 364 attacks, 679–680 Karelin, G.S., 275 Khovansky, I.A., Prince, 364 difference in framing of eugenics Karelina, Ye.G., 271, 275 Khovansky, I.I., Prince, 397 compared to Filipchenko, 293 Karepin family, 440–454, 456 Khovansky, I.N., Prince, 364 difference in style compared to Karepin, A.P., 442–444, 449, 451, 454 Khovansky, S.I., Prince, 399 Filipchenko, 206–209, 212 Karepin, P.A., 452 Khovansky, V.P., Prince, 364 endemic goiter study in Central Asia, Karepina,V.M., neé Dostoevskaya, 440, Khrapovitskaya, M.L., 463 472–473 446, 451, 452 Khrisanf, Archbishop, 176 “euphenics” research, 529 Karepina, Ye.P., 447 Khrushchev, N.S., 654, 689 fight to keep the IEB autonomous, Karpov, P.I., 4, 307, 462 Khrushchov, G.K., 544, 582, 623 682–684 Karsky, Ye.F., Academician, 246, 260 Khvorostinin family, 359, 400 friendship with Levit, 539–540 Kashirin family, 158–167 Khvorostinin, I.A., Prince, 361 on the genetics of psychological Kashirin, A.M., 180 Khvorostukhin, V.K., 200 features (See “Genetic Analysis of Kashirin, A.Ya., 179, 180 Khvorostukhina, V.K., 200 the Psychological Features of Man”) Index / 761

genetics tied to eugenics by, 18–19 Kosourov, photo insert Kropotkin, M.A., Prince, 353 ideological criticisms of, 696 Kostov, Doncho, 536 Kropotkin, P.A., Prince, 63, 70, 201, 355, on the kinship of Darwin and Galton Kostyamin, N.N., 291 356t, 365–368, 700, 701, 705, 708, (See “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin Kostychev, S.P., Academician, 244, 252, 722, 734, 735 and F. Galton”) 256, 260 Kropotkina, P.A., Princess, neé paper on eugenics (See “Improvement Kotlyarevsky, N.A., Academician, 254, Gagarina, 367 of the Human Race”) 260, 264 Kropotkina, Ye.N., Princess, neé Sulima, paper on natural selection (See Kovalevskaya, O.M., artist, 264 368 “Impact of Culture on Selection Kovalevsky, A.O., Academician, 229, Kropotov, D., 350 in Humans”) 233, 238, 244, 251, 260, 267 Kruchenykh, A.Ye., 1 paper on racial pathologies (See Kovalevsky, M.M., Academician, 235, Kruzenstern, J.R. von, Admiral, 322 “Goals and Methods of Studies of 256, 260 Kryshova, N.A., 544, 689 Racial Pathology”) Kovalevsky, V.O., paleontologist, 251 Kryukov, A.A., Decembrist, 391 paper on role of genetics in human Kozhevnikov, A.Ya., 63, 294 Kryukov, A.S., Governor, 391 biology (See “Role of Genetics in Kozhina, M.D., neé Filosofova, 398 Kryukov, N.A., Decembrist, 391 the Study of Human Biology”) Kozhina, T.V., 362, 363 Ksenokratov, M.N., 202 paper on self-made men (See Kozhin family, 362–363 Kto razbudit aksolotlya? (Who Will Awake “Genealogies of Our Kozlov, I.I., poet, 363 Axolotl?) (Sakanyan), 695 Vydvizhentsy”) Kozlov, P.A., poet, 357 Kuchina, T.P., author of memoirs, 369 photograph of, photo insert Kozlov, P.P., explorer, 95 Kuchka, Boyar, 419 politicalization of eugenics and, Kozlovskaya, T.A. See Trubetzkaya, T.A. Kuchur, B.A., 578, 623 521–522, 534 Kozlovsky family, 365 Kulagin, N.M., Academician, 684 politically-based criticisms of his Kozlovsky, F.A., Prince, poet, 365 Kulchitskaya, N.P., neé Petrova, 191 work, 475, 652 Kozlovsky, N.B., Prince, 399 Kultasheva, M.V. See Muravyova, M.V. publication of his biography, 697 Kozlovsky, P.B., 365 Kumanina, A.F., 443 Russian Eugenics Society and (See Krachkovsky, I.Yu., Academician, 231, Kunik, A.A., Academician, 229 Russian Eugenics Society) 244, 253, 256 Kurakin family, 358, 364 view that eugenics is a religion, 86, 218 Kraepelin, Emil, 419, 425 Kurakin, B.I., Prince, historian, diplo- Koltsova, M.P. See Sadovnikova, M.P. Kraevoy, S., 684 mat, 364, 365, 389 Komarov, V.L., 244, 252, 256, 260, Kramer family, 407 Kurakin, G.S., Prince, 364 680–683, 687 Kramer, A.R., 406 Kurakin, I.G., Prince, 364 Komissaruk, D.Z., 471, 472, 475, Kramer, M.E.L., 406 Kurakina, Ye.B., Princess, 402 477, 647 Krandievskaya, 185 Kurnakov, N.S., Academician, 252, 260 Komissarzhevskaya, V.F., 167, 340 Krantz, 721 Kutanin, M.P., 62, 201, 292, 463 Kommunist ( journal), 697 Krasheninnikov, S.P., 228 Kuzin, B.S., 535 Komsomolskaya Pravda, 647 Krasnokutsky, S.G., Decembrist, 391 Kuznetsov, B.G., 682 Kondakov, N.P., Academician, 237, 244, Krasnyi Voin (Red Warrior) (Russian Kuznetsova, I.V., 2 256, 260, 263 newspaper), 17 Kvist, I.I., 390 Kondorsky, I.K., physician, 212 Krasovskaya, O.V., 198 Kyukhelbeker, M.K., Decembrist, 391 Kondratyev, A.A., 320 Krause, Ye.A., 408 Kyukhelbeker, V.K., Decembrist, 391 Konovalov, D.P., Academician, 235 Kravkov, N.P., 63, 156, 162, 184–188, Kyukhelbeker, Yu.K. See Glinka, Yu.K. Konovnitsyn, I.P., Count, 391 194 Konovnitsyn, P.P., Count, father’s traits and life story, 186–187 Decembrist, 391 limited information on grandparents, Laboratory of Genetics, 208 Konovnitsyn, P.P., Count, War 187, 188 Ladyzhenskaya, A.I. See Dolgorukova, Minister, 391 mother’s traits and abilities, 187–188 A.I. Konovnitsyna, Ye.P., Countess. See parents’ background and Ladyzhensky family, 411 Naryshkina, Ye.P. temperaments, 185–186 Ladyzhensky, I.P., 408 Konstantinov, F., 533 scientific achievements, 184–185 Lafargue, Paul, 574 Konstantinov, P.N., Academician, talents apparent in his family, 185 Lamansky, V.I., Academician, 235, 237, 536, 537 Kravkov, P.A., 185, 187 254, 268 Kopiev family, 365 Kravkov, S.A., 185 Lamarckian perfection principle, 4, 6, 42, Kopieva, A.S., 333 Kravkova, K.N., 185 67, 530, 537–538 Korkunov, M.A., Academician, 229 Kravkova, Ye.I., 185, 187 “Lamarxism” Kormushkin, A.P., 308 Krell, 553 anti-Lamarckist arguments, 530 Kornilov, A.A., historian, 263, 339, Kreptyukov, D.A., writer, 193 attack on genetics by Stalin, 345, 351 Kretschmer, Ernst 535–537 Kornilov, V.A., Admiral, 263 belief in a connection between basis in inheritance of acquired traits Kornilovich, A.O., Decembrist, 391 physique and character, 307, 430 theory, 525 Kornilovich, M.O., Major General, classification of temperaments, 90, biosocial eugenics, 528–529 historian, 391 107–108, 423, 424 dispute about Lamarckism, 537–538 Korolenko, V.G., 251, 339, 350 cycloid character type, 425–426 embracing of Stalin’s dislike of Korovin, K.A., artist, 180 schizoid character type, 427–430 genetics, 533–535 Korsakov, D.A., 336 Krol, M.B., 648 Kammerer’s suicide, 526 Korsh, F.Ye., Academician, 244, 254 Krontovsky, A.A., 291, 292, 305 Lysenko’s rise, 536–537 Korzhinsky, S.I., Academician, 235, 263 Krivtsov, N.I., Governor, 391 positive eugenics issue, 531 Koshelev, A.Iv., 392 Krivtsov, P.I., Court Chamberlain, 391 primacy of the gene and legitimacy of Kosheleva, T.M. See Norova, T.M. Krivtsov, S.I., Decembrist, 391 power, 531–532 Koshtoyants, Kh.S., 684, 686 Kropotkin family, 366–368 sterilization issue, 530–531 Kosikov, K., 684 Kropotkin, A.A., Prince, 365 Lambert, Ya., 345 762 / Index

Lambert, Ye.Ye., Countess, neé Countess Lermontov, M.Yu., 195, 206, 360, 366, Little, C.C., 14 Kankrin, 344, 345 367, 461, 462 Lobanov, Academician, 229 Lamkert, O., 274 Lerner, N.O., 322 Lobanov-Rostovsky, A.B., Prince, 350 Lamkert, Ye., 274 Lesch-Nyhan disease, 718 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince, 403 Landsteiner, Karl, 13 Leshchinsky, Ya., 302 Lobashov, M.Ye., 730 Lange, I., 573 Leskov, N.S., 21 Lobstein disease, 635 Lange, W., 463 Lesovsky, S.S., Admiral, 335 Lock, Robert Heath, 602 Lapouge, Georges Vacher de, 519 Levin, A.Ye., 623 Locke, John, 416, 417 Lappo-Danilevsky, A.S., Academician, Levin, Gershon, 302 Lombrosianism, 573, 574 231, 236, 244, 252, 260, 264 Levin, Max, 527 Lombroso, Cesare, 4, 18, 79 Larin family (literary characters), 430 Levin, M.L., 471, 578 Lomonosov, M.V., 77, 98, 153, 187, 228, Lass, D.I., 201 Levin, Z.S., 302, 303 285, 316 Latyshev, V.V., 240 Levit, S.G., 64, 203, 469–471, 476, 478, Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 13 Laughlin, Harry, 14, 15, 17, 520, 522 523, 527, 534, 536, 539–551, 623, Longinov, M.M., 679 Lavrenyev, B.I., 653 625, 641, 643, 647–649, 651–656, Longinov, N.N., 404 Lavrov, P.A., Academician, 235 678 Lopukhin, A.A., 366 Lavrovskaya, N.N. arrest of, 655 Lopukhin, A.F., 369 Lavrovsky, N.A., Academician, 235, 240, attacks against, 536, 647–648 Lopukhin, F., 369 246, 253, 256, 269, 270 attempt to include medical genetics in Lopukhin, I.V., Freemason, 399 Lavrovsky, P.A., Professor, 270 medical education, 550–551 Lopukhina, V.A., neé Princess “Law of regression” proposed by background, 539 Obolenskaya, 366 Galton, 8 course program design for medical Lorer, N.I., Decembrist, 391 Lazarev, P.P., 88, 100, 135, 256 genetics study, 548–550 Lorer, Ye.Ye., neé Princess Tsitsianova, Lazhechnikov, I.I., 21 friendship with Koltsov, 539–540 391 Lebedev, D.V., Preface genetics research, 534 Louis XIV, 723 Lebedev, S.V., photo insert growing caution over the political Ludmerer, Kenneth, 15 Lebedev, V.N., 469 situation, 653 Lukomsky, V.K., 374 Lebedeva, N.V. (Efron), photo insert MBI research initiatives, 543–544 Lunacharsky, A.V., 63, 475, 525, 526, Lebedeva, Ye.V., photo insert medical genetics work, 478, 527 528, 532, 685 Leber optical nerve atrophy, 619 opposition to eugenics, 470 Lundberg, 500 Legras, 721 paper on anthropogenetics and Lundborg, G., 198 Leibniz, Gottlieb, 108 medicine (See “Anthropogenetics Lunin, M.K., 391 Lejeune, Je´roˆme, 695, 737, 738, photo and Medicine”) Lunin, M.S. (anti-Koltsov journalist), insert paper on anthropogenetics and twin 652 Lenin, V.I., 2, 5, 57, 208, 209, 474, 525, studies (See Twin studies) Lunin, M.S., Decembrist, 342, 349, 350, 526, 532, 583, 601, 644, 664, 681 paper on genetics and pathology (See 391, 400 Lenz, attorney, 353 “Genetics and Pathology”) Lunin, S.M., 341 Lenz, Fritz, 53, 114, 138, 140–142, 146, photograph of, photo insert Lunina, F.N., neé Muravyova, 341, 342 147, 215, 226, 476, 520–522, 524, political persecution of, 651 Lunina, Ye.S. See Uvarova, Ye.S. 559, 562, 648 preface to Proceedings (See Proceedings Luria, A.R., 2, 543, 579, 624 Leonid, Archbishop, 399 of the MGI) Lus, Ya.Ya., 210, 227, 288, 402 Leonov, B.M., 189 professional background and genetics Luther, Martin, 107 Leonov, I.L., 188 focus, 540–541 Lutz, Frank Eugene, 603 Leonov, L.L., 188 removal as director of MGI, 654–655 Luxemburger, 631, 668, Leonov, L.M., 63, 156, 188–192 restart of MBI genetics work, 541– Lvova, N.A., Princess. See Tolstaya, N.A. explanation of mental illness in the 542 Lyapunov family, 263, 271, 276 family, 192 start of field of medical genetics, Lyapunov, A.M., Academician, 236, 251, genealogy table, 189t 545–547 252, 263, 271, 276 grandfather’s background, 188 twin studies at MBI, 535, 544, 574– Lyapunov, B.M., Academician, 244, 254, maternal grandparents, 190, 191 576 256, 264, 271, 276 mother’s belief in education, 189 Levit, T.S., Preface, 654 Lyapunov, M.V., astronomer, 263, 264, richness of his genealogy, 191–192 Levit, V.M., 653 271, 276 self-made man qualities of his father, Levitskaya, M.M., neé Bodisko, 389 Lyapunov, S.M., composer, 271, 276 188–189 Levitsky, M.N., 389 Lyapunov, V., 276 temperaments and careers of Leychik, M.S., 302 Lyapunov, V.V., 276 extended family, 190–191 Leyden-Westphal ataxia, 616, 618 Lyapunov, Yu.S., 276 Leonov, M.L., 188 Leyzerman, L.I., 302 Lyapunova, N.A., Preface Leonova, A.A., neé Petrova, 190 L’Histoire Naturelle (Buffon), 495 Lyapunova, S.V., 276 Leonova, M.P., neé Petrova, 189, 190 Liberalism and eugenics, 19 Lysenko, T.D., 476, 525, 530, 534–537, Leonova, P.A., 188 Liberation (Paris newspaper), 16, 17 641, 644, 646–651, 677, 678, 681, Leontyev, B.I., 155t Likhachev, D.S., Academician, 647 685, 691, 693, 694 Leontyev, I.P., 155t, 361 Likhtenshteyn, Ye.A., 623, 624 Lyubimov, S.V., 202, 405 Leontyev, K.N., Slavophile writer, 155t, Likhtenshteyn, Ye.S., 697 Lyubishchev, A.A., 643 156, 361 Likhtsier, I.B., 578, 593, 622, 623 Lyublinsky, P.I., 12, 196, 198, 200, 201, Leontyev, N.B., 155 Lilienfeld, S.V., 369 676 Lepekhin, I.I., Academician, 228 Limits of Growth, The, 691–692, 698 Lepin, T.K., 205, 210, 227, 287, 288, Lincoln, Abraham, 644, 674 402 Linnaeus, C., 483, 493, 495, 500 Macaulay, Thomas, 315 Leptosomic physiques, 429, 430 Lisitsyn, P.I., 537 Madren, R.F., 200 Leriche, Rene´, 556 Liszt, Franz von, 298 Makarov, V.Ye., 430 Index / 763

Makary, Metropolitan. See Bulgakov, McDowell, E., 527 journal publication (See Proceedings of M.P. McKusick, Victor, 695, 738, photo insert the MGI) Makary Kalyazinsky, Venerable St., 362 Medical-Biological Institute (MBI) removal of Levit as director, Make Healthy Babies (DZR), 294 contents of published volumes, 654–655 Maksimov, A.A., 476 621–624 renaming of the MBI as, 542 Maksimov, P.V., 169 dispute of a twin study’s conclusion signals indicating disfavor towards Maksimov, Ye.V., 169, 170 that social problems have a MGI’s work, 652–653 Maksimovich, K.I., Academician, 267 biological basis, 572–574 Medical genetics presentation by S.N. Maletsky, S.I., 8 proceedings (See Proceedings of the Davidenkov Malevich, K.S., 1, 2 MGI) audience questions, 673–676 Malinovsky, A.A., Preface renaming of as the MGI, 542 comments on attacks on genetics Malkova, N.N., 203, 559, 578, 580, 592, research initiatives, 543–544 study, 671–672 621, 622 twin studies by Levit, 535, 544, 574– on the concept of affinity in genetics, Mallet, Bernard, 146 576 671 Malthus, Thomas, 84–85, 136, 138, 145, Medical genetics on incomplete penetrance of 520 attempt to include medical genetics in hereditary factors, 670 Malthusianism, 519 medical education, 550–551 insights into human pathology “Man as a Genetic Object and Twin banning of research, 689 through genetics, 668–670 Studies as a Method of Anthropo- course program design by Levit, instances when genetics can be used genetics” (Levit). See Twin studies 548–550 in medical practice, 672–673 Manasse (literary character), 687 dispute of a twin study’s conclusion on mistakes made by genetists, Mankovsky, B.N., 197 that social problems have a 668 Mansfield, 116 biological basis, 572–574 need to educate medical doctors in Marais, Eugene, 702 ideological criticisms of Koltsov, 696 genetics, 673 Margolin, D.S., Academician, 679 liquidation of by Stalin, 551 ranking of importance of genetics to Marfan syndrome, 308 MBI twin studies limitations, 574– medicine, 668 Marie, A., 20 576 reiteration that genetics is not Markov, A.A., Academician, 235, 251 medical-genetics counseling and, eugenics, 667–668 Markova-Vinogradskaya, A.P. See Kern, 737–738 study of the interconnections between A.P. paper on anthropogenetics and twin hereditary factors, 670 Marr, N.Ya., Academician, 253, 264, 268 studies (See Twin studies) Medical-Pedological Institute, 2 Marriage and eugenics paper on genetics and clinical practice Medici family, 718 argument that relationships and (See “Genetics and Clinical Medici, Catherine de, 21, 718 emotions should not be a factor in Practice”) Medici, Marie de, 718 reproduction, 514–515 paper on genetics and pathology (See Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 421 banning of marriages involving the “Genetics and Pathology”) Medvedev, G.N., 209 mentally ill in Russia, 20–22 paper on man as a genetic object (See Medvedev, N.N., Preface, 205, 212, 530, biological factors’ influence on the “Man as a Genetic Object and 535, 696, 697, photo insert social factor of marriage, 711–712 Twin Studies as a Method of Medvedev, Zh.A., 689 consideration of selective Anthropogenetics”) Meganthropus, 704 endorsement of some marriages paper on role of genetics in human Meggendorfer, Friedrich, 455 and banning of others, 78–80 biology, 610–613 Meister, G.K., 652, 679 Florinsky’s “marriage hygienics” paper on significance of theoretical Melancholics, 423 book’s arguments, 24–27 genetics (See “Theoretical Melnikov, K.S., 2 medical-eugenic control of marriages Genetics”) Mendel, Johann Gregor, 8, 527 recommendation, 54–55 paper on the application of genetics to Mendelian population, 8 origin of monogamous love, 712–714 medicine (See “Anthropogenetics Mendel’s law, 8, 13, 600–601, 606 unlikelihood that people would give and Medicine”) Menkhaus, 603 up freedom of marriage, 72 politically-based attacks on (See Rout Menshikov, A.D., Prince, 397 Martini, Christian, Academician, 227 of medical genetics) Mental Diseases in Pictures and Images Martsinovsky, Ye.I., 59, 544, 551 presentation by Davidenkov (See (Zinovyev), 307 Martynova, R.P., Preface, 539, 540, 578, Medical genetics presentation by Mental illness focus in eugenics 623, 654 S.N. Davidenkov) Art of the Mentally Diseased, The Martyukova, K., 303 publication of Koltsov’s biography, (Karpov), 307 Marx, Karl, 9, 524, 585, 661, 664, 685 697 banning of marriages involving the Matulsky, G.S., 301 radiation risks studies, 689–691 mentally ill in Russia, 20–22 Matveev, A.S., Boyar, 363, 365 Rapoport’s work on chemical calculation of reducing frequency of a Matvey Konstantinovsky, Archpriest, mutagens, 691 trait, 466–467 328 recognition of a need for educational connection between physique and Matyushin, M.V., 1 programs, 547–548 character, 430 Maxwell, J.C., 457 reemergence of heredity and medical data on alcoholism and mental Mayakovsky, V.V., 415 genetics in the 1960s, 693–694 illness, 224 Mayboroda, A.I., 393 repression of publications by Soviet environmental impact on realization Maykov, A.N., 352, 431 political operatives, 694–697 of inborn mental abilities, 154– Maykov, L.N., Academician, 253 start of field, 545–547 156 Maykov, V.N., 253 Medical Genetics Institute (MGI) eugenicists’ belief that personal Maykova, 394 attacks on, 647–648 problems were due to mental Mazepa, I., 367, 368, 410 founding of, 470, 527, 540 retardation, 14 MBI. See Medical-Biological Institute growing caution over the political explanation of mental illness in some McClung, C.E., 602 situation, 653 families, 192 764 / Index

Mental illness focus in eugenics Monte´pin, 180 criticism of inheritance of acquired (Continued) Montgomery, Thomas Harrison, 601 traits ideas, 530 instances of mental illness in Morality of the Future (Moral budush- criticism of negative eugenics, 14 Decembrists, 400–402 chego) (Filatov), 734 exit from Russia, 651–652 limits to knowledge of hereditary Mordvinov family, 340, 349, 392 fundamental beliefs of, 6–7 mental features, 87 Mordvinov, A.N., 349 letter to Stalin advocating positive Mental Diseases in Pictures and Images Mordvinov, M.I., 349 eugenics, 643–646, 659–666 (Zinovyev), 307 Mordvinov, N.S., 349 opposition to sterilization, 466 observations of the Tolstoy family, Mordvinov, S.I., 349 paper on genetics’ importance to 329 Mordvinova, A.M. See Muravyova, A.M. medicine (See “Theoretical sterilization laws and, 16 Mordvinova, V.M. See Muravyova, V.M. Genetics”) subjective psychology’s grouping of Mordvinova, Ye.N. See Muravyova, photograph of, photo insert mental phenomena, 88–89 Ye.N. publication problems, 652 Menzbir, M.A., 472 Moreau de Tours, Jacques-Joseph, 3 talk on genetics, 537–538 Merezhkovsky, D.S., 318 Morel, Beńe´dict, 3, 4, 212 Munk, H., 120 Mertvago, D.B., writer, 263 Moreynis, I.Ya., 303 Muralov, A.I., 536, 678, 679, 685 Meshcherskaya, N.A., Princess, neé Morgagni, 564 Muravyov family, 63, 200, 337, 392. See Countess Matveeva, 363 Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 14, 19, 33, 34, “Genealogy of the Decembrist Meshcherskaya, N.B., Princess, 368 199, 208, 211, 313, 527, 529, 540, Muravyovs” Meshchersky family, 363, 369 603, 604, 607, 610, 617, 628, 652, Muravyov, A.F., Brigadier, 345 Meshchersky, V.I., Prince, 363 653, 730. See also “Human Muravyov, A.M., Decembrist, 339, 341, Meshchersky, V.P., Prince, 334 Inheritance” 351, 390, 392 Messing, 276 Morozov, B.D., 623 Muravyov, Andrey N., 340, 399 Metz, C.W., 604 Morozova, F., Boyarynya, 400 Muravyov, Aleksandr N., Decembrist, Meyer, R., 107 Morris syndrome, 308 339, 340, 392 Meyerhold, V.E., 429 Mortkina, T.G., Princess (Sister Muravyov, Aleksandr Z., 344 MGI. See Medical Genetics Institute Afanasiya), 360 Muravyov, Artamon Z., 341, 347 Michelangelo, 107 Moscow Brain Institute, 6 Muravyov, Artamon Z., Decembrist, Michurin, I.V., 693 Moscow school of evolutionary genetics 344, 392, 401 Middendorf, A.F., Academician, 229 Davidenkov’s investigation into Muravyov, F.A., 345 Mikhaelis, L.S., 450 inheritance of nervous system Muravyov, F.F., 338 Mikhail Vsevolodich, Prince disorders, 631–633 Muravyov, F.M., 337 Chernigovsky, St., 362 disadvantages and advantages of man Muravyov, I.M., 344 Mikhaylovsky, N.G., 438 as an object of genetic studies, 629 Muravyov, P.F., 338 Mill, John Stuart, 733 dismissal of Davidenkov’s ideas by the Muravyov, P.M., 344 Miller, O.F., 452 Moscow school, 638–639 Muravyov, M.A., engineer, 343 Miller, V.F., Academician, 244, 254, duality problem, 636 Muravyov, M.M., 348 264, 268 dynamics of mutations and, 634 Muravyov, M.Nikitich, 341, 351 Miloslavskaya, A.M. See Obolenskaya, gene-trait issue analysis, 635 Muravyov, M.Nikolaevich, Foreign A.M. hypothesis of conditioned tropisms, Minister, 340, 351 Miloslavskaya, M.I., 319 630, 636–638 Muravyov, M.Valerianovich, 349 Miloslavsky family, 359, 397 impetus for the start of clinical- Muravyov, M.Voinovich, 348 Miloslavsky, I.B., Boyar, 366 genetic analysis, 629–630 Muravyov, N.A., 341 Milyutin, B.A., 365, 394 incomplete penetrance and Muravyov, Nikita Mikhaylovich, Milyutin, D.A., Count, 394, 409 environmental influences issue, Decembrist, 341, 389, 390, 392, Milyutin, N.A., 365, 394 636 401 Milyutin, Yu.N., 394 issue of incomplete expressivity, 633– Muravyov, N. Matveevich, 348 Milyutina, Ye.P., neé Kiselyova, 394 634 Muravyov, N. Nazarovich, 348, 349 Mints, Ya.V., 460, 462 Koltsov’s leadership in genetics, 625 Muravyov, N. Nikolaevich, 338, 339, 349 Mirabeau, Comte de, 107 mono- or polymeric inheritance Muravyov, N.S., 348 Mirenova, A.N., 579, 622, 624 questions, 634–635 Muravyov, N.V., 348–349 Mirovich, F.I., 368 paradox of neuropsychological Muravyov, N.Ye., 338, 349 Mirovich, P.F, 368 evolution, 630–631 Muravyov, P.M., 348 Mirovich, V.L., neé Polubotok, 367–368 phenogenetic direction of, 626–628 Muravyov, S.N, 340, 349 Mirovich, V.Ya., 368 population dynamics studies, 628 Muravyov, S.V., 347, 348 Mirovich, Ya.F, 368 Moscow Society of Neuropathologists Muravyov, V.L, 340, 349 Mirzoyan, E.N., Preface and Psychiatrists, 63, 294 Muravyov, V.M., 349 Mitin, M.B., 533, 696 Much, Hans, 553 Muravyov, V.N., 349 Mjoën, Jon Alfred, 29 Mu¨hlmann, 561 Muravyov, V.V., 349 Mkrtychyants, A.I., 621 Mukhanov, A.I., Senator, 392 Muravyov, V.Z., 347, 348 Modzalevsky, B.L., 227, 229, 235, 323, Mukhanov, N.A., Decembrist, 392 Muravyov, Z.M., 344 330, 347, 351, 370, 403, 404 Mukhanov, P.A., 392 Muravyov, Z.P., 341 Mohammed, 79, 86, Muller, H.J., 6–7, 14, 15, 466, 470, 473– Muravyova, A.A., 392 Mohr, Otto, 642, 649, 652, 680 474, 530, 535, 537–538, 541, 545, Muravyova, A.M., also Poltoratskaya, neé Molie`re, J.-B., 129 555, 600, 604–607, 610, 611, 613, Mordvinova, 339, 345 Molkov, A.V., 59, 469 614, 623, 641–652, 653, 658–666, Muravyova, A.G., neé Countess Cher- Moller, Ye.A. See Muravyova, Ye.A. 678, 680, 689 nysheva, 341, 389 Moller, Ye.N., neé Muravyova, 348 advocacy of positive eugenics, 470, Muravyova, F.N. See Lunina, F.N. Molochek, A.I., 430 473–474 Muravyova, M.V., neé Kultasheva, 347 Molotov, V.M., 681, 683 affinity for the Soviet Union, 641–643 Muravyova, S.N. See Bibikova, S.N. Index / 765

Muravyova, V.A. See Bakunina, V.A. Naryshkin family, 397, 398, 401 Nikitenko, A.V., Academician, 246 Muravyova, V.M., neé Mordvinova, 345 Naryshkin, M.M., Decembrist, 391, 392, Nikitin, P.V., Academician, 246, 252, 260 Muravyova, Ye.A., neé Moller, 348 397, 399 Nikitsky, A.V., Academician, 246, 256, Muravyova, Ye.F., neé Kolokoltsova, 341 Naryshkina, M.M., 399 260 Muravyova, Ye.K., neé Posse, 344 Naryshkina, Ye.P., neé Countess Nikolaev, L.P., 430 Muravyova, Ye.N. See Moller, Ye.N. Konovnitsyna, 391 Nikolaev, O.V., 472 Muravyova, Ye.N., neé Mordvinova, Nasonov, N.V., Academician, 246, 251, Nikolaev, V.V., 469 Ye.N., 348 263, 264, 267 Nikolaevsky, G., 353 Muravyova, Ye.Z. See Kankrin, Ye.Z. Natalia Alekseevna, Grand Duchess, 407 Nikolsky, N.K., Academician, 246, 256 Muravyova, Zh.A., neé Brakman, 342 Natural selection Nikoro, Z.S., 540 Muravyov-Amursky, N.N., Count, 348, beneficial nature of, 81–82 Nilsson-Ehle, H., 601 350 childhood mortality and, 140–141 Nineteenth Century ( journal), 734 Muravyov-Apostol, I.I., Decembrist, culture’s role in (See “Impact of Nizhny Novgorod, 322 344, 392 Culture on Selection in Humans”) N.K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Muravyov-Apostol, I.M., Senator, 343, diseases and, 141–144 Biology, 208 349, 351, 392 effects of elimination of, 139 Nordau, Max, 18 Muravyov-Apostol, M.I., Decembrist, estimated rate of in a modern country, Nordshteyn, A.S., 303 343, 344, 350, 392 139–140 Norov, Aleksandr S., 392 Muravyov-Apostol, S.I., Decembrist, Fisher on the genetic theory of (See Norov, Avraam S., 240, 392 343, 350, 351, 392, 401 Genetical Theory of Natural Norov, S.A., 392 Muravyov-Apostol, V.I. Selection, The) Norov, V.S., Decembrist, 389, 392, 399 Muravyova-Apostol, A.S., neé generational consequences of Norova, T.M., neé Kosheleva, 392 Chernoyevich, 343, 346 neo-Malthusian unnatural Norton, 467 Muravyova-Apostol, P.V., neé selection, 145–148 Norway, 16, 29 Grushetskaya, 343 process leading to dominance of Norwegian Institute of Racial Hygiene, Muravyova-Apostol, Ye.I. See Bibikova, altruism, 705–707 11 Ye.I. role in curiosity and aesthetic sense, Nosology, 546, 592 Muravyov-Karsky, N.N., 339, 350 710–711 Novikov, A.I., 391 Muravyov-Vilensky, M.N., 339, 340, 350 utility in Darwin’s process, 137–138 Novikov, N.I., 338 Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, war and, 144–145 Novinsky, I., 535 Academician, 229 Nauk, A.K., Academician, 246 Novitsky, A.P., 321 Murin (literary character), 433 Navashin, M.S., 582, 624 Novoselsky, S.A., 301, 302 Murray, J.A., 487, 707 Navashin, S.G., 267 Novozhyonov, Yu.I., 695 Musin-Pushkin family, 330 Nazi Germany, 15–16, 17, 466 Nuremberg Laws, 15–16 Musin-Pushkin, A.I., Count, 357, 396 Nazimov, M.A., Decembrist, 392 Nurinov, A.A., 652, 679 Musin-Pushkin, P.I., Count, 397 Nazimova, M.G., 329 Nuzhdin, N.I., 652, 684 Musin-Pushkin, V.A., Count, 396 Neanderthals, 703 Musin-Pushkin, V.V., Count, 399 Nechaev, A.M., 130 Mutation Nechaev, S.G., 365, 370 Oblonsky, Stiva (literary character), 168 analysis of veracity of somatic Nechaeva, V.S., 444 OBM (Society of Materialist Biologists), induction of mutations, 42–45 Neel, J.W., 693 476, 534 difficulty in distinguishing between Nefedyeva, 400 Obolenskaya, A.M., Princess, neé recombinations and mutations, 41 Nekrasov, N.A., 190, 462 Miloslavskaya, 366 Drosophila mutation studies, 33–37 Nekrasova, Ye.S., 329 Obolenskaya, V.A., Princess. See dynamics of mutations study, 634 Neledinsky-Meletsky, Yu.A., poet, 363, Lopukhina, V.A. emergence of genius due to mutation, 365, 366, 389 Obolenskaya, Ye.G., Princess, 399 316–317 Nelidov, Yu.A., 198, 202, 213, 331, 371, Obolenskaya-Venevitinova, A.N., Prin- gene mutation study by Morgan, 374, 387 cess, 155t 606–607 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vasily I., 251 Obolensky family, 155t, 366 genofond composition and, 510–511 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir I., 251 Obolensky, A.A., Prince, 155t probability that extreme mutations Neo-Malthusianism, 136, 145 Obolensky, D.D., Prince, 393 will disappear eventually, 39 Neplyuev, I.I., 391 Obolensky, D.P., Prince, 393 question of nature of mutations, Neplyueva, A.I., neé Panina, 391 Obolensky, K.P., Prince, 393 597–598 Nerval, Ge´rard de, 416 Obolensky, M.V., Prince, 393 study of pathological mutations, 617 Nesvitskaya, M.V., Princess. See Sulima, Obolensky, N.A., Prince, 155t Muzalevsky, B.M., 536 M.V. Obolensky, N.P., Prince, 366, 393 Muzil family, 118 Nesvitsky, I.V., 368 Obolensky, P.A., Prince, 366 Muzrukova, Ye.B., Preface Nesvitsky, V.F., Prince, Governor, 368 Obolensky, S.P., Prince, 393 Myasnikov family, 324 Nettlau, Max, 345 Obolensky, V.F., Prince, 393 Myshetsky family, 400 Nettleship, E., 560 Obolensky, Ye.P., Prince, Decembrist, Myshkin, Prince (literary character), 434 Neufeld, Professor, 490 343, 344, 392–393 Myslovsky, P.N., 343 Neuropathic family hypothesis, 4 Odessa Institite of Selection and New Man. See Expectations of a New Genetics, 536 Man Odoevskaya, P.I., Princess, neé Countess Nabokov, D.N., 393 Newton, Isaac, 77, 108, 240, 313, 417 Tolstaya, 155t, 319, 323, 361 Nabokov, V.D., 393 Newton, John, 313 Odoevskaya-Volkonskaya, V.I, Naecke, P., 20, 21 New York Times (newspaper), 649 Princess, 155t Na¨geli, K.W. von, 548 Nezhdanova, A.V., 72 Odoevsky family, 156, 360–361, 393 Napoleon, 79, 83, 328, 342, 722–723 Nicoll, 560 Odoevsky, A.I., Prince, Decembrist, Narses, 707 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 18, 107 155t, 319, 393, 399 766 / Index

Odoevsky, F.S., Prince, 155t evolution of the instinct of social complexity inherent in best genotype Odoevsky, I.S., Prince, 155t self-preservation, 703–705 selection process, 49–50 Odoevsky, I.V., Prince, 319 genetics of criminality, 719–722 error in using affluence as a selection Odoevsky, N.I., Prince, 399 genetic theory of group selection, criteria, 50 Odoevsky, S.I., Prince, 155t 708–709 error in using education as a selection Odoevsky, V.F., Prince, writer, 155t, 319, hereditary biochemical heterogeneity criteria, 50–51 393 of higher organisms, 717–718 goal of cultivation of valuable Odoevsky, V.I., Prince, 155t hereditary diseases that cause an recessive traits, 52 Offerman, C., photo insert emotional-ethical degradation, medical-eugenic control of marriages Ogareva, Liza, 370 718–719 recommendation, 54–55 Ogurtsov, A.P., 205 historical evidence of innate egotism plan for eugenic evaluation of the Oldenburg, S.F., 230, 244, 252, 264, 268 in man, 700–701 populace, 53 OLEAE (Society of Naturalists, Archae- instinctual altruistic behavior in prevailing belief that social selection is ologists, and Ethnographers), 61 primates, 702–703 equivalent to genotypic selection, Olenov, Yu.M., 689 issue of existence of respect for all 49 Olonkina, M.S., 209 age groups in human society, racial evaluation and, 52–53 Omelyansky, V.L., Academician, 256 709–710 selective artificial insemination Onegin, Eugene (literary character), 97 natural selection process leading support, 55 “On Hereditary Predisposition to Brain to dominance of altruism, types of state limitations that should Diseases” (Moreau de Tours), 3 705–707 be enacted, 54 On New Methods of Field Cultivation natural selection’s role in curiosity types of state support that should be (Petrovich), 352 and aesthetic sense, 710–711 offered, 53–54 “On the Descendents of Baron Pyotr origin of monogamous love, 712–714 “Our Outstanding Scholars” (Fili- Pavlovich Shafirov” (Nelidov) probability of a genetic basis of pchenko), consistency in lawfulness and service morality, 700 215–226 to the state, 335 publication of, 695 categories of scholars surveyed, 215– demonstrated talents of Shafirov, question of conscience being 216 331, 334 determined by heredity, 723–724 data on alcoholism and mental illness, demonstrated talents of Witte, 334 role of a person’s upbringing in their 224 family tree, 332–333 moral development, 699, 700 data on children of scholars who literary talents in the genealogy, 334 theory of natural egotism versus became scholars, 222–223 other Russian families that were existence of heroism, 701–702 data on outstanding relatives, 223– sources of cultural attraction, Orlov family, 397, 401 224 334–335 Orlov (literary character), 434 differences between outstanding representatives from religious and Orlov, M.F., Decembrist, 397, 399, 401 scholars and scholars in general, mystical life, 335 Orlova, A.A., Countess, 399 225 uneven distribution of offspring, Orlova, V.I., 622 importance of scholars to Russia, 226 335–336 Orlova, Ye.N., 391 mothers’ lineages, 224, 225 “On the Goals of Pathographic Work” Orlova-Davydova, O.I., Countess, 365 number of children fathered, 220– (Zinovyev), 307 Oryol, V.M., Preface 222 On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 211, ORP. See Society for Study of Racial professions of fathers and fathers-in- 527, 732, 735 Pathology and Geographic law, 219 “On the Psychopathology of Creativity: Distribution of Diseases professions of wives, 219–220 V. Khlebnikov” (Anfimov) ORT (Society for Agricultural Workers self-reported talents and health of abnormal behavior and musings, and Craftsmen), 292 respondents, 224–225 417–418 Orzhitsky, N.N., Decembrist, 393, 399, social origins of prominent scholars, examples of his creative work, 401 218–219 420–421 Osipov, V.P., 198 specialties and demographics of experimental-psychological study Osten-Sacken, A.I., Countess, 322 respondents, 216–218 results, 419–420 Osterman, A.I. (Heinrich), Count, Vice Out of the Night (Muller), 7, 643 family history of inherited psychiatric Chancellor, 390 Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, D.N., 390 problems, 415–416 Osterman, G., 397 Ovsyannikov, F.V., Academician, 246, occupations and wanderings during Osterman-Tolstaya, Ye.A., Countess, 400 256 his life, 416–417 Osterman-Tolstoy, A.I., 400 Owen, Robert, 8 psychological analysis of, 418 Ostroumov, A.A., 612 OZE (Society for the Preservation of the Oppengeim, D.G., 655 Ostrovsky, A.N., 98, 99 Health of the Jewish Population), Orbeli, L.A., photo insert Ostwald, W., 613 292 Ordynov (literary character), 431 Oswald, 569 Ozeretskovsky, N.Ya., Academician, 228 “Origin of Altruism, The” (Efroimson), “Our Eugenics Prospects” (Davidenkov) Ozernyuk, N.D., Preface 695 advocacy for state protection for OZET (Society for Land Settlement of biological factors’ influence on the valuable hereditary groups, 51 Jewish Workers), 292 social factor of marriage, advocacy of eugenics legislation, 55 711–712 argument for supporting fertilization biological versus social argument of in desirable groups, 49 Pages of My Life (Chaliapin), 181–183 criminality, 715–717 basing artificial selection on mental Paget, Anne, 313 conclusions about the evolutionary giftedness, 53 Paget, Lord, 313 development of ethical norms, basing artificial selection on superior Pahlen Commission, 295 714–715 intellect, 51 Painter, Theophilus S., 604 evolutionary-genetic analysis of basis of a state-wide eugenics Paisy Uglitsky, Venerable St., 362 family bonds, 707–708 program, 56 Palechek, M., 348 Index / 767

Pale of Settlement, 295 Peter the Great’s Blackamoor. See Poltoratsky, Pyotr M., 347 Palladin, V.I., Academician, 267 Gannibal, A.P. Polubotok, L., 367 Palmov, I.S., Academician, 246, 256 Petrarch, 421 Polubotok, P.B., Hetman, 367 Panaev, I.I., Academician, 229 Petrograd Brain Institute, 6 Popenoe, Paul, 14, 15, 524 Panafidin, P.I., 347 Petropavlovsky, Ya.N., 303 Popov, N.A., 274, 318 Panin family, 362, 363, 390 Petrov (literary character), 434 Popov, N.I., Academician, 228, 318 Panin, I.P., 368 Petrov family, 190 Popov, N.P., 201 Panin, I.V., Senator, 390 Petrov, A.A., 190 Popov, N.V., 198, 213 Panin, N.I., Count, 390 Petrov, A.V., 190–191 Population growth. See “Biosphere and Panin, P.I., Count, 390 Petrov, N.A., 190 Mankind, The” (Timofeev- Panina, S.V., Countess, 390 Petrov, P.A., 190 Ressovsky) Panini, 416 Petrov, P.D., 190–191 Poretsky, S.A., writer, 264 Papanin, I.D., 681 Petrov, P.N., 403 Posse, Ye.K. See Muravyova, Ye.K. Passek family, 393 Petrov, P.V., 191–192 Postnikov, A.V., Preface Passek, T.P., neé Kuchina, 369 Petrov, S.A., 190 Postnikova, Ye.N., 623 Passek, V.V., 398 Petrov, V.A., 190–191 Potebnya, A., Professor, 251 Passek, V.V. ( junior), writer, 369 Petrov, V.P., 190 Potyomkin family, 359 Pasternak, B.L., 415 Petrov, Ya.P., 190 Potyomkina, V.A., Princess, neé Count- Pasteur, Louis, 107, 474, 644 Petrova, A.A. See Leonova, A.A. ess Tolstaya, 326 Pasynkov, Ye.I., 579, 622, 624 Petrova, A.Ye., 190–191 Potyomkin-Tavrichesky, G.A., Prince, Pathological Characters (Sukhanov), 307 Petrova, M.I., 191 390, 395, 401 Patlazhan, M.M., 301, 302 Petrova, O.A., 190 Povalo-Shveykovsky, I.S., Decembrist, Patlis, G.D., 199 Petrova, V.S., 190 393 Paton, Diarmid Noel, 91, 100 Petrovsky, A.V., 2 Povalo-Shveykovsky, T.N., 353 Patrikeev family, 361 Petrovsky, D.V., 416, 417 Pozdeev, O.A., Freemason, 367 Patrikeeva, Princess, 358, 361 Petrunkevich, Aleksandra M., 354 Pozdeev, V.M., 367 Patti, Adelina, 118 Petrunkevich, Anna M., singer, 354 Pozdeeva, M.V. See Gagarina, M.V. Paul I, 305, 320, 335, 398 Petrunkevich, M. Ilyich, 353 Pozharsky family, 365 Pavlenko, S.M., 693 Petrunkevich, M. Ivanovich, 353 Pozharsky, Dm.M., Prince, 390 Pavlov, A.P., Academician, 256, 263 Pevzner, I.D., 469 Praskovia Fyodorovna, dwarfess, 21 Pavlov, I.P., Academician, 88, 89, 103, Phenylketonuria, 693–694 Pravda, 527, 533, 535, 540, 641, 648, 108, 109, 119, 120, 235, 246, 252, Philippe I, 313 652, 677, 679–681, 684–687, 260, 527, 630, 674, 675 Phlegmatics, 423 696 Pavlova, M.V., paleontologist, 263 Phyletic Evolution of Man (Filetichskaya Pravoverova, L.L., 1 Pavlova, P.D. See Tolstaya, P.D. evolyutsiya cheloveka) (Novozhyo- Presnyakov, D.F., 578, 579, 624 Pavlov-Silvansky, N.P., 319 nov), 695 Prezent, I.I., 213, 477, 525, 530, 535, 537, Pavsky, G.P., Academician, 231, 235, 246 Physique and Character (Kretschmer), 538, 644, 646, 650, 652, 678, 679, Paz, Daniel de la, 103 307, 430 686, 687, 691, 693 Peacock, actor, 353, 354 Pippin, 313 Priklonskaya-Chicherina, L.V., 155t Pearl, Raymond, 70, 72, 372 Pirquet, Clemens von, 491 Priklonskaya-Obolenskaya, A.V., 155t Pearson, Karl, 1, 9, 11, 143, 145, 226, 309, Pisarev, nobility family from Kaluga, Priklonsky family, 357 310, 313, 315 187 Priklonsky, M.V., 357 Pekarsky, P.P., Academician, 236 Pithecanthropus, 703, 704 Priklonsky, V.G., 357 Peking Man, 704 Pkhakadze, G.M., 288 Priklonsky, V.I., 155t Penrose, Lionel, 11, 693 “Plasmon” hypothesis of Filipchenko, Principia Botanica (Erasmus Darwin), Perets, G.S., Decembrist, 396 212, 627 313 Perets, V.N., Academician, 244, 254, 260, Plate, Ludwig, 137, 504 Principles of Human Genetics (Stern), 263, 264, 396 Plato, 27, 240 693 Perfect, William, 3 Platonov, S.F., Academician, 253, 264, Prit, M., 118 Pericles, 133 268 Problem of Inheritance of Acquired Traits Perovskaya, A.A., 320, 321 Plehve, V.K. von, minister, 299 (Blyakher), 530 Perovsky family, 321 Plekhanov, G.V., 512 Problems of the Biology and Pathology of Perovsky, A.A. (Anton Pogorelsky), 320, Pleske, F.D., Academician, 235 Jews (Voprosy biologii i patologii 321, 393 Plesso, G.I., 463 yevreev), 292, 301–304 Perovsky, Count, minister, 408 Pletnyev, D.D., 469, 470, 540, 547 Proceedings of the MGI Perrin, J.B., 613 Pletz, Alfred, 520 anthropogenetics focus at MGI, Peshkov, A.M. See Gorky, Maxim. Plyasov, M., 353 577 Peshkov, Maxim, 180 Plyasova, T.M., neé Bakunina, 354 s anthropogenetics versus “bourgeois Peshkov, M.S., 170–171 Pochinkovskaya, O., 431, 437 genetic science”, 583–585 Peshkova, V.V., 168–170 Poggio, A.I., 393 benefit provided by science to the Pesikova, L.N., 578, 586, 622, 623 Poggio, A.V., Decembrist, 393, 403 socialist state system, 587 Pestel, B.V., 393 Poggio, I.V., Decembrist, 393 clinical-genetic studies approach, Pestel, I.P., 393 Pogodin, M.P., Academician, 229 577–579 Pestel, P.I., Decembrist, 341, 393 Pogorelsky, Anton. See Perovsky, A.A. contents of published volumes, 621– Peter (Biron), Duke von, 406 Pogosyan, Ye.Ye., 689 624 Peter II, 397, 408 Pokrovsky, student, 185 divide between Soviet and German Peter III, 397 Polikarpova, Ye., 684 approaches to genetics, 585–586 Peter the Great (Peter I), 20–22, 25, 63, Polivanov, P.S., writer, 389 karyological method for 197, 318, 319, 330, 331, 358, 363, Polonsky, V.G., 345, 351, 353 anthropogenetic studies, 364,395,401,407,408,410,417,441 Poltoratsky, Pavel M., 345 582 768 / Index

Proceedings of the MGI (Continued) Radiation risks studies, 689–692 Romanov, Vasily P., 270, 271, 274, 396 paper by Muller (See “Theoretical Radilov family, 357 Romanov, Vladimir P., 264, 270, 274, Genetics”) Radin, Ye.P., 417 396 publication end, 551 Radlov, V.V., Academician, 237, 260 Romanov, V.V., 274, 396 state of “capitalistic Anglo-American Radsha (Rostislav Stefan), 358 Romanova, P.V., 274 genetics”, 586–587 Raevsky family, 404 Romashov, D.D., 63, 626, 627, 628, 638, twin database improvement plans, Raevsky, N.N., 390 photo insert 581–582 Rakovsky, Kh.G., 648 Romodanovskaya, Ye.A., Princess, 408 twin-studies methods, 579–581 Rapoport, A.M., 425, 449 Romodanovsky, G.G., Prince, 397 Procopius of Cesarea, 707 Rapoport, I.A., Preface, 691 Romodanovsky-Ladyzhensky family, Proferansova, N.A., neé Ivanova, 432, Raskolnikov (literary character), 432, 410 440, 457–458 434, 444 Rorschach test, 433 Prokharchin (literary character), 431 Rasputin, G.Ye., 335 Rosen, A.Ye., Baron, Decembrist, 393 Prokhorov, 59 Ratsiborsky, V.A., photo insert Rosen, Georg Gustav, Baron, diplomat, Prokofyeva, T.I., 623 Ravdel, Ye.A., 643 393 Prokofyeva-Belgovskaya, A.A., Preface, Razumovsky, A.K., Count, 321, 399 Rosenberg, Alfred, 585 689, 694, photo insert Razumovsky, P.K., Count, 402 Rossolimo, G.I., 293, 469 Prokopovich, F., 369 Recent Progress in the Study of Variation, Rostov, Ilya Andreevich (literary Promptov, A.N., photo insert Heredity, and Evolution (Lock), character), 322 Promptova, L.P., photo insert 602 Rostovtsev, M.I., Academician, 244, 253, Propper, N.I. See Grachshenkov, N.I. Reclus, Eliseé, 116 256 Psychiatric Discussions on Literary and Red Warrior (Krasnyi Voin)(Russian Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 108 Social Subjects (Bazhenov), 307 newspaper), 17 Rout of medical genetics Psychoanalytical Laboratory, 2 Regaud, Professor, 486 arrest of Levit, 651, 655 Psychological features in genetic analysis. Reilly, Philip, 17 attacks on Levit in newspapers, 647– See “Genetic Analysis of the Psy- Reimers, Charlotte von, 407 648 chological Features of Man” Repnin family, 366, 367, 368, 398 cancellation of the 7th International Punnett, Reginald, 466, 467, 602 Repnin, A.I., Prince, Field Marshal, 368, Congress by Moscow, 649 Pushchin family, 337, 393 390 Davidenkov’s defense of genetics at Pushchin, I.I., Decembrist, 393, 400 Repnin, N.V., Prince, Field Marshal, 368 the 7th Congress, 656 Pushchin, M.I., Decembrist, 393 Repnin, P.I., Prince, 368 Davidenkov’s presentation on how Pushchina, M.A., also Fonvizina, neé Repnin, V.A., Prince, 368 genetics affects medicine, 667–676 Apukhtina, 400 Repnina, P.V., Princess. See growing caution at MGI, 653–655 Pushkin, A.P., 155t, 323 Volkonskaya, P.V. Lysenko’s rise in Stalin’s circle, 641, Pushkin, A.S., 63, 155t, 156, 190, 192, Repninskaya, Ye.Ya. See Sulima, Ye.Ya. 646–647 195, 201, 206, 263, 305, 308, 322, Repnina-Volkonskaya, K.N., Princess, Muller’s affinity for the Soviet Union, 323, 325, 334, 342, 347, 350, 351, 389 641–643 355, 356t, 357–359, 365, 389, 393, Repnin-Volkonsky, N.G., Prince, 389 Muller’s letter to Stalin advocating 404, 421, 430, 460, 462, 470 Research Medical Council, 550 positive eugenics, 643–645, 659– Pushkin, L.A., 155t, 323, 357 Re´ti, Rudolph, 118 666 Pushkin, N., 358 Reuter, Fritz, 107 Muller’s political troubles, 643, Pushkin, S.L., 155t, 323 Revue de Psychiatrie,20 651–652 Pushkin, V.L., 370 Richter, Jochen, 6, 305 official banning of medical genetics, Pushkina, M.A., neé Gannibal, 359 Rizenkampf, 452 657–658 Pushkina, Ye.I., neé Golovina, 323 Robespierre, Maximilien, 108, 429 presentation of human genetics at the Puzanov, I.I., 686 Robitscher, Jonas B., 15 4th session, 650–651 Pyknic physiques, 426, 430 Rockefeller foundation, 208, 535, 541 signals indicating disfavor towards Pypin, A.N., Academician, 235, 253 Rodzyanko, A.G., 401 MGI’s work, 652–653 Rodzyanko, M.P., 399 Soviet rebuttal to the NYT article Rodzyanko, M.V., 391 about political persecution of Quetelet’s law, 281 Rodzyanko, Ye.S., 391 scientists, 649–650 Roemer, J.F., 455 Stalin’s apparent response to Muller’s Roginsky, Ya.Ya., 202 letter, 645–646 Race Rohn, P., 540 Vavilov’s organizing of the 7th eugenics’ concern with health of a Rokhlin, L.L., 302 Congress, 646 race, 466 Rokhlina, M.L., 475, 477 Roux, Wilhelm, 601 psychological foundation for racism, Rokhlina, R.D., 302 Rovinsky, D.A., 351 6 Rokitsky, P.F., Preface, 59, 64, 200, 203, Royzman, S.A., 302 question of fertility in racial crosses, 352, 625, 627, 696, 697, photo Rozanov, I., 156 40 insert Rozanov, M.N., Academician, 254, 268 safety of crossing varieties or races, “Role of Genetics in the Study of Human Rozanov, V.V., 320 39–40 Biology” (Koltsov) Rozen, V.R., Academician, 235 studies of (See “Goals and Methods of growing interest in and knowledge of Rozhestvensky, Z.P., Vice Admiral (in Studies of Racial Pathology”; genetics, 610–612 Khlebnikov’s poem, misspelled “Term ‘Race’ in Zoology and potential of genetics studies, 613 Rozhdestvensky), 421 Anthropology”) practical application of genetics for Rtishchev family, 359 Race and Body Type (Weindenreich), 307 physicians, 612–613 Rtishchev, F.M., 360 Racial pathology study by Koltsov. See Roll-Hansen, Nils, 16 Rtishcheva, P.M., 319 “Goals and Methods of Studies of Roman culture, 131–132, 148 Rubashkin, V.Ya., 301, 302, 506, 509 Racial Pathology” Romanov family, 359, 369 Rudin, 456 Index / 769

Rudnev, V.I., 462, 463 growth in membership and branches, Sakanyan, Ye.S., 628, 643, 690, 695, 696, Rummel, 403 62–63 698, 737, photo insert Rumovsky, S.Ya., Academician, 228 independent societies affiliated with, Sakharov, A.D., 692–693 Rumyantseva, M.A., Countess, 363 291, 293–294 Sakharov, G.P., 198 Ruppin, Arthur, 298 journal contents (See Russian Eugenics Sakharov, P.S., 622 Ruprecht, F.I., Academician, 235, 260 Journal) Sakharov, V.V., 62, 137, 198, 469, 471, Russian eugenics. See Eugenics in Russia Koltsov and Filipchenko’s 472, photo insert Russian Eugenics Journal. See also Russian disagreements over eugenics, 293 Sakharova, L.N., photo insert Eugenics Society Koltsov’s aversion to the idea that Salamandra (Lunacharsky’s screenplay), analysis of selected related talents, genius is a pathology, 64–65 526 355–370 Koltsov’s belief in the need for Saltykov family, 359, 365 Bakunin family genealogy, 345–346, eugenics, 57 Saltykov, M.G., 397 352–354 Koltsov’s stressing of the role of Saltykova, Ye.S., Countess, neé contents of published volumes, 61, biological diversity, 64 Countess Tolstaya, 328 63, 196–203 paper on eugenics (See “Improvement Salvini family, 118 Count Witte genealogy (See of the Human Race”) Samarin family, 335, 363 “Ancestors of Count S.Yu. Witte”) paper on natural selection (See Samarin, F.V., Acting State Councilor, creativity analysis (See “On the “Impact of Culture on Selection in 363 Psychopathology of Creativity: V. Humans”) Samarin, M.M., Senator, 363 Khlebnikov”) paper on self-made men (See Samarin, Yu.F., 63, 201, 334, 355, 356t, criticism of degeneration idea, 212– “Genealogies of Our 363–365, 389, 392, 213 Vydvizhentsy”) Sanguinics, 423 Darwin and Galton genealogy (See paper on the genetics of psychological Sanson, Andre´,26 “Genealogy of Ch. Darwin and F. features (See “Genetic Analysis of Sapegin, A.A., 686 Galton”) the Psychological Features of Sapir, I.D., 573 Dostoevsky genealogy (See Man”) Saradzhishvili, P.M., 633 Dostoevsky family analysis) popularity of medical-eugenic ideas, Sauerbruch, E.F., 553, 565 editorial view of Koltsov, 19 294 Savich, A.N., photo insert emergence of two eugenics journals, presentations on eugenics and Savich, N.G., photo insert 209–210 genetics, 60–61 Savich, V.G., photo insert headed by Koltsov, 59 as a reflection of the eugenics Savile, Henry, 315 hereditary analysis of Decembrists movement, 468–469 Savina, T.A., 391 (See “Decembrists”) research directions pursued by Savitskaya, I.S., 193 interest in by specialists and the Chetverikov, 63–64 Savonarola, Girolamo, 108, 429 general public, 291 society’s critical view of negative Savostyanova, V.A., 450 Koltsov on culture and selection (See eugenics, 64 Schallmeyer, W., 520 “Impact of Culture on Selection in Russian Psychoanalytical Society, 2 Schaumann, 554 Humans”) “Russian Works on Human Constitu- Schick test, 490 Koltsov on eugenics (See tion” (Vishnevsky), 307 Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott, 523 “Improvement of the Human R-v, Zinaida. See Hahn, Ye.A. Schiller, Friedrich, 107 Race”) Rychkov, Yu.G., 694 Schizoid character type, 424, 427–433 Koltsov on heredity of talent (See Rykachev, M.A., Academician, 251, 263, Schliemann, Heinrich, archaeologist, “Genealogies of Our 267 263 Vydvizhentsy”) Ryleev, F.A., 398 Schloessmann, 562, 563 Koltsov on the genetics of psychology Ryleev, K.F, Decembrist, 398, 403 Schneider, Kurt, 419, 429 (See “Genetic Analysis of the Ryleeva, A.M., neé Essen, 398 Schrenk, L.I., Academician, 250 Psychological Features of Man”) Ryvkin, I.A., 578, 579, 592, 594, 622, Sechenov family, 271 Muravyov family genealogy (See 623, 624 Sechenov, I.M., 89, 126, 186, 263, “Genealogy of the Decembrist Ryzhey, P.L., 647 271, 527 Muravyovs”) Rzhevskaya, D.G., neé Sokovnina, 401 Sechenov, M., landowner, 276 prehistory of the eugenics movement, Rzhevskaya, L.F., educator, 347 Sechenov, R.M., 276 23–28 Rzhevskaya, Ye.I. See Chernysheva, Sedley, William, Sir, 315 Shafirov family genealogy (See “On Yevdokia I. Seeck, Otto, 149 the Descendents of Baron Pyotr Rzhevsky family, 359 Segalin, G.V., 2, 64, 201, 213, 293, 308, Pavlovich Shafirov”) Rzhevsky, A.A., 393, 399 443, 460, 461, 462, 463 studies of Jews (See “Criminality of Rzhevsky, I.I., 359 Seitmann, 142 Jews”) Selected Works on Genetics (Muller), 652 Tolstoy genealogy (See “Genealogy of Self-made men. See “Genealogies of Our the Count Tolstoys”) Sablukov, A.A., 392 Vydvizhentsy” von Baer genealogy, 374–386 Sablukov, Aleksandr A., 392 Selivanov, A.I., ethnographer, 264 Russian Eugenics Society (REO) Sablukova, Ye.A., neé Volkova, 392 Semashko, N.A., 61, 63, 99, 293, 469, 475 bylaws stating purpose and plans for, Sacheverel-Pole, Edward, 311 Semenskaya, Ye.M., 302 59–60 Sadovnikova (Sadovnikova-Koltsova), Semyonov family, 270 collaborations and outreach M.P., 111, 120, 124, 175, 684, 688, Semyonov, I.P., 340 programs, 61–62 photo insert Semyonov, N.N., 691 committees to study Jews, 291–292 Sadovsky family, 118 Semyonov, N.P., landowner, 273 dissemination of genetic knowledge Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, 525 Semyonov, P.N., writer, 264 focus, 65 Saint-Hilaire, K.I., 264 Semyonov, V.N., writer, 264 focus on eugenics propaganda, 63 Saint-Hilaire, K.K., zoology professor, Semyonova, A.N., neé Blank, 400 formation and organization, 59 264 Semyonova, N.P., 270, 273 770 / Index

Semyonov-Tian-Shansky, A.P., 270, 495, Shidlovsky, S.F., professor, 264 social and economic inheritance 498, 499, 504 Shiffner, A.A., Academician, 252 contrasted with biological Semyonov-Tian-Shansky, P.P., geogra- Shifman, 59 inheritance, 45–46 pher, 264, 340, 388, 400, 404 Shimkevich, V.M., Academician, 236, social-hygiene applications of Semyonov-Tian-Shansky, V.P., 270 244, 260 genetics, 618–620 Sensory abilities study, 113–116 Shipova, F.I., nun, 360 Socialist Agriculture, 652 Serebrovskaya, A.S., photo insert Shishkova, V.P., neé Countess Tolstaya, Society for Agricultural Workers and Serebrovskaya, R.I., 568, 621, 622 320 Craftsmen (ORT), 292 Serebrovsky, A.S., 48, 52, 55, 59, 470, Shklovsky, V.B., 415 Society for Land Settlement of Jewish 469, 473–478, 505, 517, 520, 523, Shlykov, 673 Workers (OZET), 292 524, 527, 534, 537, 540, 546, 565, Shmidt, F.B., Academician, 250, 256 Society for Study of Racial Pathology and 594, 621, 622, 651, 676, 678, 680 Shmidt, O.Yu., 687 Geographic Distribution of Dis- advocacy of positive eugenics, 55, 470, Shmulyan, L.P., 301 eases (ORP) 473, 474, 475–476 Shneider, professor, 252 abuses of sterilization, 465–466 criticism of Lysenko’s theories, 651 Shokalsky, M.O., 347 anthropogenetics and eugenics paper historical correlation and, 594 Shokalsky, Yu.M., geographer, 349 (See “Anthropogenetics and medical genetics work, 527 Sholokhov, Party chief of IEB, 684 Eugenics in a Socialist Society”) paper on anthropogenetics (See Shorokhova, A., 644, 662 anti-immigration focus of American “Anthropogenetics and Eugenics Shpilreyn, I.N., 198 eugenics, 468 in a Socialist Society”) Shreder, V.N., photo insert anti-Koltsov campaign targeting photograph of, photo insert Shtefko, V.G., 647 genetics, 476–477 REO board membership, 59 Shtekelis, M.Sh., 302 board meetings, 470 Sereysky, M.Ya., 621, 622 Shteyn, V.M., 221, 222, 224 calculation of reducing frequency of a Sergeev, D.I., Preface Shtraykh, S.Ya., 343, 350 trait, 466–467 Severtsov, A.N., Academician, 252, 260, Shubert, M.I., 430 differences between goals of English 263, 267, 630–631 Shubinsky, S.N., 21 and Russian geneticists, 468 Shabad, Ts.O., 302 Shull, George Harrison, 601 eugenics’ concern with health of a Shafirov family, 330, 331–336 Shull, W.J., 693 race, 466 Shafirov, P.P., Baron, 63, 198, 330, Shvarts, Ye.L., 722 founders and board members, 469 331–336, 405, 408. See also “On Shvartsman, P.Ya., 2 Koltsov’s Caucasus population survey the Descendents of Baron Pyotr Sidorov, A.S., 435 project, 470–472 Pavlovich Shafirov” Siemens, HermannWerner, 520, 524, Koltsov’s endemic goiter study in Shafirova, M.P., Baroness, 408 552, 560, 569, 570 Central Asia, 472–473 Shakespeare, William, 129, 132, 159, 327 Siemens, Werner von, 107 members’ views of eugenics, 469–470 Shakhmatov, A.A., Academician, 233, Sigaud, Claude, 307 Muller’s views of eugenics, 473–474 235, 236, 244, 253, 264, 268 Silver Age, 1 political changes impacting eugenics Shakhov, V.P., 674 Sirotkina, I.Ye., 3, 6, 305 societies, 474–475 Shakhovskaya, A.F., Princess, neé Prin- Sivers, A.A., 370, 374, 404 racial pathology paper (See “Goals cess Shcherbatova, 395 Sixth International Genetics and Methods of Studies of Racial Shakhovskoy, A.A., Prince, 393 Congress, 468 Pathology”) Shakhovskoy, D.I., Prince, 395 Skadovskaya, L.N., photo insert use of the term “race” paper (See Shakhovskoy, F.P., Prince, Decembrist, Skadovskaya, N.S., photo insert “Term ‘Race’ in Zoology and 395, 402 Skadovsky, S.N., photo insert Anthropology”) Shapilov, landowner, 276 Skoropadsky, I.I., Hetman, 328 Society for the Preservation of the Health Shaskolsky, D.B., 536 Skovoroda, G.S., 153, 264, 271, 275, of the Jewish Population (OZE), Shatov (literary character), 444 396 292 Shatrova, Ye.I., 274 Skryabin, A.N., 461 Society of Materialist Biologists (OBM), Shavlovsky, I.E., 451 Skrypnik, N.A., 533, 534 476, 534 Shaw, George Bernard, 11, 64 Skvortsov, K.A., 460 Society of Naturalists, Archaeologists, Shchepkin family, 118 Slepkov, V.N., 524, 528 and Ethnographers (OLEAE), 61 Shcherbakov, A., 684 Slutsky, S.N., 303 Sofiev, M.S., 303 Shcherbatov family, 366, 367 Smirnov, Ye.S., 527, 534, 535 Sofya, Tsarevna, 319, 397 Shcherbatov, D.F., Prince, 362 Smith, Adam, 349 Sokolov, Academician, 228 Shcherbatov, I.D., Prince, 362, 394 Snell, 456 Sokolov, B.S., Preface Shcherbatov, M.F., Prince, historian, Snyder, 670 Sokolov, I.I., 289 253, 256 Soboleva, G.V., 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, Sokolov, N.N., 628, 684 Shcherbatov, M.M., Prince, historian, 471, 544, 580, 623, 624 Sokovnin family, 400 155t, 362, 394 Sobolevsky, A.I., Academician, 256 Sokovnin, A.P., 397, 400 Shcherbatov, M.Yu., Prince, 362 Social and biological hierarchies, 6–7 Sokovnin, I.F., 400 Shcherbatova, A.N., Princess, 325 Social Biology ( journal), 17 Sokovnina, D.G. See Rzhevskaya, D.G. Shcherbatova, K.A., Princess, 401 Social Darwinism, 55, 520, 706, 722, Sollogub, F.L., Count, 334 Shcherbatova-Chaadaeva, N.M., 731–732, 735 Sollogub, V.A., Count, 361, 437 Princess, 155t Social eugenics Sologub, F.A., 418 Shchetinina, A.I., Princess, 320 biosocial eugenics, 528–529 Solovyov family, 270, 274 Sheldon, William, 307, 716 “Bolshevist” basis, 473–474 Solovyov, M., Archpriest, 270, 271, 274 Shelgunov, N.V., 340 Galton’s advocacy of grouping people Solovyov, S.M., Academician, 231, 246, Sheremetev family, 330, 359 based on talents, 10 264, 268, 271, 274, 359, 370, 396, Sheremetev, P.S., 334 Galton’s belief in positive eugenics, 9 403 Sheremeteva, P.I. (Zhemchugova), Muller’s letter to Stalin advocating Solovyov, S.M., philologist, poet, 271, Countess, 153 positive eugenics, 659–666 274 Index / 771

Solovyov, Vladimir S., philosopher, 153, Stevens, Nettie M., 602, 603 Svidrigailov (literary character), 432 271, 274, 399, 404, 447 Stevenson, K., 273 Svistunov, I.P., Academician, 393 Solovyov, Vsevolod S., 271, 274, 447 Stockard, Charles R., 14, 43, 44 Svistunov, N.S., Senator, 393 Solovyova, M.S., 461 Stolypin, P.A., 360 Svistunov, P.I., Decembrist, 342, 393, Solovyova, M.S. (daughter of S.M. Solo- Strauch, A.A., Academician, 233 399 vyov). See Bezobrazova, M.S. Striganova, A.R., 623 Svistunova, M.A., 359 Solovyova, P.S., 271, 274 Strindberg, August, 107, 418 Sweden, 16–17 Solovyova, P.V., neé Romanova, 271 Stroganov family, 335 Swedish eugenics society, 11 “Some Basic Stages of Development of Stroganov, A.S., Count, 335 Sysin, A.N., 59, 469 Theoretical Genetics and Their Stroganov, D.I., 366 Significance from the Point of Stroganov, G.S., Count, 335 View of Medicine” (Muller). See Stroganov, P.A. Count, 335 Tactical Center Affair, 57 “Theoretical Genetics” Strogaya, Ye.Z., 200 Tal, B.M., 677, 678, 679 Somov, K.K., artist, 250 “Struggle for Existence, The” (Huxley), Talleyrand, C.M. de, 723 Somov, O.I., Academician, 250, 260, 267 734 Talyzin family, 397 Sonin, N.Ya., Academician, 240, 251, Strunnikov, V.A., Preface Talyzin, I., 364 263 Struve family, 270, 272 Tammes, Tine, 601 Sontsova-Zasekina, T.V., Princess, neé Struve, Jacob, 270 Tarente, Louise Emmanuelle, Princess Kozhina, 363 Struve, O.V., Academician, 235, 237, de, 335 Sontsova-Zasekina, Ye.F., Princess, 363 250, 260, 264, 267, 270 Tatishchev family, 359 Sorokin, artist, 254 Struve, P.B., Academician, 253, 346 Tatishchev, V.N., historian, 361 Sorokin, V.I., Professor, 252 Struve, V.V., Egyptologist, 270 Teıäs, 707 Sorokina, 582 Struve, V.Ya., Academician, 270 Telfer, J.B., 342 Spencer, Herbert, 5, 520 Stuart, Janet Erskine, 424 Telfer, Ye.A., neé Muravyova, 342 Spengler, Oswald, 116, 130–134, 150 Studitsky, A.N., 638, 657 Temperament Speransky, A.D., 653 Sturtevant, Alfred, 34, 603, 604 chemical basis of, 89–93 Speransky, M.N., Academician, 254, 256 Substantialist cognitive types and the constitutional types of, 105–108 Spinoza, Benedict, 108 cultures they create, 132, 134 historical influences on the Jewish Spiridov, G.A., Admiral, 394 Suermondt, G.L., 297 temperament, 299–300 Spiridov, M.G., genealogist, 394 Sukachev, V.N., 739, 742, 744 Kant’s four types of, 423–424 Spiridov, M.M., Decembrist, 362, Sukhanov, S.A., 307 Teplov, G.N., 228 394,395 Sukhomlinov, M.I., Academician, 253 Tereshkovich, A.M., 200 Spivak, M.L., 6 Sukhotina, T.L., neé Countess Tolstaya, “Term ‘Race’ in Zoology and Anthro- Sreznevsky, I.I., Academician, 229, 253, 324, 329 pology” (Bunak) 268 Sukhovo-Kobylin, A.V., playwright, anthropological or racial analysis Stadler, 606 328, 363 elements, 502–503 Stakhanov, A.G., 687 Sukhovo-Kobylin, V.F., 363 classifications of human races, 499– Stalin, I.V., 3, 7, 15, 57, 207, 473–476, Sukhovo-Kobylina, S.V., 363 500 532–537, 541, 550–551, 577, 583, Sukin, F.I., Dyak, 369 “collective species” term, 497 599, 641, 643–646, 649–654, Sulima family, 367–368 criteria for belonging to a tribe or 656–659, 676–678, 680–682, 684, Sulima, A.S., 368 subtribe, 498–499 685, 688 Sulima, F.I., 367 criteria for defining membership in a Muller’s letter to, 659–666 Sulima, I.F., 367 systematic unit, 498 Stanislavsky, K.S., 687 Sulima, I.M., Ataman, 367 development of taxonomic terms Stankevich, N.V., 346, 350 Sulima, M.L., neé Polubotok, 368 used, 495 Stanton, 14 Sulima, M.V., neé Princess Nesvitskaya, domestication theory of Fischer, State Institute of People’s Health Care 368 503–504 (GINZ), 489 Sulima, N.S., 368 evolution of hominids, 493–494 State Psychoanalytical Institute, 2 Sulima, Severin I., 367 hybridization in the human race, Stavrogin (literary character), 434 Sulima, S.S., 368 500–501 Stavrovskaya, M.N., 440 Sulima, Stepan I., 367 lack of interspecies hybridization Stefani, L.E., Academician, 235, 246 Sulima, Ye.N. See Kropotkina, Ye.N. among taxonomic units, 496 Stegniy, V.N., Preface Sulima, Ye.Ya., neé Repninskaya, 368 questions about the biological Steiger, 115 Sumarokov, A.P., 357 significance of “race,” 501–502 Stein, C., 114 Sumarokova, P.M. See Tolstaya, P.M. species and population term Steiner, Rudolf, 18 Sumarokov-Knyazhnin family, 357 differences, 495–496 Steingel, V.V., Baron, General, 395 Suomalainen, Esko, 642 taxonomic categories derived from Steklov, V.A., Academician, 246, 252, Suprematism (Malevich), 2 “species” and “race,” 497–498 260 Surgical Solution, The: History of Involun- Terrail, P.A. Ponson du, 180 Steklov, Yu.M., 345, 351 tary Sterilization in the United States Thaer, Albrecht, 339 Stepanov, D.D., doctor, 274 (Reilly), 17 Thennies, 643 Sterilization Sushkin, P.P., Academician, 246, 252 Theoretical Foundations of Plant Breeding, abuses of, 465–466 Sushkina, A., photo insert 677 “Lamarxism” and, 530–531 Sushkov family, 410 “Theoretical Genetics” (Muller) laws in different countries, 15–17, Sushkova, Ye.A., neé Khvostova, 334 challenge and promise of studies of 79–80 Suslov, M.A., 694 human genetics, 607–609 programs advocated for by eugenics, Sutton, Walter, 602 chromosomal theory of heredity, 522 Svechina, S.P., 399 602–603 Stern, A.A. (Venkstern, A.A.), 327, 330 Sˇvejk, Joseph (literary character), 4–5 chromosome-gene relation Stern, Kurt, 693 Svetlov, P.G., 689 hypotheses, 601–602 772 / Index

“Theoretical Genetics” (Muller) Tolstaya, M.N., Countess, neé Countess Tolstoy, I.M., Count, 318 (Continued) Tolstaya, 324 Tolstoy, I.P., Count, 155t, 319, 330, 360 clinical application of knowledge of Tolstaya, M.N., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, K.P., Count, 155t, 320 heredity, 607 Volkonskaya, 323 Tolstoy, L.L., Count, 324, 329 Drosophila studies, 603 Tolstaya, N.A., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, L.N. (Leo), Count, 107, 123, establishment of the gene as the basis Lvova, 328 155t, 156, 192, 195, 201, 305, 313, of life, 606 Tolstaya, N.P., Countess, 320 318, 323–324, 329, 330, 331, 355, gene mutation study, 606–607 Tolstaya, P.D., Countess, also Venkstern, 359, 360, 394, 400, 436, 450, 460, genetics of traits study, 605 neé Pavlova, 327 461. See also “Genealogy of the heredity of interspecific crosses study, Tolstaya, P.I., Countess. See Yushkova, Count Tolstoys” 605–606 P.I. genealogy table, 155t law of linear linkage, 604 Tolstaya, P.I., Countess. See Odoevskaya, observed traits in his lineage, 359– materialistic foundations of genetics, P.I. 361 601 Tolstaya, P.M., Countess, neé relations to other recognized talents, rediscovery and reapplication of Sumarokova, 325 156, 355, 356t Mendel’s laws, 600–601, 606 Tolstaya, P.N., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, L.V., Count, 155t Third International Congress of Eugen- Gorchakova, 322, 360 Tolstoy, M.S., Count, 326 ics, 468 Tolstaya, P.P., Countess, 328 Tolstoy, M.V., Count, 318, 322, 325– Three Songs about Lenin (film), 477 Tolstaya, S.A., Countess, neé Durasova, 326, 329, 477 Tiesenhausen, V. (W.S.) K., Decembrist, 324 Tolstoy, N. Aleksandrovich, Count, 328 402 Tolstaya, Sofia Andreevna, neé Bers, 324 Tolstoy, N. Alekseevich, Count, 318 Tikhonravov, N.S., Academician, 246, Tolstaya, S.F., Countess, poet, 318 Tolstoy, N.I., Count, 155t, 323 256, Tolstaya, S.T., Countess, neé Dubrov- Tolstoy, N.N., Count, 324 Tikhvinsky, 559 skaya, 319 Tolstoy, N. Sergeevich, Count, 322, 329 Timiryazev, K.A., 678, 682 Tolstaya, T.L., Countess. See Sukhotina, Tolstoy, N. Stepanovich, Count, 328 Timofeeva-Ressovskaya, Ye.A., photo T.L. Tolstoy, P.P., Count, 319, 328–329 insert Tolstaya, V.A., Countess. See Potyom- Tolstoy, P.S., Count, 327 Timofeev-Ressovsky, D.N. (“Fomka”), kina, V.A. Tolstoy, Pyotr Aleksandrovich, 318, 328 photo insert Tolstaya, V.I., Countess. See Khlyustina, Tolstoy, Pyotr Andreevich, the first Timofeev-Ressovsky,N.V.,Preface,7,63– V.I. Count, 155t, 318–319, 329, 330, 64, 211, 468–470, 541, 607, 626– Tolstaya, V.P., Countess. See Shishkova, 331, 360, 393, 397 628, 632–633, 641–643, 657–658, V.P. Tolstoy, Pyotr Andreevich, general, 320 680, 689–693, 696, 698, 739 Tolstaya, Ye.F., Countess. See Junge, Ye.F. Tolstoy, S.F., Count, 325, 326, 330 banning of his book, 657 Tolstaya, Ye.S., Countess. See Saltykova, Tolstoy, S.L., Count, 324 disinterest in eugenics, 469 Ye.S. Tolstoy, S.N., Count, 324 genetics research, 63–64, 468, 628, Tolstaya, Ye.P., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, S.S., Count, 326 641–643 Volkonskaya, 326 Tolstoy, V.A., Count, 322 hereditary constitution and, 626 Tolstaya, Ye. Petrovna, Countess, neé Tolstoy, V.F., Count, 325 micro- and macroevolution theory Princess Dolgorukova, 394 Tolstoy, V.I., 359 and, 211 Tolstaya, Ye.V., Countess, neé Ilyina, 327 Tolstoy, V.P., Count, 320 paper on the biosphere (See Tolstaya, Ye.Ye., Countess, neé Barbot de Tolstoy, V.S., Count, Decembrist, 394, “Biosphere and Mankind, The”) Marni, 320 399, 402 photograph of, photo insert Tolstoy family. See “Genealogy of the Tolstoy, Yu.V., Count, 318, 394 radiation effects studies, 689–693 Count Tolstoys” Tolstoy-Znamensky, D.N., 328, 329 release from prison, 698 Tolstoy, A.A., Count, 325 Tomashevich, T.V., Preface Tinyakov, G.G., 628 Tolstoy, A.I., Count, 155t, 319, 320 Tomilin, K.A., Preface Tokin, B.P., 476, 534 Tolstoy, A.K., Count, poet, 6, 155t, 156, Topinard, P., 501 Tol, S.D., Countess, neé Countess 318, 320–321, 329, 393 Topographical genetics, 506–507 Tolstaya, 327 Tolstoy, Aleksandr P., Count (1777– “Toward a History of the Eugenic Tolstaya, A.A., Countess, 325, 329 1819), 320 Movement” (Volotskoy), 23–28 Tolstaya, A.F., Countess, neé Dudina, Tolstoy, Aleksandr P., Count (1821– Treatise on the Physical, Intellectual, and 321 1867), 320, 329 Moral Degeneration of the Human Tolstaya, A.F., Countess. See Zakrev- Tolstoy, Aleksandr S., Count, 326 Race (Morel), 3 skaya, A.F. Tolstoy, A.N., Count, 318, 328, 334 Tredyakovsky, V.K., 228 Tolstaya, A.G., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, Andrey P., Count, 318, 328–329 Troekurova, Princess, 319, 360 Gruzinskaya, 328 Tolstoy, Andrey S., Count, 326 Tro¨mner, Ernst, 110 Tolstaya, A.I., Countess, neé Ivanova, Tolstoy, A.V., 359, 360, 390, 394 Trotsky, L.D. (Leon), 2, 477, 526 321 Tolstoy, D.A., Count, 318, 327, 329 Trubetskaya, O.I., Princess, neé Golo- Tolstaya, A.I., Countess. See Osten- Tolstoy, D.N., Count, 318, 324 vina, 155t, 323 Sacken, A.I. Tolstoy, F.A., Count, 324 Trubetskaya, T.A., Princess, neé Princess Tolstaya, A.L., Countess, neé Tolstoy, F.I., Count, member of Legisla- Kozlovskaya, 365 Turgeneva, 328 tive Commission, 325 Trubetskaya, V.I., Princess, 323 Tolstaya, A.N., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, F.I. (“the American”), Count, Trubetskaya, Ye.D., Princess. See Vol- Shcherbatova, 325 322, 402 konskaya, Ye.D. Tolstaya, A.Ye., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, F.M., Count, 318 Trubetskoy family, 361, 398, 403 Gruzinskaya, 400 Tolstoy, F.P., Count, 318, 321, 324, 329 Trubetskoy, D.Yu., Prince, 155t Tolstaya, M.A., Countess, neé Princess Tolstoy, F.S., Count, 326 Trubetskoy, G.N., 334, 393 Golitsyna, 328 Tolstoy, I.A., 155t, 322, 397 Trubetskoy, I.Yu., Prince, 394 Tolstaya, M.F., Countess. See Kamen- Tolstoy, I.I., Count, 318 Trubetskoy, N.N., Prince, 399 skaya, M.F. Tolstoy, I.L., Count, 324, 329 Trubetskoy, N.Yu., Prince, 394, 397 Index / 773

Trubetskoy, P.I., Prince, 394 Tyutchev, F.I., 155t, 156, 318, 399, 400 friendship with Timofeev- Trubetskoy, P.P., Prince, 399 Tyutchev, I.N., 155t Ressovsky, 643 Trubetskoy, S.N., Prince, 63, 201, 334– Tyutcheva, Ye.L., neé Countess genetics research, 207–208, 627 335, 355, 356t, 365–366, 389 Tolstaya, 155t photograph of, photo insert Trubetskoy, S.P., Prince, Decembrist, Tyutcheva, Ye.V. See Vadkovskaya, Ye.V. political problems, 535 394, 397, 399 Vavilov, Yu.N., 659 Trubetskoy, Ye.N., Prince, 334, 393–394 Vechnoe dvizhenie (Eternal Motion) Trubetskoy, Yu.Yu., Prince, 155t, 323 Ukraintsev, Ye.I., Dyak, 366 (Dubinin), 696 Trubnikova, M.V., neé Ivasheva, 390 Ulyanova, M.G., 430 Vejdovsky, F., 604 Trusotsky, P.P. (literary character), 444 Under the Banner of Marxism ( journal), Velichka, 404 Tsarapkin, S.R., 627, photo insert 648, 656, 677 Velyaminov-Zernov, V.V., Academician, Tsebrikov, A.R., Vice Admiral, 395 UNESCO, 692 235, 240, 252 Tsebrikov, N.R., Decembrist, 395 Union of Societies for Jewish Agricul- Velyashev, V.Iv., 347 Tsebrikov, R.M., writer, 395 tural Workers and Craftsmen Velyasheva, N.I., 347 Tsebrikova, M.K., writer, 395 (ORT-Verband), 292 Velyasheva, Ye.N., writer, 347 TsEKUBU (Central Commission on United States eugenics movement. See Venereal diseases, 142, 491–492 Improvement of Scholars’ Life), Eugenics in America Venevitinov, D.V., 155t, 156, 357 474, 475 University College London, 10, 11 Vengerov, S.A., 320, 321, 403, 404 Tsereteli, G.F., professor of philology, Uriel Acosta (Gutzkow), 687 Venkstern, Aleksandra A. (Stern), 327, 264 Urusov family, 365, 366 330 TsIK SSSR (Central Executive Commit- Urusov, A.I., Prince, 365 Venkstern, Aleksey A., Shakespearean tee of the Soviet Union), 646 Urusov, A.P., Prince, 365 scholar, 327, 330 Tsirg, P.N., 353 Urusova, Yevdokia, Princess, 400 Venkstern, A.Ya., 327, 330 Tsitsianov, M.D., Prince, 391 Urusova, Yevfimia G., Princess, neé Venkstern, P.D., also Tolstaya, neéPav- Tsitsianov, P.M., Prince, 391 Princess Shcherbatova, 365 lova, 327 Tsitsianov, Ye.P., Prince, 391 Usov, S.A., zoology professor, 263 Verbrechen als Schiksal (Lange), 573 Tsitsianova, Ye.Ye., Princess. See Lorer, Usova, social activist, 254 Vererbung und Auslese (Heredity and Ye.Ye. Uspensky, F.I., Academician, 246 Selection in the Life-Cycle of Nations) Tsitsin, N.V., 650 Uspensky, G.I., 79, 463 (Schallmeyer), 20 Tsizmer, C., 273t Uspensky, Ya.V., Academician, 231, 252, Veresayev, V.V., 195 Tsubina, M.I., 460, 463 256, 263 Vergunov, 436 Tsyavlovsky, M.A., 155, 156, 362 Utkin, N.I., 342, 349, 351 Verkhovensky (literary character), 434 Tubelsky, L.D., 647 Uvarov, A.S., Count, 394 Vermel, S.S., 198, 295 Tuberculosis Uvarov, M.S., 342 Vermel, Yu.S., 535 geographic distribution of, 490–491 Uvarova, Ye.S., neé Lunina, 342 Vernadsky, V.I., 2, 59, 134, 740, 744 natural selection and, 141–142 Vernalization (Yarovizatsia) ( journal), Tuchkov family, 359 677 Tuchkov, A.A., 399 Vadkovskaya, M.F., 389 Vertov, Dziga, 477 Tur, Brothers (L.D. Tubelsky and Vadkovskaya, Ye.I., neé Countess Cher- Veselovsky family, 235, 365 P.L. Ryzhey), 647, 648, 655 nysheva, 389 Veselovsky, A.N., Academician, 253 Tur, Ye. (Sukhovo-Kobylina), 363 Vadkovskaya, Ye.V., neé Tyutcheva, Veselovsky, K.S., Academician, 235, 237, Turaev, B.A., Academician, 236, 256, 402 260, 267 264 Vadkovsky family, 398 Vicari, E.M., 527 Turgenev family, 337, 340 Vadkovsky, F.F., Decembrist, 389, 400, Victory over the Sun (Kruchenykh), 1 Turgenev, A.I., poet, 395 401, 402 Videman, F.I., Academician, 237, 246 Turgenev, Aleksandr I., 394–395 Vadkovsky, F.Iv., 402 Vielgorsky, Matvey Yu., 334 Turgenev, Andrey I., 395 Vaisenberg, S.A., 302 Vielgorsky, Mikhail Yu., Count, 334 Turgenev, I.I., Decembrist, 394, 400 Valden, P.I., Academician, 246 Viktorov, 59 Turgenev, I.P., 394 Vallon, C., 20 Vild, G.I. (Wild, H. von), Academician, Turgenev, I.S., 123, 188, 306, 324, 345, Van Beneden, Edouard, 601 256 346, 350, 351, 353, 434, 462, Van Gogh, Vincent, 418, 462, 463 Vinaver, A.M., 20 Turgenev, L., 357 Varlaam Khutynsky, St. (Aleksa), 358 Vinogradov, P.G., Academician, 235, 253 Turgenev, P.I., 395 VARNITSO (Association of Science VIR (All-Union Institute of Plant Turgeneva, A.L. See Tolstaya, A.L. and Technology Workers for Breeding), 207, 677 Turovsky, M.B., 533 Contribution to Socialist Virchow, Rudolf Carl, 564, 565 Twin studies Construction), 475, 477 Vishnevsky, B.N., 198, 307, 430 advantages of the twin study method, Vasilchikov, A.I., Prince, 394 Vishnevsky, F.G., Decembrist, 389 569–572 Vasilyev, B.I., 288 Vitgenshtein (Wittgenstein), P.K., anthropogenetics as a major field of Vasilyev, V.P., Academician, 235, 237, Prince, 365 study, 566–568 268 VKPb (All-Union Communist Party), 647 of criminality, 719–721 Vasilyevsky, V.G., Academician, 231, 246 Vladimirsky, M.F., 477 dispute of a twin study’s conclusion Vasin, B.I., 542 Vlasyev, G.A., 323, 403 that social problems have a VASKhNIL (All-Union Academy of Vogt, Cećile, 120, photo insert biological basis, 572–574 Agricultural Sciences), 530, 535, Vogt, Oscar, 6, 120, 643, photo insert on inherited traits, 729 536, 537, 646, 656, 678–680, 686, Voinarskaya, O.I., 446 methods of study, 579–581 687, 691 Volfkovich, M.I., 570, 574, 622 plans for improving the twin Vavilov, N.I., 207–208, 496, 535–539, Volfson, B.Ya., 462, 463 database, 581–582 627, 642–643, 645–646, 649–653, Volgina, Ye.P., 180 Tyutchev family, 337 678–680 Volkonskaya, A.I., Princess, neé Count- Tyutchev, A.I., Decembrist, 395 cautious politics of, 537, 650–651 ess Bestuzheva-Ryumina, 397 774 / Index

Volkonskaya, A.P., Princess, 364 Voprosy biologii i patologii yevreev (Prob- Yablochkov, P.N., electric engineer, 396 Volkonskaya, M.D., Princess, neé lems of the Biology and Pathology of Yablochkova, Ye.N., 396 Chaadaeva, 155t Jews), 292, 301–304 Yagich, I.V., Academician, 237, 268 Volkonskaya, M.N., Princess, neé Vorontsov, M.S., Prince, 408 Yaguzhinsky family, 330 Raevskaya, 390 Vrevskaya, Ye.N., neé Wulf, 347 Yakhinson, I., 303 Volkonskaya, M.N., Princess. See Vrevsky, A.B., Governor General, 347 Yakovlev family, 368, 369 Tolstaya, M.N. Vrevsky, B.A., Baron, 347 Yakovlev, I.A., 369 Volkonskaya, P.V., Princess, neé Princess Vrubel, M.A., 460 Yakovlev, professor, 263 Repnina, 389 Vsevolozhsky family, 358, 359, 364 Yakovlev, Ya.A., 652, 677, 679, 680, 685 Volkonskaya, V.I., Princess, neé Princess Vsevolozhsky, I.D., 358 Yakubovich family, 396 Odoevskaya, 155t, 323 VSKhV (All-Union Agricultural Exhibi- Yakubovich, A.I., Decembrist, 396 Volkonskaya, Ye.D., Princess, neé tion), 650, 677 Yakun, Posadnik, 358 Princess Trubetskaya, 155t, 323, Vyazemsky family, 366 Yakushkin family, 396 361 Vyazemsky, G.N., Prince, 328 Yakushkin, I.D., Decembrist, 396, 402 Volkonskaya, Ye.G., Princess, 399 Vyazemsky, P.A., Prince, 229, 334, 336, Yakushkina, 271 Volkonskaya, Ye.P., Princess. See 366 Yakusik, P.I., 402 Tolstaya, Ye.P. Vyndomskaya, P.A. See Wulf, P.A. Yankova, Ye.P., 330 Volkonskaya, Z.A., writer, 359, 389, 399, Vyshnegradsky, A., priest, 273t Yanovsky, S.D., 435 403 Vyshnegradsky, I.A., Professor, Minister, Yanzhul, I.I., Academician, 229, 235, 347 Volkonsky family, 335 253, 270, 273t Yaroslav the Wise, 317 Volkonsky, F.F., 362 Yarovizatsia (Vernalization) ( journal), Volkonsky, F.I., 362 677 Volkonsky, F.M., 361 Waldeck. See von Waldeck Yatsenko, A.T., photo insert Volkonsky, G.K., Prince, 397 Wa¨lder, R., 417 Yefimov, B.Ye., 657 Volkonsky, G.S., Prince, 361, 401 War and natural selection, 144–145 Yelchaninov, 404 Volkonsky, K.R., 361 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 322, 323 Yelizarov, S.S., 74 Volkonsky, N.F., 401 Ward, Henry, 650 Yeremeev, P.V., Academician, 251 Volkonsky, N.S., Prince, 155t, 323, 324, Wassermann, Rudolf, 298, 300 Yerkes, Robert, 120, 124 361 Wassman, 128 Yermakov, G., 652, 678 Volkonsky, S.F., Prince, 155t Watson, James, 550 Yermolov, A.P., 390 Volkonsky, S.G., Prince, Decembrist, Wedgwood, Emma, 311, 315 Yesenin, S.A., 156, 193, 194, 415, 461, 323, 361, 368, 389, 399, 401 Wedgwood, Josiah, 313, 314 462 Volkov family, 392 Wedgwood, Susannah, 311, 313, Yeshevsky, S.V., Professor, historian, 264 Volkov, Yakim, dwarf, 21 314 Yudin, B.G., Preface Volkova, Ye.A. See Sablukova, Ye.A. Weinberg, 549 Yudin, T.I., 3, 59, 64, 108, 196, 197, 198, Volotskaya, Z.M., Preface Weindenreich, Franz, 307 202, 425, 426, 454, 456, 465, 469, Volotskoy, M.V., 9, 20–28, 63, 197–198, Weininger, Otto, 18 520, 524, 545, 582, 641, 676 208, 306–308, 422, 442, 456, 528– Weinstein, 604 Yurkovsky, A., engineer, 275t 531, 624, 631, 676 Weismann, August, 28, 527, 601 Yurman, N.A., 443, 461, 463 biosocial eugenics and, 528 Wells, H.G., 11, 753 Yushkova, P.I., neé Countess Tolstaya, Dostoevsky family analysis, 422 Werlhof’s disease, 507, 540 322 genealogy work, 307 Western European culture, 132–133 Yushnevsky, A.P., Decembrist, 395 photograph of, photo insert Who Will Awake Axolotl? (Kto razbudit Yushnevsky, S.P., 395 position on eugenics, 530, 531 aksolotlya?) (Sakanyan), 695 Yusupov, F.F., Prince, 335, 367 prehistory of the eugenics movement, Wilde, Oscar, 701 Yuz (Hughes), A.G., 303 20–28 Wilhelm II, 79 Volta Bureau (U.S.), 13 Willful epileptoid character type, 439– Voltaire, 107 442, 447–454. See also Dostoevsky Zabolotny, S.S., 302 Volynsky family, 362 family analysis Zaikin, N.F., Decembrist, 390 Volynsky, A.P., 362, 397 Williams, V.R., 682, 684 Zaitsev family, 276t von Baer, Andreas Magnus, 371 Williams, Denis, 722 Zaitsev, A.K., 264, 276t von Baer, Anna Magdalena, 371 William the Conqueror, 313 Zaitsev, A.M., 251, 264, 276t von Baer, Julianne Louisa, 372 Wilson, E.B., 602 Zaitsev, K.M., 251, 264, 276t von Baer, Karl Ernst, Academician, 63, Witte, F.F. (J.F.W.), 405–406 Zakharov, A.A., 59, 470 202, 211, 229, 308, 371, 527 Witte, S.Yu., Count, 63, 202, 334, 336, Zakrevskaya, A.F., neé Countess Tolstaya, ancestors of K.E., 374–376 394, 409–410. See also “Ancestors 324–325 descendents of Maria Julianne von of Count S.Yu. Witte” (Lyubimov) Zakrevskaya, L.A., 325 Baer, 384–386 Witte, Ye.A., neé Fadeeva, 407, 409 Zakrevsky, A.A., Governor-General, 324 detailed list of generations, Witte, Yu.F. (Ch.H.G.J.), 407 Zaleman (Salemann), K.G., Academi- 377–384 Wlassak, Rudolf, 143 cian, 252, 256, 260 genealogy table narrative, 371–374 Wo¨lfflin, 562 Zalensky, V.V., Academician, 244 von Baer, Magnus Johann, 372 Wrangel. See von Wrangel Zaremba, M., 16 von Freymann family, 371–372 Wright, Sewall Green, 607, 628 Zarudny, S.I., lawyer, 263 von Freymann, Johann, 372 Wulf family, 346–347 Zavadovsky, B.M., 475, 529 von Heyking, Barons, 410 Wulf, A.A., neé Bakunina, 346 Zavadovsky, M.M., 679 von Waldeck family, 371 Wulf, A.N., 347 Zavalishin, D.I., Decembrist, 390 von Waldeck, C.R., 371 Wulf, I.P., 364 Zavalishin, I.I., 390 von Wrangel family, 372 Wulf, N.I., 346 Zavalishin, N.I., 390 von Wrangel, A.Ye., 435 Wulf, P.A., neé Vyndomskaya, 346 Zelenin, V.F., 540, 541, 543, 621 von Wrangel, E.M., 373 Wulf, Ye.N. See Vrevskaya, Ye.N. Zelikman, G., 302 Index / 775

Zenin family, 191 Zhiv, 582 Zola, E´ mile, 3 0.10 exhibition, 1 Zhivago, P.I., photo insert Zolotaryov, V., 201, 202, 355, 388 Zhavelin, S.N., 301 Zhivago, T.P., photo insert Zolotaryov, Ye.I., Academician, 235, 236, Zhbankov, D.N., 202 Zhukov, N.I., 402 246, 256, 260 Zhdanov,I.N.,Academician,246,253,260 Zhukovsky, Valentin A., Professor, Zoonomia (Erasmus Darwin), 310 Zhelikhovskaya, V.P., 334, 408 Orientalist, 264 Zootechnics, 70 Zhemchuzhnikov family, 321 Zhukovsky, Vasily A., poet, Academi- Zosima, Father (literary character), 434 Zhemchuzhnikov, A.M., 321 cian, 229 Zuev, Academician, 228 Zhemchuzhnikov, L.M., 321 Zinger, L.G., 302, 303 Zuytin, A.I., 288, 289 Zhemchuzhnikov, M.A., 320 Zinin, N.N., Academician, 260, 267 Zvenigorodsky family, 359 Zhemchuzhnikov, V.M., 321 Zinovyev, P.M., 307, 416, 425–426, 573 Zweig, Stefan, 723 Zhislina, S.G., 623 Zmeev, L.F., 23, 24 Zweikindersystem, 284