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West Hartlepool 1801-1951 Durham E-Theses Some aspects of the geography of the ports of Sunderland, Seaham, and the Hartlepools Burgess, Donald A. How to cite: Burgess, Donald A. (1961) Some aspects of the geography of the ports of Sunderland, Seaham, and the Hartlepools, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10026/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 SOME ASPEO!ES OP SHE 6E0&RAPHY OF WE, PORgS OE SUHDERLMD. SEMM.. MP THE HARIEEEPOOIS. A GEOGRAPHIC^ THESIS PRESENTED BY imALD Ao BURGiSS FOR THE DECREE OP MoA« IN THE TJNITERSITY OP DURHAM. ^RIL I96l< The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published Awithout his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 1, CONTENTS. Page. List of Maps, Diagrams and Graphs. 2. List of Plates. 5o List of Tables. 6. Introduction. 7" Chapter. PART ONE. 1, The Physical Backgroiind. 10. PART TWO. The Human and Economic Background. 2. The Historical Background to Settlement. 2ko 3. Communications. 32. PART THREE. Sunderland. ho Site and Settlenent. k2o 5. Population. 67. 6. Industry in Sunderland. 7k. 7. Trade at Sunderland. 90. 8. Sunderland's Sphere of Influence. 101. PART POUR. The Hartlepools. 9. Site and Settlement. 108o 10, Population. 129. 11. Industry in the Hartlepools. 137. 12o Trade at the Hartlepools. 1U5. 13o The Hartlepools* Sphere of Influence. 15U. PART FIVE. Seaham. Site and Settlemento 159. IS• Population. 17U. IS. Industry in Seaham. 178, 17o Trade at Seaham. 187. 18. Seaham* s Sphere of Influence. 192. Conclusion. 197o Appendix A« Tables. 201. Appendix B. Bibliography. 237. MAPS, DIAGRAMS AND GRAPHS. Figure, Title. Page. 1» Map showing the location of Sunderland, Seaham and the Hartlepools within the area. 8. 2, The Geology of East Durham. 11. 3o Sections across the Permian formation in Durham from the western escarpment to the sea coast. 12. U. Map showing the relief of East Durham. 13« 5« Map showing the railway lines and main collieries in the East Durham Coalfield in 1850. 33. 6o Map showing the Parliamentary Railways in County D\irhara in 186i|.. 3ko 7« Map showing British Railways main lines in use in the area in I96I. 35. 80 Map to show the form of Sunderland in 1737. 5ko 9o Map to show the form of Sunderland in 1827. 55. IO0 Map of Sunderland showing stages in the growth of the towno 59. 11. Map of Sxjnderland showing Urban Land Use. 60. 12. Graph showing growth of population in Sunderland 1801-1951. 71. 13o Graph showing the percentage growth of population in Sunderland I8OI-I951. 71. IU0 Diagram showing the percentage distribution of the working population of Sunderland by occupation. 72. 15o Diagram showing the percentage distribution of population in the Extractive and Manufact• uring Industries, 73. 16, Map showing the location of major industries in Sunderland. 75, 3. Figure. Title. Page. 17, Graph showing coal shipments from Sunderland. 92. l8o Map showing selective criteria delimitating Sunderland*s Sphere of Influence. 102, 19' Map showing Frequency of Bus services at Sunderland. 103. 20. Map of the Geology of the Hartlepools area. 110. 21. Map of V/est Hartlepool showing stages in the growth of the town, 121, 22. Map of the Hartlepools showing Urban Land Use. 122. 23o Graph showing growth of population in Hartlepool 1801-1951. 133. 2k» Graph showing percentage growth of population in Hartlepool 1801 -1951. 133. 25, Graph showing growth of population in West Hartlepool 1801-1951. 13U. 26, Graph shovTing percentage growth of population in West Hartlepool 1801-1951. 13U. 27. Diagram showing the percentage distribution of the working population of the Hartlepools by occupation, 135. 28. Diagram showing the percentage distribution of pop\aation in the Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in the Hartlepools. I36. 29. Graph showing coal shipments from the Hartlepools. 1U7. 30, Map showing selective criteria delimitating the Hartlepools* Sphere of Influence. 156, 31« ' Map showing Frequency of Bus servi ce at the Hartlepools. 157. 32. Map showing the extent of settlement at Seaham in 1856. 166, Figure. Title. 33. Map showing the extent of settlement at Seaham in 1895. 167. 3ko Map showing the extent of settlement at Seaham in 19IU. I68. 35. Map showing the extent of settlement at Seaham in 1956, 169. 360 Graph showing the growth of popiilation in Seaham 1801-1951. 177. 37. Graph showing the percentage growth of population in Seaham 1801-1951. 177. 38, Map of Seaham showing Urban Land Use. 179. 39o Graph showing coal shipments from Seaham, 191. i^O. Map showing selective criteria delimitating Seahara*s Sphere of Influence. 19U. Map showing Frequency of Bus services at Seaham. I95, 5. LIST OF PLATES. Page. Plate I. The entrance to the River Wear at Sunderland, 62. Plate II, Sunderland South Docks and South Outlet, 64. Plate III, The River Wear at Sunderland, 66. Plate IV, The Peninsula at Hartlepool. 124. Plate V. The Docks at Hartlepool, 126. Plate 71. The Docks at West Hartlepool, 128. Plate 711. 7iew of Seaham Harbour from over the sea. 171. Plate 7III, 7iew of Seaham Harbour from over the land. 173. These photographs are the copyright of Aerofilms and Aero Pictorial Limited, 6. LIST' OF TABLES. Table. Title, Pagje, 1, The principal streams of goods traffic flowing in and out of the North East Region by rail, 202. 2. Numbers employed in Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in Sunderland.(1959) 203. 3. Numbers employed in Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in the Hartlepools. (1959) 204. 4, Numbers employed in Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in Seaham,(1959) 205, 5a. Shipbuilders and Shiprepairers in River Wear and Dock area. 206, 5b, Marine Engine Builders and Repairers in River Wear and Dock area. 207, 6. List of ports which imported coal from the North• umberland and .Durham Coalfield in the I6th, & 17th, centuries. 208, 7. Registered tonnage of ports in the U.E. in 1890. 208. 8. Coal and Coke shipments from Sunderland. ' 209. 9. Launch and Tonnage Totals on the Wear I835-I960, 215. 10. List of imports into Sunderland in 1776. 220. 11. List of imports and exports at Sunderland in 1779. 221. 12. List of imports and exports at Sunderland in I8I8. 222, 13. List of exports from Sunderland 1853-54. 224. 14. Imports into Stmderland 1914-59. 225. 15. Exports, other than coal and coke, from Sunderland 1914-59. 226. 16. Coal and Coke shipments from the Hartlepools 1850-1959. 227. 17. Exports of General Cargo from the Hartlepools I86I-I955. 227. 18. Launch and Tonnage Totals from William Gray & Co, Ltd,(Hartlepools) I9I3-60, 230. 19. Imports into the Hartlepools I852-I955. 231. 20. Break-down of Imports into the Hartlepools 1951-55. 234. 21. Coals shipped from Seaham Harbour I854-I959. 235. INTRODUCTION. Sunderland, Seaham and the Hartlepools are situated on the coast of County Durham.(See Pig.I.) All three are ports, mainly of local importance, which share a common hinterland - the East Durham Coalfield, Their modern growth and prosperity are connected to a very remarkable extent :;with this coalfield, as the following chapters will demonstrate. Although, the Hartlepools now form a single continuous built-up area, they are in fact, two distinct administrative entities; the older Borough of Hartlepool, and the relatively recent County Borough of West Hartlepool. Several attempts to amalgamate the two have failed, mainly because the older Borough is still very jealous of its long tradition of independence. Sunderland is a County Borough, the largest in County Durham, and Seaham is an Urban District, After describing the Physical, Human and Economic background to the area as a whole, this thesis attempts, in the case of each port, to examine site, fonn, growth and function. By means of this systematic approach, the ports y m 9. may easily be compared and an assessment made as to their relative importance, both in the past and at the present time. In view of the paucity of published material devoted primarily to the economic functions of these ports it has been felt right to dwell at some length on aspects such as Industry and Trade, especially during the period since the Ist World War. By so doing, it should be possible to form some conclusions as to the effects of the economic depressions which so severely afflicted this area during the earlier part of the present century. The way in which these ports have developed and responded to conditions at the present time will be discussed and their future prospects assessed. 10. PART ONE THE PHYSICAL BACKGROUND The Magnesian Limestone of East Durliam is often considered to be the type-area of the Permian formation in Britain. As can be seen from the map(Fig.2), it forms a rough triangle with its apex near South Shields and its base on a line from Pierce Bridge to Hartlepool.
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