The Cavalier Poets

TH E CAVALIER POETS

Their Lives Their a n , D y, a d Their Poetry

CA RL H OL L ID A Y M . A . , ,

Acting Head of the Department of En glish Lit “ erature anderb lt Un e s t and autho of A , V i iv r i y, r ” “ H stor of Sout e n L te atu e The Cotton i y h r i r r , ” “ P cke and the Poe ms The L teratu e of i r O r , i r ” ” “ Colon al n a Once U on a T me Th ee i Virgi i , p i , r ” u es of ut e n Poet Etc . Ce nt ri So h r ry,

NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON THE NEALE PUB LISH ING COMPANY 1 91 1 m a' Cor n r , 1 9 1 1 . B Y TH E NEA L E PUBL ISH ING COMPANY

S 0 31 To

THAT M E CAVAL E Pom OD RN I R ,

' TH E M En rrs, W rr n ov r TH E

THE DA NT METAPH CAL S E I Y YSI ING RS, AUSTIN DOBSON

C ONTE NT S

WHO WERE THE CAVALIER OR METAP HYSI CAL P OETS?

T H E L E ADERS ; WHAT MANNER OF M E N ?

4 ROB ERT HERRICK

FRANCIS Q UARLES

G EORGE HE RB ERT

TH OMAS CAREW

EDM UND WALLER SIR JOH N SUCK LIN G

‘B IC H ARD CRASHAW

RICHARD LOVELACE

AB RAH AM C OWLEY CAVALIER SONGS G EORGE WITHER

ROB ERT HERRI CK FRANCIS Q UARLES

G EORGE HERB ERT

D R JO . HN WILSON T HOMAS CAREW EDMUND WALLER

WILLIAM HARINGTON CONT E NT S

CAVALIER SONGS ( Con tin ued) PAGE

Sm WILLIAM D AVENANT

SIR JOHN SUC K LING WILLIAM CARTWRIGHT

RICHARD CRASHAW RICHARD LOVELACE

AB RAHAM COWLEY

S IR E DWARD SHERB URNE 4 ANDREW MARVELL

\ HE NRY VAU GHAN THOMAS STANLEY CHARLES COTTO N

CHARLES SACK VILLE

SIR CHARLES SEDLEY

WORK S B Y THE CAVALIER P OETS

BI B LIOGRAP HY

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND SELECTIONS

I NDEX OF FIRST LINES PREFACE

M has ee ai an d itte a a ai uch b n s d wr n bout th t d nty, e en if a ti ia o Of t - v r ﬁc l , gr up s even een th c entury s ingers known un der the v arious titles of M etaphys i a a a ie R e o i a i c l , C v l r, h t r c l , Fan tast c, and C aroline ac i a Poets . Pr t c lly ev ery course Of s tudy in E ng lish literature d evotes some space to their h appily as e s o and in e a e ma az in k tc e phr d n gs , num r bl g e s e h s an d essays h ave from time to time r emin ded us of the brave ry an d chivalry of thes e b elaced but stout

ea e courtiers . m et far a am a a e h rt d d y , so s I w r , “ no adequ ate treatmen t of this quaint metaphys ” ical movement has b een attempted in any on e k an d t o ma of th c a i i are boo , , h ugh ny e h rm ng lyr cs a kn o n i ea n ce nin t ei i i and popul rly w , d s co r g h r or g n t i ak ar s e t me az he r m ers e, a a rul , ex re ly h y. T his study of the subj ect is intended for both a an ents of ite at e T he gen eral r e d ers d stud l r ur . lives an d works of the m ost importan t p oets in the

a e een isc e and t e e e ti n s ic group h v b d uss d , hos s l c o wh h s eem most charact eristic of them and of their day

a es t n t ese e e tions it is be h ve b een pr en ed . A d h s l c , liev d i com an ea e as s t an e s e , w ll e to m y r d rs not r g r , as f ien o e me n ow be but r ather old r ds , d ubly w lco o i ti a n e st c aus e m re n m tely u d r ood . t s i e n ot be e o s are a T he no e , wh ch n e d num r u , p

i at a tec n i a an d are in ten e prec ative r her th n h c l , d d 1 1 1 2 PREFACE

th s t en t a efe to n ot SO much for e ud , who usu lly pr rs

a c es as for th ene a ea e m ake his o wn r es e r h , e g r l r d r, who prefers in his p oetical readin gs words for the

it for the i te e t. s o t h eart along w h words n ll c In h r , ak t is n e is in I h ave en deavored to m e h , not a ex rc e

i o o but a easin an d m at eti litera ph l l gy, pl g sy p h c ry “ ” k h i ten i e s ent e e I wor . For t e n s v tud , how v r, h av e added a list of works (with d ates ) by m eta si a et a at e f i i a an d ref phy c l po s , r h r ull b bl ogr phy, h es of all c iti a ta i n cren ees to t e sourc r c l quo t o s . I h ave had some difﬁculty in s ettlin g up on a n am e ' r in i in S i icate fo this qu a t cho r of s gers . A nd d o tic a ff a as ve it es an d ab ve, cri s h ve O ered t le t ﬁ t l , yet n on e accurately des crib es the intan gibl e but dis tin e on a it e on in he e a ct p rs l y b l g g to t group . P rh ps, afte all a a ie i e as e as n for r , C v l r w ll s rv e w ll a y ; t all e e n ot a a i e in li tics all e at hough w r C v l r po , w re s me time in t ei i es a a ie i s i it t is o h r l v C v l r n p r . . .I my o e t a the ee n es the ain tin ess the i a h p h t sw t s , d , ch v lry, the artistic temp er amen t of this spirit may be tran s mitted in s ome e ee the ea e Of t i e d gr to r d rs h s volum , an d t at as t e ea t e ma o e ea ize h , h y r d , h y y c m to r l at afte all ife i m as th , r , l s e ured

In fee i n n o in t e n a . l gs, ﬁgur s o a di l

We oul d coun e - Sh t time by h art throbs .

ande b lt Un e s V r i iv r ity, Nas vill e T enness h , ee. INTRODUCTION

WH O WE RE THE CAVALIER P OETS?

T e e is c a an i t h r so mu h th t n roduction , however de ai e a ot mak a — t l d , c nn e cle r so mu ch of the inn er Spirit which on ly the actu al writings an d lives of the i e can ea e f t I a wr t rs br th or h . c n but state some r eas on ably c ertain facts about the m ovement wi th which this study d eals ; if you would u n derstand what motives moved the group of s on gsters known as the a a ie oe a an d om t e te C v l r P ts , wh t wh h y wro or wh t e os it i f , y h y ch e to wr e in certa n characteris tic a a a a i ain tin ss t e w ys , wh t pl e s nt b ts of d e h y t ou m st ea the ain on t em e es wrough , y u r d qu t s gs h s lv , an d with th em the n o les s lovabl e and o ften heroic lives of those who thus san g s o oddly an d so m elo iousl d y. a i ti a - i e S muel John son , with ch aracter s c n e r s ght d an - a n s has s i o e n ess d bull he d ed e s , a d f th m “ T he a si a e , e e men of ea i m et phy c l po ts w r l rn ng, and to Sh ow their learn ing w as their wh ol e en deavor

cki es o in to w it in me in but , unlu ly r lv g Sho rhy , i in o t e on te e s e an d stead of wr t g p e ry th y ly wro v r , very often such vers es as stood the trial o f the ﬁn ger b etter th an of the ear ; for the modulation w as so imp erfect th at th ey were only found to be vers es

by counting the syllables . 1 3 1 4 T H E CAVALIER P OETS “ If the father of criticism has rightly den omi 75 07 a m an imita i e ar t n ated poetry 1 7! fﬁ r ! , t v , i it o t ea on o e t ei these writers w ll , w h u gr t wr g , l s h r i right to the n ame of poets ; for th ey c an n ot be s a d to have imitated anythin g : th ey n eithe r copied n a ture n or life ; n either p ainted the forms of m atter ” 1 e ation o th inte e t nor repr esen ted the op r s f e ll c . i sm o fa s e the Seldom has crit ci b een m re l e . H re gruff old D octor s eized upon an idea fou n d in D ry ’ d en s Di scussion Concern ing the Origin and Pr ogress ” o S atire e e the fat e of E n is itici f , wh r h r gl h cr sm s t a D r D n n e i a f n e t i decl ar e h t . o , who n p rt ou d d h s “ s o f s in e affect the meta h si s cho l o g rs , s p y c , an d p erplex es the min ds of the fair s ex with nice s p ecul ation s of philosophy wh en he sh ould engage th eir h earts an d en tertain th em with the softness ” T o h c - am e ex of l ove. her eup n t e co k sure S u l ploited this un doubted d efect o f D onn e an d his fol

o e as a s a ien a acte isti an d st et e the l w rs l t ch r r c , r ch d ” n ame metaphysical u ntil it cov ered n early all the p oets of the earlier s even t eenth c entury who failed to ea a the D en s t e of e l n tow rd ryd yl po try. Various other n am es have b een given th ese in gen in a as i is th a ect me im ious s gers . F nt t c e dj ive so t es a ie an d t i is n ot fai for m c t ppl d , h s un r ; surely u h h at they wrote is pl easingly curious an d surprisin gly far-st t e D e i e h re ch d . Qu nc y has c all ed th em t e ” eto ica e e a s t i in n ti i rh r l po ts , b c u e of h e r ve ve or g inalit n ot in t o man f in y , h ughts , but in the n er o j o ing thoughts ; but s uch a n ame is hardly comprehen

1 — L ves o E n l sh as ta Cowle i f g i P y. INTRODUCTIO N 1 5 ti “ sive enough . S ll an other title given is Cava ie but n ot all of t es e m o i l r h en wer e R yal sts . Af ” ter all e e a a i , how v r, C v l er is doubtless the best n ame for ce tain t es e n s s o th a an t ; r ly h so g h w e g ll ry, the f i it the ain tiness the a i tic tem e a r vol y , — d , rt s p r men t the i ea te n ss h , l ght h r d e , t e s entim en t an d s en timen talit an d at ti e th y, m s e loyalty an d the dash in a e of se i - it g br v ry , tho h gh spir ed nobles who fought i kin for th e r g . ’ B ut what s in a n ame ? T he important question s are : Who w er e they ? Why did they come in to existence ? Wh at were th eir poetic ideals ? H ow did they affect E n glish po etry ? In order to gain ati fa to a e s let n si e i e ra s s c ry nsw r , us co d r br eﬂy th e an d its c a a istics h r cter . At the begin n ing o f the s eventeen th century the Ren ais s an ce in E ngl an d had largely spent its vigor ; the thrillin g enthusiasm of the E lizab eth an times T ame th s i e m a it of had p ass ed . hen c e tud d or l y am s an d a itt ate th ie immo a it of J e , l l e l r e stud d r l y a T h E is mi em to a e ass me Ch rles . e ngl h nd s e s h v u d a m st ai t an e an for tate for th t decoru , re r n , d d m d s ly malities which often ch ar acterize a hypocritical sin a i a i ti n er, an d there now rose qu bbles over rt s c triﬂes which the E lizab ethan gen ius magn animously i e Y et o ea e the im essi gnor d . , I w uld not l v pr on that the islan d had b ecome a h otb ed of s ecret immor s i of the ality an d outw ard pun ctiliousn ess . I n p te fact that song w as frequ ently in decent and the a e e e e w as ei i ten a is st g wors , th—r b ng wr t much th t k s e i e e i a . loo ed upon to day a d eply, s ncer ly d vot on l 1 6 T H E CAVALIER P OETS

i at e ai e in its ea f e But such l ter ur , pr s worthy h rt uln ss , t is n ot emin ently tru e o its day. w in th o en in ea of the e e tee cen No , e p g y rs s v n nth - tury the you nger v erse writ ers cam e un der —the in ﬂuence of two p oets of un d en iable t al en ts B en k oth o an d D r . o n D on n e. An d ac of Jon s n J h b —b n t n n c emot ea t at was a o her i ﬂu e e, r e but very r l h f se B u S en s e a ke e f- es t ain t so o Sp en r. t p r l c d s l r r ; l ong as the son g w as lov ely he w as en tirely willin g n as to let it wan der on forever. Som e o e w n eeded a imitati n n cis n es in ten s en s a to t e ch l o , co e s , e cond

n n a n am in th s on of a B en tio , a d th t o e c e e p er r re

ision f i t on ai tin s n s n . ec i e f Jo o Pr o d c , d n s , ree

f o a in is ike for a e e t o ts dom r m r mbl g , d l — sc tt r d h ugh an d h azy ﬁgures of sp eech th es e w er e the prim e c a acte istics of the e a - it th e h r r hug pl y wr er, e v ry tr aits that h av e gain ed him l asting prais e. T hu s to the S en s e ian ea t w as a e a isti e n p r b u y dd d rt c co omy. A n d t en ame D on a e in th a m of th h c n e, delv r e r e l e

a s t act a o t who is eto a b r , p e loved to choose h rh ric l

es f o s tica i s o ize va ﬁgur r m my l ph lo ophy, fr m med l o e f om mote s ci n es f o f t n i s l r , r r e e c , r m orgot e th eolog e

in s o t f om the ea Of the e a s ica . h r , r r lm m t phy l T he time w as n ow i e an th n w s o r p , d e e cho l ap eared Its in a o e ea t i p . s gers d r d b u y ; th ey were br ef ; ” t e s o t afa for t i on c i s T h s h y ugh r he r c e t . e re ult

w as a oet it o e fan c t a ima i a io p ry w h m r y h n g n t n , mo e art t an emotio mo e c e e e an in i a r h n , r l v rn ss th sp r “ tion T h s t t . e r e ched ﬁgure kn own as the con ” c it i e , wh ch Joh n s on s eized upon as a criterion of

the e a si a was in e e m t phy c l , , d ed , us d to a INTRODUCTION 1 7

e an d et it w as but on e ai an t t nt ; y tr t , d no always the most n oticea e on e at t a B bl h t . e it rememb ered , too t at en it w as s e it wa b , h wh u d s y n o mean s always a et iment. At imes in ee it os e b it i d r t , d d , r y s or g in alit a in an d oft y, d r g, l y conception in to the very kin om of e i e a its f gd nobl l t r ture el . IS there not s omethin g st artlin g in the famous con ceit of ’ Vaughn s World?

I s aw Eternity th e other night L ike a rin g of pure an d en dless light All calm as it w as bright ; An d oun d ben eat it Time in ou s da e s r h , , h r , ys, y ar , D i en b the e es r v y Sph r , Like a ast ado mo ed in ic th d v Sh w v , wh h e worl An ll her t ain d a r were hurled .

D onn e has b een m en tion ed as fostering this far fe e om a ison h on eit i fa e tch d c p r , t e c c ; n ct , h has b een accu sed of givin g it su ch popul arity as to en title “ him to the n ame o f fath er Of the metaphys ical ” a i e fo e school . P erh ps t would be w ll , there r , to

a s a i i i i p u e t th s po nt , and cons der who th s once ad i e o was m r d p et . T homas C ampb ell has declared that the life of 2 i is John D on n e is more in terest ng th an h po etry, ’ an d C ampb ell is right ; for in this man s littl e sp an of years w e ﬁn d con d en sed the tragedy of human i t n — h i o iti t e s in s the e en a e ex s e c e t e fr v l es , h , r p t nc , ik i t o sn es s A the earn est strivin g for a G odl e r gh e u . gh astly white marble image of him stands in a dark

2 9 t ts 830c of the B ri is h Poe . 1 8 T HE CAVALIER POETS

’ a s and in a i e e e we nich e of St. P ul , th t ch s l d ston read the s tory of a soul worn by struggles with its n his ea ie a s he w as a eat own p assion s . I rl r d y gr i s a eat f e en e of a a visitor o f l ad e , gr r qu t r pl ys , ” great writer of con ceited v ers es ; but as the years p ass ed he b ecame so r are a preach er th at h e w as

ommen e e en a mi e b all who not on ly c d d , but v d r d y ” 3 im T o us of to- da it s eems t an e h eard h . y s r g th at the greates t wit of a licen tious c ourt s h ould n o f he mos i ian t z ea o s and have b ecome o e t t br ll , l u ,

i th E n i c godly div n es of e gl sh Chur h . w a in L on n in 1 5 3 of at i H e s born do , 7 , C hol c

s n d w as a i ec escen an of the fam s p aren t , a d r t d d t ou

om s o At a o t the a e of ten he en Sir T h a M re. b u g tered a a fo Un i e si as s e in 1 5 87 H rt H ll , Ox rd v r ty, p d to T in it o e e am i e an d s o e s o a r y C ll g , C br dg , h w d ch l rly

a i it in ot in s it tio but ecei e n o e ee. b l y b h t u ns , r v d d gr H e w as a wan der er on the C on tin en t fr om 1 5 88 to

1 5 0 an d a itt e ate ecame a s t en t of law at 9 , l l l r b ud ’ L i o n s Inn L n on For s ome eason o e e n c l , o d . r , h w v r , h did cee at an t in an e f it w as e not suc d y h g , d th re ore ’ p erh aps v ery fortun ate th at his fath er s d eath at this time made him the possess or of three th ou san d

s Now or a ace his a e is a itt e pound . , f sp , c re r l l

az an e a s it is W kn o at in 1 5 2 d e . e h y, p rh p w ll w th 9 or 1 5 93 he b ecame a Pr otestan t ; w e kn ow th at he was r apidly squ an derin g the small fortun e be queathed him ; w e h ave eviden ces th at he w as gain in g s ome reputation as a po et ; an d w e kn ow that in 1 5 94¢ he t k on ce m his on tin ta an e in oo ore to c en l w d r gs .

8 Sir Ric a d B ake h n n and Ch oni cl t K s o E l . h r r, r e of e i g f g INTRODUCTION 1 9

t is time fo t the i From h r h story grows more d eﬁn te. H e was in the s ervice of the E arl of E ssex at Cadiz i an a 1 5 6 an d f om s at e n J u ry, 9 , r Augu t of th y ar he was s ec eta to Sir T oma M e r ry h s or . a a c isi i s a i Now c m e r s n hi life. H e fell m dly n it A n n a M o e da t th o -li ute love w h r , ugh er of e l rd e n n o the T e an d i c f ir mas o e a t f ow r n e e o S T ho M r , a e et ma ie her Fo t i h was ismi se n d s cr ly rr d . r h s e d s d m h e ice of ir T a an was t o n i to fro t e s rv S hom s , d hr w n

L i e t so c m an for a th T e . a e e e d e ow r b r y on , how v r , time he lived with r el ativ es at various coun try n in his en fo ce ei in i e t pl aces , sp e d g r d l sure w d s udy

i i An d es t e an to be e i en . H e an d wr t ng . r ul s b g v d t completed his S atires and The Pr ogress of the S oul ;

s n n ets a se to i me a ea e in 1 602 ten o , ddres d Ph lo l , pp r d ’ in D avis on s Poetical Rhapsody ; other vers es s oon

o o Stea i too he w as ain i fa at f ll wed . d ly, , g ng vor

t 1 0 f c n fe e the M . A . n Cour . In 1 6 Ox ord o rr d upo him ; in 1 61 1 he w as r equ ested to accomp any Sir Rob ert Drury to P aris on gov ernmen t busin es s ; in that s ame year the app ear an ce of his An atomy of o ic Now ame the the World brought him wide n t e. c c royal pressure upon him to en ter the Chur h . J am es would listen to n o excuses ; all ofﬁces outside et L o e of the the priestho od were r efu sed the po . v r

was D nn e k e o his world though he , o buc l d d wn to t e w as ain e in an a 1 61 5 w as oi h ology, ord d J u ry, , i in s e a e a ai to the fered fourteen g ood l v g , b c m ch pl n am i e kin in 1 1 5 e ei e the D . D . f g, 6 r c v d rom C br dg ’ st s est w as a e e of Ke at H is M aj e y r equ , m d r ctor y a 1 1 an d of Se e ak in s ton e in Janu ry, 6 6, v no s July, 20 T H E CAVALIER P OETS

’ came Di in it Rea e L in Inn 1 61 6, an d b e v y d r to coln s

s of the ea . S e s e was b efore the clo e y r ur ly, ucc ss

his .

T he wife for wh om he h ad form erly suffered s o i 1 an d for a time the o oc o much died n 1 6 7, g od d t r e a r o e he i w as in con s ol abl . For a ye r o m r l v ed a r ather s eclud ed life in G erman y ; but E ngland was

n es m n an d 2 d i in n eed of ear t e , in 1 6 0 we ﬁn h m ’ f t a s o o ame t i k an d D ean o S . P ul . H n rs now c h c

In 1 22 he w as ma ecto of n am i fast . 6 de r r Blu h , n 23 ica of t D n stan - in -the—W est n th 1 6 v r S . u , a d e

o c t to con atio T is a i s am e year pr lo u or voc n . h r p d ris e of the vers atil e churchman is not to be won

e e at for h w as o e b m tit es a d r d ; e l v d y ul ud . S ys “ Iz aak Walton : T he m el an ch oly an d pl eas an t hu mor w er e in him so con temp ered th at each g ave ad van tage to the oth er an d m ade his c ompany on e of n kin i s as the d elights of ma d . H s a p ect w ch eerful an d s u ch as gave a sil en t testimony of a clear kn owing soul an d of a con scien c e at p eac e it its e f H is me tin e s o e t at h a a w h l . l g ye h w d h e h d s ft ea t f of n o e com ass ion o oo a o h r , ull bl p ; f t br ve a

o to ff in ries an d too a istia n o s ul o er j u , much Chr n t to p ard on th em in others an d of s o m er ci ful a spirit th at he n ever b eh eld the mis eries Of man ” 4 kin it o it an e ief d w h ut p y d r l . Sur ely old W alton w as right in his b elief in the ’ ’ po et-priest s moral b eauty ; for wh en D on n e s l as t hours drew n ear he showed his dis dain for death by wr appin g hims elf in his winding-sheet an d having

4 Li o o D r h D on f f . Jo n ne.

22 T H E CAVALIER POE T S

sn atch ed moments from the v ery teeth of T im e to ’ f but e i s t ains . D r D e sing in bri e m lod ou s r . onn s s on gs r eceiv ed in the old d ays ex ces s ive pr aise ; D ry

a e t e an d e e o kn e of t em. An d den l ud d h m , v ryb dy w h yet they s eem often times to be but h arsh an d cr abb ed s E a n estn es of t o t w e do n ot den ver es . r s h ugh y im ut th f of the t o is s o odd s o fan h , b e orm h ught , ’ tastic W e can s ee the oet in si t in to the s i . p s gh p r itual life ; but w e can s ee n o l ess cl early the far fetc e i a e the on s ea c for O om a i h d m g ry, l g r h dd c —p r th s e i of f te ea in in sons , e du ty r l cs orgot n l rn g t e o s the me ta h s ics o h r w rd , p y . Now as t at o e s in e a a e af , to h th r g r who pp r ntly e s fected the m taphysic al s ch ool . Wh en B en Jon on

ie in 3 all E an mo n e the oss T he d d 1 6 7 ngl d ur d l . s oe be eco ize as oet-L a eate a lit ﬁr t p t to r gn d P ur , c a ictat u i the ast e a o f his ife a r ry d or d r ng l d c de l , ki f ani at of a m io ase it a s l ul m pul or h r on us phr s , w h l , a man of o s in e e a i r ugh but c r n ture, he w eld ed over his cen tury an in ﬂuen ce n ever granted an E nglish ite of e io a A few t s afte is wr r pr v us d ys . mon h r h d eath th ere app eared a v olum e of po etical pr aise of him en tit e Jon sonus Vi bius an d an a fa o , l d r , m y m us man o f the times prid ed himself th at he had pl aced a s tan z a or two it in the ook A t s n ow w h b . u hor de ” i e in a in t emse s n n l ght d c ll g h lves on s of B e , a d in t ei a mi ati n i itate n ot a few of his i e h r d r o m d v rtu s . P oets grew more careful o f the form an d the l ength of their son gs ; they displ ayed th eir l earn in g well ; th ey introdu ced fr equ en t ph il osophical and s atirical

- e . T ei o n te a mi atio for D r D n touch s h r c u r d r n . on e, INTRODUCTION 23

a e ’ however , c us d them to l ack r are B en s res erve in ' t e se of n s a e of s h u u u u l ﬁgur s peech , an d the r esult ’ was t a imitatin h t , g D onn e s often suc cess ful efforts in c n ceit- akin t e f n o r g , h y r equ e tly fell far sh ort of oo tas te an d ma e t ems e es i i g d d h lv r d culous . Indeed , these con ceits s ometimes arous e disgu st in th eir mos t m at ti m s e e ea e s . T s at en t t is y p h c od rn r d r hu , l g h , h cons tan t s earch for n ew comp arison s m ade s ome of these poets h eedless of the very tr ait which at ﬁr s t ha at — they d —so gre ly admired in Jonson p erfect symmetry an d th eir s ongs d egenerated at times i i nt n i en n es s . B ut in e e a it ma o dow r ght slov l , g n r l , y be s aid that their work represen ts a r eaction from the rhetorical and verse freedom of the E liz ab eth

ans.

Undoubtedly th ese poets were intellectu ally of a e io c a e e t a it in fa t often took th e sup r r l ss . Int ll c—u l y, c , place o f r eal emotion a char acteristic tr aceable in a to D onn e — an n s i m was p rt d cl ever es , t s ee s ,

i a t T ese men more to be des red th n depth of tru h . h i i n s on a e d d not t ake poetry s er ously en ough . Jo m d a life-work of it ; but the Cavalier sin gers were cour ti s o i s o e men st an d e en ers , ld er , r cl rgy ﬁr , po ts wh oo f t ei ever they had a sp are momen t . T o ten h r works but press hom e the fact that they desir ed only

' i i k aint e Y et at to d splay the r s ill in d y j uggl ry. wh pl eas an t j uggl ery it is ! D oubt their motives an d ei in c it as we ma we st a mi t ei sur th r s er y y, mu d t h r i l i a a it A e i a e n es of pr sin g y tru e lyr c l qu l y. v r t bl t - th esti o e e is s on g bird s th ey were ; e qu on , h w v r , Wh ether you prefer the t amed can ary-bird or the 24. T H E CAVALIE R POE T S

i cki - i W e m st n ot t ink a in ei w ld mo ng b rd . u h th t th r word-j uggling th ey con tin u ally u sed a distorted ’ t e See how the s of eet- oice e ick s yl . word sw v d H rr s a dils ﬂ ow —s o a a it so itt in T o D ffo n tur lly, w h l le

e si n it t a c i - ike sim icit i on v r o , w h h t h ld l pl y wh ch ly real artistic gen iu s can ass ume

We a e o t time to s ta as ou h v Sh r y y , We have as sh ort a s prin g AS quick a growth to meet d ecay u in As yo or an yth g. We die

(AS ou ou s do an d r y r h r , d y A a w y, ’ Like to the s ummer s rain ; ’ r as the ea ls of m n in d O p r or g s ew , ’ ” e e o e foun a a N r t b d g in .

T h ere is frequen tly a flippan t worldlin ess o f t on e in t e a a ie ic n o a a Vers de h se C v l r lyr s ; but t lw ys . S ciete o is e of o se for it is an t o th o fl ur h d , c ur , ou gr w Of a i a ti cia ocia i e an d the a of h ghly r fi l s l l f , d ys a e an d a e e e an t in at a J m s Ch rl s w r y h g but n ur l . ' An d e e is a e tain eas e in c e en if th r c r pl ur su h v rs e, ev my l ady-love is not exp ected to tru s t implicitly in its decl arations :

’ Bid m es ai and des ai e d p r, I ll p r, Un der that cypres s tree ; C r bid me die an d i l da e , I w l r ’

E en eat to die for t ee. d h, h

But it must ever be r emembered th at th ere were hundreds of thes e b el ac ed Cav aliers as deeply re INTRODUCTION 25

' li ious a a R ea a e e a e a a g s ny oundh d th t v r tw ng d ps lm . Professor F elix Sch ellin g expresses it well wh en he s ays : A sup erﬁcial con sideration of this cen tury is apt to divide all E n gl an d into the ho stile c amps of Roun dhead an d Cavalier ; to consider all the former hyp ocrites an d all the l atter as good loyal men ; or to b elieve all s upp orters o f the kin g utterly misguided an d to assume that all the virtuous ﬂour ” 5 ished in the i a a a ne T ta Pur t n p rty lo . hes e m e physic al poets did n ot always choose the frivolous as a theme ; at tim es their subj ects touch the n oblest

m tion s f ankin e ick a t - o e o o m d . H rr , e r h l v er as he was n e o e ea tfe s of t anks i i , tu d s m h r lt song h g v ng ; Cowley was gr andly m oral ; Herb ert was ab s olutely puritan ic al in his s elf-ques tion in g ; Crash aw scaled er a heaven with e cstatic rh apsodies . But as a gen l criticis m it may be stated th at the m etaphys ical group m ade a rath er sharp distinction b etween ea t a an d ea en ea t an d t a e r hly b e uty h v ly b u y, h t th y o th had a v ery hum an preferenc e f r e fo rm er. o th M e a sica et ? Wha Wh , th en , wer e e t phy l Po s t deﬁn ition may be given of th em ? T hey were a group of lyrical poets of the earlier s even teenth cen tury si a a i to fo s an en who , with con der ble ttent on rm , g g er all r ? a a of the i e a e of y, but id lw ys , l ght r ph s s ea t e an d in ei in in ma e s c us e r hly lov , who th r s g g d u h of e o e ai e me a o s an d the ot e far hyp rb l , str n d t ph r , h r ” eits as to s est fetched ﬁgures kn own as conc , ugg a state of min d which may with some fairness be ” ta si a called m e phy c l .

B n en ur L i cs . 58. Seven tee th C t y yr , p 26 T HE CAVALIER POE T S

i e a a a ? W e it is a d Why d d th y p ss w y ll , h r to i eas o for an ite a a e but give prec s e r ns y l r ry ch ng , c ertain modifyin g in ﬂuen ces may g en erally be dis

e e AS the ea s of the s econ a f of the e en c rn d . y r d h l s v n ass e e i e ame o e an d teen th ce tury p d , tru lyr cs b c m r ca e T he a e of oeti e s an d of m ore s rc . r ng p c subj ct mo e st icte E n t s iasm h p oetic vision grew r re r d . hu e m kin o im T he ea t f st iction s t a c a e a t cr e. h l h ul r e r h t J on son had in stituted had n ow b ec ome u nh ealthful in ei a es s asion a s ect a e th r n rrown . Occ l ubj s l rg ly

ook th a of n e a o - i n i s a t e pl ce g e r l , w rld w d e, u ver l ’ t T h a of o es e e itte in h emes . e d y P p e s r rv d , gl r g an a a ie s tyl e was appro achin g . M y of the C v l r

i ha n ow n to the a an d o f the e s ngers d go e gr ve, oth rs , those who had n ot thrown th em s elves in to the strug gles o f the Common wealth w ere c on ten t to retire t o the privacy of the study or to the s eclusion of the

Church . Various oth er reason s for the d eclin e of the mov e

n a e oss o s of h m e t h v b een given . G e h ld that on e t e s n e was eta s ica in his a k o gst rs , who m phy l e rly wor E W a l e —e o e the n ew s t of o t dmund l r v lv d yle p e ry, kn o as the as s i a out of s inn n wn cl c l , hi cl ever er co 6 s ciousn es s t e e ie e a eo an a ; o h rs b l v th t G rge S dys , i ia ie of the fo n e th n ew m br ll nt court r hour, u d d e ove men t ; while oth ers d ecl are th at the idea had crept in fr om Fran ce an d w as breath ed in with the E n glis h air . T he ast eo is e ik n a h t l th ry , v ry l ely , e r t e tru h ; for the et n of a es i e it r ur Ch rl II , wh l brought a d eal of i e icke n es s in f se a e tai v l w d , u d c r n stiffn es s , for

0 E h en te th C en tu L terature 2. ig ry i , p . IN TRODUCTION 27 malit an d i ia y, cold br ll n ce into the social life of the da an d at a e i h y, , n ur lly, po try vo ced t e ton e of the ife a o it l b ut . B e all t i as it ma h s y, the fact r em ain s that the met aphysical poets p as sed almost as quickly an d as i e as e had ome n S l ntly th y c , a d for a time it s eemed that their inﬂuen ce had completely p erish ed with t em. e e w as too m s eetn ess ea t h But th r uch w , b u y, t in at to e it s c t wor h th group m r u h a fa e. H ere and t e e in the assi a i imi l h r dur g cl c l p er od a t d , s en der- oi e ist ke t a i e the s i it of ea s on v c d lyr p l v p r r l g , is e and t a smitte it nti at ast t st nour h d r n d , u l l i bur forth into the full-voiced chorus of the Romantic

M e en t the a si n ate s i of n s on ov m , p s o mu c Bur , Byr , n e a d Sh lley . T he inﬂu en ce of that p as s in g ch oir of ' n t n t - en t sin ti i t m s eve ee h c ury gers is s ll ev den . A ong the youn ger writers of E n gl and there s eems to be some revival of the spirit that moved Herrick and

S ck i n L ac an o- da tin D s o u l ng a d ovel e, d t y Aus ob n s tan s t a n t a a i oets d for all th a w s b est i he C v l er p , t a s i fo o it wi h all th eir d intin e s and gen us r f rm , w h o i s o e em an e ut th e r exces ive l ove for r em t res bl c s . In America a multitud e of min or p oets bear testimon y to the p ers ever an c e o f the b es t prin ciples of C avalier

n E ecia has i ee e of the e se so g . sp lly th s b n tru v r i t a e e n S a wr ters of the Sou hern St tes , wh r Joh h w, Wi ia M a e Ric a en Wi e i i P en ll m xw ll , h rd H ry ld , Ph l p dleton ooke ame L e a e Sam e M in t eck C , J s g r , u l urn P , an d man y oth ers h ave compos ed melodiou s triﬂes to inn m a mai en s T he e se fo n in u er ble lovely d . v r u d the magaz in es of Americ a tod ay shows that the 28 T H E CAVALIER POET S

num erous amateurs in son g ﬁnd s om ething decidedly i h n is e ain t an a e attract ve in t e co c , d y, d ever lov bl o Old a o f o e and ace is a lyrics f the d ys r ug l . It t enden cy to be encouraged ; for lyrical gems ar e a ac t th ea t an d a atef if os te it sol e o e h r gr ul g t to p r y . T hat th ey are n ot mighty-lined epics is no caus e for s n eers ; the violet is as p erfect a pl ant as the p alm ee tr . It is n ot growing like a tree In bu k dot make e ett l , h m n b er be ; Or s tan din on an oak t e e un ed ea g l g , hr h dr y r, T o fa a l o at ast dr a an ea ll g l , y, b ld, d s r A lily of a day I s fai e far in M a r r , y, Although it fall an d die that n ight I w as the an an o t pl t d ﬂ we r o f light. In s mall prop ortion s w e j ust beauties s ee ; An d i n mea es if a f Short sur l e m y per ect be .

ROBERT HERRICK

( 1 5 91 1 674 )

G at e e os ebuds i e e ma h r y r wh l y y, Old time i s s till a-ﬂyin g ; An d this same ﬂower that s miles to-day ” T o-mo i l n rrow w l be dyi g. — We all have h eard it b efore the famous old song ; but how m any of us h ave reach ed b ack through ’ the ce t ie as e the s in e an an ea n e n ur s , gr p d g r s h d , d l r d to kn ow him as a frien d ? T welve hundred su ch

s on he ote man of t e as a tif gs wr , y h m j ust b e u ul , n on e o f t em it o a m An d e t i man H er h w h ut ch r . y t h s ick w as but a o n t c e an a m st n e te r c u ry l rgym , l o egl c d b the eat an itt an itt com ai in at y gr d w y, d b erly pl n g time of his e i e f om the ea a te - in in s x l r d r , l ugh r r g g in n s of is L on on L ife e m ot i h no y d . ﬂow d s o hly w t

Ro e t ick sm ot s h ea ook in b r H err , o hly a t e m dow br s his an i D e n s i a is an t at was the r ea c ent vo h re p r h , d h e a mitte t at he e s on o f his dis con ten t . H d d h wrot more an d b etter p oetry than he would h ave written had he b een amidst the beloved roar of the metropo lis but t en e can en the fa i ati ; , h , w ll , who d y sc n on , the t i o f a t o in it ? We for him hr ll , hr bb g c y ll , how e i nki to him ever , th at Fortun e w as t mporar ly u nd ; for T ime has crown ed him the most v ers atil e singer of e all a f es n es is e e a i e i th m . Wh t r h s h r , wh t ng n ous 31 32 T H E CAVALIER POE T S

t a a tit e of s e t ! turn s of though , wh t mul ud ubj c s It w as n o idle boast of his to s ay

in of b ooks of os soms bi s an d e s I S g r , bl , rd , bow r , f A i M a of un e an d ul -ﬂow ers O pr l , y, J , J y ; s in of M a - o es ock-ca ts as sai s akes I g y p l , h r , w l , w , - Of b ide ooms ides an d of t ei b ida cakes . r gr , br , — h r r l ite of out of L o e and a e acce I wr Y h, v ; h v ss B es e to sin of c ean an ton n ess y th , g l ly w ; s in of de s of ain s an d iece b iece I g w , r , , p y p ,

Of balm o f oil of s ice an d ambe is . , , p , rgr ’ I sin g of time s tran s-shifti n g ; an d I write

H ow os es s t cam e r ed an d i i es ite. r ﬁr , l l wh ite of o es of tw i i ts an d s in I wr gr v , l gh , I g

The cou t of M ab an d of the ai in . r , F ry K g I write of H—ell ; I s in g an d eve r s h all n f Of Heaven a d hope to have it a ter all .

" IS th ere n ot a ch eerin ess about all this ? It is ch ar acteristic of our h earty c ountry p arson ; for he ank the i e of ife ee an d a H e was a dr — w n l —d ply gl dly. r ough l ooking fellow he had the asp ect o f on e

m e itatin s a an d a t a ai e l d g as ult b t ery, Thom s B l y A drich declares ; but to offset the picture th ere is mu ch

in i ec estim n th amia i i of th man d r t t o y to e b l ty e , aside from the evid en ce furn ish ed by his own writ 2 in s T is Ro e t e i k was g . h b r H rr c a ponderous ,

ea t - okin man it e i o in r hy lo g w h hug doubl e ch n , dro p g c eeks a ea R ma n e omin en as e e h , gr t o n os , pr t gl sy y s , th at showed aroun d th em the r ed lin es b egotten of st n otion s of an a an d the o e s et a ro g p C ry, wh l upon m assive n eck which might h ave b een th at of H elioga

1 A um en t o the es erides rg f H p . ’ 2 nt oduct on to H e ck s oems I r i rri P , p . 28. R OB ERT HERRICK 33

w as s c a e as t i o b alus . It u h ﬁgur he art st w uld m ake m typical of a man who loves the grosses t ” 3 pleasures .

H e w as the of a ea s i o smit fe son Ch p de g ld h , who ll ose his as to c aim (purp ly, p r l ed) fr om an uppe r win

of his e in an d ie dow dw ll g , d d from the effects o f his

i s ea in his i o an i inj ur e , l v g w d w d ch ldren a small for t e Ro e t e ick t s h ad the o o t n it of un . b r H rr hu pp r u y in a oo e cation bu itt mo e s ecur g g d du , t l le r . W e

t at he atten e W estmin s te c oo as know h d d r S h l , w

an a en tice to his n c e in 0 an in bound ppr u l 1 6 7, d ’ 1 1 3 w as a st ent in St. o n s o e e am 6 ud J h C ll g , C

W kn o too t at ike all co e o s e i e. e e h br dg w, , h l ll g b y s on s an t com ain in of ack of f n s an d t a w a c t ly pl g l u d , h t he even wr ote his u n cle th at he was h ampered in his purs uit of kn owl edge by w an t of mon ey to pay teach

rs an t bu ooks In 1 61 6 he emo e to T in e d o y b . r v d r it a in o e t at e en s es mi t be o e and y H ll , rd r h xp gh l w r th at he might h ave opportun ities in the s tudy of

law an d e he o tain e hi s . A . in 1 61 7 an d , th re b d B , , u n dertook in a desultory way s ome of the require ’ te e m en ts of the M as r s d egr e. An d n ow w e come to some ten or twelve years the r ecord of which is r ath er h azy ; and p erh aps it is

for n os i a s of B en n son men i e b est, i th e w ld d y Jo l v d a e B en n s on ! H ow t an e the furiously . O r r Jo s r g ly big-hearted fell ow in ﬂue—n ced the dr eamers of hi s day ! H e rrick met him at the ﬁrst p erforman ce of the Alchemis t in 1 1 0 it is s ai an d w as e e , 6 , d v r

’ 8 M tc ell s E n l s an ds L etters an d K n s E lizabeth to i h g i h L , , i g , ' nne 9 A , p. 1 4 . 34 TH E CAVALIER POE T S

“ ” in r atef en afterwards an admir g, g ul son of B .

s ie of ife ake b n son the fa T he j oyou v w l t n y Jo , ys i i ma es th s im e a t an d elv es of h s d a nty squ , e pl b e u y

of his ics a e all the s m at e ic immin lyr , bov , —y p h t , br g s oul of the burly dramatis t all these appealed to ’ ~ ck en ia at e an d his ea n e e f o Herri s g l n ur , h rt v r org t . Y ears later the memory of these riotous days brought s his eek H e c ie the ﬂu h to ch . r s

Ah n , B e ! Say how or when S a l w e th uests h l , y g ,

M eet at those lyri c feasts .

T ick asse th a s at ti es in a e hus Herr p d e ye r , m p e c

ful am i e at times n a L on on n ti in Oc C br dg , i g y d , u l to e 1 2 he en t D ean io in D e on shi e b r, 6 9 , w to Pr r v r

to o the stics th wa ea n c sh w ru e y to h ve . How mu h m or e aptly he might h av e sh own th em the w ay to the n oisies ale- o se in L on on ! B ut afte ll it t h u d , r a , is s urpris in g an d gr atifyin g to s ee how quickly these s ev en teen th- century rakes reformed an d b ecame

n ot n s e io men but sin ce e o istian s o ly r us rely d v ut Chr . R o e e ick he a - o- uck f ien o a b rt H rr , t h ppy g l y r d f h ppy B en an man an ot e L n on w it e t t d y h r o d , gr w o be a leas t on e of the most symp ath etic cl ergymen in all E an T it is e e t a w ngl d . ru e , how v r, h t he as

Of wicked w it by n o mean s ch ary Of ruddy lip s n ot at all afraid ; If ou a e him mi k i n on s i y g v l a D ev h re dairy, ’ ” 4 H e d obab ki s h ai maid pr ly s t e d ry .

’ 4 M o t me Coll ns H e i ck r i r i rr . ROBERT HERRICK 35

the ai his a is ion e In m n , p r h rs were a rough crowd , ” e a s as est a a e i rud lmo t rud s v g s, he h ms elf de clar ed an d es his s w a e , doubtl s oul s often vex d . In fac a iti a a on e Sun a mo n in ﬁnd t , tr d on s ys th t d y r g, in em in atten ti e he t e i e o at g th v , hr w h s s rm n them , an d e t em it s es f o h drov h w h cur r m t e church . P er haps he had b een thinking at br eakfast th at mo rn in g he ea a o in n s of l L o i o f t cl r , s v ry o d n don ! A man l ke

e ick o e e o but tak a t iew of H rr , h w v r , c uld e a h e l hy v n kin of e is te ce an w ﬁ i i i a y d x n , d e n d h m d s cover ng

eas e in man a i in W eeks es n pl ur y l ttle th g . , y , mo ths he en teac in a et i to ink f o a tanka Sp t h g p p g dr r m rd , an d then in vited his ru stic n eighbors in to s ee the i ition H fo n D e on s i old—fas ion e exh b . e u d v h re h d

n o to a e M a - o es an d ot e an cien t s o ts e ugh h v y p l h r p r ,2 an d in the en couragemen t of thes e an d in the ideal n i is izing of th em he fou d a qu et s ort of joy. H “ ” f t m P r ewd n c a in ose ai hful h ous e aid , e e B ldw , wh n am a e om fame in his e ses ke his e he h s giv n s e v r , pt

it me i o e an d ife for him on tain e c l tle ho n rd r, l c d mu h

a R mo e r Om ccas ions of enta is i a p e ce. e v d f o m l d s p

ion it itt ist his on a s it a n t , w h l le to d urb l g d y , w h bou d in ea t an d it ict es e s cen e on e e g h l h , w h p ur qu ry v ry - s i e he ote it an ease a f es n es s an d a fr e d , wr w h , r h , l uen c t at as he a mitte far s asse at he q y h , d d , urp d wh “ o o the Sun the D o an d the w uld h av e d n e at , g , ” T i e T un E e oet n ee s a eam an an d r pl . v ry p d dr l d , “ t is was his e ick a on e it im e t a e h . H rr l , w h p r urb bl

e en it con tin e to i e out his as to a itties s r y, u d p p p r l d an d crown his h ead with daff odils wh en E n glan d was torn to pieces with the mo st momentous st ruggle for 36 T H E CAVALIER POE T S

lib erty in her an n als P eopl e w ere invited ’ to listen to little madrigals up on Jul ia s s tomach e r at the sin gularly in opp o rtun e momen t when the eyes of the wh ol e n ation wer e b en t on the u npreced ented phen omen on of the procl amation of an E nglish re ” 5 i c publ .

in 1 4 t e e ame s c T h But 6 7 h r c a rude ho k. e

o n a s e e in o e an d th n ia e ick R u dh e d w r p w r , e ge l H rr was ecte as a Ro a ist ack to L on o ent ej d y l . B d n he w

a en t ack ot an en t siastic o m e gl dly w b , wr e hu p e n tit e H is Return to L nd n an d in his Farewell to l d o o , D ean B ourn d ecl ar ed th at he would return to the

a is n ck t e s i t p r h wh e ro s turn o riv r , r vers turn o ” men H s ett e in W es tmin t an a had . e l d s er, d, s he s e e a ea t e ati e t e s di n ot s ffe for v r l w l hy r l v s , doub l s d u r ea mon e A ain t e e is a az in te a a r dy y . g h r h y rv l . Wh t is on e poor little in dividu al in t eemin g L on don es p ecially if he be only a p oet an d n ot a h ab erdash er ? W e kn o on t at in A s 1 2 on e Ro e w ly h ugu t , 66 , b rt H errick w as r es tored to his p arish at D ean Prior ;

n or he id h ait it e ms for ks o d e w , s e , roc t turn to i e an d i e to men L itt e e w e a e of r v rs r v rs . l nough h v im m t is ti the ee - a e a e h fro h me on . In d p sh d d gr v yard of D ean Prior th er e i s a ston e with the words : Ro e ick to e b rt H err , Oc b r T h at in con ven ien t but in evitable affair of d eath

ie ick H e e ife in ten s h fo n worr d H err . lov d l ely ; e u d his eam s o easant he ain e c o m sk dr s pl , g d su h j y fro y

an d t ee an e on can n n s r u r d ﬂow r, e ot ce ure his el c

tan ce to o. H e w as the A ie of f o ki g r l o ls , suc ng

5 ’ Gosse s Seven teen th Cen tur Stud es . 1 1 4 . y i , p

38 T HE CAVALIER POE T S

it any wonder th at su ch a n ature r es olved to s eize the pl easure of ev ery ﬂeeting momen t ? H ow mu ch of joy he c ould dis cover in the little thin gs o f life ! H is mus e was not above p articip ating in the mixing e i - ake the eckin of a a - o e the of a w dd ng c , d g M y p l , ion o a o n t an n t t is a at f r e. ee prep r s c u ry d c I d d , o h s ophistic ated age his us e of ordin ary thin gs s eems on the i i H e oe n ot esitate to to verge r d culous . d s h write a v ers e or two ab out his teemin g hen which a her e ea da his e e ic ea i l ys gg ch y , w s wh h b r tw ns a ea his s e i it a ea ear e ch y r, goo , wh ch w h j lous ,

L ets l oose ’ i n H s ton gue to tell wh at da ger s n ear .

In o t h is at e inte es te in his i an d hen sh r , e r h r r d p g

an d oos e an d t inks e e on e e s e i be an d he g , h v ry l w ll ;

is a o t i t fo all the o o es o e e b u r gh , r w rld l v a l ver, v n if he be but a e of i an d en s an d ee e A lov r p gs h g s . s im e kin sin-fo i in man n e e a ee pl , dly, rg v g , v r d p t ink a s is o am at s mi e h er , but d e p er f Sh s , he r h er l d

n th mean in ss s o ts f h s tic fo k and upo e gle p r o t e ru l , j omed h eartily in gr asping the fr agmen tary gifts of c os e-ﬁsted T ime l . Such a man would do all in his p ower to tr an s

f a easin s en atio i n t a s t e icio s orm pl g s n o ub l e, d l u ea Wit o t the ustics a o t D ean pl sure. hout d ub r b u

io e e c ms en s a c eat es e Pr r w r rough , lu y , s u l r ur , hug eate s i is ink s an o i c s ut r , p gg h dr er d pr l ﬁ breed er ; b lo ! e ick i ea ize his c o o s as t um H rr d l d l dh pp er , h ey t

e a o t the M a - o e an d t e eca e eek bl d b u y p l , h y b m Gr ’ s e e s an cin t a si H e a e th h ph rd d g o P n s mu c. m d e ROBERT HERRICK 39 — world a dreaml an d an d wh at oth er way is there “ of b eing h appy ? Says E dmun d G os se : H e w as an e i e f om A a ia all his a s a kin t o x l r rc d d y , w l g hr ugh our e o e ife it o t t r assion but sob r m d rn l w h u r evol o p , always con s ciou s that he had seen more glorious si t an d a ke t o m gh s , w l d hr ugh a l an d mu ch more e i ” n en for an d ea t Fo his wa a am t luxury b u y . r s a p g

t n of min and he s eeme a n o ur d , d r e lly to lo g f r an age in which he might garlan d s ome woodl an d idol an d o out a of in e efo e it ac e p ur cup w b r . Pre h r was he fte ision aw it a though he , o n in v s the l tl e vic r a t n a co mn e a of an ti o s i an d ge ur to lu d h ll qu e w r h p ,

ea i tea of the c oon in s n of the o se h rd , ns d r g o g h u ai en ce the oft c a t o f th e c o m d , Prud , l y h n e G re k h r is s i in fo s om n ow o t n o Y et ter s ng g b e re e f rgot e g d. , as e a se n he w as a oo c e man an d ote w h ve e , g d l rgy wr

o o e mon s an d e o t so to the One G od orth d x s r d v u ngs . But how l acking he was in the grav e earnestn ess o f ’ ’ SHerb ert s meditations an d the v astn ess o f M ilton S

n s o o h n ient t at he w as his con ceptio ! L v er f t e a c h , gfan c to k the ace of e i io fe and he s an y o pl r l g us rvor, g to G od as A o o to p ll .

Now a t n o e h s e a t e e nd h e , h w ver , e ound d ru d vo

tion al n te H is w as n a ee assion ate n at e o . ot d p , p ur ,

ut i en me itt e e en t in his own un of ife b , g v so l l v ro d l or s ome picturesque episode from the s criptural rec

o in it s ee n es s an d it ea n est ord, he c uld s g w h w t w h r ’ n es s Rea his ir e or Je thah s D au hter an d . d D g f p g h ear the Hebrew Virgin s ch an t like Greek sh eph erd

ess s t e sti in it him t a an d e . Or, b e t r ll , S g w h h t lowly ’ human farmer s hymn which he c alled A T hanks 4 0 T H E CAVALIER POE T S

i t od or H is H us e T as ain g ving o G f o . ruly , S ts has s ai t e e is t i n in E n is e e to bury d , h r no h g gl h v rs equ al the Than ksgiving as an expression of reli 8 i t s g ons ru t . in i k f i i he was ea i K d , qu c ly org v ng soul , too s ly \ sa isﬁed e e it i a t i e e far t , how v r, w h th s e r h to r s v ry a e it Wh t i e to s n a mi t an t em to bov . y s r v ou d gh y h G od wh en he could in dite s uch d ain ty lyrics to Ven us ia t me or Jul ? H e kn ew so lit l e of the world to co , and this on e was so b eautiful ! “ Afte all his e i e i at e D n i a e r , x l n lo h d evo sh re g v him his chief ch arm s his love of abou n din g life an d i - ick i h s ever qu en n g l ove of N atur e an d her creatures . Wh at op en-air fr eshn es s an d coun try freedom are here ! T he N ature of which he s an g kn ew n oth ing of the hotbed s of a L ondon p al ace ; thes e plants e e e te e i k c affo to un w r n ev r pot d . H rr c ould rd be

n ti n a am is t the i e con v e o l , to ro at l e ure hrough w d a s an d e o e an s for if a D ea me dow th wo d d upl d , l e bout n

io was s an n d a t f en if i t e e. Pr r e a he l h ul , ev a l t l crud T hus he w as pr eserv ed from that public r iot and con stan t disturb an ce of the c ommonwealth which did its best to drown the voice of every po et from C arew D e ic e as a a a to a n ess to ryd n , wh h drov Cr h w w y m d n at ic ma s th i i m o i s of a d de h , wh h de h ar h e l qu d el d e

Mi t ic e ie h mise of D a e an an d l on , wh h b l d t e pro v n t ” 9 k the ear of e It is for t i eason bro e h t Cowl y. h s r th at he r eﬂects so littl e the bittern ess an d turmoil

i m i i o ck in cast n ica of h s ti e. Wh le S r J hn Su l g s a cy l ee at he an ees o th co t i e L e a e l r t gr d f e ur , wh l ov l c

8 H s l zabe te tor o E than L ratu e . 35 6. i y f i i r , p 9 ’ E dmund G osse in W a d s E n l s ets ol 1 25 . , r g i h Po , V . II, p . ROBERT HERRICK 4 1 swears etern al love to queen ly ladies of rouge an d e e ick is powd r, H rr down on his kn ees in a ﬁeld of aff i ft i d od ls, so ly wh sp ering to them

ai affodils w e F r d , e we p to see You aste a a n h w y so soo .

H e ke of a e n ot a s spo N tur , b ec u e it was the fad at but eca se in his s im e-min wa court , b u , pl ded y, he ’ o e her Carew s e ma e t l v d . ﬂow rs y b of he most ele ’ a t kin of s en te a g n d c d p p er, but H errick s sp arkl e

it the dew- f es f the a e how w h drops r h rom g rd n . Oh , the world loves a man of r ed blood ! L aces an d s car

let a ma in for a i e ti e but afte all c—o ts y bl d l ttl m ; , r , ife n ta eo s s in ife — fascin a e man l spo n u , urg g l t s ki An d i a s m o i a o t him nd . Herr ck s w o uch f t b u th n f D e s i W kn him in e i e o e. e glow g ﬁ lds von h r —ow , t e ef e as a e of i a ea e a h r or , lov r phys c l b uty p rh psf a e o so as me of his n s a e ses would d ng r usly , so u vory v r l indicate ; for d eep d own in his heart he b elieved that ” - i few b eads are b est when on ce we go a M ay ng. L i i i o i ati fe was to him at t mes an nt x c on . ’ When we r ead the son gs of many of Herrick s con tem a ies w r ei e o n it ea o s por r , e a e w gh d d w w h h vy od r th ff an e e s the ee a e and e stu y plush d v lv t , d p c rp ts a es B ut e e at D ea i how f of sun t p try. h r n Pr or ull shin e ! One c atches the ﬂavor o f ripen ing fruit

a in o the nli a ees the sin in har h ng g v er su t w ll , s g g v ak i th w e s ea s the of esters r in g n e yello ﬁ ld , h r low e in ook T e e is a the cattle down by the wid n g br . h r

quiet s ort of suppressed p assion in it all ; n o storm , 4 2 T HE CAVALIER POE T S

a e the kie f r in and it is tru e, but r th r sunny s s o mo n g the n e the ruddy glow Of su s t . s i e e a te ei in i t T hu , wh l oth rs w s d th r powers r o ous

he of n e e si i e t o his ie a s revelry, c s ty gl d d hr ugh qu t d y , guarding every r esource an d taking time to con vert s on in t em H e w as am iti s e very g o a g . not un b ou , and yet he seemed to write more for him self th an for am an d a a e E e his m imen a e se f e ppl us . v n co pl t ry v r to the n obility shows non e of that cr avin g for ad mir ation such as one may ﬁn d so easily in oth er i ist of his a e i it eem two lyr c s ge. H publ sh ed , s s , but c e ti n the es erides of 1 4 8 an d the N ble oll c o s , H p , 6 , o Numbers ate 1 4 an d the ea e of the da , d d 6 7, r d rs y kn ew him b etter p erh aps through his con tribution s — ’ to s uch hodge podge c ollection s as Wi t s Recrea ’ ti n Wit s I n ter reter The cadem o C m li o , p , A y f o p men ts and T h M s teries o L ve an d E l uence e y f—o oq . Wonderful books wer e th ey wonderful in th eir s an mi t e d f n t m o c e e tr ge x ur s , won er ul i he a ount f l v r ’ n e i en et ee ei i s T a ick was ss h dd b w n th r l d . h t Herr s pretty su cces sfully hidden is eviden t ; for he was al mos t completely forgotten un til th at keen -eyed in ’ vesti ator i ais e him n t man s g , N chols , pr d in the G e le

M a azin e of 1 9 . T he eas is ain G en i g 7 6 r on pl . us

t he was ick a i imm ia uc hough , H err ffect ed h s ed te s

cess or s far e s a did a e ck in an d l s th n C r w , Su l g , W all er ; for th es e men were in the lin e of movemen t a th i ian t as o tow rd e cold an d br ll cl sic sch o l ,

i e e i ck to asi e n e his a wh l H rr s od d , tu d h e lthy song , an h d ad to hide his time .

An d et o a e t e all an a en y , c mp r h m , d who s n g so t ROBERT HERRICK 4 3 r derl so i s o a a so e l y, S mply, n tur lly, p rson a ly, so orig in ally as Robert Herrick? H is was

The sparkling rhyme ’ That ike a im e in an old dame in , l d pl s ch , ” L au s ou a 1 ° gh t t Time.

We rea a fa d th t mous lyric,

G at e e os e u s i e ma h r y r b d wh l ye y, ” Old time is sti l a-ﬂ in l y g,

“ we in a ask st ntly , Why had n ot some on e el se s aid ” t a on ef e ? T he in s so ank s h t l g b or l e are fr , o ut terl f e O ar h e n thea y un orc d . S , too , e t e vers s T o A

. Bid me to i e an d i l i e l v , I w l l v ” Th ot stan e y pr e t to b .

E e is om ete n s o a t ess ai v ry poem c pl , rou ded , r l ly s d , an d yet with what s upreme ar t ! T he m odern Jap an e e the P oe i ea t a a em s o be s hold d . h t po h uld s an s it m sen es s an d hort, d hould expres s w h supre e ter h appin ess on e ﬂ eetin g s entimen t an d our modern magazin es are forcin g the vers e-writers of the day to t i L on e ick a ed h s s ame con clu sion . g ago H rr gr sp the i ea an a is e ems es te ! d , d wh t pol h d g r ul d Sp ace will n ot allow a discu ssion of his numerous po etical virtu es : smoothnes s he ar it in his H ymn to L ove; qu ain tn ess see it in the Pr ayer to B en Jon

’ 1 0 Welc I n a nc en o o H e ck s H es erides Cen h, n A i t C py f rri p , tu V ol . L V II 4 77 ry, , p . . 254 TH E E T S —CAVALIER PO son ; originality note it in T o E lectra and T o aneme M an man e e his met ica x ri Di . y , y w r r l e pe n all w fin a i i m en ts , a d in e d l qu d flow of words an d a happy recurren ce of rhyme ; the songs sin g them s W a m e ma one sa ? a it elves . h t or y y In qu nt y, s n an ei e a i he in e f a e the po t ty, v rb l mus c , sh s orth bov t e - ite of his en t i e a i o h r song wr rs c ury, wh le p rh ps n ’ all E n glish literature he is excelled in the lyric quals f it b B an d S e e n y y urns h ll y o ly. R e e i k is a man H ake ou ob rt H rr c to love. e t s y i his n e e A e ai a es nto co fid nc . c rt n p ers—on l note gi v i s e s e at ime i e a t i h v r s t s a t ng of p thos n o the w ld ,

ea t ke at s of n s h r bro n p ho Bur s , but a ubdued , t ender e a if s s o n l o regr t th t l e is o h rt a d that we must a l g . H e is an egoist ; he does not h es itate to m en tion

his own ame. e e e h m o R i r n H r , h re t e to b f ob n H e ” i k is he i e s in R bin d- r as t r c , wh sp r o Re B e .

M ake the w a mo th for me y s o , W en th H e i ck h I , y rr , Hon orin g thee on my kn ee ” ffe m i O r y lyr c, he prays to B en Jonson And he complain s in The L oss of His Mis tresses

All are gone, ’ ” e ick ef Only H rr s l t alone.

H e el s of ia an al his e an d e e t ls u Jul d l oth er lov s , v n o t e e ea s o his eams we th ugh h y w re but cr ture f dr , sorrow with him wh en they frown and rej oice with

FRANCIS QUARLES

( 1 5 92 1 64 4 )

“ Milton was forced to w ait until the world had ” 1 mi i a o a a e . done ad r ng Qu rles . S s ys Hor ce Walpol ’ Great in C avalier d ays was the n ow forgotten poet s fa N it T o-da in me. o o n ? O F rg tte , not qu e. y ’ ’ s cattered cotter s h omes in rur al E n glan d Qu arl es

D ivin e E mblems it its aint ts b M a s a , w h qu old cu y r h ll , is i be f n an d en t on a afte st ll to ou d , ev ye Sund y r n oon the ven erated volume is read by the ancien t fo k the o se o T at ff Scot man l of h u h ld . h gru ch ,

am atti itin n ut it too n t J es Be e, wr g i 1 776, p blu ly wh en he s aid of Qu arl es an d Blackmore that bad “ writin g c ould be foun d anyw here in them ; but as o o ea s t ei o ks n o o is ia mis n b dy r d h r w r , b dy l bl e to be ” 2 l b t m a a ur m i an ed e . e o own A e y h H r wh t r c , T o ea wr ote M rs E me s n ee- a te s f h r u , to . r o thr qu r r o “ ” a cent at ink ou ike him he ury l er : I th y would l ,

a s It is a ﬁnd on was of s y . r re to e who so much a o an s o itt e of an a ti e p et d l l r st . Hop

es s ain t as if he i all a n an kn e n o o l ly qu , l ved lo e d w b dy b t is if a a a n im u h w e, who pp e rs to h ve r evere ced h . H e n ever doubts his gen ius ; it is only he an d his G od in all h o H e ses an a e s metime t e w rld . u l gu g o s as gr eatly as Sh akes p eare ; an d though there is n ot

l L etters E d . Cunn n ham V ol . III . 99 , i g , , p . 2 E ss a on oetr and M usi c y P y . 4 6 N I 4 FRA C S QUARLES 7,

ai ai in him much str ght gr n , there is plenty Of tough, k i ” croo ed t mber . An d so there is ; and it would have been Splendid i e for a i a e i - w t mb r Pur t n m et ng hous e, too . AS e read the piou s meditation s of this volumin ous ” 3 s ai w a a nt e, who h ve re d the convention al text k n i can boo s o h story, but wonder that he is c all ed a a a i e f e the i C v l r. How o t n thought s impress ed upon us by the p edagogues th at the Cavalier w as a boast ful ee - inki - ea i ac -a n , d p dr ng, loud sw r ng, l e dor ed swaggerer ; an d how erron eous the idea ! M any of em e e men e in ee th w r good good nough , d d , to be li eve th at God did n ot despis e a M ay-pol e or a rustic a e e e in a i a es is a en t eman d nc . H r , Fr nc s Qu rl , g—l , tf a a ea man of fa i h had though ul , mor l , st dy m ly e i tee i n a o e of in s f o e gh n ch ldre l v r th g o g od report , n s i i his i i n a en in ais a earn e t bel ever n rel g o , g u e pr e om e co ot a e een m aker of G od. Cr w ll uld n h v b ash amed to put him at the very head of his p salm i -f a in onsi L et a e s nging an d G od e r g Ir des . us gl nc a if f an at his unu sually c lm l e o thought d song. Romf E s Of a fa i Of H e w as b orn at ord , s ex, m ly h me ic T he s ome importan ce in t e govern nt s erv e.

at ie a in ife ea in ft a ear f her d d e rly l , l v g ﬁ y pounds y h bo Af e a e in a o n t s c he to t e y. t r tt nd g c u ry hool , ’ — is am i e an a en tered Chr t s College, C br dg how m y f amo us man h as h eard the lectures th ere ! an d re

iv his A in 1 08. H e e i e to be a a e ce ed B . . 6 d c d d l wy r, ’ an d to this en d en tered L in coln s Inn ; but th at he was more in l ove with harmony than with discord is

3 ll eci o th i ish oets Campbe , Sp mens f e B r t P . 4 8 TH E CAVALIER POE T S

evidenc ed by the fact th at he s old his law-gowns to - On e mi t t a buy a lute c ase. gh p erp e r te a v ery truthful pun by in sin u atin g th at it was practically n cas e he e e se e A ea the o n the o ly v r cur d . lr dy y u g fellow w as s omething of a Puritan in his thoughts action s often ec a in t a h es is e the and , d l r g h t e d p d litterin court-life of the da ; and et when he w as g g —y y offered the h onor of cup b earer to the Prin ces s E liz abeth on her marriage to the E l ector-Pal a in e in 1 1 3 he w as ot o in a e tin an d e e t 6 , n sl w cc p g, v n a m an ie he to ei e D t es ma a cco p d r H d lburg . oub l s ny g ay C av alie r would h av e b een c on ten ted to spen d his r emaining d ays amids t the ov erﬂ owing tuns of the an cien t college-town ; but eviden tly the moral

a e w as o f a iffe en t n at e for w s ee Qu rl s d r ur , in 1 620 e

him n ce e in the f s ee of L n . o mor og—gy tr ts o don Du—ring the n ext year he was n o t yet twen ty in on of his oks H adess a the H is tor o n e e bo , , y f

ue s ther a a e an d w ec i e it s o Q en E , pp e r d , as r e v d w h mu ch favor as to en cour age him to follow it with ’ c t e i i as i n s E le ies in 1 24 su h o her r l g ous vers es S o g , 6 , ’ i n s nnets in 1 25 an d A Feas t o Wormes s et S o So , 6 , f ,

r th in a oems o the H is tor ie o Jon ah in 1 2 . fo P f f , 6 6 T he c on ten ts of this last v olume w ere p erh aps n ot

SO n s a as th e a i in ica e f r u vory e d el ct bl e t tle would d t , o ’ the pious folk of Ch arles day s eem to h ave found si a i i th eas T e e e con der bl e d el ght n e f t . h re w r , how e e in the oo t m a t a t v r , b k o her poe s th t d oub less ccoun

for of the a c as A H mn to God much pl e sure ; su h y , e e en s i it a me it a e ti of de l v p r u l d ations , an d coll c on votional e e e it e P en telo ia or the uin tes v rs s nt l d g , Q FRANCIS QUARLES 4 9 s en o M editati n W o a e h i t ce f o . hen y u h v e r ad t e l s of titles in that v olume you hav e g ain ed a very fair ’ — id ea of wh at Q uarl es life-work w as to be a study ’ of man s e ation s to the Di in r l v e.

In 1 25 e e h n 6 , how v r, e tur ed aside for a sp ace to

i tim / el egiac v ers e. A t th s e came his qu ain t Alpha bet of E legies upon the M uch an d T ruly L amen ted

— - - D eath of D octo r Aylmer twen ty two twelv e lin e s tan z as an d a e se e ita ea ine e in n in ith v r p ph , ch l b g g w e i it tt H ow eo a mi i the r qu s e l e er . p ple d red t three

a ! i i t an i e c en turies go T h s qu e fellow, Fr c s Quarl s , b egan to cut somethin g of a ﬁgure in the liter ary o T at his o u a it had n ot imin is e b w rld . h p p l r y d h d y 1 631 is shown by the fact that his epitaph on Mi ’ ch ael D rayton w as carved up on the br ave Old s in ger s

i stmin s w as t is ame ea t at t omb n W e ter . It h s y r h ” he o it man a i t an d tte his H is t r t ld , w h y ﬂ r ﬂu r, o y ams on ea Sams was out-Samsone d of S . Cl rly, on ; it th tas t of the times and en but the story su ed e e , wh 2 Divine Fancies D i es ted in t E i r ams in 1 63 , g o p g , M editati n s an Observati n s a ea e the eo e o , d o pp r d , p pl ’ wer e all but ready to crown him kin g of E ngl and s “ ” eo e n otice ease for the ite b ards . T he p pl , , pl ; l r

- ary lights s at ab out the L on don coffee tabl es an d eith er sn eered at his religious effu sion s or ign ored

m to t e the al ge h r. o l i H e B ut little c ared Fran cis Quarl es f r al th s . sat at home with his admirin g wife an d eighteen — h had a ea e on children or th os e of—th em w o pp r d the scen e at this d ate an d wrote for that mo st

i a ien ces the comm f k. a en dur n g of ud , on ol Not th t 5 0 T H E CAVALIER POE T S he lacked frien d s amon g the L ond on critics an d au~

o W e ﬁnd t at afte a es s in s ome e ses to th rs . h r ddr g v r E dward B enlowes he w as in trodu ced by the ﬂ attered e t eman to in eas etc e an d ! th es t is g n l Ph Fl h r , lo e r ul ’ ’ tw o of F r an cis Quarles p oems in Fletch er s Purple slan i t in L n i 1 3 o a izin hi I d n e n 3. M , pr d o don 6 r l g p los her t o he w as he eem a a to a had op h ugh , s s lw ys h v e a k en e e fo his ea t os it T h t e y r r hly pr p er y. e cour r ecords Sh ow that in 1 626 he w as prosecuting a L on d on oman for ickin his ocke s an d in the w p g p t , dur g s ame year he was strivin g in a m ost bus in es slike man n er to h ave P arliamen t erect works for man u

facturin s a t- et a w c D o t es s g l p re by n e pro ess . ub l , he w as fi ndin g th at his numerous family could n ot s n o i a m ita i ub sis t o p et c l ed t o n s . Y et it mu s t he con fes s ed th at on ly n ecessity kept his in e on ea in s A most e e con m d fix d rthly th g . l v ry t emp orary m ention of him decl ares him a man of n i iet I n 1 29 i e h w as i ate s ec g e u n e p y . 6 , wh l e pr v retar to A c is Us e of A ma an d was y r hb hop h r r gh , i in in D in at ma f en t efe e l v g ubl , th church n requ ly r rr d him in tte to L n on f i n s n d a a s the to l e rs o d r e d , a lw y po et was c on sider ed as on e whose deed s befitted his ' n A ai o e e w e fin d a he did n ot n e so gs . g n , h w v r, th t g ec ies for ea e e ita i n s in e l t worldly dut h v nly m d t o s , c in 1 631 he obt ain ed c on trol of the import duties on

a and i s in e an ain i tob cco p p e brought to Ir l d , g ng t sma e was i e in D i h ereby no ll r ev nu e. It wh l ubl n t e ot hi a r as a h at h wr e s ﬁrs t s ecul r p oem , A g al nd ’ ' Parthenia a story drawn from Sidn ey s A r cadia I t ma a e a a is in -s ok n . y h v ppe led to h pl a er p e FRAN CIS QUARLES 5 1

age ; but to-day w e find in p arts of it s omething th at

macks o f the in ecen t It w as e ut tem s d . , h ow ver , b a

orar a s e an d in the e of his old- i e ea p y l p , yes t m r d rs ma a e een con si e e n on t all e y h v b d r d e a . In all ages men h ave gen erally as sociated m edi tation with the c alm an d p eace of deep woods an d an cis a a quiet ﬁelds . F r Qu rles h d thu s far wrought: in s ad sin cerity amid st the burly-burly of teeming L on don or amidst the an cien t s ten ch of Dublin ; but in 1 635 he qu ain t old fell ow an d lov er of an glin g ack in E ss and at R was ﬁn was b ex , th er e oxwell ishin t at k ic w as ake his n ame r e g h wor wh h — to m m emb ered for c en turies E mblems Divine and

ral H ow ma e o s s c essf it w as ! H ow M o . rv l u ly u c ul it was quoted ! H ow men read it from youth to tot terin g age ! Its ch arms had n ot v an ish ed even as Ro e t o n in de l ate as the nin eteen th cen tury. b r Br w g 4 ’ o his et e It was m i o s cl ares In on e f l t rs , y Ch ldh od ” all c i i a e n ot een so c a p et boo . But r t cs h v b h r

' i a l t e is ain f asse ts t at on the t b e. Sou h y d d ully r h ly quain t prin ts by William M arsh all m ade the b ook p opul ar ; while sn appish Pope decl ares th at it is a w ork

i u he a e aton e Where the p ct res for t p g s , An d Q uarl es is s aved by beauties n ot his ow n .

t at in a sen se n ot ea iz e b It mu st be admitted h , r l d y him the eat n e o a ion oint to the t th , gr I t rr g t P ld ru r of the ﬁve ooks m osin ab out the matter : fo , b co p g

4 L etters V ol . II . 4 44 . , , p 5 D un c ad B k. 1 . 1 39 1 4 0. i , , pp , 5 2 T H E CAVALIER POE T S

e th as ee are e t a s a i n the volum , e l t thr m rely r n l t o s ases of a n e n te es it k P ia an d p araphr o c o d J u wor ,

ria E mblematis itten b e man n o D eside , wr y H r Hug is e in An t e in 1 24 B ut at o f an d publ h d w rp 6 . wh that? T he work was en tertaining an d pleas ed the an d in the oo old a t e e e n ot s o p eople, g d d ys h y w r i a a o the i in a it of a k p art cul r b ut or g l y boo . Fortun e was n ow in d eed s miling up on Francis a es 1 38 an t o m of his H ier o Qu rl . In 6 o her v lu e , l hickes o the Li e o M an i s a e b M ar g yp f f f , llu tr t d y a w as e com b the mm n fo k an d n ee e sh ll , w l ed y co o l s r d t b the coffee- o o k an a o et e ec i e a y h us e f l , d lt g h r r e v d m w s ste n oti e . T a a ea too h a e e much c h t s e y r , , e r qu d to sen d out to the lon ely colonists in New E ngl an d m s i s n on s e c h s o e bit o f p ous ver e, a d as a c qu en e e a e o os e to take to o n ott an d g v to J hn J s lyn , J h C on o Win t o met ica si n s six sal all J hn hr p , r l ver o of p ms , of ic a ea e in t at an ti e c iosit T he wh h pp r d h qu ur y,

Wh le B k o s alms is at sto in 1 4 0. o oo f P , publ hed Bo n 6 We have s een th at Quarles pos ses s ed con sider abl e sin s n s as h w s a s xce in bu e s s e e, an d e a alw y e ed gly shrewd in the dedic ation o f his b ooks his c omplimen ts

f e s ts of eci e ma e ia a e o t n brought r e ul d d d t r l v lu . T he hon or in Divine Fancies an d H ieroglyphickes had b een bestow ed up on the wife of the E arl of D or

s et an d on e n in a es . a ke to ﬁn d i f , mor g Qu rl wo h ms el ’ a oin te t o t at n o e in en ce o pp d , hr ugh h bl s ﬂu , Chr nol

o e of L on n T he o k w as i the i me g r do . w r l ght , nco was fai an a is num r , d the po et h d le ure to evolve vast

e s of min e itation b r rhy g m d s . B ut he fai e T a e e at l d to do so . roublous d ys w r

5 4 T HE CAVALIER POE T S

’ an tati n a a a as e of E esiaste S olomon s Rec o , p r phr ccl s ’ he herd s Oracles ea in it the in 1 64 6 T he S p , d l g w h th eological qu arrels of the day ; an d in 1 64 9 T he Vir i n Wid w a a i had ee acte ri g o , pl y wh ch b n d p tel at e s ea and i L an bain e has c a va y Ch l , wh ch g h r ” l s i e as an i o e i ffen si e a . itab y d e cr b d nn c nt , no v pl y s ea afte ea k ic t es he had T hu , y r r y r wor s wh h doub l s i i n i s ame n ever hop ed to s ee n pr nt , a d n ever d d ee, c m th es n d s o fro e pr s a ld w ell . What was the charm o f it all ? we of to-day ask i e a ton is men of it w ca s ee but n som s h t . In much e n the c n en tion a t inkin of o t un o v l , dull h g a d ev u but s c ma ﬁn m iti in i c n . d t n n o p red hur h W e u ch r ep e o ,

it a e essn s s i rsifi ation an at tim s a l tl e c r l e n ve c , d e bitter m el an choly that soun ds fals e to our m or e o imistic ea s st e e e in i a ti pt r . Ju h r , howev r, th s r ” ’ cia a n s is the s c of m c f a es fi l s d es , e ret u h o Qu rl s ucces s ; a p oetic m el an ch oly w as extremely p opul ar in a a i a A in to t ei s es C v l er d ys . ccord g h r own ver , m an y of the kn ights of the time w ere ab out to ex i e for the ake of ei a - o es w e fin d f ank p r s th r l dy l v ; r , gay- h earted Sir John Suckling con sidered s omething of a won der b ecaus e of his refu s al to die in this m ann er ; w e h ear men soun din g the same artifi cial

i i i i oet a e n t e o . D t e n ci not h r r el g us p ry oub l ss , Fr s a s id n ot n si e his at n tim fa s Qu rl e d co d r n ote a y e l e,

for h was a s i c man ea in ou o con s id e n ere ; but , l v g t f er ation th da an d its astes an ie in his med e y t , d v w g itation s it the e e of commo en se w e o f t i w h y s n s , h s cen tury feel that his n otion s of life an d its attend an t

e i e e m s e t a a an U ceas i he s eem v ls w r o t x r v g t . n ngly s FRANCIS QUARLES 5 5 “ be in : et e ma a to cry g O wr ch d n that I am, who sh ll delive r me from the b ody of this death ?

’ An d at a life -a ea i ima e wh s , w ry p lgr g , When glory i n on e day doth ﬁll the stage

Wit c i d oo man ood an d dec e it a e . h h l h d, h , r p g

Doubtless the Puritan faith was beginn ing to

a se men e en a a ie to es io a s c u , v C v l rs , qu t n more e rn e tly the a ities the ea ties a e the e comfo ts of v n , b u , y , v ry r t i ea t e isten e an d t is t ai in h h s r hly x c , h bu d ed t e tend en cy toward a wid er s ep aration of the aes thetic an d ’ i ow e ick s s o o the eth cal . H H rr ul l n ged for the ’ aest ti an d a s m a th t a ! h e c , how Qu rle e br c ed e e hic l

L if and its o t in s a t an e l vely h g were e r hly, d were e n ot t e efo e in f ? Sin of G od con c es th y —, h r r , s ul g , lud Quarles G od an d his rel ation s to our s oul ; th ese are th o t t emes T s our a a ier e nly wor hy h . hu C v l singer b ecame wh at Profes s or Sch ellin g calls a de ” 7 votion a am e e an d on emain e the l p phl t er, l g r d m ost popul ar of the numer ou s trib e which soon an in xis en e An d b the fa s e s tan a s spr g to e t c . y l d rd

t a o tn s an t in a ani of he d y d ev u e s m e cry g loud , V ty, all is van ity

C an he be fai t at it e s at a b ast ? r, h w h r l ” 3 Or he be st on t at ai b eat can cast ? r g, h ry r h

How he p arad es the ethical purp ose ! B ut a

hi e or e s e fai an d the inn poet mu st s ing to s ag l l , u

6 o tn The Sh r ess of L ife.

7 even teen th Cen tur L ics . 4 7. S y yr , p 8 ua M ors T . 5 6 T H E CAVALIER POET S

’ merable edition s of Qu arles r eligious verse decl are that he must hav e s atisﬁ ed a longin g in thous an ds an d t o s an s of i e t s tin ea ts D h h u d s mpl , ru g h r . ull e may s eem to us at this l ate hour ; didactic he un o was aft all if d ubt edly ; but , er , he boun d up the ’ ke ea t and ie the en it bro n h r dr d p ent s tears , he i s s e e h a e as e e e s S e his . rv d g v ry po t hould . ur ly s n s e e n ot i e i a o g w r wr tt n n v in .

’ T o ea en s i cit i ect m ou ne h v h gh y I d r y j r y, Whos e Sp an gl ed s uburbs e n tertain min e eye ; ' M in e e e b con tem ation s eat atto n e y , y pl gr r y, T ran s cen ds the crystal p avemen t of the Sky B ut at i s ea en eat G od com a ed to t ee ! wh h v , gr , p r h ’ Wit out th es en ce ea en s n o ea en h y pr , h v h v to

W ma e i i i s i i in e y well b l eve Ph ll p , who , wr t ng ’ 1 5 ec a a a es o m a e 67 , d l red th t Qu rl p e s h ve b een ev r,

an d s ti ar e in o f en a i n am n th ll , w nder ul v er t o o g e vul ” 1 ° ar an d o em a th i e A n t n a g , c nd n t e s ame t m ho y ’ “ Wood s sneerin g remark th at he w as the some ” im i e ian T he et t e darl ng of our pl b e j udgmen t . po s s i ot to th e s to the mu t ng n e coll ge profe sor , but p eopl e ; els e he will n ever h ave the precious hon or of b eing dis cu ssed by the s aid professor ! T he com r e s a ia s f o t an d mon folk a the sure t gu rd n o p e ry, a es a a e i t em T os e a e a e Qu rl pp e l d d rectly to h . h v r g readers of the s eventeenth c en tury b eliev ed in a at f G od an d n s e en t e a mi e the wr h ul , co qu ly th y d r d rigor of such lin es as thos e found in O Whither Shall

9 Del ht in od ig G . 1 0 Theatrum P oetarwm. FRANCIS QUARLES 5 7

O whi ther Shall I ﬂy ? what p ath untrod ’ Shall I s eek out to s cap e the ﬂamin g rod Of m offen ded of m an y , y gry G od ?

T he e i i ea e Of the en e ie e r l g ous r d rs c tury b l v d, too , in a s te n e ession of s e f fo as sio s i s r r pr l ; r p n , app et te ,

e e esi es e e of the i h s m r d r , w r dev l . T e t ern n ote of ’ Oliver s d aun tles s Iron s ides may be heard already in ’ a em Fai th Qu rles po , :

’ B ut o st t o on ue a e h n ues crown d w uld h u c q r, h v t y co q t ’ B an ds of Se a ims trium h d it the soun d y h r ph , p w h ’ Of ea en s oud t um et a b ed b the s i l h v l r p , w r l y hr l C e esti al c oi eco ded it a ui l l h r, r r w h q l ’ ’ Pluck d f om the in ion of an an el s in r p g w g, ’ Con ﬁrmed with joy by heaven s etern al Kin g; ” C n e f o qu r thysel .

” s a old-fa ion e T a Some po et , s ys blunt, sh d hom s “ i a fan en es s an n ess and Fuller, f d eb rred pro , w to n , it e a se od s atyricaln ess ( th at they may n e h r bu G ,

ms s o t i n i s a e t ei t n es the elve , n r h e r e ghbor ) h v h r o gu

o in ff c t e n a e in wit at the cut ut e e t . O h rs o ly tr d e n - a ein all for an s ati ot in for s co d h nd , b g tr l ons , n h g n ion a s was f ee f om the fa ts i ven t . Our Qu rle r r ul

s a if h had drank sic of o a in of the ﬁr t , s e [ ] J rd n s t on M n i et for his stead o f H elicon , an d lep ou t Ol v ” 1 1 P arn as sus ; and was h appy in his own inv en tion .

ll f ien e but t i m e iti a A very well , r d Full r ; h s or cr c l i day demands the reaso n for c ertain blemishes wh ch i doubtl ess you n ever con sidered worthy of not ce.

1 1 o th es o E n land W r i f g . 5 8 TH E CAVALIER POET S

L ike all t e in e s in the eta si a c i o h r s g r , m phy c l ho r, Fran cis Quarl es w as entirely too profuse with ﬁg W at iftin of s imi e an d meta s in ures . h sh g l s phor

-s n M bel ved is M in e and m is his love o g , y o I A H ! T he ﬁrst st an za declares the lovers to be

’ E n ike the tw o itt e ank-di i in ook v l l l b v d g br s, ‘ ll hat was h the pebbles with th eir wan ton streams ;

In the s econ d stan za she has turn ed to fl ax and h a s in a e the ft She e ai : e to con um g fl m . In fi h xcl ms

‘ ” H e s min e ate am hi s b i e by w r, I y w n ; and in the sixth she d eclares

’ ” e in n i H s my support g elm a d I h s vine.

' A nd t in i of th in n s i e a e ye , sp te e co gruou m xtur , gr c an d ea t ar e n ot a se t b u y b n . T is n sta t i in f i e h co n str v g or rh etorical surpr s s , this dis coverin g of liken es s es wh er e liken ess es n ever e iste t is in isc imi at o aci on sub x d , h d r n e l qu ty every c s je t, i a e e sn es of m aris and fi e, th s c r l s co p on —gur c aus ed by too in ten s e g azin g at the subj ect th es e ’ come n ear to d es troyin g Quarl es ch anc e for l asting fame Y et on e m fee t a is r al an d sin . ust l h t h ere e e e e i n T he s n s t is in a n ow and c r mot o . o g er fly g h rd ; en h i s i s fl o ut th e h t the groun d with a rid culou p ; b ,

afte all his aim is i an oa s at ime . r , h gh d he s r t s Th ere is many a n otabl e thought amidst this mas s ’ of om o a e S e e f se f a c m npl c . ubdu thys l ; thy l s FRANCIS QUARLES 5 9

” ’ world to thee. Hath Heaven despoil d wh at his ” “ full band h ath given th ee ? Heaven holds not out H is for e e bow v r b ent .

M ay n ot a potter that from out the ground ” at f amed a esse s ea c oun H h r v l , r h if it be s d ?

‘ And are there n ot in th es e lin es from an el egy on on e of his frien ds the ch aracteristics of good poetry ?

NO azure dapples my be-darkened skies ; ” M assion has n i s y p o Apr l in her eye .

i a s a a No , Franc s Qu rl e h s h rdly r ec eived fair treat n f is n t e old im A n i in a it of m e t rom d gru l d T e. or g l y ima a it e n o e t o ts a s n i ges , mult ud of bl h ugh , pl e d d

s f an a ann n ie him t imes u e o e be e . A l gu g , c ot d d t he is too fan ciful ; at times he is ob scure ; but n ever is it n a i o i ea he w hout spirit a d certa n r ugh v gor, a r l kn o ma at a its n e s a mo a owl edge f hu n n ure n d e d , r l uplift born of his earn est efforts to relieve th ose

n ee s . a af e all the man was ca a e of d Perh ps , t r , p bl

ea e o k w as imite b the tastes of the gr t r w r , but l d y day tastes which comp elled him to turn out copy ” to as ic ma him a Saints ord er , t tes wh h d e wh t bury ” a n s s o n ot ike c lls a j ourn alis t i v er e. I h uld l , i s a e a s contin u es this mos t artistic crit c of th e e l t r d y , to be ch allenged to produce twenty good lin es of t on se i e et it his in v ers e or pros e wri ten c cut v ly, y might be a s till more d anger ou s ch allen ge to produce any j ourn alis t in v ers e or pr ose of the pres en t day wh a itt n s o an d in the o cas ion a o h s wr e much , whom c l 60 T H E CAVALIER POET S — ﬂ ashes the Signs of poetical power in the individ ual and of what may be c alled p oetic al atmosphere ” 1 2 i n i —ar f n t n his surrou d ngs e more reque . With th es e kin d words let us ceas e from inquiry i h if and e f an i a i nto t e l e vers s o Fr c s Qu rl es . T mes ’ im isi H i l it m en s v ons . e could not qu te see the greater mys teries with Sh akespeare ; he could n ot m it T nn s H is a e in its conven hear the w h e y on . g tion al r eligious moods looked upon earth as a slough of es an d h k e how to in a d pond , e n w only s g ccord in l g y.

What well-advi s ed ear regards What earth can s ay ? Th o are o but th e a s y w rds g ld , y r w rd Ar ain te a e p d cl y . Th un n in can but ack the ca y c g p rds, ” 1 3 n Thou ca st n ot play .

1 2 H is tor o E l zabethan Lite atu e . 878 y f i r r , p . 1 3 The Vani t o the y f World.

62 T H E CAVALIER POET S

” a i i im i ites face is the face of sp r t d ly br ght , wr 2 M rs o n in i e Al e a e G r os art z ea o s . Br w g , wh l x nd r , l u

s a an keen o se e otes th t t- in e chol r d b rv r, n e hough l d

- a s c if tran s ﬁ ur a n e t n en as e e. burde d eyed , r lu t g d f c ‘ ’ T h ere Is a n oble ivory p al ac e for the meek an dh oly s oul the r e ; brow steep r ather than wide lips tremul ou s as with mu sic ; n os e pron ou n ced as Rich ’ ard Baxter s ; ch eeks w orn an d thin ; h air full an d

o in as in o n e a s : a et e a fa e ic ﬂ w g y u g r d y ltog h r, c wh h one could s c arcely p as s with out n ote all the more th at th ere are lin es in it which in evitably suggest th at if G eorge H erbert mell owed in to the sweet lov ’ in n es s an d en t en es s of n om es s o e g g l Joh wh J u l v d , it w as of grace an d through mas terdom of a n atu ” 3 a oft e s i it An d aint old z ak r lly l y, ﬁ ry p r . qu I a W a ton who a ke am n m i a s l , w l d o g en w th hrewd but e e kin is os e s o k n him it o v r dly d p d ul , loo ed upo w h l ve, an d ote : H is as e w as c e and h s wr p ct h e rful , i s peech an d motion did both d ecl are him a gentl em an ; for th ey were all s o meek an d obligin g th at th ey pur ” 4 c ase o e an d es ect f o all a kn e him h d l v r p r m th t w . And l is ten : Some o f the mean er sort of his p arish id s o o an n r e at t d l v e d revere ce M . H rb ert th h ey ’ let t eir o s e M r s would h pl ugh re t wh n . H erb ert ’ Sain t s b ell run g to prayers ; th at they might als o offer th eir d ev otion s to God with him ; and would

t n ack o t i An his mo then re ur b t h e r plough . d st holy life w as such th at it b egot such r ever enc e to

2 The B ook o th e oets V ol . II f P , , p 3 L e su e H ours V ol . 4 5 5 i r , XXII, p . . 4 Li o eo e e be t fe f G rg H r r . GEORGE HE RBERT 63

G od and to him th at they thought thems elves the hap ’ ie n e a ie M r rt s essin ack p r whe th y c rr d . Herb e bl g b a with them to th eir l bor. T hus powerful w as his reason an d ex ampl e to p ersu ade others to a practical ” 5 i e io p ety and d vot n . — Wh at an opportunity for an artist l the plow man b owing in the lon ely ﬁeld while within the dis tan t church the b elov ed pries t c alls upon th eir com

man n mon G o . S a t e w as e a t o o h d uch , h , th u h r f T e

T em l a s o t if of fo t a s w as p e. In th t h r l e r y ye r there a s oul-b attl e full of m erciless an guish a s oul-bat tle waged from the gaudiest t emple of world-pride to a se f the white step s of He ven it l . In the proud d ays b efore Cromwell th ere stood om a es an an ien a t e e n ear Montg ery, W l , c t c s le wh r m any a gay and brilliant courtier had lived an d l ov ed t k n an d revel ed and gon e forth to b at le for his i g . T m o on e tan s for th s m a s of h at ho e n l g r s d , e tor y d y mm n a th s aw it fa l in to i ut e the Co o we l l ru n . B h re i th e ha an had n the old d ays e Herb rts d dwelt , d poin ted with pride to the lon g lin e of kn ights th at l d ack h a E a of em oke in the ime e b to t e br ve rl P br , t e th e G eo e H er of King E dward IV . H re e po t , rg e t w 3 a n in a fami b r , as born in 1 5 9 , you ger son ly o f n i Th old-fa i n e fami e to a te ch ldren . e sh o d ly gr w

m n an on e most estimabl e m an hood an d wo a ho od , d s on b esid es G eorge brought fresh fam e to the n ame the t al en ted an d som ewh at erratic L ord H erb ert of

T he fa e ie e the f t e oe Ch erbury. th r d d wh n u ur p t w s a i o fo ea in the i t e e the a ch ld f ur, l v g l t l on s to

5 l n i H e be t Wa to , L fe of George r r . 64 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

i ea tif i ian a e care of th e r b u ul , br ll t , lov bl , but un

m io s mot e a mi tio d oubtedly i p er u h r . In d r a n of her a s t en t D r D onn e f n intellectu l r g h . , a ou der of the a i a c o te : m et phys c l s ho l , wro

I n all her o ds to e e ea e ﬁt w r v ry h r r , ” You ma at e e s or a oun ci i y r v l t c l s t.

She it w as who ﬁrst directed his min d toward th at in ten se e a for e i ion ic in c easin it the r g rd r l g wh h , r g w h ea s at en t an e his i a i i s ac y r , l g h ch g d soul nto l v ng r iﬁce for t in s i in e h g d v . Under her guidan ce he l aid the foun d ation of his thor ough educ ation an d en ter e d W estmin ster Scho ol e c tion a e a It has een s ai t at x ep lly well pr p red . b d h pride of family m ad e him s omewh at res erved toward the other b oys there ; but h ear on ce mor e the w ords of quiet-v oiced W alton : T he b eauties o f his pretty b ehavior an d wit shin ed an d b ecame so eminen t an d l ovely in this his in n ocen t age that he s eemed to be marked out for piety an d to b ecome the c are of H eaven an d of a p articul ar g ood an gel to gu ard an d ” 6 i him. H e en te e T init in 0 w a. gu de r d r y 1 6 9 , as A in 1 1 1 w as e ecte a fe o of T in it in B . . 6 , l d ll w r y 4 i is 1 1 5 i a 1 1 an d e e e . . in H s ee 6 , r c v d h M A 6 . c r r as a n i e sit man was ot in o of i ia u v r y n h g sh rt br ll nt . H e w as ch osen Public Orator of the Un iversity in 1 1 an d e the ositio or i a s e 6 9 h ld p n f e ght ye r . H coun ted amon g his in timate frien ds su ch men as Sir en W otton the D k o Ri is H ry , u e f chmond , the M arqu

6 Li e o eo e H e be t f f G rg r r . E RGE ER ERT 6 G O H B 5. of a i an d the famo s D r H m lton u . D onn e. E ven L ord B acon had this youth look over his philosoph ica o k and meek in ee the a i s er l w r s , ly, d d , gre t ph lo oph ’ e ei e the n ma c i i ism On da the r c v d you g n s r t c s . e y am iti at o e a L atin ette th kin b ous or or wr t l r to e g , t ankin him for a ook an d isit o e h g b , so exqu ely f rm d was the L atin that the ruler d eclared him the j ewel

of the n i e sit . E e en t a U v r y xc ll student th at he w s , e e he was ti a a an d o w how v r, s ll g y w rldly fello . H e s eldom atten ded to the duties of his oratorship un les s the king hims elf w as to be pr esent ; but on such o cc asion s he d elivered addresses s o brillian t and s o skilfully phrased that his r oyal audien ce wen t aw ay n siasti nd his e a w a o o ol e thu c . A r w rd s n t sl w to f low : we ﬁnd the s ov ereign givin g him an ofﬁce which required not on e whit of l ab or s ave drawin g on e hun ” n t o n a ea Wit t on dre d an d twe y p u ds y r . h his m ey, it s W a t an d his an n it an d the a an ta es wr e l on , u y dv g o f his co e and of his ato s i he en e his ll ge or r h p , j oy d ot n c - ike an gen teel humor for cl h es a d ourt l comp y, ” 7 an d s eldom looked t oward C ambridge T s at t n -s ix his co se t ife s ee e hu , we ty , ur hrough l m d

ass o m o n ess eas e and i e e . ured f s o th , pl ur , dl n ss

A en t e e e e came in t his ife as t l g h , how v r, th r o l , ’ in t e e man a c i is a ni - oint e e his o v ry s , r s , tur ng p wh r or d ecision m ean t eith e r s ucces s or destru ction . F in an d it sev eral years Herb ert had b een hop g, w h good

eas n fo i ofﬁce in the e men e i e. r o , r h gh gov rn t s rv c ’ H is in ﬂuen tial fr ien d s an d the kin g s outspoken ad i mir ation en tir ely w arran ted such exp ectat ons . But

7 H e r be t Life of George r . 66 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

a e a se a a an d s o did e f ie Ki n g J m s p s d w y, oth r r nds , o e es of a a emen in ec a f and Herb ert, h p l s dv nc t s ul r o

n to at in s it tio for ic he was ﬁce, tur ed th t u n wh h so

fitted —the The n fei e de admirably Church . u gn d f th man was ema ka a i n voutn ess o e r r bl e. Se rch g his effe afte his eat his f ien s ame amon g cts r d h , r d c acr oss an en graved figure of the Christ cru cified on ’ o the ima e a a tin ift of D r D an an ch r g p r g g . onn e s an d upon it the s aintly H erb ert had written :

W en ea f i en cou it n h my d r r d ld wr e o more, ’ H e a e thi s eal an d so a e o er g v s g v .

W en in s an d a es is e i est am s u e h w d w v r h gh , I r ”

T i s an o kee s m fait at me s ecu e. h ch r p y h, th , r

For a little time b efore en t erin g his n ew sphere of life he lived in almost c omplete s olitude at a ’ f ien o in e fea e e take the r d s h us e K nt . H e r d to und r

o k o i st s t an t s a e id n o si e w r f a pr e ; r ge o y, h d t con d r im e f n ! 1 2 h w as i e h s l good e ough In July, 6 6, e g v n as his a e L e E c e ia a i a e in n i —ch rg yton c l s , v ll g Hu t ng don an d what a charge it w as ! T he church was in so dilapidat ed a con dition th at it had not b een used for twenty years ; th ere was n o hom e for the cl ergy ma an th o ha min l i i a n , d e p e ple d s ee gly lost al sp r tu l am itio isma e o e e the in e e ie e b n . Und y d , h w v r, xp r nc d e e t en te e th e e e n i ti n f m H rb r r d e ﬁ ld, b gg d co tr bu o s ro e ati e an f i n ar an a n d i t on r l v s d r e ds f d n e r, a soon bu l e

of the s a isti ma c e in all E n an mo t rt c s ll hurch s gl d . Still he h esitated to b ecome a regul arly ordain ed i s Th m ni ter of the Church of E n gl an d . e constant GE ORGE HERBERT 67 “ question before him s eems to h ave b een : Will my s oul stan d the tes t ? B ut zealous Nicholas F errar an d t at mi o ke L a e e n m e e am n h ghty w r r, ud , w r u b r d o g his f ien s an d e so ac r d , th y pl ed the m atter b efore him

a he was in ce take e in 3 th t du d to holy ord rs 1 6 0. H e s eemed to be blin dly foll owing wh at he con sid ’ e e G o s i for ea at he te in H iction r d d w ll , h r wh wro fﬂ , soon after b ecoming a rector

Now am e e at T o I h r , wh h u wilt do with me N on e of my books will show ; ea an d s i an d is I r d, gh, w h I were a tree ; For then sure s hould I grow T o fruit or shade ; at leas t s ome bird would trust H er ouse o d to me an d s ould be us h h l , I h j t.

A mise a oo m a is n e a it s r bly p r co p r o , p rh ps ; but hows , at east th t e stf n n ea h l , e u t r tru ul ess a d r l d esire of t e

man . ’ T he rem ain der of Herb ert s life was to be spent at

eme ton i n Wi t i Like m s en i e men he B r , l sh re. o t s s bl , v ery s oon reach ed the con clusion th at life as a b ach elor was h i a e o man an he ma ied not t e d eal st t f , d rr his if the t i da fte m etin her T is was w e h rd y a r e g . h , i e s o t o k z aak a ton e a es t a nd ed , h r w r ; but I W l d cl r h t ’ the girl s fath er had s o praised the g en tle poet and preach er that she w as in love with him b efore they ’ m n iste h aint old ﬁsher s ac ever et. A d l n to t e qu “ coun t of their hon eymoon exp erien ce : T he third day after he w as made rector of B emerton an d had ch an ged his sword an d silk cloth es in to a c an on ical a e e h bit , he return ed so habited to B m r 68 TH E CAVAL IER POET S

ton ; and immediately after he had s een and s aluted ‘ ’ i if he ai her : Y ou are ow mi h s w e, s d to n a n ister s ’ if and m s n ow far f et o fa se w e, u t so org y ur ther s hou as n ot to cl aim a precedenc e of any of y our p arish ’ ioners ; for you are to know th at a priest s wife can ch allen ge n o precedence or pl ac e but th at which she purch ases by her obliging humility ; an d I am sure ’ 8 a s s o a s m n pl ce purch sed do be t b eco e them. A d

W a t s a s th i e f a i c l on y e br d ch eer ully cqu es ed , an d f om a da w as a s as o e fo her kn r th t y lmo t n t d r m ee ess , t i a i i s n s an a e nd a e as was her s . co t s cr fic , ch r t hu band T h er e is a mod ern evan gelist who holds th at the cl ergym an o f to-day is preachin g the Reveren d John Smith an d him dign ified in s tead of Jes us Chris t an d i No it t is im c t e e e . H H cru fi ed . so w h G orge H rb r

s mo a m w s a i iant si i ﬁrst er n t B e erton a br ll expo t on , f of ea in an d n ame st s o em ull l rn —g or nt , j u to h w th th at he could but at the clos e o f it he m eekly an n oun ced to his hearers that his l angu age an d his expres sion s should be more pl ain an d practical in his ” “ f t e m n as he id n ot is to i u ure s r o s , d w h ﬁll the r i ” 9 ea s i n ece a o on s . T e o k h d w th u n ss ry n t h n , too, l o s ome im o his i t k T he un tr P ar t e thr ugh l t le boo , Co y

s set i s f the a k of akin t ese on . H e h m el to t s m g h

s or h i an ce o f e s but for him rul e , not f t e gu d oth r se f a d et as zaak Wa o has s ai the ea e l ; n y , I lt n d , pr ch r th at can sp ar e twelve p ence and yet wants it [the ” 1 ° ok c s a e bo ] is sc arce ex u bl . L ife to su ch a man could n ot be a long day of lux 8 L e o G eor e H er ber t if f g . 9 W alton L e o G eor e H e ber t , if f g r . 1 ° Walton Li e o eo e H e bert , f f G rg r .

70 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

a T e all th n good p stor. h n , too , e cou try round had a t at as he was a kin to Sa is at en h e rd h , w l g l bury to t d a e tin of his e e i he m t a oo m e g b lov d mus c club , e p r i in a n- a a in n e its fellow dr v g wor out n g, st gger g u d r ’ oa an t a i o hi s c man s oa l d , d h t , throw ng ff l ergy c t , he e e n a the a ima W e h a ea e h lp d u lo d n l . h n e pp r d , s eat an d i at the mee in of the a w y d rty, t g club , wh t an an swer w as th at which he gave to a dis gusted “ memb er : If I be b oun d to pray for all th at be in is ess am e a am o n actis e at d tr , I sur th t I b u d to pr wh ” ' in a a for . a s on t at s am I pr y Ag , a he went l g h e an cien t Sa is oa m etin a o nt n t e l bury r d , e g c u ry ge l man he aske him a o t his ait and s o n t an , d b u f h , g e ly d s o meekly advis ed him th at the man fell in l ove with the nkn o c e man an d o ften en t out of his u wn l rgy , w w a to meet the eet- face fo o e f is H e y sw d ll w r o Chr t .

i as h a E e mo n in an d e e en l ved e t ught . v ry r g v ry ev i ng he wen t with his littl e family in to the chur ch an d read the service ; a t en th p art of his total in come he g av e to his wife to dis tribute to the poor ; h i to s e Aft i in is eme t e l v ed erv . er bu ld g h B r on h ome at his own exp en s e an d with mu ch actu al labor o his wn a h aske but on e in of his suc n o p rt , e d th g c ssor s an d i e h a e on the ﬁre e , th s requ st e engr v d pl ace

To M Succes s or g . If thou ch an ce to ﬁ nd A n ew ome to th min h y d , An d built without thy cost; B e good to the p oor A s G od i es t ee s to e g v h r , ’ An d th en my labour s n ot l ost. E R E ER G O G H BERT— 71 T hus he went in and out among men eu exempl ar for all his e arishon humbl p ers .

n ow came the a st e a But l st ruggl e. For som ye rs he had ee ea e e it t b n thr t n d w h consump ion , an d in

1 631 he e a to s a a min i n of a e i e b g n how l r g s g s d cl n . H e a o e on e e 0 in l b r d , how v r , h p g d oubtless to forget his is as e in his k at d e wor , but length became too fee ble ea the c s e i to r d chur h rv ce. H e kn ew that n ow at as D eat s es i e him T as few a l t h tood b d . hos e l t d ys e e f of a e i in i e T h S n a ef w r ull p th t c c d nts . e u d y b ore his eat he ose s en f his o c a d h r udd ly rom c u h , c lled for his i an d s an his own -k mus c, g once well nown lyric :

’ The Sun a s of man s if d y l e, ’ T eaded to et e on Time s st in hr g h r r g, Make bracelets to adorn the wife ” h te n a o i n Of t e e r l gl r ous Ki g.

As the as a ac e his f ien M r D a l t hour ppro h d , r d , . unc n ,

isite him T he in e e o f a v d . dy g H rb rt br ught orth man s i t m f s an it to th isit u cr p volu e o poem , h d ed e v or, “ ” an d with a thoughtful and con tented look s aid to him : Sir a e i e t is itt e ook m , I pr y d l v r h l l b to y a t a a e him he s a ﬁn d in it d e r bro her Ferr r, n d t ll h ll a picture of the many spiritual con ﬂicts th at h ave asse i G od n d m s o efo e sub p d b etw xt a y ul , b r I could ject min e to the will of Jesu s my M aster ; in who se s ervice I h av e n ow foun d p erfect freedom ; d esire him

o i f h can ink it ma n to t read t ; an d then , i e th y tur o let it be the adv an tage of an y d ej ected p or soul , ma i im n it for an d it are de public ; f n ot, let h bur , I ’ ” 1 2 ' i An d t l ess th an the l east o f G od s merc es . hus 1 2 lt i eo H er ber t. Wa on, L fe of G rge 72 T HE CAVALIE R POET S “ on eat in the im e a e L he p assed , br h g s pl pr y r, ord , ” H w u e n n ow receive my s oul . e as b ry d ( accordi g “ esi e a s A e it the to his own d r ) , s y John ubr y, w h s ingin g s ervices for the buriall of dead by the sing ” men of Sa . H e ee at eme and ing rum sl ps B rton , as one walks out from Salisbury on e may s ee amon g the trees in the ‘ distance the b eautiful church erected m to his me ory. ” ir a e i e i it Th i S , I pr y d l v r th s l tle book. e l ttl e k was he fa T em le or acred ems and boo t mous p , S Po

rivate E aculatione a ain e i n a has P j , qu t coll ct o th t been br ead an d wine to m any a weary an d hungry s W of i a e a i iff as to oul . e th s ge, som wh t nd erent s an d e a it of o s i it e of the mod e r gul r y w r h p , ﬁnd l tl i a i n is e a food wh ch oth er gener t o s d cov red ; p erh ps , ’ a i ur fa an th ook T us however, th t s o ult d not e b s . o “ it is a qu aint an d curiou s volume of forgotten ” l n it e sion at im n ro ore, a d s expr s s seem t es eve g tes ue An d e e its e of s eec an d q . , tru nough , ﬁgur s p h a i o ase ar e i is c refully nv lved phr s e ecc ntr c . But th i a a - m a iz se tra t h s p erh ps b een over e ph s ed . Gos “ speaks of his excessive p seudo-psych ologic al in ” “ genuity ; Whippl e c alls his verse a bizarre ex pression an d Jam es M ontgomery d ecl ares that it ” is d evotion turn ed into masqu erade ; but a clo se

f his a i a on i ith study o phr ses w ll le d e to b el eve, w aik a n i s Cr , th t the qu ai tn ess lies n hi thoughts “ a e a i ei e es i i is in en r th r th n n th r xpr s on , wh ch g ” 1 3 e a s f i n im min r l u ﬁc e tly s pl e an d lu ous . mi o a r It must be ad tted , h wever , th t there a e too

1 3 m n t Co e d ous H s or o E n l sh L te atu e V ol II . 1 9 . p i i y f g i i r r , . , p GE ORGE HERBERT 73

a i e too a itie to a a a i m ny r ddl s , m ny odd s , o m ny f nt st c fa ie Re i i had e om mi i nc s . l g on b c e s o fa l ar to him a he da ie an d e it it th t ll d toy d w h . T oo often the a e is emi e i i a p g bl sh d w th such a. conce t s

G od gave thy soul brave wi n gs ; put n ot thos e feathers n to s ee l i I to a bed l p out a l ll weathers .

' And yet it requires something of an inventive mind to create such webs of unsuspected rel ation ships and a i e ain he was i in a ai comp r sons . C rt ly or g l ; c ert nly h was ima in a i e e ai in a t e da t e g t v ; c rt nly no h r y , hrough if he i a c a tif th es e g ts , m ght h ve produ ed b e u ul strue tures ; but the style of his age turn ed his thoughts into the ali en ch ann el of the far-fetched and over i an his a fai e in f ei qu a nt, d t lents l d to br g orth th r i i i i ie H is m are f e in tri h ghest poss b l t s . rhyth s o t n h f of m of his c ate, an d even t e very orms so e most e ar fan a i o e i E as ter h eartfelt po ms e t st c . N t , n

Win s how the e se fa int the t i e of in s g , v r s ll o ou l n s w g , i i i inis how how the lin es dimin ish as h s pr de d m h es , they increas e as his conﬁdence in God increases

L o d wh createdst man i n ea t and sto e r , o w l h r , o is h ost the s ame Though fo l hly e l , D ecayin g more an d more Till he became M ost poor :

With thee ' le me is e 0 t r , ' a ks a monious As l r , h r ly, And s in g this day thy victories

Then s hall the fall further the ﬂi ght in me . 74 T HE CAVAL IE R POET S

T he d ay deman d ed po etic wings an d altars an d ss s an so did cee i a s ti D e cro e , d suc d ng d y , un l ryd n ridiculed the whole m atter in M ac Fleckn oe :

Choose for thy command ome eacefu o i n ce in ac osti an S p l pr v r c l d, ’ Wh e e t o ma s t wi n s is a or alta s aise r h u y g d pl y r r , ” n n n An d torture o e poor word te thousa d ways .

T ink a w ma a e e i i ie w h wh t e y bout th se ecc ntr c t s , e s a e e Si e e must ee th t H rb ert long ﬁlled a n e d . nc r man t a h w as i i at e an h t e , r el g ous by n ur , d born f i im - i an in to be thought ul , h s s ple m nded d s gl e mind ed devoutn ess encour aged an d inspired many a a in n d l m i it Ri a ﬂ gg g soul , a ed en to b el eve, w h ch rd

a e a a - k an a e - k mak B xt r , th t h e rt wor d h e v n wor e up ” 1 4 is a i m his b ooks . T o th d y crit cs may co e to ’ scoff in Herb ert s T emple ; but th ey are more than ike mai a M a a ea e l ly to re n to pr y. ny r d r would e h im n of f -t inkin a e e i e cho t e s ent e t ree h g S mu l Col r dg , “ iti in 1 81 8 ec a e : su who , wr ng , d l r d I ﬁnd more b ’ stan tial comfort n ow in pious G eorge Herb ert s T em le i e a am f i his p , wh ch I us d to r e d to us e mys el w th ain in n a at t a in all qu tn ess , short , o ly to l ugh , h n i ” 1 5 th o h e of W a . e e p etry s nce t e po ms lton Cowl y, a es as a an d i i n - it Qu rl , Cr h w , oth er r el g ous so g wr ers of the er a may have b een more brillian t an d far more accurate in thought an d in composition ; but h er e is an in se a in a t in ten e rn estn ess , a clutch g t he th gs e e a a e e a e a i i is a ie his t rn l , d sp r t b ttl ng, wh ch l n to

1 4 oetical a men ts P Fr g . 1 5 L ectu es and Notes on Shakes ea e r p r . GEORGE HERBERT 75

- fe i e . Rea his Lin es on M an one of the llow s ng rs d , ” f n es e an e of the E iz a t a a ac pro ou d t utt r c s l b e h n ge, 1 6 in W i e ot a t cord g to h ppl , or n e in Fr il y the p salm like vigor and directn ess when his soul ris es to its ’ f i i of the m ull v s on world s t e ptations . - Soul earn estn ess goes a l ong way in art an d will a i e of tec i cover mult tud hn c al sin s . In spite of the

n f i of a is n s th i o i i co us on comp r o , e ll g cal mingl n g of e e e in o ﬁgur s , th s outpour gs fr m the heart of Herb ert e and e effe i e of ff in and ea an t ll , t ll ct v ly, su er g t rs d atie ai i and be t e a tisti or e e p nt w t ng ; h y r c crud , th y ﬂ w h a o R a o on into t e he rts of ther men . e d the l ast

in f E m l men t an con fess t at in i s a l es o p oy , d h , the r d i i an d i i i of mo t e m s b a s s ncer ty s mpl c ty od , h y u t e cl s ed am the ea tif a e s of man ong b u ul pr y r . ’ P erh aps the reason of H erb ert s success lies in the fact th at every one loves to s tudy the developmen t o f man e in T he T em le w e ﬁn d s a hu soul . H re p j u t an as i i as all men o or icke such —p r ng soul , g od w d, admire a soul struggling to as sert itself and to cl aim m astery over the temptation s of a mos t tempt in a e T o a i it the a fa e n e e can be g g . such sp r w r r v r i a e is an ie is in his in a d m ld . Wh t a fev r h x ty w r gl an ce ! Wh at positive terror at times ! The lyric a - a t e tee as a is conﬁden ce of th at gl d he r ed d vo , Cr h w , t r f me H is impossibl e to him ; he can bu c y or rcy. a ssi i i i and was a min d of n aturally gr e t po b l t es , ,

s i n i a hun active enterprises for the e b e ng d e ed , th t fo i m a o its e f. T e e e n gry in d beg n to feed up n l h r r , spite of the declaration th at as a man ual of devo

1 6 ’ Li te atu e o the A e o Elizabeth . 24 8. r r f g f , p 76 T HE CAVAL IE R POET S

as t a e a e e his face it tion , it is hough s r ph cov r d w h ” ‘ 7 i in a t o a o a i in s ite of his w ngs r p ur us d r t on , p ’ E mers on s b elief that s o much piety w as n ev er mar ” 1 8 ’ wit in i of Fer r ar s aim ried to s o much , sp te cl “ that there is a picture of a divin e s oul in ev ery ” a it m be a mi te a t ese s on s of H er p ge, ust d t d th t h g ’ b ert s p ain-wrung h eart are c oldly puritan ic al wh en om a e to th i o eo s at e a ton e f c p r d e r ch , g rg u , c h dr l o ’ Cr ashaw s a s e e in e e is a s c o ch nt . But h r H rb rt p y h logical in sight far b eyon d the scop e of his lyrical con em o a e e is s met in n i - ike t p r ry. H r o h g Brow ng l in the keen observ ation of critical mom ents in s oul

r t H had s ffe e as ot e men ha s ff e g ow h . e u r d h r d u er d ; h e had felt the blush of humiliation an d the p angs of remors e ; and he could picture with app ealing an d effe i ea is he i s of i i an d a ct ve r l m t conﬂ ct sp r t e rth . T he b est poetry o f the man came in th ose two years of keen est an guish wh en he was h esitating be tween the world an d the Church ; an d p erh ap s this is the reas on th at he b etr ays a c on science morbid an d

a m s is as e in its en n s . is n l o t d e d t der e s H is a st er , ! Puritan view of the vanity of all earthly things :

Lo in m i en ce how do es i rd, y s l I d p se Wh at upon trust Is st ed on o ic es or fai e es yl h r, r h , r y , ” B ut i s fai r dust !

A nd et he is i o en e e H ow an a y n ot w th ut t d rn ss . m y heart his little poem Vir tue has con soled !

“ ” 1 7 o n B own The a son of B eme ton oo Wo ds J h r . P r r , G d r , l V o . 697. XXXI, p . 1 8 arnassus ef c P , Pr a e.

78 T HE CAVAL IER POE T S be known ; but this much is certain : Myriads treas ure in their heart of h earts the po ems of G eorge Herb ert who kn ow littl e an d do n ot care to know ” 20 of the i t sons o f s on more m gh y g .

0 2 G ose t L eisu e H ou s V ol . 325 r r , r r , XXII, p . . T HOMAS CAREW

( 1 5 98 1 639)

Sir o n S ck in who eem J h u l g , s ed to b elieve poetry the eas offs in of ins i ation y pr g p r , on ce express ed him s elf concern ing Carew in these words

T om a e w as n e t u h h C r w x , b t e ad a fault ' Th at would n ot well s tan d with a laureat ; ’ Hi s mus e w as i e-boun d an d the i s sue ain h d , of 8 br Was s e om b ou t fo t but it t ou i ld r gh r h w h r ble and pa n .

All that e e esent t e e did a ee w r pr h r gr , A au eate mus e s ou d be eas an d f e l r h l y r e, ’ ’ Yet s u e t as n ot t at ut t as t o t hi r w h , b w h ught hat s grace ’ on i e ed he w a e a - a e C s d r s w ll he h d a cup bearer s pl c .

The e is a ol e ief e at a itin r n d b l , howev r , th h rd wr g ’ ake ea ea i an T om arew s ems es m s sy r d ng , d C po , “ eciall his i c n cea e the o e an d p y lyr cs , so o l d tr ubl p ain of th eir birth that they were m ore in demand t an the e s s of an ot e oe of the da An h v r e y h r p t y. thon a W oo the e en een t -cen t c on ic e y d , s v t h ury hr l r, t ells how the E n glish folk were pl eas ed with the ch armin g sweetn ess of his lyric o des an d amorou s 2 nn ts i iam an d so e ; tho se qu ain t composers , W ll

1 Sessions o th o f e P ets . 2 ' A thena oniens es ol . 630 e Ox , V . I, p . 79 80 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

a es e i e to ut his i H enry L w , d l ght d p songs to mus c ; while the king himself did n ot disdain to act a p art

t ea eo mas e aelum ritan in hat h vy but gorg us qu , C B nicum e fo me at W ite a in 1 33 it e , p r r d h h ll 6 , w h H nry L awes in charge of the ﬁddlers an d I nigo Jon es iftin the s cen e T he kin a mir his om a sh g s . g d ed s ewh t in o en t oeti a n scien tio i e fea e d l but p c lly co us s ng r, st d i in to fatn s an in n ot n s a h m e s , d a u u u l burst of lib

ralit a e him the a ai of unn in shil e y g v roy l dom n S g l , Win s o e in d or F r st . Wh at m ann er of man was this who h eld the friend ship of kin g an d c ourtiers an d lo s t it n ot ? Izaak “ a kn e him ec a e him a a i W lton , who w , d l r d gre t l ber 3 tin e in his life an d t alke Anthony aW ood s aid “ ’ of him H e e ame r eckon d a th iefes , b c mong e ch t of his time for d elicacy of wit an d poetic fan cy i e is s n a f ien L o a n o wh l h p er o l r d , rd Cl r e d n , wrot e i n

ate a s a ew was a e s n of a eas an an l r d y , C r p r o pl t d facetious wit an d m ade m any poems ( esp ecially in h amo s wa i for the a es s o t t e rou y) wh ch , sh rpn f he fancy an d the elegance of the l angu age in which at fan w as s ea e e a eas e a if n ot th cy pr d , w r t l t qu l , m ” 5 io an of t at i e. a e had am e s up er r , to y h t C r w pl “ n to air a a an d fa ti tim e, i deed , th t pl eas nt ce ous ” — wit for ife was for him a at of of , l but p h ros es o a i the hoth us e v r ety.

o in L n on the of a fa i e i B rn o d , son vor t and h ghly s cta k i t i M a e a re pe ble n gh , S r tth w C rew, M aster in

8 Fulman SS . ee ates an d ueries econd e ies ol. M S N Q , S S r , V

V I . 1 9 , p . 4 A then ae Oz on iens es V ol . . 630 , I, p . 5 Cla en don Li e 9 . r , f , p . T HOMAS CAREW 81

an ce the bo atten e o s is t o Ch ry, y d d C rpu Chr i C ll ege, fo ea c t at was o Ox rd , r d mu h h n t in the curriculum, an d e itt e t at w as i it v ry l l h n , an d left without his de ee T he old fat e ’ gr . h r worried ov er the s on s wild

a its the ame a its o s h b s h b , d ubtle s , that the father ’ himself had followed in his youth in Shakesp eare s e L o and te t a f ien Si D m rry ndon wro o r d , r udley a et t a T omas a C rl on , h t h h d b een s en t to the M iddle

T em e st law but was oin i t e a on pl to udy d g l t l . C rlet g en erously offer ed to m ake the youn g s cap egrac e his s ec eta an d in t i a ac i r ry, h s c p ity took h m to Ven ic e in o an d T urin . But 1 61 5 y ung T om Carew had re turn ed to E n gl and ; even a s ecretaryship to a kn ight w as a an atio for im T h a too rduous occup n h . e gr y ai e fat e in ai th a h r d h r , d esp r over e bl ck sh eep in his emin e c n a an e c ntly o s erv tive d r sp e ted ﬂock, now t e to n ot e son the a an Sir M att ew r urn d a h r , g ll t h , J . , th n cien o of the fami he to uphold e a t gl ry ly. Could “ but h ave looked in to the dis tant future ! Whil e the lives an d fortun es of the high j udicial function ary and the brave young kn ight-b ann eret are forgot t n i he e s n s of ank fa i n and in en e , wh le t p r o r , sh o , ﬂu ce

om i e a e a e for the s a with wh th ey m x d h v p ss d , mo t p rt , c m ete a a an d i e e e Sir D e a eo o pl ly w y, wh l v n udl y C rl ton is fami ia to a few an i a ies the s e l r only t qu r , lu tr which on e man of gen ius has sh ed on the n ame of ” a a mains n fa e an can e e dv eclin e. C rew r e u d d , d n v r ’ In spite of the fath er s fears Fortun e s miled upon the o as a an d in 1 1 9 we ﬁn d him i y ung r c l , 6 bow ng t in a his h an dsome head in the Fren ch cour , comp ny

0 8 d m: o Ca ew . 1 . W. C . H azl t e . oe i t, P f r , p 82 T HE CAVAL IER POE T S

c m is e L e e of with the ac o pl h d ord H rb rt Cherbury . is a ointmen fo i m s t a mi a Then c am e h pp t , r h s o d r ble ” 7 i en it en t ema of the i am e an d ng u y, G l n Pr vy Ch b r in in a H is M a est a es and he Sewer Ord ry to j y, Ch rl I , east an d a e an d esen te the a mi in la f ed d nc d , pr d d r g ie i a an om imen s an d ett ic an d d s w th g ll t c pl t pr y lyr s , e e at e old f m too m c eis e in e gr w pr m ur ly ro u h l ur , w , and sin an d so e e in his ftiet ea L , nd d ﬁ h y r. ord

a e who s has een n o w as is on a Cl r ndon , , a b ted , h p ers l “ f ien a of a e in : H is w as t at r d , s ys th t nd g glory h after ﬁfty years of his life sp en t with l ess s everity or exactn es s th an it ought to h av e b een he died with the greatest man ifestation s of Christian ity th at his ” 8 es f ien s esi s aa W a to b t r d could d re . But I k l n tells a different an d a d arker story of th at p assing ’ out of a oet s R e s s ai t at p soul . ob rt Burn once d h a

a i t i ike a f he s a e ie ike m n m gh l ve l ool , but c rc d d l on e an a i n W a t i w as it a e ; d so , ccord g to l on , t w h C r w . “ eize it a t i l es he s en fo M r S d w h n ex reme l n s , t r .

a m him an esi his H l es to co e to , d d red ad

i e an d a i n i r . a e a omis e v c bsolut o , wh ch M H l s , upon pr o f amen men t a him B ut M r a d , g ve . C ry a e m n n is old m an [C r w] c a e to L o do , fell to h co p y, an d i t a m e isi e an a s ife an d e e ia n o or v bl sc d lou l , sp c lly in his is o se an d he ein ake e sick t a d c ur , b g t n v ry , h t ic e his a t an d ein m c t e in wh h prov d l s , b g u h roubl d in c e M r a es to c me to him in i his m d , pro ur d . H l o th s sick es an d a on of min e des r in ea n e t n s g y d , y g r s ly, afte a on f si of an of is s in s i r c es on m y h , to have h s

7 Wood th rv m e A enae Oxo ie e V ol . 630. , , I, p . 8 Li e 9 f , p . . T HOMAS CAREW 83

a e s an d his a so ti n r pr y r b lu o . M . Hal es told him he s o a e his a e s o b n o an h uld h v pr y r , but w uld y e me s ” 9 i e him t en n eit e the s a am t o so tio g v h h r cr en r ab lu n .

A s was his ife so is his et H o e in e l po ry. e l v d w , an d e an d fai o i me to om o ros s , r , fl r d wo n , wh he c uld in ite or e si e ems a t ei ea t d j oyous p n v po bout h r b u y, a o in it i e it a t n d r g wh l l s ed , r egretti g it wh en it ” 1 ° a e a ma s o f d d . From such n we mu t n t exp ect the m oun tain-m aj esty of a M ilton or the s oul-in sight of n in H e eac es ea ei ts of en i s a Brow g . r h no gr t h gh g u ; ut o the e an he eac e n o eat e t s b , n oth r h d , r h s gr d p h m io it T o the f a i e te t e o f of ed cr y. hrough ut r g l x ur his son gs he sustain s a pretty high l evel ; for though in almost ev ery p oem the micros copic critic may fin d ll- es e ase if th itic i at leas t on e i expr s d phr , e cr w ll cast aside his microscop e an d view the work with s at eti ma e e he i fin d eac i n ot ymp h c hu n y s , w ll h lyr c n in ea t a e -wo e m ere di scon ected l es of b u y, but w ll v n

t t n an i e. On e e am e i suf en ire y, a org c whol x pl w ll ' — - ﬁce the well expr essed comp arison in The M an g old

o h a fu mo n in ain M ark h w t e b sh l r , v , Courts the amorous marigold With sighin g blasts an d weeping rain ; n fo d Yet she refus es to u l . B ut when the pl an et of the day it i o e fu r a Approach eth w h h s p w r l y, T en h eads t en she ecei es h s e s pr , h r v es His warmer beams in to her virgin leav .

9 Notes an d ue es Second a n ulme n S . See , W lto , F MS Q ri

e es V ol V I . 1 2 . S ri . . , p 1 ° ’ 2 a lis oets V ol . II . 1 1 . W rd s E ng h P , . p 84! T H E CAVAL IER POE T S

So s a t t o th i e in o e fon d bo h l h u r v l v , y ; I f thy tears and s ighs discover T h ief t ou n e e al y gr , h v r sh l en j oy The us t e a d of a o j r w r bold l ve r . B ut en it mo i n accents wh , w h v g , thou S a t con stan t fait an d s e ic vo h l h rv e w , Thy C elia shalt r eceive those charms With o en ea s an d ith n f p r w u olded arms .

Undoubtedly this poet approached m astery in the a ti a e a he e e ie e p r cul r ﬁ ld th t chos to occupy. H w ld d E n is a e i h a i a e if n s i s gl h phr s s w t dm r bl , ev en co c ou , ability ; he po s ses sed a command of the overl app ed h eroic coupl et which for sweep an d ru sh of rhythm c ann ot be surp as sed anywhere he almos t gave a c ertain formula to the courtly lov e po etry of E an h n e if he id n ot e i is ngl d ; e urtur d , d b eg t, Br t h were société an a c i a ca ef iti de ; d, c ord ng to th t r ul cr c , E m n G o s h was as in en i H er d u d s e, e surp s ed g us by ” 1 2 ick . T is fa r a few H is r only ru e, h ults a e not . e s e n a n i k itt sheph rde s s dress i l ce a d s l . H e kn ew l le of i ife an e i ia a e a the rust c l , d lov d br ll ncy r th r th n f es n es of f - e e -air if H e a ke r h s ull blood d op n l e. l c d b oldn ess of id ea an d was content to sing again the i ’ convention al sent ments on love s charms , disdain ful

a ie an k a T e too his n i l d s , d bro en h e rts . h n , , co ce ts , r n un der the control of r eason though they a e, a d n ot ’ m a e a a ar ad to be co p r d in p ed ntry to W ller s , e b n o T he eon ee i e mi e e ugh . surg bl d ng C lia is r e nd d th at the blood he draws c omes not from the fair dam

1 1 Sa ntsbu H s tor o E l zabethan Li teratu e . 360. i ry, i y f i r , p ’ 1 2 Wa d s n l s E i s h oet V ol . II 1 1 1 r g P , , p . .

86 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

an at e e he e e i e i to d th , ev n wh n b com s l c nt ous , help ” 1 3 a e him s v .

L ike e i k an d S ck in an d the t s he an H rr c u l g o her , s g of the n en ti n a s in an d ai en s th e it co v o l pr g m d , e br v y f ife an d its s eets the c a m f s s a n o l w , h r s o en u l love, a d w as n e n e a to e it a n o m co c r d l g ther w h e rthly e j y en ts . T a was a his a e an te an d itt e he ca fo h t wh t g w d , l l red r ’ th f e s ini n . B ut n ote t is a is e utur op o , , here d

in tion to be ma H ift is ic h t c d e. e l ed h vo e, not in t e a e e a - o- k wa of a of hi com c r l ss , h ppy g luc y y m ny s an ion ith a a e a is e ea e a i e p s , but w gr c , pol h d s , n c ty of e e si n a a e ffect i s un xpr s o th t h v a ed , con sc ou ly or on s io all ee in in t e a c c usly, succ d g s gers . O h rs s ng ferven tly ; oth ers s an g m elodiou sly ; but few s an g i m f i i i w th the s a e c are ul ar t. Cr t cs h ave not g ven T om C arew his full sh are of credit in th at ch an ge o f t as te which resulted in the brillian cy an d c old but ” mi ar s i a a e t of h c as a o . L o a o d r bl t e l c l sch ol ng g , in 1 8 the E is a en ea aised 7 7, ngl h schol r , H ry H dley, pr ” 1 4 i man o f en e a an t an d e in for th s s s , g ll ry, bre d g, the importan t p art he had b orn e in the quiet but e ai e o ti f i o e e i - a e c rt n r v lu on, rom sl psh d v rs to t ght l c d ’ ets an a l ar t h a coupl , d H e d ey s words e wor h t e tten “ ” i of en -da ° T e a he t on stud ts to y hough lov , s ys , had o fo e ften e in i i it t t wa l ng b e r so d us to c v l y, ye i s of fo m ost n tatio s an o an i as n a r al , e u d r m t c c t ; a d,

i e few i n its eff on om s i io w th v ry except o s , ects c po t n e e imi a e on man e So et i e w r s l r to thos n rs . m h ng mor i aff e an a i w s i a i i l ght , un ect d d llur ng a st ll w nt ng ; n

‘ 1 3 Li e o Milton ol V . ch . vi . f f , I, 1 4 Select B eauties o A nci en t E n ls h oetr ol . . f g i P y, V I T HOMAS CAREW 87 e e i in ce i of in e io i v ryth ng but s r ty t nt n t was deﬁcien t . Carew an d W aller j oin tly began to rem edy s ef cts em G a an the e d e . In th ll try for the ﬁrs t time ” 1 ° was a c m a ie b the G a es c o p n d y r c . T he d ays of trimn es s were approaching ; hear it in Persuasions to

Nor let the brittle beauty make You your wiser thoughts forsake For t at o e face i l fai h l v ly w l l , ’ ’ eaut s eet but eaut ai B y s w , b y s fr l ’ ’ Ti s soon e ast ti s soon e on r p , r d e ’ ’ Th an summe r s rain or winter s sun ; M ost ﬂ eetin g when it i s most d ear ’ ’ Tis gon e whil e w e but say tis

T i ma be e an e a a i r mn ess y h re, d som ppro ch to pr m n ess ; but h ere an d el s ewhere in his work we ﬁnd not the i oo o f a o e the a red cold , th n bl d P p , but w rm , f a i t blood o a C av lier . T h s h ea and exub erance some

im s in a t l h m s o ic n i s e but t e , f c , ed i to h ut a l e t ou not ; in l ater life we ﬁnd him po s sessed of the good s ens e b a a t is en it in c e All to e sh med of h an d to r ep t s er ly. in all he pleas ed his day exceedingly w ell four edi ' tion s o f his poems were is sued b etween 1 64 0 and 1 671 m e H e an d all in all the day pl eased hi j ust as w ll . “ ” w s n an i sin o an e da os a , i deed , dle ger f mpty y, p i fa s i e of the a e s ess ng s ome of the folly and l e gl tt r g , a triﬂe too in dolen t to imitat e the p ed an try of

W a e a i e too o kn the s i i a i ll r, tr ﬂ w rldly to ow p r tu l ty o f D nn o an a ist be a i e o e, but too much f rt to s t sﬁ d

1 5 Select B eaut es o A n c en t E n l s h oetr V ol. . i f i g i P y, I 88 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S “ it -an d- ea hit-or-mis ffe w h rough r dy, s e cts . A i e o e but a a ef sin e he w on th s a v ol nt l v r, —c r ul g r, e u u l r—eward of the day the hearts of numerous ladies an d while L ovel ace an d m any an other Cav alier t a a to an i in es ai i i crep w y l gu sh d p r, he h ms elf m ght as at ea t em a i truly bo t , l s t por r ly

B ut did en te an n o I r, d e j y Wh at a o e s o e h ppy l v r pr v , For coud ki s s an d s o t an d to I l , p r , y An d aste t s e o t ho e swe ts of l ve .

T om a ew as e e in a e ca e him C r , v n K g Ch rl s ll d , kn ew not so well where to stop as did W aller an d

e ick he os esse ess me e a s in s ev H rr ; p s d l j udg nt, p rh p , e a eti matte s a t e a e sur r l po c r th n h y, but h ve th y p as sed him in fervor an d ten dern ess ? H is wit was

in te an d et he was e e a ef in his us of it po d , y v r c r ul e . For he e me an d men s s kn e an d lov d n wo , uch a he w,

a e n ot . his a an his s en timen t c r d to wound In g ll try, , his i ea s his use e a e o his fo ms of d l , of v rb l m l dy, r e s e his t a a ite a an d s n a of his v r , por r y l , l r ry p er o l , a h sen ts a nn e ti ink et n d y, e r epre co c ng l b ween B e on an d i an en c o B u of all J son Pr or, d h e to P pe. t

i he k ew itt e an d a e e i a an t th s n l l c r d l ss . Bow ng g ll ly i t an d eft an it e an e to to r gh l , d w h most t nder gl c s

a the a ies he ea s us en t n itti er w rd l d , l d g ly, u w ngly, p a s t a i th ian e an d h p , hrough th t p er od wh en e luxur c the h earty freed om of the E liz ab ethan s w ere sl owly ch an gin g in to the brillianc e an d cold r estrain t of the as i al a cl s c d ys . ( 1 605 1 687)

an a ie t a is a e a a B a n d In nc n p r h gr v y rd t e co sfiel , in ckin ams i e t e is ime- Bu gh h r , h re a t worn s ton e b earin g the n ame E dmun d W aller and the words In ter m ri etas sui te o s acile rin ce s . c fa p o p f p p Su h is me. E ita not of e c me n e the i e a p phs do — , cours , o u d r l t r ture of fact th ey gen era—lly b elon g to the more entertain in g field of fiction but h ere in the v en er able coun try churchyard that L atin in s cription was a e in all e fait an d i e it T h man c rv d tru h s nc r y. e sleeping b en eath the ston e had for more th an eighty years lived through on e of the stormiest er as in E n g is isto had s a ef his s e e e e toi e l h h ry, ung c r ully l nd r r p r r , an d had gone to the grave with the firm conviction ’ i i s a t that the p eople s b el ef in h s greatn e s w s corr ec . ' An d T ime has a e ef him a n ame sc rc ly l t . ’ Fame s fickle w ays are often diflicult to expl ain ; but as we read the s tory of time-s ervin g E dmun d Waller the r eason for his presen t-day obscurity is ’ i s H e was o in his fat e not h dden from u . b rn h r s

s i in 1 05 n d s ta te the m an sion in Hertford h re, 6 , a r d j ourn ey of life with wealth an d in ﬂuential c on n ec ti T he fat e on e to a fami of ea t ons . her b l g d ly w l hy

he mot e t o a R a ist landown ers , while t h r , h ugh oy l , 89 90 T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

was r elated r ather cl osely to the important Crom

ami T he a en t ea emo e to eac n w ell f ly . p r s rly r v d B o s e an d t e e in t at eacef omm n it W a ﬁ ld , h r h p ul c u y ller s t i a i st a s n e n i p en h s h pp e d y , tu d a d retun ed h s u n im

assion e n an d at en t et n e to h st p d so g, l g h r ur d t e du . ’ As a bo he atten e E o an d in e e am y d d t n K g s Coll g , C bridge ; but at the age of s ixteen he had l eft su ch youthful bu sin ess an d w as sittin g as a memb er o f ' a iamen Af e all e e the a of law had P rl t . t r , how v r , h lls but little ch arm for him in th ose days ; for it s eems th at as s oon as he had m arried the wealthy an d e A n e anks an d ha ai his fo in pr tty n B , d p d ﬁne r do g ’ s o it o t h r a ian s on s t h t e th w h u e gu rd c en , e re ir d to e IB eacon sﬁeld h ome and pr ep ared to sp en d long years in ie omes i a in s ut th a tif qu t d t c h pp e s . B e b e u ul young wife died within three years ( 1 6345) an d for a ime the e eeme tte i c n so a e t po t s d u rly d s o l t . “ ’ Sin e the i e e e en man mi c t m , how v r, wh s nd run

et th n a i e an d i o n h not to e co tr ry w dow rs , w d ws oo a e f o th s c of t i t , h ve b een able to r cover r m e ho k h s

e ea m t an t i was it W a e fo r b r ve en , d hus t w h ll r . For u years he strove in v ain to win the sweet- faced L ady

‘ D t ea i e the Sacharissa of his n ad oro h S dn y, o c e i e e i T he L a D o t ea a ie m r d lov lyr cs . dy ro h m rr d a e n s t as itt e in e e a i n in th noth r, a d a h ere w l l s c r p ss o e ’ e ts i he a i ec e e f o t i s o k po t s cour h p re d ly r ov r d r m h s h c , a a aft a s h aske him n he lso . Ye rs erw rd s e d whe would a n it r is an gai wr e su ch poetry to he . H swer be tr ayed his cold- bl ooded wit : Wh en you are as ” n a a an d as an s e as ou e e e . you g , m d m , h d om y w r th n ' n d et he ad e a e A y h once d cl r d , E DMUND WALLER 91

B ut for Sacharissa I D o n ot on ie e u die ! ly gr v , b t

When he had o all o e of Sacharissa s a s l st h p s , y “ r o n s n he ooke o i D . J h o , l d ar un d for an eas er con

es t an d ai e a a of the fami of es se or qu g n d l dy ly Br , ea H e o t s Br ux . d ub le s praised s ome wh om he a e ee af ai to a a a s would h v b n r d m rry, n d p erh p m arried on e whom he would h ave b een ash amed to ” I ' ’ aise A n d et if A s sc i tio b pr . y , old ubrey d e r p n e t e e was at e ck to ain an s o of ru , our po t r h r lu y g y rt “ ” e mee H e is a the ain-s ok i h lp t . , s ys pl p en b og “ a h o me a a i s ta t in r p er, f so wh t abov e m ddle ture, h

o at all o st ﬁn e t in skin his face b dy, not r bu , , h , s omewh at of an oliv aster ; his hayre friz z ed of a is o f e e o in out an d o kin brown h col ur ; ull y , p pp g w r g ;

o fa his fo ea i an d f of ink es . vall ced , r eh d h gh ull wr l H is ea a ai e e t an d a t to be h d but sm ll , br n v ry ho t p hol r i m t i a ist r iall c e . s e m e que H e i so h ng g , an d haz a great mastership of the E nglish l angu age H e az ut n w ake o but w as al h b a te der, e b dy, w ays very temp er ate (qu aer e Samu el B ut l r a him am a runke a Some set- e e ) m de d n ble d t r hous , wh ere at the w ater-stayres he fell down e an d had a ’ c e fa T a it to use s c a s eet s a ru ll ll . w s p y u h w w n s o inhuman ly he will often times be guilty of mis l i H e ites a amenta pel ing in E n gl sh . wr l bly ” 2 b at i o a h n ad an s e c c f e . h d , a bad as th s r h ng During his years of p oetic al love-m akin g with Sachar issa he w as takin g n o sm all interest in the n a

1 L ves he n l s h oets i of t E g i P . ’ 2 A ub e s B e L ves r y ri f i . 92 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

’ ivitie H e was f e e t in Far tion s poli tic al act s . r qu n ly w as akin er eec e e effe t liamen t, m g num ous sp h s , mor c ive in their display of wit than in th eir ability to win

n w as iti li e a e se of a. votes , a d wr ng comp m nt ry v r s at m n a i i i calculatin g n ure to y lords a d l d es . Pol t c - — ’ ally he was a weather cock like L owell s G in eral he had bee on e e i e at a e eit e a e C , n —v ry s d th g v h r pl c or p elf an d to day we are disgust ed when we s ee side by side his Panegyric to M3] L ord Pro tector an d

his D eath o the L ate Usur er O. C . B ut a ea f p , r dy wit s aved him from all emb arras sments arising from i o s st n a e into his s uch n c n i e cy. Wh en Ch rl s II c ame own a c hi it th a flatterin , W ller w el om ed m w h e usu l g i e an d e a e a k b the ki for a in l n s , wh n c ll d to t s y ng h v g itten ette e s es e i stan e ie wr b r v r to Cromw ll , n tly r pl d , ” i e tt i ti n t a in t ut S re, poets succ ed b e er n ﬁc o h n r h .

at - a t in a B ut even a w e h er vane is b t ered a to rn do ,

an d ose e e o a o a in E n i is All th w r t rn d d ys gl sh h tory . the world kn ows the story of how the ki ngs and the Parliamen t wer e browb eating each other in a des a e or in an d all the p er t struggl e to r ul e ru , world kn too the i in i s of kin i suf ows , , how d v e r ght gsh p f r a e i i k W a e if he had an ea e ed d c s ve shoc . ll r, y r lly in e ie s on i i a a w as a ai i s cer v w pol t c l m tters , g nst nno vation s an d t i a e e in a ea of sus , hus t h pp n d th t y r icion and an e 1 4 3 t a h was i i it the p g r , 6 , h t e s d ng w h kin g again st the loud-talkin g rowdies in the Com i ’ ” o s T e am the e it n a e o . m n . h n c e xc g W ll r s Pl t It w as all s o ma ti an d dis a Wa e ro n c so strous . ll r was to s ee that the Royalists of L ondon w ere gath ered into an army ; the E arl of B ath was to be t e

9 4 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

th at he acted a more m anly p art after his r eturn

i e an d e en a e to s eak out o t th from ex l , v d r d p b ldly o e n arrow-min d ed P arliamen t for toleration toward the k t - s c te a e s . D o es eat e an o p er e u d Qu r ub l s , w h r v e th ugh

ha een he had ea e at a to is t e he d b , l rn d l st be w e r a h r

t an c n n in had ea n e the e —ex es s t h u g, l r d w ll pr ed ruth f his own em O th L as t V rses i th o po , f e e n e B ook

’ The s ou s da k cotta e batte ed an d eca ed l r g , r d y , e i L ts i n n ew l ght through chinks th at time has made .

It has always app eared to me th at this man sh ould be in clud ed amon g the s on gsters whom J ohn s on dubb ed the M etaphysical Poets A n d in s ayin g this I do n ot forget the word s of E dmun d Gosse : T he in gen uity of W all er is en tirely dis tin ct from th at metaphysical wit for which his con temp oraries ” am s o n ot E m were f ou . But sh uld d un d Goss e h ave “ e t at atemen it the o in is at r b gun h st t w h w rds , h l e ” days ? For W aller was a liter ary weather-v an e as e as a o itica on e an d the i c et of his w ll p l l , lyr po ry o t w as n ot the e i e e e of his ol a e e y u h pr c s v rs d g . H ar thes e words

G o o e os e l v ly r , T e her t at as tes her tim an m ll h w e d e, T hat n ow sh e kn ows W en esemb e h er to ee h I r l th , H ow s ee n ai h m w t a d f r s e s ee s to be .

D o thos e far-famed lin es soun d of the spirit of Su ck

in an d a e or of D en A n l g C r w ryd and Pope ? d, a ain th n g , n ote e s o g to Fl avia E DMUND WAL LER 95

’ Tis n ot your beauty can en gage My wary heart The sun in all hi s ide an d a e , pr r g , H as n ot the art ; An d et he s in es as b i t as ou y h r gh y , I f b i tnes s co d our sou u ue r gh ul l s s bd .

No E d Wa e in his a if e s hi s , mund ll r, e rly l e, wrot a “ f ie ote an d his f i n th r nds wr , r e ds were e metaphys ” i a i e afa off aw t i o c l s ng rs . But r he s he s gns f c a e an d e an f- a in s e was h ng , , prud nt d sel gu rd g a h , he ea e a e fo th w a er rly pr p r d r e n e song . For W ll to n o i ea n o ea in of o n a h clung d ls , cl r th gs lde d ys ; e longed for immediate appl ause ; an d he fr am ed his s e as his a ien c eman e Un s in he tyl ud e d d d . blu h gly i f a n s i e e st e p l ered wh t he co d r d b e from the old r po ets , “ ” emo e it f ma ize it i ic r d led , or l d , brought t str tly to ate an s n t th co t a the up d , d pre e ed to e ur re d er ol in in n w t e d th t e a be d w e e bot l s . An e bot l s c nnot en i ai eas in i e the d ed a c ert n pl g pr mn ss . In songs of his youth he allowed himself mu ch of the licens e i t a a i s in as the fad found n he oth er C v l er gers , but of c a icism e he e it it an d in ime E n l ss gr w, gr w w h , t g lish r eaders forgot the freer lyrics of his youthful hours an d rememb ered on ly the smoothly turn ed f m a W e the Re ati couplets o atur e d ys . h n stor on

ame he an o e had ee efo e the i c , d C wl y b n b r publ c more th an thirty years ; the wild youn g rakes of their a i an d the n s of e rl er d ays had return ed to dust , so g th es e dusty r akes had p assed in to a cert ain obscur ’ - it T i as a t i . H e re a y. h s w W ller s oppor un ty s ng ’ i e e e f Carew s and th e r son gs . H e wash d th roug rom 96 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

’ ’ ick s an d S ck in s s eet ea t sn i H err u l g w h r , pp ed off a. few a s of her s es ti e ace ta t her to ut y rd ugg v l , ugh p imn s i to her t o ts an s en pr e s n h ugh , d pr e ted her with

eat a a se to the a i in co t T u gr ppl u dm r g ur . r e, she on i u e o i could no l ger s ng, b t sh c uld moral ze ; h en ce

th a a e T he i a a s had n e and ow e ppl us . lyr c l d y go , n c n ica i ian t e ses ace mec an i a y l , br ll v r p d h c lly, two by two t o the itte in a , hr ugh gl r g h lls .

A n d et s omet in of the a n e y h g old ton e rem i d . ’ How extr av agan t even W aller s g all an try s eems ! ’ L kin o his a i e h e aim oo g up n l dy s g rdl , e xcl ed

’ It w as my h eaven s extremest sph ere !

G ive me but what this ribban d boun d T ak all he s he un oe oun e t r e t t s g s r d .

D oes it s ou n d s o v ery un like the p oets o f his youth ? A n d is there n ot an echo of Sir John Su ckling in the temp or arin es s of su ch love as that offered to Phylli s ?

L et n ot you an d I en quire Wh at has been our p ast d es ire ; a e e ds ou a smi e On wh t sh ph r y h ve l d , Or w h at n ymphs I h ave beguil ed ; L ea e it to the an ets too v pl , , What w e sh all h ereafte r do F r he o s w e n ow ma o e o t j y y pr v , ” i s en o e T ake adv ce of pre t l v .

ft l o W a e s a e e n e to A er a l , h w ever , ll r c rc ly b lo g d i was he s e e as a an sc o . an s he y h ol Pl t a , rv d con n ectin g link b etween the po ets of the Jon son era and E DMUN D WALL ER 97

h o he Res atio t e poets f t tor n . H e p artook of the qu alities o f b oth ; and in his min ute w eighing of o s ski f a an emen - w rd , ll ul rr g t of phr as es an d ever con s s i s ciou d e gn , he produ ced a polished comp actn ess

ic eat in en ce e e it i ot f n wh h gr ly flu d , v n if d d n ou d , the sc o of D en an d e We i t D r ho l ryd Pop . ll m gh y “ den s ay : E dmu n d W aller first sh owed us to con clude the s en se mo s t commonly in distichs ; which in the v erse of tho se b efore him run s on for so many lin es togeth er that the r eader is out of breath to ” o ak it vert e . Like his da he was i a ti ia his y, h ghly r fic l . E ven en e i i th ti r l gthy r l g ous po ems, such as e poe cal e ’ fl e tion s on th L o a e a h t c e rd s Pr y r, l ck t e w arm h and fe e cte -da of c ks his rvor xp e d to y su h wor . E ven “ o e es ar e f i i as s e oin out if l v v ers r g d ; but , Gos p ts , t n ot take the ea b s m t e e ea e h ey do h rt y tor , h y b l gu r it with great str ategic ar t and an infi nite sh ow of ” 3 atien c Am i i s W a e e n ot it his p e. b t ou ll r lov d w h

i te e t if at all an d h eart but with his n ll c , he lov ed , t e ef in the o s f o - i e W a o e he h r ore, w rd o w rldly w s lp l , ai i a ie in en a e but n ot excelled in p nt ng l d s m l , could ” 4 t i i oil a e as ife. succeed in por r a ts n , l rg l Only

o ma te ie l ve produces s rp ces . n i r n wa e a a e i i of the Co s c ous a t, th e , s th ch r ct r st c ma T n e o k of his e e s man an d n . he sl e d r b o v rs show y am is-skin but man y a sign of the felt bru sh an d ch o ; ,

h w it e ea of in ce e as si n of te n a , ho l tl of h rt , s r p o , s r b elief is there ! T he full-ﬂushed suns et of Shakes

S ’ w d n l s ets V ol. I I . 979 . ar s E g i h Po , , p 4 tte s d . i am V ol . III . 5 64 . L e r , e Cunn ngh , , p 98 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S

a an d n s had a e the c i ee a p e re Jo on p ss d ; h ll , st ly d wn e as a m st at an W a ha of a P op w l o h d . ller d m emories of th at gorg eous sun s et ; but su ch a day had gone d it itt e of e et e ast n m t forev er, an w h l l r gr h h e ed to ee e n T s the ﬁrs t p al rays of a oth er d awn . hu E dmu n d Waller turn ed an d v eered with each gust of popul ar a in a he e taste, s y g s v e red :

H ow sma a a t of time e s a e ll p r th y h r , ” T a are on d ou n air h t so w r s s weet a d f . SIR JOHN SUCKL ING

( 1 609 1 64 2)

a k im en Sir o k i Fr n , pud t J hn Suc l n g ! H e was the a e of n o man n o n ot on e Wh e c aim h sl v wo , , . y, x l ed e,

If of e se f she i n ot o e h r l w ll l v , N othi n g can make her ; ” The devil take her ! — H ow he reason ed it all out this madn es s called l ove ! H e had studied the p sych ology of it ev ery

it n ot f ooks ot f i ica lec wh , rom b , n rom ph losoph l t m e e im n f e ience ures , but fro r al exp r e ts , rom exp r

s e f T he to s e e so ai him l . symp m w r pl n to

’ If wh en she appears 1 th room T ou dos n ot uake an d ar t st uck dumb h t q , r , An d in s t i i n t is to co e r v g h v r , s n o eak h o ds t ice o e D o t t s p t y w r w v r, n ow t is K h , ’ lov s amiss Thou t , An d to o e t ue l v r ,

T ou must be in a ain and o e an e . h g g , l v w

a ian e for a da or . H e was , in deed , a v l t lov r y two

n i o ast e he had w on his man a iz e I h s time , b ed h y pr ’ — o f fair d ames h earts by many an in gen ious 99 1 00 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S an d d aring adven ture ; he had undermin ed her heart “ ” i e i in the ear r by wh sp r ng , o

brought down G eat cann n-oat s an r o h , d shot A t o s an d t ousan h n h u h d to t e tow .

Who was this unab ash ed gall ant th at b ad e the a es o e him t a k a l di l v , but told h em fr n ly th t he was like to forget them day after to-morrow ? Quaint old n A e w as of his own ent a s Joh ubr y, who c ury, s y “ H e w as the ea e a an of his ime and the gr t st g ll t t , ea e ames e f r in an d a s s gr t st g t r, both o bowl g c rd , o t a n kee e s him for d as h t o shop p r would tru t 6 , to da for in tan e he mi b i i be o 200 y, s c , ght , y w nn ng, w rth

' li . the n e da he i n ot be o t a f so m c , xt y m ght w r h h l u h , o m i u h i i iam r p erh ap s be so etimes m n s ni ilo . S r W ll

D a w a i ima i o [ ven ant] (who s h s in t te fr end , an d l ved him intirel s a t a Sir o n e he was y) would y h t J h , wh n at his es e in amein m a e un for low t ebb g g, I e n wh n tun ate ak hims elfe s o io s in , th en would m e mo t gl r u a arell an d a t a it e a e his i i an d pp , s yd h t x lt d sp r ts , a a k h w as s a an t th t he h d b est luc wh en e mo t g ll , ” 1 an d his s i i e e i en s eakin of p r ts w r h gh est . Th , p g ’ the a - o- k t a a an ce A e con h ppy g luc y poe s pp e r , ubr y tinues : H e was of middle s tature and slight ’ s t n t is n ie e is fa an red re g h , br que rou d e , r dd h c t d s e ill i e his ea e bi his a e a no ( l v r) , h d not v ry g , h yr a -u at a kind of s an d colour ; his b e rd turn ed p n ur lly, ” 2 r r a ok We s o that he had b ikse and g cefull lo e.

’ 1 A ub s B r e Li ves rey i f . ’ 2 Aub e s B rie Lives r y f .

1 02 THE CAVAL IER POET S b een rath er s tifling to the hot-blooded young gal w find him e is i an l an t , and e b tween h n n eteenth d e - i ea a e in e E e a tw nty th rd y r w nd r g ov r urop , m rch in it the a of s a A o s ti g w h rmy Gu t vus d lphu , figh ng it asto n i eck e sn es in Si esia an d at th w h u d ng r l s s l , l eng quittin g the army becau se war did n ot offer enough variety! Wh at a full life physically tho se c ourtiers o f the old day led ! W e of the Puritan inh eritan c e can scarcely r ealize it an d c ertainly c an n ot appre

ia e it. M en ank ee w e a ia c t dr d ply, s or v l ntly, loved a an d ain e the s ti - cu i a s mack m dly, dr d rrup p w th . For six ea i Si o n n ow i y rs w ld r J h , in L on don , l ved a life so proﬂigate th at he almost squ and ered on e o a n o T n he f the gr e test fortu es f his cen tury. he wen t to B ath on the —pretext o f livin g frugally G od s ave the m ark l an d mad e hims elf s o con spicuous by his mock rep entan ce th at th e kin g b egged him to r eturn to the erstwhile l on esome “ ” co n i in a ie ha e e as n urt. Bon e K g Ch rl d ev ry r o o e the s en t ift kn i for an a t o s an to l v p d hr ght , m y h u d ’ poun ds of Sir J ohn s had accomp an ied the witty t an i an k of is o t f s irits I n mo s d w ld pr s h y u h ul p . the o e a s o f 1 3 Sir o n it all he tr ubl d d y 6 9 J h , w h t es th etic en thu s iasm of a p oet an d the d ashin g g al an t i i o l ry of a s old er , had g ath er ed h s tr op of a

n e an some a a i s had a a e t em hu dr d h d C v l er , rr y d h a e in a e an d ite a e had en t twe e br v ly sc rl t wh , y , sp lv s an s n ei o t m n n thou d pound o th r acc u re ent , a d th e h ad s een t m at th st i t o a - h e , e ﬁr s gh f the b re l egged S ot a m ﬂee a man ! It wa a a k c ch r y, to s gr e t shoc ’ to Sir John s s en s e of hon or an d pride ; but the SIR JOHN SUCKL ING 1 03 ki kn ew his in en ti s e e o fo a e him ng t on w r go d , rg v , an d e him t the s ame I i s ai t a at t is lov d j us . t s d h t h p oin t in his c areer he thought of marrying a woman of ea ea t but a as a i a s t on o f ar m gr t w l h ; , l , r v l , r g , cudgelled him till he agreed to r enoun ce all cl aims ” 4 o the e ize an n his a a up n gold n pr , d he sp e t d ys ac b h elor. — — Somebody mayb e he himself had deluded Suck in int the i ea t a he o it a a an d l g o d h t c uld wr e pl y , he mad e four valian t an d vicious attempts at the

sin s T e ar mis e s t ff — n his bu es . h y e ra—ble u eve b est frien d s laughed at them but in the mid st of all the dragging lin es an d w atery sentimen tality occur some lyrics th at m ake us thankful he liv ed and an E n is i e a e o n ot i in s g . gl h l t r tur w uld w ll gly “ h a n wan f n sp ar e such son gs as W y s o p le a d , o d ” ” lover ? an d Hast thou s een the d own in the air ?

Y t th k i s o n e the tit e of et. e , e hot young n ght c r d l po H e wrote plays s imply because it w as the styl e for t me to attem t it n ot for all fas hion able gen le n p ,

n e n ot for fame but on to see if he co . mo y, , ly uld L if if a i was far m e him t an lit e, l e bound ng, or to h

erature.

But n ow the dark turnin g in th at ﬂo od of life

H is f t ne was e n i en his was at h an d . or u w ll gh sp t ; “ ” ac S en he w as lin es had fallen in h ard pl es . udd ly

— or n s t w e kn o n ot of at accu sed j u stly u j u ly, w T o e H e temptin g to r es cu e Stafford from the w r. ain T he i l ﬂ ed to F ran ce an d then to Sp . world w l

4 ’ mes G ardner s H is tory of E nglan d from the A ccession of Ja

o t e u tb eak o th v l War V ol. IV . 31 1 . I t h O r f e Ci i , , p 1 04 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

n ever kn ow accurately what h appen ed behin d thos e an is n isiti W e kn w closed doors of the Sp h I qu on . o t a o S k i e ie an d only h t p or John uc l ng, po t , sold r - a t en ema f in t its t an d great h e r ed g tl n , ell o clu ch es , f t a a a a -e an im eci e came or h h gg rd , v c nt yed , b l . “ e at en t in f n an ea in Reduc d , l g h , ortu e d dr d g to i is a it an em e e encounter poverty, wh ch h h b s d t per w r a a e his ank in littl e c lcul t d to endure, hurl ed from r s iet an a ie an d e a f ie s his e e ies oc y, l n p rh ps r ndle s , n rg at l en gth gave way to the complicated wretchedn ess is si a i n n em at an a t ic of h tu t on , a d he co t pl ed c wh h ” 5 a m n m e in ee in he h d hi s elf co de n d others . Cr p g a t a i h t e a th ts b ck o P r s , e struggled o r c ll e though th at had on ce b een his ; but it was all a vain dream

a n d a ia of i a e him a t about dre ms , a ph l po son g v l s in ee So a e in his i -f t ea on e g sl p . p ss d , th rty—our h y r , i ot on e an s me who was born to rule, but d d n h d o , o e a i e e e e e a ki of b ld , v rs t l , g n rous , v r popul r , ng good w fello s .

The blithest throat that ever carolled love ’ u ic ad mo n in m ies e t I n m s m e of r g s err t h ar , ad uck in tumb ed f om his s eat abo e G l S l g s l r v , An d reel ed on s lippery roads of alien

’ Suckling s poetry should not be con sidered ap art f his if n w a e ee t a he o i e e rom l e. A d e h v s n h t c ns d r d th a t o a h o o e l t er far more imp rtant th n t e f rm er. S it e in ee did he a e for his ite a i l tl , d d , c r l —r ry product ons that pos sibly but thr ee of them Sessions of the

5 ’ ’ Alf ed ucklin d Suckhn s Wo ks . r S g, e . g r ’ 6 S inbu n e s ames Sh le w r J ir y.

1 06 T HE CAVAL IER POET S the pleasure is of an in ferior order can no more at taint the id ea or mod el of the c omp osition th an it can imp each the excellence of an epigr am that it is ” 7 ot a e . it is it k in n a tr g dy Just so w h Suc l g. is it e of th a ati i him lit T h er e very l tl e dr m c n , v ery inke i a n a i an d tle of the th r, v ery l ttle of im gi t on , n e of ea tf t en time t ut ah a a eve l ss h r el s n ; b , , th t c re

s a of s si a ai t t a on le s gr c e expre on , th t g e y, h t n chalan ce ! H e has n o time for tears of r ep entanc e ; th ere are too m any l adies in the w orld for him to “ ” a his a at a T he at a e e w st e d ys th t . p h , s ys Fr d r ’ ck t k ic k i e e ak e e i S o es , wh h Suc l ng s v rs t es n v r s a i ei n e s e e c l es subl me h ghts , but ru s through ﬁ ld wh r si an d a e ar ea e a is een mu c l ught r e h rd , wh er b e uty s , ” 8 n t a i a a H e a d wh ere here are occ s on l stormy d ys . s i e t of th a i can be a del cat as the sweetes e l d es ; but , t f akin man of ac ion th at he is, he pre ers to be sp e g ” out o an d ee i b a in f the e to l ud ch r ly, to e c rv g o b st ,

’ ” Ru e a l h s f r h s d ly c l for t e last cour e o e t e re t.

is is s eness i for It th bru qu , th s contempt mourn ful e i en a it t a ake ir o S k i so s nt m t l y, h t m s S J hn uc l ng “ ef es in amon the o e of his da H e r r h g g l v rs y . comes up on a h erd of s cen ted fops with carel ess n at

a a e an d a of in o e ur l gr c , n odor morn g ﬂ w rs upon

m n ic hi . Y ou k ow not wh h would have b een most e i e it his m imen the ai ai d l ght d w h co pl ts , d ry m d or ” 9 “ th e az itt m ks t at is et e e du ch ss . H l r e ar h h l t rs ” ar e f of a it a a is his et ull h b u l good s ens e, n d so po ry

7 H s tor cal E ssa s II i i y , . 8 E d . oems o Suc kl n 1 3 P f i g, p . . 9 Le h H un i an umor 9 1 6 t W t d H . . ig , , p SIR N S L — JOH UCK ING 1 07 e e a . H e eak as m g n r lly sp s a an of exp erien ce, n ot as

Some th t at has n ot ma o you h de hi s st ry .

W a a he i en a k as s h t wom n , mpud tly s s , he look i stra —ght into the eyes of the b epowdered court la dies wh at wom an is worth m ourning over ? H is fe - i e L a e k llow s ng r, ovel c , loo s upon the s ame bright fa e or e re on o m b c s , , mor cor ctly, j ust e f the , an d e comes tragically constant ; but Suckling smiles kn i an f a k a i ow ngly, d r n ly vows h s inconstancy :

’ I ll co urt you all to s erve my turn .

' And wh at effect had this upon the femin in e heart ? “ L et a modern literary woman sp eak : Sir John Suckling is not to be trusted for good b ehavior an a za how en c antin a through m y st n s , but h gly g y he is ! T he utter frankn ess of his hilarity does om in o a aton in fo his c a sen e We s eth g t w rd g r o r ss . is s are quite sure th at he is n ever worse than h word , an d even susp ect that he is not altog ether s o des ” 1 ° e me i s t n s S p erate a r ak as he so t me pre e d . uch views as his wer e sure to win the day amon g s ev

t t tie s an d at en t we en een th cen ury cour r , l g h ﬁnd ’ Suckling s verses s o greatly ch an gin g the style of ” - kin f om the n -face in p oetic al love ma g r lo g d , dy g s en timen tality of his own times that amorous po etry b ecomes in the d ays of the Restoration almos t bestial i its ankn e s n fr s . “ ” 1 0 a e eston The L atest Son s of Chi al . A i H rri t Pr , g v ry lan t c M on thl V ol. L I . 90. i y, X II, p 1 08 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

i had he for is i e r Little t m e pol h ng v rs es . Wa n e a oa in the an an d was x an d woma wer br d l d , he e s Some of his oems are s o a e es tr emely bu y . p c r l s o e n ot oe i a m t nin te i i e as t b only unp t c but l os u ll g bl . ' An d yet how in gen ious he could be ! N owhere in En glis h poetry is there a b etter sustain ed piece of i t fo e an his B allad u n a W ddin ith l gh ol ry th po e g , w its en chanting bride :

H er mout so sma l en sh oes s eak h l wh e d p , ’ ” Thou dst a e d i s we r her te th her wor s d d break.

T at ame in en it too is on in th h s g u y, , shown not ly e

n a ir of aiet but in th iffi t ec ge er l a g y, e d cul r ur r en ce of rhymes and the n ovel schem e of vers e an d a za o st n f rms . e o f an s e The But n ugh of orms d vers e ch mes . ’ a s th t in —th a f i ea the a of pl y e h g e pl y o d s , pl y ’ s a k in o s the a of Sir o n S ck in p r l g w rd , pl y J h u l g s im en wit See him st smi in on en t pud t . rut , l gly, c ﬁd ly, amon g the un ﬂattered but s ecretly admiring dam i s els , wh le he hums :

I am con ﬁrmed a woman can ” L e i r a or an man ov th s o th t y .

1 1 0 T HE CAVAL IE R POET S

’ a a if i o ms m Cr ashaw s w s l e w th ut stor , s ee ingly i t a on ic All his a e l e with out sp ri u l c fl t . d ys wer fi l d c i ike fait in a ben eficen t at an d with a h ldl h Cre or, while oth ers s truggled on ward through an guish an d t ei ete a o n i s a it tears to h r rn l cr w , h s oul so red w h

e a t e e a e f- e eciation e a a s e n ver doub , n v r s l d pr , n ev r l p m a i w s fro j oyous an d even r pturous b el ef. H e a n ever an ascetic ; he was simply a gl ad-h earted e otee H e un e stan itan ica aus d v . could not d r d pur l t rit for his w as an t amme e o in e e e y ; un r l d —j y v ry b eautiful thin g th at God had cr eated an abidin g faith th at the s am e Hand that sh ap ed thes e crea tures of lov elin ess in tended man to be j ust as lovely an d as a T him was a ed j ust h ppy. o gr nt

A h appy s oul th at all the w ay T o ea en bath a umm e a h v s r d y.

ef e e e we e e in imate i th B or , how v r , nt r too t ly nto e at e of t i a i e an d his n l t n ote n ur h s gl d s ng r so gs , e us the few in ci en ts in the ief ea of his ife e e d br y rs l h r . H is fat i iam as a wa e n h er , W ll Cr h w, s a po t a d a c ma f t t l ergy n o Whi echap el , an d h ere in that an cien t s ection of the L on don l abyrin th the boy w as in 1 1 3 H e atte e a te o e born 6 . nd d Ch r rh us School , an d asse in 1 31 to em oke e e am i e p d 6 P br Coll g , C br dg , wh er e he early began to be recognized as a s ch olar amon s o a e t a a e it in g ch l rs . H r nsl t d w h read ess

G eek e L atin an is an a ian he was r , H brew, , Sp h , d It l ; especially v ersed in G reek an d L atin poetry ; he was

ki f in m ic a in ain in an d en a i . s ll ul us , d nc g , p t g, gr v ng RICHARD CRASHAW l l l

I n 1 637 he was awarded a fellowship in Peterhou se in e n i i of his i r cog t on m er t . But there he n ow c ame u n der a great influence which tran sform ed his opin ion s of life and c aused all his i ian ac om i en ts to i br ll t c pl shm s eem v a n , even es f i iti if h arml s , r vol es . T hat in fluence was Nich a a the e i k ol s Ferr r, d vout th n er who s o strongly at tracted the univ ersity men of the early s event eenth en L ea e man of ie e s c tury. rn d sc nc though he wa , a k fa an a e popul rly nown r d n e r, abl to s ecure for i e f of e of e an a t o it i ee h ms l fic s pow r d u h r y, th s d p e i a i a a t e n o n e m d t tor , N chol s Ferr r, a l ngth re u c d ll a am iti at e t e of e a e rthly b ons , g her d a lit l group r li ious n t sia n d e i in in n tin g e hu sts , a r t r g to Hu gdon shire foun ded at L ittl e G iddin gs a community which lived not for this world but for the world not m ade T i i of i a s e n a in the ea en s . he w th h nd , ter l h v sp r t t i a s a this leader profoundly affec ed R ch rd Cra h w, an d w e fin d th at after 1 638 the youn g p oet d evoted little of his tim e an d en ergy to aught els e save re i io s me ita i n an e i i acti ities T e l g u d t o s d r l g ous v . h n b egan —th at life so full of the spirit of the early s ain ts a life some hin t of the gentle sweetness of which is given in his preface to his S teps to the “ T em le : Rea e we t e his ac e oem S te s p d r, s yl s r d p s p to the T em le an a for in the tem e of p , d ptly, pl God , ’ u e is i h d is ife in Sain M a s nd r h w n g , e le h l t ry ’ c a ain ete o e e e e be o ed Chur h , n e r S t P r s C ll g ; th r l dg ’ u n der T ertullian s roof of an gels ; th er e he m ade his ’ n est m ore gladly th an D avid s swallows n ear the ike a i iti e ai t he of house of God , wh ere, l pr m v s n , 1 1 2 T H E CAVAL IER POET S fer ed mor e pr ayers in the night than others usually a t e e h n n e t e t s offer in the d y ; h r e p e d h s e poems , s ep im o ea e for happy souls to cl b t h v n by. ow in e e een - e a s e wa ne N , s v nt th c ntury d y th er s o a of ea e for a o as aw sure h ven p c such s ul . Cr h lov ed the moral with the fervor of an id ealist ; he loved the b eautiful with the eye of an artist ; his on e for a i of the An d at e h soul l g d un on two . l ngt he felt th at he had foun d such a un ion within the

a i i h n i cti t fo . S n ee t e C hol c ld lowly, d d , e co v on gr w upon him ; but as he read the h eroic lives of the early s ain an t e t e the c an the ts d s udi d he ord r, ustoms , d

m is of the mi Roma th a sy bol m ghty n Church , e v st n ess an d the maj esty of the in stitution s eized upon his ima in ati and he at as fo ims e f a g on , l t und h l gl dly , —a e a e i e in the e sec te fai whole h e rt dly , b l ev r p r u d th . Nor did he fail to suffer his s h are of th at pers ecu tion W n in 1 4 3 a iamen eman e a . h e , 6 , P rl t d d d th t all mon umen ts of supe rs tition be r emoved from the church es an d th at fellows of the u n iversities be r e quired to t ake the O ath of the Solemn L eague and

n n Ri a as a f se eak th C ov e a t , ch rd Cr h w re u d to sp e

i in T a i he kn e be in e i a e b n d g w—ords . h t wh ch w to v t bl f o e the of his fe i . e e e oll w d loss llowsh p N v r onc , i h his a i in fait in th i ea however , d d e los e b d g h e d l , the far-s een vision of perfection which has sustain ed

s o man ea e et e e i i or s e u a . H e y l d rs , wh h r r l g ous c l r ie as his own e a e in glor d , words d cl r ,

Life th at d ares s en d A c a len e to his en d h l g , ‘ An d en it comes s a We ome wh , ys, lc , 8 Wis hes i s tr ss to H s Mi e .

1 1 4 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

i eni in as a e e a T he po et c g us Cr h w ﬂow r d e rly. n t in 1 34 he is While still a college stud e , 6 , publ h ed L ati o m E i r ammatum a a his volume o f n p e s , p g S cr rum Liber and on e fa o s e s e in it , m u v r

The con scious water saw its G od an d blushed

s r of a far e an d mo e famo in e In i wo thy old r r us s g r . 1 4 s as he was ea in E n an his S te s to 6 6, j u t l v g gl d , p the T em le : S acred ems with ther D eli hts o p Po , o g f the M uses a ea e an an a ien ce es e ia , pp r d , d ud , p c lly

m at o i a a e m. a ong C h l c re ders , w s assur d hi In fa t th o e ti a o kn o a a c , e c ll c on b ec m e s well wn th t

en e i i n en tit e armen D eo N str it Fr ch d t o l d C o o, w h twelve ﬁn e en gravin gs d esign ed by Cr ash aw him e f w as is in 1 82 an d w as i e s o an d s l , publ h ed 6 w d ly ld i e ai e An et th o ms had een it w d ly pr s d . d y e p e b wr ten for th a t efo e th os of th fel , e most p r , b r e l s e lowshi in 4 3 an i a t w as s o mo es in p 1 6 , d th e r u hor d t his estimation of th es e youthful v ers es th at he called ’ e he s e s to e e famo T em le th m but t t p H rb rt s us p , i a a 33 wh ch h d app e red in 1 6 .

T h a a he k com r sm the e l st p ges of t boo , p i g “ ” i t h ses s is f s c a other d el gh s of t e Mu , con t o e ul r oe s a in it a t as p m , de l g even w h such e rthly subj ec s e for ma it is in the e e in a es lov wo n . But pr c d g p g , the S te s to the T em le a w e see the ea Cr a p p , th t r l a sta ef ha a th ea if sh w. A s ted b or e, he d r e d e b ut ul , “ ” e e if fa cif i f th a ain an d v n n ul , l v es o e e rly s ts , m an y of the rh ap sodies by the devout churchmen of the a m- o an s an e i i w r bl oded South ern l d , d th sp r t of

ese ks had ome his s ecia had he th wor b ec . E p lly learn ed to love an d to imitate the ecs tatic composi RICHARD CRASHAW 1 1 5 i tio of St. T e es a to m b the wa are ns r , who , y y, wr t ten two of his mo ti in mn H ow ite a st s rr g hy s . l r ry tradition s link into on e an other ! Says C oleridge of these two s on gs : T h es e v erses w ere ev er pres en t to my min d whilst writin g the sec on d p art of Chris tabel if in ee b m s t o s f mi ; , d d , y so e ub le pr ce s o nd th ey did n ot s ugges t the ﬁrst thought o f the wh ole ” 5 oem m St. T e es a o e i e ! p . Fro r to C l r dg But w ell might the p oems of Crashaw sugges t the mys 6 tical ; for s en suous mysticism w as the very s oul of the man H is w as a f a en imen t a won . ervor, s t ,

der akin t a o e m e n m tic S e e , to h t m r od r ys , h ll y. Now i c a a isti of as a easi l t , th s h r cter c Cr h w ly ed o om o io s f cts M as son has in te a s e bv u d e e . po d out th t ’ “ thr oughout this poet s work th ere is often a cer tai o in effemin ac of e ss ion a e tai n ﬂ w g y xpre , c r n an i s en s a ism of fan c to be s ti m ar l gu d u l y, or, ll ore p ’ ticular n a mos in s f th o s e , a l t cloy g u e o e w rd sw et , ’ a an d ei o ates in efe en c to al kin s d e r, th r c gn , r r e l d ” 7 of o e s . T he en en c ma of s e b x bj ct t d y y, cour , e e cused to some ext en t by notin g th at su ch w as the preval en t s pirit at the time amon g dev otion al

ite s of an an ta an d a s a un om wr r Fr ce d I ly , l o not c mon expression of affection for their r eligion by de v on t Catholics n ot on ly of Southern E urop e but of n r m t a k E n gl an d its elf. A d w e a e ore h n li ely to for get thi s p ardon abl e weakn ess wh en w e realize the i t of f in the ecs as attai e b a a he gh eel g, t y, n d y Cr sh w

5 L etters an d Conve s at n r io . 6 P al a e Tr easur o acr ed on s Note. . 34 9 . gr v y f S S g , p (“ L i e o Mi lton V ol . 1 ch . f f , , vi . 1 1 6 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S

an ecstas y difﬁcult indeed to un d erstan d an d seem t a a an in is da n t m ingly ex r v g t th y, wh e an ex re ely pers on al God an d an extremely p ers on al religion e i in f e app ear to b decl n g. Can we eel th rush of emotion which must have come to him in this Song to Christ from Carmen D eo Nos tro ?

0 L o e am th ac i e v , I y s r ﬁc , B e s ti l t ium ant ess e e es l r ph , bl d y ; Sti s in e on me fai sun s t at ll h , r , h I ” ma e o t ou i Still y b h ld h gh st ll I di e.

de i the i i fe v of the man e e But , sp te thr ll ng r or , th r are in his k is a i i a itie i f om wor d ppo nt ng qu l s wh ch , r

an a i i nn k . rt st c point of view, c a ot be overloo ed H e e em t ai for ffe an t his do s not s e o str n e ct , d ye con c its ar f e ast s T h sist at e e o t n most t ele s . e er b hs an d portable oceans of his M agdalene have long si n a n a an d e am e b een con dered u p rdo bl e, oth er x pl s i a i H e em to equ ally bad m ght e s ly be foun d . s e s h ave written with a whirl and rush an d sc arcely a i an d th i is ever to h ve r ev s ed , e w ld struggl e of h in tellect to conqu er an d interpr et his p as sion leaves too ft i ee h f e effe s as o en , nd d , only suc con us d ct tho s e in the almost hopeless stan za from his H ymn of the Nativi ty

She sin th tea as ee an d i gs y rs l p , d ps H er kis ses i n thy weepin g eye ; he s eads the red a e o h i S pr le v s f t y l ps, T ei u u in li hat in th r b ds yet bl s h g e . ’ She gain st thos e mother diamonds tri es ’ ” Th in o n a e po ts of her y u g e gle s eyes .

1 1 8 THE CAVAL IE R POET S

G ranted that th es e fanciful twists of thought do i st etic art it m st b a n ot represen t the h gh e po , u e d

i e e t e e a a of t e are e ee m tted, n v r h l ss , th t m ny h m xc d ingly well turn ed .

I wish her store Of worth may l eave her p oor n Of wis hes ; and I wi s h o more .

' And let those who think that he can n ot rid himself ’ of his con ceits an d soun d the iron ton e of M ilton s a t f m his e c i ti n of e l v erse, r e d hes e lin es ro d s r p o h l and its king ;

B e o the ottom of the eat a ss l w b gr by , T e e e e on e cen te econ ci es all t in s h r , wh r r r l h g , ’ The w orld s profoun d h eart p an ts ; there placed i s ’ Mi schie f s old master ; cl ose about him clin gs ’ A curl d kn ot of emb acin s n akes t at kis s r g , h His corresp on den t ch eeks : th es e l oathsome strin gs Hold the p erv er s e prin ce in etern al ti es

ast un s in c st he fo feited the skies . F bo d, e ﬁr r

H is e es the su en en s of D eat an d i t y , ll d h N gh , Startl e the dull air with a dismal red Suc his fel an ces as the fata i t h l gl , l l gh Of s ta in comets t at ook ki n om ea r g , h l gd s d d . om his b ack n ostrils an d b ue i s i n s ite Fr l l l p , p ’

Of H e s own sti nk a o s e sten c i s s ea . ll , w r r h pr d ’ His breath Hell s lightn in g i s : an d eacli d ee p groan ’ D is dain s to think that H eav n thun ders al on e.

An d yet this is the sin ger of whom P ope on ce wrote RICHARD CRASHAW 1 1 9

n ma I t ake this poet to h ave writ like a ge tle n , a is a is n k out of i e th t , t le ure hours a d more to eep dl

s t a ta lis tati t a i n e s h n to es b h a r epu on , so h t noth ng ” 8 a r an e him regul r o j ust c be exp ct ed from . Pope has not b een the only s evere critic of this - in i t e m an d glory s g ng po e ; th ere h ave b en a nu b er, m a e a i a i f H az so e h ve b e n uthor t t ve men o l etters . it f r i a e i 2 a a aw l t , o nst nce, decl ar d n 1 8 0 th t Cr sh was a e i en t sia in i i n an in t and h ct c hu st rel g o d poe ry, ” 9 e n e in t . a e i itin rro ous bo h But S r a Col r dge, wr g en t - e a te i hi tw y s ev n ye rs la r, cons dered s po etry more truly po etical th an any other except M ilton ” 1 ° an d D a e H e has e e ee a a e nt . n v r b n popul r po t , n is ik H is e i io w as a ai or he l ely ever to be. r l g n g nst i n e h m in the E nglan d of his own day. T he t e d ncy “ ” of his age toward the cl assic al r estr aint an d coldn ess of Pop e w as n ever his t en den cy ; an d rap turous m editation s on divin e subj ects foun d no pl ace in the mighty industrial era which the nin e

teen t en n . on e en as aw h c tury op e ed C s qu tly, Cr h has ee n e e All is o e o not b n gl ct ed . th , h w v er, d es con demn him as a po et of small genius ; he s imply was n fo n ate in his da It e i e a a e to u rtu y. r qu r d br v soul i as he did in s a e io an d as o se has s ng uch p r d , , G s n t his k e en the n im o tan o ed , wor s pr s t o ly p r t con tribution to E nglish literature m ad e by a pro n oun at i em in at o ic oct in ced C hol c , body g C h l d r e, dur ” 1 1 in t c n An d g the whole of the s ev en teen h e tury . 8 t l L et er to H . Cromw el , Dec. 1 7, 1 71 0. 9 e t s h t r r o th A e o l zabeth L c ure on t e Li e atu e f e g f E i . 1 0 M emoi rs an d L e ters 390 t . . , p 1 1 Seven teen th C en tu Stud es . 1 43. ry i , p 1 20 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S he s ang with a n obl e sweetn ess th at is worthy of his e n e s ome at b the fa se tas e of brav ry . I jur d wh y l t s is a he e e t e e b ee en t sias b h ge, n v r h l ss , y sh r hu m , y im t sit of emo i ai a a en ess sh eer p e uo y t ons , g n ed l rg in s o ima i atio imit o an d loft es f g n n , even a subl y f t at a ie him far a h ett t eme view, h c rr d bove t e p y h s e t t t of the o i the kin m and p t y hough s h ur, nto gdo eetn es and i W e as a a e of sw s l ght . ll h P lgr ve x “ pressed the truth wh en he s ays : Crash aw has a a s o i an ima in atio i n d ch rm un qu e, g n so n mble a t e as e of e an a i a fe i it sub l , phr s such sw et d p ss on te l c y, that r eaders who turn to his little b ook

i ﬁn t s s i a e i i ro w ll d h em elve surpr s ed n d d l ght ed , n p tio to t i m at eti en e of e e por n he r sy p h c s s po try, wh n ” 1 2 t e to it a an d i s e ouch d s r rer ﬁn er s u s . Crash aw was s o str angely differen t in h eart an d s pirit from most of the other Royalist singers o f his time L ike eat an d S e e he was not of s . K s h ll y, i is e on tem o a e e w s o . H a th s w rld not d c p r ry, H rb rt , un d oubtedly j ust as r eligious ; but H erb ert kn ew the as it e a a world so w ell th at he w sick of , whil Cr sh w

e t f a th c n ta i a kn ew it n ot at all . H rb er e red e o m n

o t i a a i his i en e ti n of h n gs earthly ; Cr sh w , n nnoc c , loved to use earthly images in his worship of God .

' a i i e e i i o o i It w s h s d el ght to r v l n l ght , col r , m t on , ” 1 3 an a e an d his e fa t of e e i his d sp c , v ry ul nv lop ng subj ect in the cloud of hin ts an d in ferences th at rush ed upon him w as due to this joy in the crea

ion of his M ak H ow ten e is his e a for t s er . d r r g rd the symb ols of thin gs spiritu al !

1 2 Tr eas u o Sacr ed Son s 34 9 ry f g , p . . 1 3 c ell n S eventeen th C entu i cs 39 . S h i g, ry Lyr , p .

1 22 T HE CAVAL IER POE T S

T here is always some s urprise in store for r eaders o t is a in e S metime it is th n o e t of f h r pt s g r. o s e v l y ti s t t e s o etim th m the poe c ruc ur , m es e h eight of e o ometimes as in Th usi ia a th i ht tion , s , e M c n nd e N g i ale the aste e e s an ng , m rly pow r ov r word , d some im a it he n fe e th f is fa t es lso , must co ss d , e ool h bric

on c i en fee h r i is of hi s c e ts . But wh he ls t e ﬁ e n h he i e a e i eak es of he a e soul , how r s s bov th s w n s t g ! ’ T hen it is that he gr asps the lyre with a master s an an d in it an ienta t i h d , , glow g w h or l warm h , s ngs like the lover in the Song of Solomon

Wh i st t o the sta o s c ea e t an t e l hr ugh cry l rb , l r r h h y , She c i mbs an d makes a far mo e mi k w a l , r l y y . ’ She s called again ; hark how the dear immortal dove ‘ Si s to his i e mate Ris e u m o e gh s lv r , p, y l v , Rise u m fai m s ot ess on e p, y r, y p l , ’ The inte s ast the ain i s on e w r p , r g ; The s in i s come the o e s a ea pr g , ﬂ w r pp r , ’

No eet a e o are antin e e. sw s, s v th u, w g h r

T i e is the a f-fo e a Ri a h s , th n , h l rgott n b rd, ch rd as Wh h has ecom n e e is diffi Cr h aw . y e b e so egl ct d ta all t o t in e a e cult to unders nd . Not he w r hy s g rs h v c i T h a e the in c in atio of the re e ved a laurel . e g , l ns a s th i of war an d n a the m s es , e acc dents dy sty, a e of in the s ia ea a of an ch ng s dustry , oc l uph v ls hum it the con es of i ion s the ise of a n ew and y, qu ts r el g , r oversh ad owin g gen ius all th ese may l eave a gifted

oet o s c e fo otte on e in his a k ok. p b ur , rg n , l ly d r no But he c on tin u es to be a gifted poet n otwithstan d in an fo t at i a aw H e g . Such un r un e s Cr sh . must RICHARD CRASHAW 1 23

ai da e a e the all-a o i w t . Some y, p rh ps , wh n bs rb ng econ omic activities which b egan with the n ineteen th

e t a e e ei f e an m n ti e of c n ury h v sp nt th r orc , d e , r d - is a h i t an over w e world , sh ll creep b ack to t e qu e i e s of the M te i One i the ea hol n s ys r ous on H gh , W ry on es may turn once more to the vision-seein g Cr a a and e it him the i ot a e it sh w, lov w h th ngs n m d w h n a i the a h a ds , etern l n he vens . RICHARD LOVELACE

( 1 61 8 1 65 8)

ie in e a in n a e H e d d a c ll r Gu powder Alley, n e r Sho L a L n e A t n a W a he ne, ondon . A d y t n ho y ood s ys was as a i ac o th s , young court er , c unted e mo t amiable an d beautiful p erson that ever eye be ” 1 e s ea tif fa h a mi in h ld , o b u ul , in ct , that t e d r g l adies and en vious nobl es of the C arolin e circle com monl a e im A o i a e- ea te L o e ace ! — y c ll d h d n s . Br v h r d v l he was a and as he w as e s true gentle mod st . “ Hear An thony 5. Wood sp eak ag ain : A p erson a of in n ate est an e lso mod y, vi rtue, d courtly d port i ti m ent , which m ad e h m then when he re red th a i a i e an a e b the to e gre t c ty, much dm r d d dor d y ’ female sex a p erson well vers d in the

a a i m s a i a Greek n d L tin p oets , n u ic, wh ether pr ct c l or t ica i t m n a or a an in t er h eoret l , ns ru e t l voc l , d o h ” 2 i e tti a en t e a H ow iffe en th ngs b ﬁ ng g l m n . d r t was his i a in a f m the a e es qu et, unch ng g n tur e ro c r l s , im if in i i o i a a oci f ie d pudent, sh t g sp r t f h s br gg d o r n , Sir John Suckling ! What Sain tsbury has s aid of th eir lyrics might well be s aid of their lives : T he son gs remain yet u n surp ass ed as the mos t p erfect e e ati n s in o a of c i a e i n in c l br o , n e c s e h v lrous d vot o ,

l A n thon a W ood A thena Oxaniens es V o . 298. e l. y , , II, p 2 Wood A thena man ien ses I 9 e O V ol I . 9 8. , , . , p 1 94

1 26 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

ai i e or a it p oun ds was the b l requ r d f th t b of heroism.

ow too t at he fe e ate We kn , , h ll , d sp er ly woun ded , ’ h kin s a s ki tin for t e e at D n k. A ai ﬁgh g g c u u— r g n the pris on gates cl an ged b ehin d him this time in 1 4 8 for aisin a e imen t for the en c ki 6 r g r g Fr h ng. T h at s p oilt child of roy alty had a spirit that would t ow n o d n .

ea s efo e in 1 3 h had had on ok of Y r b r , 6 6, e e str e

oo fo t n L et t at fe ti e so e of in fo ma g d r u e. h r l urc r tion An t on aW oo a ain te the s to n , h y d , g ll ry : Whe the Kin g an d Queen w er e for s ome d ays en tertain ed

a on e was at the e es of a ea L a t Ox , h , r qu t gr t dy e on in the een a the A r chb of b l g g to Qu , m de to . an t e an c of h Uni sit t a C t . , h n Ch ellor t e ver y, ac u lly c eate a o t e so of a it M a t of r d , m ng o h er p r ns Qu l y, s er ’ ’ A ts tho but of tw o ea s tan i at i ime r , y r s d ng ; wh ch t his n e s a i ein a i an d ons co v r t on b g m d e publ c, c e

n t his n n i a d s o qu e ly i ge u ty n g en erou s ul dis covered , he b ecame as mu ch admired by the mal e as b efore by the ” 5 f ma s x all t is had a en e ear e le e . But h h pp d y s be fo e an d i had an e s a in e the f er r , th ngs ch g d dly s c orm ' a s All his ife he had e e the o a ca e an d y . l s rv d r y l us , d wh at w as his rewa rd ? O nly the memory of a s ervice e on H e had n ow e ome e o in w ll d e. b c v ry p or body an d s e was the ob ect of c a i en in a e pur , j h r ty, w t r gg d e an d t e in o e an d i t cloth s , mos ly lodg d bscur d r y ” 6 ’ a es T s co ti o onn i in a ie s pl c . hu ur ers f b e K g Ch rl reign lived an d en ded ; wh en F ortun e s miled th ey

ank the of if e an d dr cup l e de ply, , when Fortune

5 A then a Oxon ien s es l 9 e V o . . 98. , II, p 6 A nt on a Wood then a Oxonienses o 998. h y , A e , V l. II, p. RICHARD L OVE LACE 1 27

f e ain e the cu of eat as ee . rown d , dr d p d h j ust d ply

Now a ition te an ot to ir Ric , tr d lls her s ry of S h ’ “ ” s T h e e L as a f his man ard s woe . e b lov d uc t o y a em kn n amon men as L c ac e e e was po , ow g u y S h v r ll , et ot e him but w ar ca him a a e b r h d to ; ll ed w y, cru l

m e o te him ea at D nki k n d L ucasta. ru or r p r d d d u r , a h as tily married an other H e s oon r eturn ed to his

ati e an im ecate i e an at emas on the s ex n v l d , pr d d v rs — h , and declin ed in to a v ag ab on d dyin g p erh aps of a a a commo en o i a k a es but n ow m l dy n ugh n d r g —, h appily b anished from gen teel s ociety a broken ” 7 ea ome i os o ic c itics f -da o t h rt . S m cr c p r o to y d ub wh eth er L ucasta ever existed outside of Sir Rich ’ a s ima in a i t e ar a t s et e rd g t on ; but h y e h e r le s wr ch s , pros aic en ough to ﬁn d s erm on s in bo oks and ro cks ” in n n in s t eam B e a as it ma the t ru g r s . th t y, s ory t a o Di k L a e on Sir Ric go es h t p or c —ovel c no l ger h ar d if ou ea e s en t his eas i in in , y pl s p gr y sh ll g ioto inki an c e a k m in r us dr ng , d r pt down d r , cru bl g ai s n a ank T en ame on s m ion st r to s ore on pl . h c c u pt , an d the o is n is e H e w as ie in St st ry ﬁ h d . bur d . ’ i e s eet St ee the old i in Br d Church , Fl r t , but bu ld g was est o b the G eat i e of 1 s o a d r yed y r F r 666, th t en his n s is to-da n L ucas not ev bo e ex t y. A d ta oh o t es sh had fo e him fo e ! , d ub l s e rgott n long b e r et ki s me da Y , luc ly, o y

Abo e the i est s e e w e meet v h gh ph r ,

Un seen unkn o n an d eet as an e eet. , w , gr g ls gr

7 E d in W i le A utho s in thei Relation to e . 39. w h pp , r r L if , p 1 28 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

E dmun d Go sse decl ares that L ov el ace is the most 8 a th Ro a s t i l overes tim ted of e y li t lyris s , wh le L owel “ a i is ort i e e a e in L o e s ys t w h wh l , p rh ps , to r pr t v l ace if only to show what dull v ers es may be written ” 9 man who has a on ck it D t by a m de e lu y h . oub s e e is s o n for o in i n H is l e s th r j u t gr u d such p o s . d ays wer e too full of blood-rousing even ts to allow him ime e fe his i e o e ie t to p r ct l n s . H e wr t hurr dly and n ever allowed rhyme an d rhythm to del ay him b an of ei in i n i an eman s ot en y y th r s g fic t d d . B h w t by the board wh en th ey interrupted the un d aun ted it a on progress of his m arv elous con c e s . And wh t c ’ ceits ! E—llin da s gl ove is a s n owy farm with five ten ants all of which is n ot v ery flatterin g to the ’ s iz of ain Ellin da s an H e dai e d ty h d . e go s ly to i fa a his e fi e kisse on e for ea th s rm to p y r nt , v s , ch ten ant (doubtless E llinda had lost her other h and a use f s fa im t by c reless o om e rm plem en ) , an d he al ways finds her out in the m eadow picking hear ts ! ’ it a n i th n a E llin da s W hout w r ng e sce e ch nges . i a a in e n d sh i m glove s c b t , a e w ll soon co e home to it as an e in a i a fin d h , y oth r h b t nt would t e house too a e e e : E llinda has n ow c sm ll . Sc n thre b e ome a lute

i h an as ma at a m wh ch e c not m ter, but he y le st dru upon the cas e ! Doubtless a littl e l ater E llin da be m o an i e co es a n ebulous angel r inv sible z phyr ; but , f e ai urther , d pon ent s th not. If e all i ea llin a wh , howev r , th s pl sed E d , y should we r ail ? T h ese Cavaliers lived for the day an d the

a ’ Ward s E n l s h oets ol . 81 V . 1 . g i P , II, p 9 L brar o Old A utho s R e s de ed. V ol. . 954 . i y f r , iv r i , I, p

1 30 T H E CAVALIE R POET S

E n a e i n ds t at cu the oo l rg d w , h rl ﬂ d, i ” Know n o such l berty.

e en e in e L ucasta as T hen , too, thos sturdy, g tl l s to , war m a a he march ed away to , y h v e b een s un g to an ” i fai a the s e imen ain imag n ary r l dy , but nt t r em s the courageous expression of a high soul :

cou n ot ove thee cl ea m c i I ld l , r, so u l ” L o ed n ot ono v I h r more.

W e know th at in his two famous lyrics [T o L u cas ta n G in to the Wars an d T o Althea r m , o o g f o rison w th a f i th P ] e poss ess e re l an d p erfect ru t , e golden harvest of that troubled an d m any-sid ed ex ” 1 1 isten ce.

’ Littl e we h ave of Sir Rich ard s that will survive th a of T im H is me The S cholar e j e lousy e. co dy,

1 4s hi a T h ld ( 63 ) , an d s tr gedy, e So i er were st a f i f was an i a lo lmost b e ore he h ms el , d to th s d y a e of e ha n isc is Lucas ta : no tr c th m s b ee d over ed . H

E des Odes S nne ts an d S n s he en f f m po , , o , o g s t orth ro iso is i 4 n is t pr n to be publ h ed n 1 6 9, a d h bro h er com i e the sthum P ems in 1 5 b a p l d Po e o 6 9. But y only z at of e i his am t e do en , most , thes vers es w ll n e be em An d a is th iffe en e ? H ow m b ered . yet wh t e d r c ’ few how e few of th e a i , v ry , e world s v ry gre test s ng er s are rem emb ered by more ! Sir Rich ard L ove ’ l ace b egged not for a po et s fame ; he asked simply ’ a o a o i a and fai in i a e l y l c urt er s rew rd , , l g th s , p ss d on T im ha nki him it a e . e s b een u nd to ; but m tt rs n ot sin c , e he sleeps w ell .

1 1 - Re li e E n lis h L ove Son s oin ts o Vi ew . 4 1 . pp r, g g , P f , p RICHARD LOVELACE 1 31

B ut ah ! the sickl e ! G olden ears are cropp ed ; Ce res an d B acchus bid good n ight ; a f ost n e s all u a to ed Sh rp r y ﬁ g r yo r ﬂowers h ve pp , ' ”

And at sc t es s a ed in d s a e oﬁ ite . wh y h p r , w s h v qu ABRAHAM COWLEY

( 1 61 8 1 667) P—ope s ays that he this highly mor al fellow Cow ley got drunk one evening and lay out under a e e- all i it acc ana ia a h dg row n ght w h a b h l n p rson , D ea S a and t a a fe e i a ie n p—r t , hus c ught v r wh ch c rr d him off w e are e tai e e was not c r n wh er . But Pop a spiteful little hu n chb ack and may h av e invented

the ta . D ea S at w a n o in e th le n pr , who s s r g und r e e e- a i t an d who o f o e to h dg row th t n gh , , c urs , ought kn w s a his ie a t e a o , ys fr nd c ught he f v er through st y h - a as it ing in t e hot h arv est ﬁeld too lon g. B e th t ma he ie in the ea 1 an i e has be y, d d y r 667, d s nc m com e al ost as d ead poetic ally as he is physically. L ea a o e a ke ong y rs g Pop s d ,

ad ? e et Who n ow re s C owley If he pl ases y , H is mo a ase n ot his oin ted w it r l phr , p ; ” 1 o ot his e ic n a inda ic art F rg p , y, P r , and the s ame answer would h ave to be given in th es e

atte a l r d ys . I t i s a r ath er poor en ding for —the mo st famous po et of the s even teen th c entury the b ard who w as consi r a t an i t one e a e d ered fa gre ter h M l on , qu ll d on ly by the greatest singers of ancient Greece and “ Rome on o e e e o r lis , e wh m Congr v dubb d u E ng h

l E is tle to A u us tus p g .

1 34 T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

’ child he had found in his mother s p arlor a copy of ’ ’ aeri ueen an d th et t had Sp en ser s F e Q , e po s po e

s in im n ot n a e ine e of i e e arou ed h o ly g nu lov l t ratur , but at the s ame time a most ardent desire to com of his own H is ea m pos e vers es . t ch ers co pl ain ed that the boy could n ever r ememb er the rules of g rammar (wh at n atural boy ever could ?) but wh en the p ed agogues s aw wh at pretty po ems he c ould in e e ai it a e e n ot an ise a e v nt , th y s d m tt r d , d w ly llow d s i a a n t a a the qu e t on of syn t x to p ss . E ve at h t g e he was n si e e a n i s n t maki T adi co d r d ge u i he ng . r tion says th at when on e of the young masters pun ished the you ngster for writing his n am e with a burnt stick upon the n ewly white-wash ed c eiling o f h th ea - a e t eate e dis t e schoolroom , e h d m st r hr n d to

a th eac e c man e t at the ame r ch rge e t h r, om d d h n e ain an d e ie at litt e A a am e m , proph s d th l br h Cowl y would some day be a great man an d an honor to ’ the o . nd he w as as w e a se sch ol A so , sh ll e. In his ﬁfteen th year ( 1 633) the boy brought out a me of ﬁve em oetical B loss ms an d e volu po s , P — o , v ry o s t e e e far etter g od blo soms h y w r , too b th an s o f it t a te f ea t a m e ru h t resul d rom them . H r j us stan z a from the s econd edition

T is on an t me t at m mean s ma li e h ly gr , h y y

T oo l ow for en v for con tem too i . y , pt h gh Some h on or I w ould have Not f om eat deeds but ood a on e r gr , g l ’ Th un kn own are better than the ill-kn own ; um a a e R or c n ope th e gr v . ’ Ac uain tan ce ou d a e but w en e en ds q I w l h v , h t d p Not on the n um u he oi e f n ber , b t t ch c of ri e ds . ABRAHAM COWLEY 1 35

T i iti it an a e ti a e h s s econd ed on , w h dd d por on c ll d

lvia ea e in 1 3 n d a t i e ition in Sy , app r d 6 6, a h rd d 1 3 T at ei ee h ha had ette f t n e 6 7. hus , ght n e d b r or u a ts ft Som of t e e eff ts had th n most po e at ﬁ y . e h s o—r b een written at a surprisingly early age Con s tan tius and Philetus at twelv e and Pyramus and T hisb at t n A nd et how ea e ce en e e e . y r lly x ll t th y “ ” are ! A fte m an n e ea a r ore th two hu dr d y rs , s ys E n s aki ramus and T hi s be dmu d G oss e, pe ng of Py , “ ” 6 it emain ti ea a e T he t es r s s ll r d bl . s ory go

i a it a c i ike i i it an d on e can r ght long w h h ldl s mpl c y, not h elp c on trasting with it his l ater more brillian t a i s ate m iti n but l bor ou ly elong d co pos o s . T h i i f th man s w i e ch ld s father o e , and o e ﬁnd t “ in he ife of t i ie e itati e et W en t l h s qu t , m d v po . h ” “ was a e n bo at a s he in I v ry you g y school , s y , stead o f runnin g ab out on h olidays an d pl aying with m fe was to tea f t an a k y llows , I wont s l rom h em d w l in t the fi it e a n it k it me o elds , e h r lo e w h a boo or w h so on e ani if ﬁn d an of the a e tem comp on , I could y s m ” 7 er H is was s a a e lit p . j ust uch n ture. H e c ar d tle for the gl are and tin s el of the court an d s eemed e e si to i a im f W on e f to n v r to d e re d spl y h s el . d r ul e ate i is o e ife he e e i in r e r l , dur ng h wh l l n v r w ll gly ” 8 cite an of his i i A a a e r d y wr t ngs . l s , th t th re a e n ot more Cowl eys ! B ut iet mo es i e - a , qu , d t , w d ly re d stud ent th at he was ai h , he f led in t e examin ation for el ection to am i e in 1 3 an d had to ai n i e C br dg 6 6 w t u t l Jun ,

O Seven teen th Cen tur S tudi es . 1 74 y , p . ’ 7 ow e O s el C l y s f My f. ’ ’ 8 S at s In t oduct on Cowle s oem pr r i , y P . 1 36 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

h e e the a ien a T 1 637, before e could nt r nc t h lls of rin e e es in amma ity. T hos e obstr p rous rul gr r doubt

i e e him. T e e at T in i e e ao l ess h nd r d h r r ty, how v r , i his e e- an i D r S a his cord ng to h dg row comp on , . pr t , ” was ea - i e an as i i wit both rly r p d l t ng , wh l e he con uall i e the n ew a a ha t e tin y surpr s d m sters , s he d h l at W e mi e b his i e ea in and a i i o d st nst r , y w d r d g b l ty i i 8 h as in compos t on . In 1 63 e brought out his p ’ t a a a L ove s Riddle i he a or l dr m , , wr tt en , decl res , e he was i ee an d in e a 1 3 a wh n but s xt n , F bru ry, 6 8, L atin com edy of his was played with great écl at b th e T i it ll i b it e y e stud nts of r n y. A th s , e r mem e e ef e his en ie i a D i the b r d , b or tw t th b rthd y. ur ng e a i his n 4 2 i e he e e . A . a in 1 h s M A . n xt y r r ce v d B d 6 . It was j ust the year b efore the latter ev ent that he so happily attracted the notice of Princ e a e i i extem re a Th uard Ch rl s by wr t ng po comedy, e G ’ ian and a i it a e i th i e ief i i , h v ng ct d dur ng e pr nc s br v s t — - to Cambridge all within the sp ace of forty eight was a e ie of k too hours . It pr tty good p ce wor , ' s o in fa a i s ite of i a a f good , ct , th t n p Pur t n w tch ul n it w as f a e in i an wa i ess o ten ct d pr vate, d s pr nt ed in 1 5 0 th n e f w as 6 without e co s nt o Cowley, who th en in an 1 5 t it t T he Fr ce. In 6 8 he rewro e , c alled i ’ Cutter o Coleman S treet had it a at Li f , pl yed ncoln s ie in De 1 1 n a Inn F lds cemb er , 66 , a d brought down ’ horn et s n est about his ears by ins erting some ex pression s that w ere considered attacks upon the ’ kin a e was e a g s p rty. Cowl y , who n ver coward , wrote a straightforward d efens e of hims elf and r e i e th i m nd d e p eopl e of his long s erv ce to the king.

1 38 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

Cowley undoubtedly had the courage of his con i n it is e i ent t a he e es e his vict on s, a d v d h t xpr s d i i ai 1 4 3 h was e e e f m op n on s pl nly. In 6 e j ct d ro or in a i i an d w n t C ambridge f hold g roy l st v ews , e ex ’ m t n e e f e e ra ﬁn d hi at S . Joh s Coll g , Ox ord , wh r C sh aw an d many anoth er follower of gay an d d ec eit in a e ha a e e H ow the a s ful K g Ch rl s d g th r d . old w ll of Oxford echo ed with m erriment an d brave o aths ! What b oasting d eclar ation s of loyalty an d d aring bloodthirstiness w ere sh outed over the wine-gl as s es ! i is n sias h uritan and Cowley, n h e thu m , wrot e T e P th a is t and a e m t s e w as e P p , d mn d th e bo h . Ju t h re th i in is a a a i i a in e t de h ff irs . H v ng wr tt en touch g e e th ath f a ai a e he e e o e t M r. l gy on d c r n H rv y, ain e the z ea f ien s i of a e a g d lous r d h p John H rv y, t e of the e iz e s e an d w as in bro h r ulog d corp , thus tro uc s c o ft ent m n a L o Al d ed to u h l y g le e s rd St. n m n b ans a d the ighty L ord Falkl and . H e e t ered ’ i th i f t [A a i e i a n e s nto e s erv c e o S . lb ns , l v d w th th t obl fami ok a in th a ai a t f d ly, to p rt e c mp gns bou Ox or , ’ n in e his t i a t n e ee fi co t u d s ud es t S . Joh s b tw n ghts , an d c app ed the clim ax by attending the qu een in l her ﬂight to France. Not at a l bad for the gro ’ ' cer s s on !

W a e a an he h t ver dv ce, however, Cowl ey m ad e in t ’ so cial sc al e he p aid for with many a hard d ay s k e a i a w nt wor . For tw lve l bor ous ye rs he as ab s e from E n gl and m akin g s ecret an d d an gerous j our n e s in S a an an d o an on y to cotl nd , Fl ders , H ll d , c s tan tly ciph erin g an d d eciph ering the h eavy cor respon den c e b etween the king an d the qu een and the ABRAHAM COWLE Y 1 39 m ki loyal statesmen of the ti es , wor ng often from m nin ti far i t th i t a in it e early or g un l n o e n gh , h v g l tl

time f m i a i n an d oet . A n et i e an or ed t t o p ry d y , wh l e ke e i e he f n ime i in L on ov rwor d x l , ou d t — to publ sh n 4 Th is tress an ow of do , in 1 6 7, e M d h lovers those old d ays gloated over it !

I n ever yet could see that face Which had n o dart for me ; ’ om fteen ea s to ﬁ ft s s ace Fr ﬁ y r y p , t i They all vic or ous be. ’ L o e thou rt a e i i f ma ca l t ee on e v , d v l , I y l h ; ” h i n For sure in me t y n ame is L eg o .

W w i a ti i i i if man h en e cons der the c v t es of h s l e, the y t ia an i i si e th nstan t n of n r ls d v c s tud s , e co rou d u ro man i s w ma n a he tic bus ne s , e y well wo der, not th t is i a he e som etimes unpoet c, but th t wrote po try

at all.

T h i a a a i . e t me of ch nge, howev er, w s appro ch ng Sent in 1 65 6 in to E ngl an d to obs erve co ndition s e e he e f n im e f a a i e in L on th r—, sudd nly ou d h s l c pt v don a captive amon g the most m erciless Chris ” ian th as k a t s e world h ever n own . But good f ien ai his ai of a san n an d he r d p d b l thou d pou ds , e f e e in m — a is w nt orth pl dg d to s n o ore th t , to e e his e kin an e ait h lp no long r b loved g d qu en . F h f it m h k i is h was ully, s ee s , e ept h s prom e ; but that e weary of this life o f an xiety is eviden c ed by his avowed int ention th at year of d ep arting for Amer ica fo sak i o f it l th van , to r e th s w rld orever , w h a l e i i an e ati n s f n his o s e t es d v x o o it. O ﬁrst tour f cr et investigation in E ngl an d he had started the 1 40 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

rumor th at he w as tired o f politic al life and was go s tim h o i ine ing to devote hi e to t e study f m ed c . n t en and n kin a o t He retired i o K t , w e t po g b u through ” and mea s a i im e an d the woods dow , g ther ng s pl s really m aking some s tudy of th eir curative prop er s i e e e s t a b ti es , an d thus o mpr ss d obs rver h t y order

f h w as ate an M D . b Ox o the governm ent e cre d . y f in 5 o e e was far ea e ord 1 6 7. But to C wl y po try d r r a n the t a w e ea him in th n science, a d n ex ye r h r s g h an t ing in rhym e an d rhythm t e vir tues of pl s . he w s six k and in L a i at t at ! T song a boo s long, t n h h e n was a a i T e s ventee th c entury very p t ent , long ' s uﬂ erin a e g g . Af e all ife a e ee a e t r , though , l must h v b n r th r f r i ha n o dreary j ust th en o the po et c doctor. H e d a - e as i th a a i him l dy lov , d d e other C v l ers , to console ; he had n an n th i loved but o ce, d th e e g rl , it s eems , ’ i an a H e had m arr ed D e Spr t s broth er. e wrote lov e it is e but ea his own n n i po ms , tru ; h r words co cer ng the sinc erity of such son gs : It is n ot in thi s s en s e that po esie is s aid to be a kind of p ain ting ; it is the i e of the f i n r not p ctur poet , but o th ngs a d pe i a i e b him H e ma b in s wn sons m g n d y . y e hi o a i e an d i iti a i e n a a S i pr ct c d spos on ph losoph r , y, to c, an d yet sp eak sometimes with the so ftn ess of an ” 1 ° a a - a morous S ppho . H ow h ard h e rt ed old Sam — “ uel Johnson snorted over this idea this dream ” of a sh adow ! In his opinion the poet who throws hims elf into a rage over an im agin ary sweeth eart “ is a f H e ai e a i he ool . who pr s s be uty wh ch n ever

’ 1 ° Cowle s re ace oems y P f , P .

1 4 2 T HE CAVAL IE R POET S — mi sin Co e came in to th ou Savoy s g wl y e c rt, M aki ng apol ogi es for hi s bad pl ay : e on e a e him s o ood a e o t Ev ry g v g r p r , That Apollo gave h eed to all he could say

’ Nor d he a e had tis t ou t a eb ke woul h v , h gh , r u , Unl ess he had don e some n otabl e folly ; Writ ve rses un j ustly i n prais e of Sam T uke ” Or printed hi s pitiful Melancholy.

t e e e the da of a e a e. A l ngth , how v r , y p ym nt c m T o h the in te essi n of t Al an an d the hr ug rc o S . b s D uke of Buckingham he c am e into poss ession of some coun try estates n ear L ondon ; an d although his in m a i e e e n e n s co e t no t me xce ded thr e hu dr d pou d , it was s f i nt an on e ma i e t a he a u ﬁc e , d y b el ev h t gl dly o a a im f ie it r etu rn ed t rur l p eac e. Spr t h s el b el v ed ; but An t n aW o d c a t a n in the ho y o d e l res h t , not ﬁ d g f m nt f n him i he e c e pre er e con erred upo wh ch xp e t d , while others for th eir mon ey carried away m ost ” ‘ a e he eti e iscon ten e i e . An d pl c s , r r d d t d nto Surr y had i in T h ish yet Cowley cr ed , e W

e s ! 0 o s ! en en a e a e D ﬁ ld wo d wh , wh sh ll I b m d ” Th a n an e . e h ppy te t of your shad ?

' Wi i or i in he k t a a ll ngly unw ll gly, too ﬁrs hom e t a E m and afte a in i at B rn l s , rw rds , Apr l , 1 665 ,

Cher ts ea e e m f ie a o k a ee , wh r so e r nds nd b o s , ch r ful h eart an d inn ocen t con s cien c e w er e his constan t ” 1 2 m an n i co p io s . But l fe in rural Engl an d w as n ot ite the ea a eam t at he ad qu pl s nt dr h h exp ected .

1 2 ’ ’ Dr . S at s e ace Cowle s oems pr Pr f , y P . ABRAHAM COWLE Y

H is hom es w ere n ot h ealthful ; he was pl agu e ” an i he te in a let colds an d fev ers ; d, bes d es, wro

hi f i n a an m e f ter to s r e d Spr t, I c get no on y rom m a an a m a o e u e e y t en nts , d h ve y m e d ws eat n p v ry ” i b a in b i D e his n ght y c ttl e put y n e ghbors . oubtl ss l i a n a in e- e a i l health m ght h ve b ee tr ced to his w c ll r, for m a e a in i k W e en of thos e d ys w r e d r g dr n ers . su sp ect from the portraits of C owley th at his bl ood ” was e ea t b n at e a L ei n not v ry h l hy y ur , s ys gh Hu t , hi m s t of an d he then comp ares m to T ho p on , bo h “ t i fat men an e e a ia e h em be ng , not h dsom , v ry m bl an d sociabl e ; n o en emies to a bottle ; pas sion atel f n e a n a e of y o d of ext rn l tur , fields , woods , a t a e in e and i a i e g rdens , e c. ; b ch lors lov , d s ppo nt d ; ” 1 3 i ik i i a An d a e ch ldl e n the r w ys . , str ng to sa in a a he a a a ie — y, those l ter d ys C v l r would leave the room if a woman enter ed ! If w in his a a h r w i k , ho ever , l st ye rs e g e more s c ly ‘ and m - h t a f i or e cold blooded , e a l e st oun d som eth ng of livin g interest in the vigorous scien tific move H w on f st an s m ents of his day. e as e o the fir d mo t z m e of the R a S i an in his ealous emb rs oy l oc ety, d o n ce widely read ode to this in s titution s eized the opportun ity to prais e the greatest scientist of the age Lord B acon :

om t ese an d all on e o s of the w a Fr h l g rr r y, I n ic our an de in edecess o s ent wh h w r g pr r w , ’ An d like th old H ebr ews man y years did stray I n es e ts but of sma e tent d r ll x ,

B acon ike M os es l ed us fo t at a t. , l , r h l s

1 3 M e men and B ooks ol . II . n, Wo , , V , p 5 0. 1 4 4 T H E CAVALIE R POE TS

The barren wildern ess he past D id on the very border stan d ’ f the b est romis d an d O l p l , ’ And from the moun tain s top of hi s exalted wi t ’ ” Saw it himse f an d shew d l , us it.

. H e e e e the e e i e of the ea e obs rv d clos ly xp r m nts l rn d , e out a a for a i s i a o e and wrot pl n ph lo oph c l c lleg , compos ed a mos t appreciative ode to the deep nk thi er, Hobbes :

Thou great Col umbus of the golden land of new philos ophies !

Th task w aS o harder n y much tha his , ’ For thy learn d America is Not on foun d out st b t ee ly ﬁr y h , An d ude ef to futu e in u r r ly l t r d s t y, B ut thy eloquen ce and thy w it ’ ” H as an ted eo e ilt an d civili z it. pl , p pl d , bu , d

Thus in comp arative p eace and rest he p ass ed hi i th at h tsea s last years n e country home C er . wa e i a a nd It s a little hous , w th mple g rd ens a a a Not of i k in ple s nt m eadows attach ed . br c , e i it l oa ai a e d e d , but h alf t mber , w h a ﬁne o d k st rc s an d w am s b alusters and one or t o wainscoted ch ber , i a e e e wh ch yet r em in much as when Cowley dw lt th r , ’ as a so th t t a i a do l e po e s s udy, a sm ll clos et w th i ’ i t m wwa t. an h r v ew meado rd to S Ann e s H ll , d e oo ” 1 4 e ki th a in i h ie . T e e ov rloo ng e ro d , wh ch e d d h r he ie 28 1 an L d d July , 667, d even busy ondon s topp ed an hour to mourn the lo ss of a great man. H is c s e a E e la at Wa in f orp , s ys v lyn , y ll g ord House,

1 ‘ T o ne H and-B ook to he nvi ons h r , t E r of L ondon.

1 4 6 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

The s acred tree midst the fair orchard grew ; o n i t ut did on it est The ph e x r h r , ’ i r f m And bui lt h s pe u d n est. i o i an t ee ic did t e o i s o That r ght P rphyr r wh h ru l g c h w, af did ea ne n otion i e E ach l e l r d s g v , An d the apples were demon s tration s a ei co ou an d i i n e So cle r th r l r d v , - a e t e cas did ot e i ts out i ne . The very sh d h y t. h r l gh sh

Perh aps in this day of n ation al struggl e with mo n opolies this couplet in praise of L ord F alkland will be of interest :

“ ’ H ow cou he an sw er t if the State saw ﬁt ld , ” aT o question a monopoly of wit ?

And h ear this comm en t upon a man who has b ecome s o l earn ed that his h eart is ossiﬁed an d can no longer ’ underst and love s ways

35 ’ Another from my mistress d oor aw me it e ll ate m S w h ey s a w ry co e , Nor could the id en cause e o e h d xpl r , B ut th ought some smoke w as in the room: Sucli ign orance from un woun ded le arn in g came ; ” H e kn e tea ma e s moke but n ot b ame. w rs d by , y ﬂ

’ Such is Cowl ey s idea of a love lyric . Ward de cl ares th at on c e famous collection of amorous t i s n T he M is ress a c m ete fai e. o gs , , o pl lur —Noth ng of wh at w e r equire of lov e po etry is there n eith er a e n or n or t n n s n r T he gr c glow e der e s o truth . ” 1 7 assi n is n eit e ee fe i p o h r d ply l t nor l ghtly uttered .

1 7 E n lis h oets V ol 9 g P , . II, p. 38. ABRAHAM COWLEY 1 4 7

1 8 Johnson an d Addison h ave so frankly and keenly l aid b ar e the rheto ric al s in s of C owl ey th at there is little to do s ave r epeat some of the v erses poin ted “ w iti A n e mo s an d dis out by thes e t o cr cs . nor u ” e a of i gusting hyp rbole, s ys Johnson th s

in m is w a By every w d that co es th y, en d me at east a s i or tw o S l gh , ’ an d s man I ll e a Such o y r p y ,

As shall themselves make winds to get to you.

’ And we do not won der th at Samuel s wrath was arous ed by lin es such as th ese

’ In tea s I ll ast t es e e r w e h e y s , By love so vain ly fed ; f h So l ust o old t e D eluge pun ished . an d

o ia of it i me n ow C rd ls p y g ve , For I too weak for purgings grow

And e em e to his dai a ! , r m b r, such words nty sweethe rt H ow he o in a n ei f n e it t it c uld cl g to co c t, o dl , pe , an d thoroughly sp oil it ! Well may John son think that no man who has

e e ea o e i om en e We l v r r lly l v d w ll c m d such po try. l “ may he d ecl are : T he composition s ar e such as i t a e ee itte for e a e b a m m gh h v b n wr n p n nc y her it , or for hire by a phil osophical rhymer who had only ” 1 9 ea of an o t e sex. An d D en i n i h rd h r ryd , n co s d e i the ai e in en i f h r ng str n d g u ty o t e man , has sa1 d

1 8 S a or pect t , 69 . 1 9 L ves o the oets i f P . 1 48 T H E CAVAL IER POET S

° D onn e perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice specul ation s of philosophy when he s hould engage th eir h earts and en tertain them with the softn ess of

e In this M r . C wle has ied him to a lov . o y cop ” 2° ’ ault s e s i a th f . In hort , Cowl y s bout e frostiest love poetry in the E nglish lan gu age ; it gives forth a a i a s i cold , h rd gl tter th t could not pos bly attract a A i e e As A i a any but n rct c b ll . dd son s ys

On e glitterin g thought n o s oon er strikes our eyes Wit s i en t on e u n ew onde i e h l w d r , b t w rs r s ; As in the mi lky-w ay a s hin ing white ’ O erﬂow s the ea en s it on e conti nue i h v w h d l ght, ” 2 1 a in i Th t n ot a s gl e star can s how h s rays .

If w see ea a i e , however, e would r lly st rtl ng ﬁgur s , - a i -s me a and imi e bold pr nc ng, rough hod t phors s l s , ’ w a in n f o h e must p eep int o th t ve tion o C wl ey s , t e i a i de T h M use for in an a e P nd r c O . In e , st ce, N tur is th i i Art the c a ma an d es con e post l on , o ch n , ﬁgur c its a e and ef ies e , r ptures , lov , truth , us ul l strut i i is th who a in n livery ! An d yet th s e po et , ccord g a a e n his a e or his a to De n Spr t , n ver ru s re d rs rgu m en t out of breath ! In the D avideis the slightest s criptural hint gives him a ch ance for a score of de it m o l i a i s s criptive lin es , w h nu er us theo og c l v ew , philosophic al side-gl anc es an d biographical winks ; and in the m eanwhile the l eading character humbly

sits by the roadside an d p atiently w aits his cue. E pic hero es h ave ever b een noted for their endurance and f a n orbe ra ce.

20 Dis cou se Con ce n n h and ro ess o Satire r r i g t e Origin P gr f . ’ 2 1 A dd son s A ccoun a s n l s h o ts i t of the Gre te t E g i P e .

1 5 0 T HE CAVALIER POETS

s a ea t e f e e a se These bits of ver e pp l to us , h re or , b c u “ ” i m W at of the d ecid edly human strain n the . h n a e e e if ims a me is t a in a p ardo bl , v n ﬂ y, rgu nt h t n n —a e b th w a t a is ike Dri ki g po m , y e y, h t l ly to a e i n b outlive ll els wr tte y Cowl ey. ’ w too s me of e e i n i e of Wa No , , o Cowl y s od s , sp t lt a - ik in e m Whitm n l e l es , h ave a s onorousn ss s eldo f n am n e e i -ke e a a ie Rea ou d o g th s h gh y d C v l rs . d aloud the on e to the Royal Society ; sp eak sol emnly the lin es to his w ell-loved Crash aw ; use your b es t as on the od the a mi e e an ou i b s e to d r d Hobb s , d y w ll be i e at ei i i and a m n Nor surpr s d th r d gn ty h r o y. did he l ack imagin ation ; his tortured ﬁgures of speech lift app ealing han ds to h eaven in proof of e ai h it. Obs rve C n d estroy is brother ;

s aw him in the s ton e as i f h m ant I ﬂ g , e e ” 2 5 A on hi mu e n n t ce s rd r a d hi s mo ument.

D a i i - As ryd en h s pointed out, th s crit c d amn ed Cow le in eekin his n ei e ike a a -n et y, s g co c ts , sw pt , l dr g , great an d small ; but did he n ot use the c aptured minn ows in a decid edly o rigin al way ? H e may a a k n he i his own inki h ve l c ed j udgme t, but d d th ng. and th at is more th an the m aj ority of the s ev en t n th- n s i H ow is the ﬂ ash ee c e tury po et d d. wrong ﬁre Fren chman T ain e in d ecl aring th at Cowl ey possess es all the c ap acity to s ay wh atever pl eas es ” him — h has s ot in s a H e has a but e j—u t n h g to y. — great d eal to s ay p erhaps too much and he eaks f n i i e i a e ai i sp requ e tly w th s nc r ty, c rt n h gh 2 5 Davideis , B ook I . ABRAHAM COWL EY 1 5 1

i f a it and e e at i e it a qual ty o mor l pur y, v n t m s w h i o a c a n pleas ng p etic l de ce. Sid ney L an ier on ce s aid that the trouble with P oe w di n t kn en e a the ame as he d o ow ough . P rh ps s critic would h ave s aid o f Cowl ey th at he kn ew too - ” T he man w as e s e i wit. much . ov r bles d w th Book-learning an d an easy pen have n ever mad e a For a e ma ai a man a Vir po et . coll ge y tr n to sc n il make a en si n - i or a n ati g , sus p o br dge, gov ern on ; but it will n ever create in him the ability to write a - iftin e s i o One soul l g po m . Ju t so w th C wl ey. migh t wr ite on that gr ave in W estmin ster Abb ey r s m w was broa in his H e e lie Abr aha Co ley . H e d in tellect and s incere in his e or ts but he lacked a , ff , hear t: therefore men have forgo tten him and hear n t his s n s o o g .

GEORGE WITHE R

( 1 5 88-1 667)

A A T R SH LL I, W S ING IN DESPAI

S a l a tin i n es ai h l I, w s g d p r, ’ D ie ecaus man fai ? , b e a wo s r Or make a e m c eek it ca e p l y h s w h r , ’ ’ Cause an other s rosy are ? B e she fai e t an h da r r h t e y, Or the ﬂowery meads in M ay ! f she e n t I b ot so o me, What care I how fair she be ?

S o m ea ie e or ine h uld y h rt be gr v d p d, ’ C ause I s ee a woman kin d ? Or a well -dis posed n ature Joinéd with a lovely feature ?

Wrrn s n Never was there a purer or more honorable ”— i t or o ch ke t close to th best it kne . A nold Spir , ne whi p r e w r , ’ War d s n s oets 9 en w o E l h V ol . II . 8 . B o n B t t g i P . , p r , r h, H ants educated M a dalen olle e fo d stud ed at L in. ; , g C g . Ox r ; i ’ coln s Inn 1 61 5 ca ta n of ca al unde C a les I 1 639 , ; p i v ry r h r , ; ma o in a l amen ta A m 1 64 9 ma o - ene al of fo ces j r P r i ry r y, ; j r g r r in u e 1 64 3 m i soned f e uentl for li bel died L ondon S rr y, ; i pr r q y ; , an d buried in Savoy Church 1 5 6 T H E CAVALIE R POE T S

B she meeke kin de an e r, r th Turtl e dove or p elican ! I f sh e be n ot so to me, What c are I how kind she be ?

’ Shall a woman s virtues move M e to peris h for her love ? her e -dese in kn o n Or w ll rv g w , M ake me quite forget min e own ? B e she with that goodn es s bl es t Which may gain her n ame of best ! If she be n o su m t ch to e, What care I how good she be ?

’ a se her fo tun e eem too i C n r s s h gh , S a l a the foo an d die ? h l I pl y l , T ose t at ea a n o e mi n h h b r bl d , W e e t e an t of ic e ﬁn d h r h y w r h s , T ink W at it t em t e o l h , h , w h h , h y w u d That it ou t em a e to w oo ! a , w h t h , d r An d n ess t at mi n d s ee u l h I , What care I though great she be ?

eat or oo or kin or fai Gr , g d , d, r, ’ I will n e er the more d espair ! I f she l ove me ( this believe !) i l die ere she s a ie e ! I w l , h ll gr v I f she i t me en w oo sl gh , wh I , can s o n an d let her o ! I c r , g

For if she be n ot for me, What care I for whom she be ?

“ I . SHAL WA D s sp am Would that w e had one L I. STING IN . ‘ ’ mo l lik th mmo tal S all I W astin in D es air re yri c e e i r h , , ”— f man a e s of eclo es and s at es. Se ellin l za or y p g gu ir g, i ha s bct n L r c . 34 . y i , p

1 5 8 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

W i st t us th u ab s in h l h y l ll y I g, For thee great bl es si n gs rip eni ng be ; T in e eldes t b ot e is a kin h r h r g, And bath a kin gdom bought for thee S eet bab t en fo bea to ee w y, h r r w p , B e s til m babe s eet ab l, y , w b y, s leep .

S eet ba s ee an d n ot in f a w by, l p h g e r, For os oe e t ee o ffen ds wh v r h , ’ B th otecto threat n ed are y y pr r , And G od an d an gel s are thy frien ds S eet bab t en fo bea to ee w y , h r r w p , m a B e s ti babe s eet b s ee . ll, y , w by, l p

W en od it u w as e in e e h G w h s dw ll g h r , I n littl e babes h e took delight ; Suc i n nocen ts as t ou m dea h h , y r , Are ever precious i n his s ight S eet bab t en fo bea to ee w y , h r r w p ,

B e sti m babe s eet bab s ee . ll, y , w y , l p

A it e in fan on ce w as he l tl t , An d s t en t i n eakn ess en w as ai , r g h w , th l d ’ on his i in -mot e s kn ee Up v rg h r , That powe r to th ee might be conveyed ee bab t en fo bea to ee Sw t y, h r r w p,

e ti m a e eet a s ee . B s ll, y b b , sw b by, l p

In t is th f ai t an d th n ee h , y r l y y d , H e f i en an d e e s dot e a e r ds h lp r h pr p r , Whic t ee a c e is c ot e an d fee h h s h ll h r h, l h , d, For of thy weal th ey tender are : S eet bab t en fo bea to ee w y, h r r w p,

B e til m a e eet a ee . s l , y b b , sw b by, sl p GEORGE WIT HER 1 5 9

The ki n of kin s en he w as o n g g , wh b r , H ad n ot so much for outward e ase ; B H im s uc d es s in s e e n ot o n y h r g w —r w r , Nor such like s waddlin g clothes as these S eet bab t en fo bea o ee w y, h r r t w p,

B e s ti m babe s eet ba s ee . ll, y , w by, l p

Within a manger lodged thy Lord Where oxen l ay an d ass es fed ; Wa m ooms w e do to t ee affo r r h rd, An easy cradle or a bed S eet bab t en fo bea to ee w y , h r r w p ,

B e sti m abe s eet bab s ee . ll, y b , w y, l p

The wants that he did then sustain H ave u c ased ea t m babe for t ee p r h w l h , y , h ; And by hi s tormen ts an d his p ain Thy rest an d eas e s ecured be : M ab t en fo bea to ee y b y , h r r w p ,

B e sti m abe eet bab s ee . ll, y b , sw y, l p

Thou hast ( yet more) to perfect thi s A promis e an d an earn est got Of ainin e e astin b iss g g v rl g l , ’ T ou t ou m babe erceiv st it n ot h gh h , y , p eet bab t en fo bea to ee Sw y, h r r w p ,

B e sti m abe eet a s ee . ll , y b , sw b by, l p 1 60 T H E CAVALIE R POET S

OLD AG E

As this my carn al robe grows old ’ Soil d en t an d o n b len t of ea s , r , w r y g h y r , L et me on that by faith lay hold W hich man in li fe immortal wears So s ancti f m a s be in y y d y h d , So l et m man n e s be e n ed y r r ﬁ , a w en m soul and esh mu t a Th t h y ﬂ s p rt,

There lurk n o terrors in my heart.

So shall my res t be s afe and sweet When I am lodged in my grave ; An d e m sou and d meet wh n y l bo y , A j oyful meetin g they shall h ave ; T ei s sen c n a e i ine h r e e the sh ll b d v , T i u a l ta ike s in e h s m ddy ﬂ es h sh l s rl h , An d G od shall th at fres h youth res tore i m Wh ch will abide for ever ore.

1 62 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

’ CORINNA S G OING A-MAYING

G et u et u for s ame the oomin n p, g p h , bl g mor on her in s es en ts th n o n Utp w g pr e god u s h r . See how A u o a t o her i — r r hr ws fa r Fresh quilted colors through t he air ! G et u s eet s u -a-bed an p, w l g , d s ee The dew - es an in e b an d t e b p gl g h r r e. E ac o e has e t an d bo ed to a d he ast h ﬂ w r w p , w w r t e , Abo e an ou in ce et ou n ot d est v h r s ; y y r , Nay ! n ot s o much as out o f bed ? W en all the bi ds a e matin s s ai h r h v d , ’ An d un t ei t an kful mn s tis sin s g h r h hy ; , Na ofan ation to kee i n y, pr p , Whenas a thousan d virgin s on thi s day S in s oon e t a the a k to fetc in M a pr g, r h n l r , h y.

Rise and ut on fo ia e an d be s een , p your l g , T o come fo t ike the s in —time f esh an d een r h , l pr g , r gr n ak n a A d s weet as Flora. T e o c re For j ewels for your gown or hair ; ea n ot the ea es i l s t e F r , l v w l r w G ems i n abun dan ce upon you ; B esi es the c i d ood of the da has ke t d , h l h y p , A ain st ou come some o i ent ea s un e g y , r p rl w pt Com an d ecei e t em i e th i t e, r v h wh l e l gh an on the dew - ocks of the n i t H gs l gh , An d Titan on the eas tern hill Reti e ims e f or e s e s tan s s til r s h l , l d l Was d es s be b i ef i n in Ti ou come fo t . a ll y r h h , r , r pr y g - Few bea s are best en on ce w e o a M a in . d , wh g y g

“ ’ m Gom - u ' m o is one of the I I. Conm r s o A M ” f a a e . m—ost perfect studies of idealized vi ll age li e i n the l ngu g M aste m an The A e o M lton . 1 05 . r . g f i , p

The od unsho n A ollo. g r . p T tan The sun i . . ROBERT HERRICK 1 63

ome inn a come and comi n ma k C , my Cor , ; g r H ow each e d tu n s a st eet eac s t ee a a k ﬁ l r r , h r t p r M a e een an d t imme i e h w d gr , r d w th tre s ; s ee o D evotion gives each hous e a bough Or b an c e ach o c each o re t is r h ; p r h , d or, e h An ark a tabe n ac , r le is, M ade u o f ite-t o n n eat i n e w e p wh h r ly t r ov , As i f e e e e t os e coo e s a e h r w r h l r h d es o f lov . Can s uch delights be i n the s treet ’ An d o en e ds and w e n o s ee t ? p ﬁ l , t ’ ’ Come e ab oad and et ob , w ll r , l s ey The oc amation made for M a pr l y, And s in n o mo e as w e a e don e b s ta i n r , h v , y y g ; ’ i - i B ut m C o nn a come et s o a M a n . , y r , , l g y g

’ T e e n ot a i n bo or i t i da h r s budd g y g rl , h s y, B i n n i n a ut s got up a d go e to br n g i M y . A dea o f out ere t i s i s come l y h , h , k i - m ac an d it te t o n a en o e . B , w h wh h r l d h ome a is atc e ei akes an d c eam S h ve d p h d th r c r , B efore that w e have l e ft to dream ; ’ An d s ome a e e t an d oo an d i te t ot h v w p , w d , pl gh d r h ,

An d c os e t ei iest re w e can cast off s ot . h h r pr , e l h M an y a green-gown has been given ; M an a kis s bot odd an d e en y , h v ; M an a an ce too has been sen t y gl , , ’ om out the e e o e s ﬁ rmament Fr y , l v ’ M an y a j est told o f the key s betraying ’ - T is ni t an d ocks icked et a e n ot a M a i n . h gh , l p , y w r y g C ome l et us o i e w e ar e i n our ime , g , wh l pr , i An d take the harml ess folly of th e t me . We shall grow old s pace an d die f kno ur i e t B e ore w e w o l b r y .

E ach orch each doo . nt l e ecent ea s e e coun p , r U i v ry r y r v ry try p orch in D evonshire w as decorated wi th boughs on M ay~ d a y. 1 64: T H E CAVAL IE R POE TS

if i s s o t an d our a Our l e h r , d ys fast a a as does the s un As w y , An d as a a o or a o of ain v p r, dr p r , ’ n ost an n e e be foun d a ain O ce l , c r g ; So when or you or I are made A fab e son or eetin s a l , g, ﬂ g h de, All o e all ikin all de i t l v , l g, l gh , ’ Lies o n it us in en ess n i dr w d w h dl ght. T hen i e time se ves an d w e are but deca in wh l r , y g ’ me m o in na me let s a-M a in Co o . , y C r , co , g y g

TO D IANEME

S eet not o d of t ose two e w , be pr u h ey s , W ic sta - ike s a k e in t ei skies h h , r l , p r l h r ; Nor be you proud that you can s ee All ea ts ou ca ti es ou s et f ee h r y r p v , y r y r ; B e ou n ot oud of t at ic ai y pr h r h h r, Which wan ton s with the l ove-s ick air ; Whenas t at u w i ou ea h r by h ch y w r, un k f om the ti of ou s of ar S r p y r t e , Wi ast to be a ecious stone ll l pr , ’ n l u o ea t ne Whe a l yo r w rld of b u y s go .

A HYMN TO LOVE

I will con fess Wit c ee fu n e h h r l ss , L o e is a t in s o like me v h g s , T at l e her l a h , t y n ll a O me a d y, ’ I ki th an t k ll ss e h d h at stri es me .

l k e s s e so leases me i es m . So uit m , p .

1 66 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

’ T e e s the and or c e -is e h r l , h rry l , Whose plan tati on s fully show he ea e e c e ie All t y r wh r h rr s grow .

TO ELECTRA

a e n ot ask a ki ss I d r , da e n ot be a smi e I r g l , L est a i n t at or t is h v g h , h , i o i I m ght gr w proud the wh le .

o n o th e utmost sha e N , , r Of my des ire s hall be On ly to kiss th at air T a ate kissed ee h t l ly th .

UPON JUL IA’S CLOTHING

n a i i k m u i a es Whe s n s l s y J l go , Ti t en met inks how s eet o s ll h , h , w ly ﬂ w T hat liquefacti on of her cl othes ! e t en cast mi n e e es an d s ee N x , wh I y , Th at brave vibration each w ay free ; O how that glitterin g taketh me ! ROBERT HERRICK 1 67

NIGHT PIECE TO JUL IA

H er e es he o - o m end ee y t gl w w r l th , The s ootin sta s atten d t ee h g r h , And the el es a so v l , Wh os e little eyes glow Like he a k of ﬁ re ef ien t sp r s , b r d thee.

’ ’ No will-o -th -wisp mislight th ee ; Nor snake or slow-worm bite thee ; B ut on on th w a , y y, Not makin a s ta g y, ’ ﬂ’ i h Since ghost there s n one to a r g t th ee.

L et n ot the dark thee cumber What though the moon does slumber ? The s tars of the n ight Wi l en d t ee t ei i t l l h h r l gh , i ea o n m e L ke tapers cl r with ut u b r.

T en i a let me w oo t ee h , Jul , h , T us t us to come un to me : h , h And wh en I shall meet ’ Th silv r feet y y , ’ o I ll ou int t ee My s ul p r o h .

- Slow w o m. A s ec e s of liza d su osed to be VIII. r p i r , pp o sonous p i . 1 68 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

TO ANTHEA

Bid me to i e an d il l v , I w l live Thy protestan t to be ; Or bid me o e an d i i l v , I w ll g ve A in ea t e lov g h rt to h e.

A ea t as oft a ea t as kin h r s , h r d , A ea t as s oun d an d f ee h r r , As i n the o e o d t ou can s ﬁn wh l w rl h t d, ’ T at ea t I ll i e to t ee h h r g v h .

Bid t at ea t sta an d it i l ta h h r y w l s y, T o h on or thy decree ; Or bid it an uis uite a a l g h q w y, ’ An d t s a l do so for ee h l th .

B id me to ee an d i ee w p , I w ll w p, While I have eyes to s ee ; An d a in n on e e i l kee h v g , y t I w l p A ea to ee for t ee h rt w p h .

’ Bid me es ai an d I ll es ai d p r , d p r , Un der that cypres s-tree ; bid me die an d il da e Or , I w l r ’ E n a e e t to die for t ee. d h, h

T o art m ife m o e m ea t h u y l , y l v , y h r , The e e es of me v ry y , And h ast comman d of every p art T o i e an d di e for l v thee .

Th otes tan t n l a ote t n his y pr . O e a w ys pr s i g

1 70 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

I s i for an t of s ee t w l p, Or childi sh l ull aby ? Or that ye have n ot s een as yet The violet ? Or brought a kiss From that s weetheart to thi s ? No n o thi s s o o s o n , , rr w h w By your tears shed Would have thi s l ecture read a t in s of eatest so of mean es t o t Th t h g gr , w r h

C n cei ed ith ief are an d with tea s ou t fo t . o v w gr , r br gh r h

TO DAFFODILS

ai daffo i s w e ee to s ee F r d l , w p You h aste away so soon ; As yet the early risin g s un a n ain e hi s n n H s ot att d oo . Sta s ta y, y , Un til the bastin g day H as r un But to the even -son g An d a in a ed to et e w e , h v g pr y g h r, i n Will go w th you alo g. t ime o sta as ou We have shor t t y y , We h ave as short a s prin g ; As qui ck a growth to meet decay

As ou or an thin . y , y g i We d e, o ou s do an d dr As y ur h r , y A a w y , ’ Like to the s umme r s rain ; ’ mo n in s dew Or as the p earl s of r g , ’ n ain N e e r to be fou d ag . ROBERT HERRICK 1 71

UPON THE LOSS OF H IS MISTRESSES

a e o t an d ate t ese I h v l s , l ly, h Man y dain ty mistresses ; State J ia ime f ll ly ul , pr o a ; Sa o n e t a inci a pph x , pr p l ; Smoot A t ea for a skin h n h , Whi te and h eaven -like crystallin e ; S ee E ect a an d he c oic w t l r , t h e M a for the ute n oice yrrh , l a d v . e t Co in n a for her wit N x , r , , And the graceful use of it ; Wit e il a : all are on e h P r l g , ’ On H e ick s eft a on e ly rr l l , For to n umber s orrow by T ei e a tu e hen e an d h r d p r r s c ,

H IS G RANG E

T ou c ock h gh l , ’ T o te how ni t d a s en ce I e n one ll gh r w h , v , A cock

a s in how da a s on I h ve to g y dr w . I have A mai m ue b ood uck s en t d, y Pr , y g l , T o save

XIV . M rue uden ce B aldw n 8 most fa t ful se y P . Pr i . i h rv ant w t H e ck man ea s. Y ou ll note t at th s oc . i h rri y y r wi h i cu ed ih the se enteent centu not the entiet rr v h ry, tw h. 1 7s T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

T at ittl e ates me a e or ent h l F g v l . A hen

kee i c c eaki n da da I p, wh h , r g y by y, T ell s when he oes her on i te e o la S g l g wh gg t y. A goose a e i c it a ea ous ear I h v , wh h , w h j l , L ets loose ’ H er n ue to te l a dan e n e to g l wh t g r s ar . A lamb kee tame it m mo se s fed I p , , w h y r l , Whos e dam ef him a e An o an t te a . rph l , l ly d d A cat

kee t at a s ab ut m ouse I p , h pl y o y h , G rown fat With eatin g man y a michin g mouse ; T o th ese A T ac do kee e eb r y I p, wh r y I pl eas e The more my rural privacy Which are B ut t s to i e m ea t some ease oy , g v y h r . Where care

on e i s s i t t in s do l i t ease. N , l gh h g gh ly pl

A T H ANKSG IVING TO G OD

L o t ou ast i en me a cell rd , h h g v W e ein to e h r dw ll , A itt e ouse ose umb e oof l l h , wh h l r I s eat e oof w h rpr ,

M ch n Fo a n . i i g. r gi g A T ac H i an el r y. s Sp i .

1 74! T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

’ ’ Tis thou that crown s t my glitterin g h ear th Wit ui t ess mi h g l l rth , ’ And iv st me assai bo s to d ink g w l wl r , S ice to the ink p d br . ’ L o tis th en t - o in an rd, y pl y dr pp g h d T at s oi s m an d h l y l , ’ An d iv s t me for m us el o n g , y b h s w , Twice ten for on e ; ’ Thou mak st my teeming hen to l ay H er egg each day ; B es ides my healthful ewes to bear M e twin s each year ; The whi le the con duits of my ki ne Run eam r in e c fo . r , w All t ese an d ette t ou ost s end h , b r, h d M e t i en d , to h s , T at s o d en e for m a t h I h ul r d r, y p r , A t an kful ea t h h r , W i c ed it in cen se esi n h h, ﬁr w h , I r g , As wholl—y thin e ; B u cce tan ce t a mus e t the a p , h t t b ,

M is t t ee. y Chr , by h

XVI UPON A MAID

e e she lies in bed of s ice H r , p , F ai r as E ve i n Paradise ; For her beaut it w as s uc y, h ai uc Poets could n ot pr s e too m h . i in s come an d i n a in V rg , , r g H er supremest r equi em s ing T en de a t but s ee e t ead h p r , y r ’

Li t i t o er the ea . gh ly, l gh ly, d d “ ” Was sa l bow ls It w as fo me l the custom to t eat i . r r y r ’ e a In a tak n neighbors wi th Spi ced ale on New Y r s eve. p r i g, the d n os d o ld ua el s and doubt ri kers were supp e to f rget o q rr , l ess did alon w t e in el , g i h ev ryth g se.

Soi ls . E n ri ches. ROBERT HERRICK 1 75

XVII

AN ODE FOR BEN JONSON

Ah, B en ! Sa how or y , when Shall w e thy guests M eet at t ose i feasts h lyr c , M a e at the Sun d , . The D o the T i e T un g, r pl ? Wh e e w e s uc c uste s had r h l r , A s made us n ob i n ot ma ly w ld, d ; An d yet each verse of thin e - - Out did the meat out did he f oli c i ne. , t r w

My B en ! Dr come again : Or sen d to us ’ Thy wit s great over-plus B ut teach us yet Wi sely to husban d it ; L est w e that tal en t sp en d An d havin g on ce brought to an en d T a ecious tock he s to e h t pr s , t r

Of s uch a wit the world should h ave n o more .

XVIII H IS PRAYER TO BE N JONSON

W en a e s e s a make h I v r h ll , ’ n o a ra d t ee K w I h ve p y h ,

I . The Sun the D a the T le Tun. amous L on XVI , y, rip F d h n e entu The un w as i n F sh on inns of t e seve t enth c ry. S i St eet H ll the D o n e a W te all and Westm nste H all r i , g r hi h i r , an d the T h ee T uns in u ldh all Ya d Ge ne al onk sta ed r G i r . r M y a e ns in 66 thes inn s h n n t the Thr e T u 1 0. A ll e were t e eve i g meet n - laces of the a ts of the centu i g p g y wi ry. 1 76 TH E CAVAL IER POET S

’ old e i i on s s ake For r l g , ain en i S t B , to a d me.

M ake the w a smoot for me y h , W en h H e i k h I, t y rr c , Honourin g thee on my kn ee ffe m i O r y lyr c.

’ C an es I ll i e to t ee dl g v h , An d a n ew altar ; And t ou Saint B en a e h , , sh lt b i in m a te Wr t y ps l r.

H IS PRAYER FOR ABSOLUT ION

For t ose m unba tiz e me h y p d rhy s , W it in m i un a o ed time r y w ld, h ll w s , For e e senten ce c aus e an d o v ry , l , w rd , ’ T at s n ot i n aid it t ee m L o d h l w h h , y r , o i e me G od an d b ot eac i n e F rg v , , l h l u of m k i n o t in O t y boo that s t h e. ’ ’ B ut i f mon st all t o ﬁnd st e e , g , h u h r Wo t th ben e iction r hy y d , That on e of all the rest shall be Th o n e gl ry of my work a d me.

“ XIX. a er or A bsolution The oll ca eless Ana Pr y f . j y. r c eon of the c u c t his ead and ea t c o ded w t r h r h, wi h h h r r w i h leasu es t ew d own at len th is ne-cu to e the oses p r , hr g h wi p , r r ” - f om his ead and knel in the dust. M acdonald : E n r h , t g ’ lan d s A n t hon 1 63. ip , p . ’ “ W ld un hallowed t mes O R obe t B u n s statement : A i , i . f. r r ” man ma li e l ke fool b h sca d like one. y v i a , ut e rce ies

1 78 T HE CAVALIER POE T S

XXII

' H IS POETRY H IS PILLAR

On ly a little more a e to it I h v wr e, ’ ’ T en I ll i er h g ve o , - i And bid the world good n ght.

iTis but a ﬂying minute T at must sta h I y, Or li n ge r in it; ' n n m t a a A d the I us w y.

’ Time a ut st o n all [ I , th t c d w , ’ And s carce l eav st here M emorial Df any men that were !

H ow many lie forgot In au ts ben eat v l h , And pi ecemeal r ot Without a fame in death !

Behold this livin g s tone ea for me I r r , ’ N e e r to be thrown

D en i us Time b t ee . own, v o , y h

i l a s l e s me s e u P l r t o t p, I f s e eas e o th y pl , H e e i s m o e r y h p , An d m ami e y pyr d s . R ERT ERR 1 OB H ICK 79,

XXIII

- [TQ ROBIN RED BREAST.

L ai ou for ea let th as kindn ess d t d d, y l t be With l eaves an d mos s-work for to cover me ; n d w il he ood-n m o o n te A h e t w y phs my c ld c rpse i r, Sin t ou m di e s eet- a b in c o i te g h y rg , w w r l g h r s r ! For e ita i n fo ia e n e t ite t is p ph , l g , x wr h H ere he e the tomb o Robin H e ick s , r f rr i !

- I To R ob n R ed B eas t. T s oem in its e sonal XXII . i r hi p , p r n ote its s m l c t its en tleness its umbleness its l o e of , i p i i y, g , h , v b ds and o e s as athos mos in ul a n i a eal ir ﬂ w r , h a p t s g r i ts pp . FRANCIS QUARLE S

( 1 5 92-1 64 4 )

MY BELOVED IS MINE

’ E v n ike wo itt e ank- i i in o k l t l l b d v d g br o s , T a a h e i ei anton t eams h t w sh t e p ebbl s w th th r w s r , An d a in an ed an d s ea c ed a t ous an d n ooks h v g r g r h h , M eet bot a en t i n s i e -b easted T ames h t l g h lv r r h , Where i n a greater curren t th ey conj oin ’ So m best be o e s am s o he i s min e I y l v d ,

’ E v n so w e met an d afte on u suit , , r l g p r , ’ E v n s o w e oin ed w e bot became en ti e j , h r No n eed for eit e to en e a s uit h r r w , For I w as flax an d h e w as flames of fire Our fi rm un ited sou s did mo e t an t in e l r h w , ’ m es e o ed s am he i s min e So b b so . I y t l v ,

’ If all thos e glitt r in g monarchs that comman d The s ervil e quarters of this e arthly ball S ou d ten de i n e c an t ei s a es of an h l r x h ge h r h r l d , I would n ot ch an ge my fortun es for th em all T ei ea t u un te m coin h r w l h i s b t a co r to y , ’ ’ The ed s mi n e world s but theirs ; but my bel ov .

' I . The con o n he is mine Con oin and j i . j e e oo h mes in the se enteent centu w r g r y v h ry. 1 80

1 82 T HE CAVAL IER POETS

S EET R R THE DAY W PHOSPHO , B ING

Li hten mine e es 0 L o d les t I s lee the s lee o g y , r , p p f ” — e th iii . . d a . Ps . x 8

’ ’ ’ Will t n e er be morn in g ? Will th at promi s d light ’ e e b eak an d c ea t ese c o s of n i t ? N r r , l r h l ud gh eet os o b in th e da Sw Ph ph r, r g y, ’ Whose con qu r in g ray M a as e t es e f s ee s i the y ch h og ; sw t Pho phor, br ng da y.

H ow lon g ! how l ong sh all these ben ighte d eyes L an ui s in s ades ike feeb e i es g h h , l l ﬂ Exp ectin g Sprin g ! H ow l on g s hall d arkn es s s oil The face of e a t an d t us e ui r h , h b g le The soul s of s prightful action ; wh en will day B e in to a n ose n ew -bo n r a g d w , wh r y M a i d the eat e cocks of our de otion y g l w h r v , ’ And give our un soul d s oul s n ew motion ! S eet os o b in the da w Ph ph r , r g y Thy light will fr ay e i mi sts eet os o in the Th s e horr d ; sw Ph ph r, br g

L et those have n ight that silly l ove t i mmure ’ T ei l oi ster d c imes an d s in s ecu e h r c r , r ; L et thos e hav e n ight th at blush to l et men kn ow ’ The bas en es s th ey n e e r blus h to do ; Let thos e h ave n ight that l ove to take a n ap ’ An d 1011 i n Ign oran ce s l ap ; L et t os e os e e es like o s ab o the i t h wh y , wl , h r l gh , L et thos e h ave n ight th at l ove the n ight ! S eet os o b in the da w Ph ph r , r g y ; H ow s ad del ay

Aﬂlicts ul o es ! s eet os o in the da . d l h p w Ph ph r , br g y FRANCE S QUARL E S 1 83

Alas ! my li ght-in -vain-exp ectin g eyes Can ﬁn d n o obj ects but what rise om t is oo mo ta b az e a in a k Fr h p r r l l , dy g sp r ’ Of u can fo e w os am V l s rg , h e ﬂ es are d ark An d an e ous a du lue-b n in i t d g r , ll b ur g l gh , A s melan choly as the n ight : ’ Here s all the s un s that gli sten in the sph ere ’ Of earth : Ah me ! wh at comfort s h ere ? S eet os o b in the da w Ph ph r, r g y ; aste ast a H , h e aw y ’ ’ H eav n s oite in am ee h s o l r g l p ; sw t P o ph r , in the a br g d y.

e o no an ce : O t o o e id e k ee B l w, Ig r h u, wh s l n Rocks ea t i n to a e a r h l th rgy, And wi th thy s ooty fingers hast bedight ’ The o d s fai c eeks b o b o th s ite w rl r h , l w , l w y p ; Sin ce t ou ast uffed our eate ta e do h h p gr r p r, ' Pufl on an d out he es s e too , t l r ; ’ I f e er t at b eat -e i ed am et n h r h x l fl e r ur ,

T u ast n ot o n as it ill bu n . ho h bl w , w r S eet os o in the da w Ph ph r , br g y ; L ight will repay The on s of n i t eet os o in wr g gh ; sw Ph ph r, br g a d y.

0 WHITHER SHALI J I FLY

O whither s hall I fly ? Wh at p ath un trod ’ Shall I s eek out to s cap e the flami n g rod ' Of m ofl en ded of m an G od ? y , y gry

“ III 0 e n m HALL FLY ? Oh t at t ou ouldest . S I . h h w de me in the a e t at thou wouldest kee m sec et hi gr v . h p e. r . unt l th w ath be ast t at t ou ouldest a oint m a set i y r p , h h w pp e ” t me and emembe me Job . 1 3. i , r r . , xiv 1 84 T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

Where s hall I s oj ourn ? Wh at kin d s ea will hi de M ead f om t un de ? Wh e e s a l abi e y h r h r r h l I d , Un til his ﬂames be quen ched or laid aside ?

at if m feet ul d take t ei ast i t Wh y sho h r h y ﬂ gh , ? An d s eek protection i n the sh ades of n ight

A as n o s a e can i the G od of Li t. l , h d s bl nd gh

What if m so s ou take he i n s of da y ul h ld t W g y, An d ﬁ n d s ome es e t ? I f she s in a a d r pr g w y , The in s of en ean ce c i as s e w g v g l p fast a th y.

What if s ome s olid rock should en tertain My frighted s oul ? Can solid rocks restrain The st oke of s tice and not c ea e i n ain ? r Ju , l v tw

Nor sea n or s a e n or s ie n or ock n or ca e , h d , h ld , r , v , Nor s i en t ese ts n or the s u en a e l d r , ll gr v , me-e ed mean mite an a e W e ﬂa o c s . h re y Fury s t s , v

T he seas i a t a es o en ocks i s it w ll p r , gr v p , r w ll pl , T he s ie d i l c ea e the f i te s ado s ﬂit h l w l l v , r gh d h w ;

e e ti e aim her e da ts m st hit. Wh r Jus c s, ﬁ ry r u

No n o i f ste n-b o e en ean ce mean s to t n e , , r r w d V g hu d r , T e e i s n o ace abo e ben eat n or un e h r pl v , h , d r , il n o i n un e So close but w l u l ck or r ve i s d r .

’ ’ T i s vain to ﬂee ; t i s n either h ere n or there ’ C an scap e that han d un til that han d forbear ' ’ Ah me ! where i s he n ot th at s everywhere ?

’ T i s vain to ﬂee ; till gen tle M ercy show er ette e e th e fu t e off w e o H b r y , r h r g , h in f sti ea h i ie o T e s w g o Ju ce d l s t e m ght r bl w .

Cli G o s i ftl . p. w y

GE ORGE HE RBERT

( 1 5 93-1 633)

L OVE

Thou art too hard for me i n love ; T e e i s n o ea in it t e in a art h r d l g w h h e th t , T at is th mas te iece s ee h y rp , I . Wh en I con triv e an d plot to prove Somet in t at ma be con uest on m a t h g h y q y p r , T o til L utstri e u s 0 o o s m . h l, rd, pp t e

Sometimes en as as s a , wh I w h , I y, An d s e d as t ink L o d as m s ou hr w ly I h , r , w h y l, M ore sp otted than my ﬂ esh can be ! B ut th en th ere comes i n to my w ay Th an cient a tism ic en w a fou y b p , wh h wh I s l ,

And k e i n ot et c ean se me. n w t , y l d

took im en t ou i s s ee I a t e wh h d d t l p , G reat waves of trouble combatin g my breast I thought it brave to praise thee then Yet then I foun d that thou didst creep nto m ea t it o i in mo e e t I y h r w h j y, g v g r r s T an es id en ee ack a ain h ﬂ h d l d th b g .

“ I . L ove The is somet n a l ttle fe e i s and dis . re hi g i v r h - — o o ti on e i hi ass on at ea t se a c n s . Sincox pr p r d n s p i e h r r hi g , ’ I n n te est n War d s E n l s oe s V ol . II 1 93. t i s a h t . g i P , , p i r i g ’ exerci se to compare H erbert s religious attitude with that of C as a an d of au an r h w V gh . GE ORGE HERBERT 1 87

L et me but on ce the con quest have ’ on h matte t i l h on u o e Up t e r, w l t y c q est pr v I f t ou s ubdue mo ta i t h r l y, Thou dos t n o more than doth the grave ; ’ e eas i f o ercome t ee an d h o e Wh r I h t y l v , l a n vi m of me e D e a d D e l e . H l , th, co short

VIRTUE

S ee da so coo so a m so b i t w t y, l , c l , r gh , The bridal of the earth an d sky ; The dew shall weep thy fall to-n ight ; For o mus die th u t .

ee se e hue an an d a e Sw t ro , whos , gry br v , Bids the r ash gaz e r wipe his eye ; Th root i s e e in i s a e y v r t gr v , n us i A d thou m t d e.

S ee in fu of ee da s an d oses w t spr g, ll sw t y r , A box wh ere sweets comp acted lie ; M mus ic s o s e ha e ou c os es y h w y v y r l ,

An d all must die.

On a s eet and i t ous s ou ly w v r u l , Like s eas on ed imbe n e e i es t r, v r g v ; B ut t ou the w o e o d tu n to coa , h gh h l w rl r l , T en ie i es h ch ﬂy l v .

- ’ II B r dal. O n all b de ale meanin the b de s feast. . i rigi y ri , g ri e d e n n n n d D oubtless H erb rt ha thi s m a i g i mi .

A n r and br ave A n e su ested b red . B rave ob g y . g r gg y pr abl mean s aud y g y, 1 88 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

FRAIL TY

L o d in m s i en c how o des is e r , y l e d I p Wh at upon tr us t I s s t e on o i c es or fai e e yl d h r, r h , r y s , B ut is fair dust ! su n ame t em i ded c a I r h g l l y, D ea ea t ﬁ n e as s or ha r r h, gr y ; In all t ink m foot ot e e tr ead , I h y d h v r U on ei ea p th r h d .

B ut en i e ab oad ot e imen ts wh I v w r b h r g , ’ The o d s an d t in e w rl h , T i n e c a it s im en ess an d s ad e en ts h l d w h pl v , T he ot e ﬁn e h r , u l of o an d a eeds F l gl ry g y w , B a e an ua e b a e eeds r v l g g , r v r d , T at hich w as dust efo e dot ui k ise h w b r h q c ly r , And i ck in e e pr m ey s .

0 ook n o hi s est f a e en n ow br t t , l i wh t v My foot did tr ead ' Aﬂ r ont thos e j oys wh erewith th ou didst en dow An d l on g s in ce w ed M oo s ou e en s ick of o e y p r l , v l v , It ma abe o e y a B l pr v , C mmodio con ue ea en an d t ee o us to q r h v h ,

1 90 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

if HE P ULLEYI

When G od at s t made man ﬁr , H aving a glass of bles s in g s tan din g by Let us ( s aid he) p our on him all w e can ’ L et the o d s ic es w i c is e s d li w rl r h , h h d p r e e, Cont act i nto a s an r p .

So stren gth ﬁrst made a w ay ; ’ T en beaut o d t en s dom on o easu e h y ﬂ w , h wi , h ur, pl r ; W en a most all w as out G od made a ta h l , s y, e cei in t at a on e o f all his t ea r e P r v g h l , r su , Rest at h t m l a t e bo to y.

For i f I should ( s aid he) B esto t is e el a so on m c eat w h j w l y r ure, H e ou ado e m i fts i n stead of me w ld r y g , And es t in atu e n ot the G od of at r N r , N ure ; e So both sh ould los rs be.

l hi ke the e t Yet et m ep r s , B ut keep them with r epin in g restl essness i i an ea t at at east L et h m be r ch d w ry , h , l , If oodn es s ead him n ot et ea in e g l , y w r ss a M ay toss him to my bre st.

T HE QUIB

The merry World did on a day With his train -ban ds an d mates agree me o et e e e la T o et t g h r wh r I y, ee at me And all i n s p ort to j r . - T a n bands C t zen soldie s. r i . i i r GE ORGE HERBERT 1 91

i st B eaut c e t in to a ose F r , y r p r , ” W ic en luckt n ot Sir said she h h wh I p , , , T el me a ose ands are t se ? l , I pr y , wh h ho

ut t ou a an s e L o for me. B h sh lt w r, rd,

f hen M n e ame an c inkin s ti i o y c , d h g ll , ” W at tun e is is oo man ? s aid h h th , p r e ; I heard i n music you h ad skill ut t ou s a t an s e L o for me B h h l w r, rd , .

hen came a e G uf n b T br v lory , p ﬁ g y I n s i ks t at is t e who but be ? l h wh l d , H e scarce allowed m e hal f an eye :

B ut t ou a t ans e L o d for me. h sh l w r, r ,

‘ hen am uick it and on e ation fl c e q W C v rs ,

‘ An d h u d n ee a omfo t be e wo l ds c r , An to s o t mak an o i on d, be h r , e rat B ut t o a t ans e L o for me h u sh l w r, rd, .

Yet when the hour of thy design To an s e t ese ﬁn e t in s s a l come w r h h g h l , S eak n ot at a e sa am t in e p l rg , y, I h , An d t en t e a t ei an s e h m h h y h ve h r w r o e.

ui ck i umo b mental abilit Q w t. Not h r, ut y. D R. JOHN WIL SON

( 1 5 95 -1 673)

L OVE WITH E YES AND HEART

W e on mine e es her e e s on h n y y s ﬁrst h e. all amaze I , d , Stea i aze d ly g d , And she to make me mo e amaz , r ed , So cau t so o e fou e e i n on gh , w v , r y s e As w ho had wi th advis emen t s een us ’ Would have admired love s equal force between

B t ea o i n o friend-like e ut r s n th se yes , My heart ﬁrst charmin g An d t en isa min h d r g, ’ maime it e er it eamed of a min So d , dr h r g, As at her me c n ow it ie r y l s , And s e s me to m en es ma t h w , y dl s s r ,

She oved but ith her es ith m ea t . l w ey , I w y h r

Wrtsorr A nat e of Feversham Kent c ambe -music an . iv . ; h r i to C a les I D octo of M us c O fo d 1 64 4 et red to a h r ; r i , x r . ; r i count om in fo ds n s u en de of fo d 1 64 6 ry h e Ox r hire o rr r Ox r , ; ofesso f s fo 1 6 6 a used a nte est Pr r o M u ic. Ox rd, 5 ; ro gre t i r amon the s tuden ts b hi s reci tals and lectures ; chambe r mus c an to C a les d ed London. H e was onside ed i h r I i , c r the be st lute la f the cen tur p yer o y. 1 9?

1 9k4 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

I f the cen te of m b east r y r , A domi n ion un pos s ess ed H e etofo e r r , M a th an de in t ou ts s fﬁce y y w r g h gh u , Seek n o mo e r , An d my h eart s hall be thy priz e So thou kee abo e the lin e , p v , All the emis e is t i n e h ph re h .

I f the ames of o e e e u e fl l v w r p r , Whi ch by oath thou didst assure e etofo e H r r , G old th at goes i n to the clear Shi n es th e more Wh en it leaves again the fi re e n ot t en t os e ooks of t in e L t , h , h l h n e Blemi sh what they s hould refi .

I have cast in to the ﬁ re Almost all thou coulds t desire Heretofore ; B ut I s ee thou art to crave M o e an d mo e r r . S ou cast i n al l a e h ld I I h v , ’ So t at e e n e e s o f ee h I w r r r , T ou o dst u n t ou n ot for h w ul b r , h gh

’ lea The ﬁ e ﬁ re The c r. re n r s . T HOMAS CAREW

( 1 5 98-1 639)

A SONG

Ask me n o mo e e e o e est s r wh r J v b ow , en u e i s ast the fadin os e Wh J n p , g r ; ’ For i n your beauty s orien t deep

T ese o e s as in t ei causes s e e . h ﬂ w r , h r , l p

As k me n o more whith er do stray The golden atoms of the day ; For i n u e o e ea en did e a e , p r l v , h v pr p r T n ic ou ai hose powders to e r h y r h r .

Ask me n o more whither doth haste T he n i tin a e en M a is ast gh g l , wh y p ; For in your s weet dividin g throat

he in te s an d kee s a m her n ote . S w r , p w r

Ask m n o e e t os sta s li t e o m re wh r h e r gh , That down wards fall i n d ead of ni ght; For in ou e es t e s it an d t e e y r y h y , h r

i ed ecome as in t ei s e e. F x b , h r ph r

“ I . It is the ec al lo of Ca ew t at he for . SONG Sp i g ry r h ” mular ized the practice of writi n g courtly amorous poetry. ’ G osse War d s E n lis h oe ts V ol . II . 1 1 1 . For a beaut , g P , , p i ’ ful a ec at on o f C arew s w o k see the essa b R c a d ppr i i r , y y i h r

L e G allienn e in R etros ectiv R ev ews I I 80. p e i , , D v din la i n or s n n mus c t a ations di i i g. P y g i gi g i wi h v ri ( s ons vi i ) . 1 96 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

n o mo e i f e ast or est Ask me r w , The phoeni x builds h er s picy n es t ; or un to ou at ast she ies F y l ﬂ , ou f a an oso di e An d in y r r gr t b m s .

ME D IOCRITY REJE CTED

G ive me mo e o e or mo di sdain r l v , re ; The to id or h e f oz en z on e rr , t r B rin g equal eas e un to my p ain ; T he temp erate affords me n on e Eit e e t eme of o e or ate h r x r , l v h , I s eete an a ca m state sw r th l e .

G i me a s to m i o e ve r ; f it be l v , Like D an ae in that golden s hower I s wi m in pleasure ; if it prove D isdain t at to en t i l e ou , h rr w l d v r ’ My vul tur e-h op es ; an d h e s p os s ess ed ’ f e e at u o e e e O h av n th s b t fr m h ell r l as d . T en c own m o s or cu e m ain h r y j y , r y p ;

G i e me mo o e or mo e i sdain . v re l v , r d

PE RSUASIONS T O JOY

If the qui ck s pirits i n your eye Now an ui s an d an on must di e l g h, ; I f eve ry s weet an d e v ery gr ace M ust ﬂy from th at fors aken face T en Ce ia l et us ea our o s h , l , r p j y E r im d i est o s e t e s uch goo ly fru t d r y .

1 98 T H E CAVALIE R POE T S

CELIA SING ING

N 0 other w ay B ut t r ou the e es i nto the ea t h gh y , h r His fata da t l r , C ose u t ose eas ements an d ut ea l p h , b h r T his s iren s in g ; An d on the win g Of her s weet voi ce it s hall appear T at o e can ente a the ear h l v r t .

T en n eil e es e o d h u v your y , b h l The curious moul d Where that voice dwell s ; an d as w e kn ow When the cocks crow We freely may G az e on the day ; ’ o ma ou en the music s one S y y , wh d ,

A ake an d see the i sin sun . w , r g

IN THE PE RSON OF A LADY TO HE R INCONSTANT SE RVANT

When on the altar of my han d ( B edewed with man y a ki ss an d tear) Thy n ow re volted heart did s tan d An umb e ma t t ou i st s ea h l r yr, h d d w r

’ am m om o C a ll a in e C S M e s The S . . f. rv F ir g r T HOMAS CARE W 1 99

Thus ( an d the god of love did hear) B t os b i t an es o t i n e e e y h e r gh gl c f h y , ” n e s o it me di U l s th u p y , I e.

Wh n st t os e er ured i s f in e e ﬁr h p j l p o th , B e aled it asti n si s did s eal p w h bl g gh , T ei io ated fait on min e h r v l h , From the soft bosom that did heal T ee t o m me tin ea t didst stea h , h u y l g h r l ; M sou en ﬂamed it th fal s e b eat y l , w h y r h, oi on ed ith ki s e ked in eat P s w s s, suc d h.

Y n or an n or li i l mo e et I h d p w l v , Reven ge or mercy to procure ' From the oﬂ en ded god of love ; M cu s e i s fatal and m u y r , y p re Lo e s a l be on d th s co n en du e v h l y y r r . ’ I f im o e the od s t e l ﬁ n d I pl r g , h y l T e oo atefu me too kin h e t un gr l, d .

IN PRAISE OF H IS MISTRESS

You t at il a on e k h w l w d r now, G o with me ; T wo sun s i n a heaven of s n ow B ot bu n in be h r g , All t e ﬁ re t at do but e e t em h y h y h , ’ Yet the s n o s nme ted t em w u l by h .

L eaves of crimson tulip s met G uide the w ay e e two ea o s e set Wh r p rly r w b , As white as day ; 200 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

When they part thems elves asunder h eat es o ac e of on S e br h r l s w der.

!All this but the casket i s Which contain s ch a e e as to mi Su j w l, ss ee s en es s ain Br d dl p s , ’ T a her min and e t at k o ! h t s d, th y h n w M a a mi e ut anno i y d r , b c t show t.

W TE R SES HI O .

Read in these ros es the sad story Of my hard fate an d your own glory In the white you may discover The pal en es s of a faintin g lover ; In the red the ames sti l f e in , ﬂ l e d g n O my heart with fres h woun ds bleedin g.

The ite i h an is wh w ll tell you ow I l gu h, An d the red expres s my an guish : The ite m i n n oc n ce dis a in wh y e pl y g, The red m ma t dom bet a in y r yr r y g. T he f o n s t at on ou b ow esi e r w h y r r r d d, Have those roses thus divided ; 0 ! let ou s mi es but c ea h w at y r l l r t e e her, An d t e n t e bot s a l o o t h h y h h l gr w t ge her .

E DMUND WALLER

( 1 605 -1 687)

' G O LOVELY R SE , O

G o o e os e , l v ly r , T l her t a a e ti an me el h t w stes h r me d , T at n ow she kn o s h w , W en esemb e her to t ee h I r l h , H e n d ai h em e ow swe t a f r s e s e s to b .

’ T e her t at oun ll h s y g, An d s un s to a e her a es ie h h v gr c Sp d, ’ T at ad st t ou un h , h h spr g I n es e ts e e n o men abide d r wh r , i ' Thou must have un commen ded d ed .

Small is the worth Of beauty from the light retired ; B id h er com f t e or h, uffe e s e f to be esi e S r h r l d r d, n u h mi A d n ot bl s so to be ad red .

T en die t at she h , h “ The common fate of all things rare M ay read in th ee H ow ma l a a t of time t e s a e s l p r h y h r , n e an d fai That ar e so wo drous s w et r.

’ No man . Go L VE L Ross . Cf W alle s The B ad . I , O Y . r better un derstood the ar t o f ﬂ attery an d how to admin ister it ” w t ace. coones Four en tur i es o E n l s h L etters . i h gr S , C f g i , p

95 . EDMUND WALLER £03

SONG

Sta oe us ta ! y, Ph b , s y The o ld ic ﬂ fast w r to wh h you y so , Con veyin g day om us to t em can a ou aste Fr h , p y y r h Wit n o s uc o ect n or s a ute ou ise h h bj , l y r r ’ With no such won der as D e Morn ay s eyes .

Well d oes this prove The error of those an tique books Whi ch made you move About the world : her charming looks Wo d ou beams an d make it e e da ul ﬁx y r , v r y,

D id n ot the rollin g earth sn atch her away .

ON THE FRIENDSHIP BETWIXT BACCHARIS SA AND AM ORE 'B

T el me o e o in ai l , l v ly, l v g p r, Why s o kind an d so s evere ? Wh so ca e es of our ca e y r l s r , Only to yours elves s o dear ?

1 1 o a ee on f he atten d na . T ou t b n e o t . De M r y h ght o h ve an ts on ue n en ett Q e H ri a. Well d oes this ove A at e labo ou conceit efe n pr . r h r ri s r rri g to the ancien t belie f that the sun moves aroun d the world .

I II. Saccharis sa D o ot a dn e a d au te of the . r he Si y, gh r E a l of st n d an d n i dn he r Lei ce er a gr iece of S r Philip Si ey. S became L ad ence n 1 639 and of ou se alle r ceas ed y Sp r i , , c r , W to nd t lo oems o her A mo e w as obabl ad o i i e ve p t . r t pr y L y S

a Mu a . accharissa f om s accharwm su a phi rr y S r , g r. 2045 T HE CAVALIER POET S

By this cunni ng chan ge of hearts You the p ower of L ove con trol ; ’ While the boy s d eluded darts n i it Ca arr ve at n e her soul .

For in vain to either breast Sti e i ed L o e oes come ll b gu l v d , 'Where he ﬁn ds a foreign guest : t a N ei her of your he rts at home.

D e t t it ike esi n b ors hus w h l d g , en e n e e mean to a Wh th y v r p y, T at t e ma the l aw dec in e h h y y l , ien ak a To some fr d m e all aw y.

N t the i ve o t a ﬂ o s l r d ves h t y, ’ oke to C t e ea s car Y d y h r , Not the wings that li ft so high An d on e her son so far c v y ,

Are so l el eet an d fai ov y, sw , r, Or do mo e en n ob e o e r l l v , re s o c oice matc ed a ai A h ly h p r, e Or with more con sent do mov .

“ an L ovel sw eet and a r . H e l es in her name mo e t y, f i iv r h she does in his poetry ; he gave that n ame a charm an d a celebrity which h as survived the admirati on his verses ih nd c has ass ste d to ese e t em an d imself Spired , a whi h i pr rv h h ” f om o n ameso The L oves o the oets V ol . r blivio . J n, f P , II, 1 5 p . .

206 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

’ Tis n o the ett t i n s ou s a t pr y h g y y, Nor t os e ou ite h y wr , ’ Which can make Thyrsis heart your prey ; For t at de i t h l gh , The aces of a e -tau mi n gr w ll ght d,

I n s ome of our own s ex we ﬁn d.

’ No avi a t is ou o e fea , Fl , y r l v I r ; ’ L o e s su est da ts v r r , T ose ic s o s e dom fail him are h wh h l , H eaded with hearts ; T heir very s h adows make us yi eld ; is em el n win e D s ble w l, a d the ﬁ ld.

T O PHYL LIS

l is s ou d w e e a Phy l , why h l d l y, Pl eas ures s horte r than the day ? C ould w e (whi ch w e n ever can ) etc ur i e be on d t ei s an Str h o l v s y h r p , B eaut ike a s a o ies y l h d w ﬂ , An d our youth before us dies ; ' Or ou d out a eaut ta , w l y h b y s y,

e at in s an d i l a a . Lov h h w g , w l w y L ove hath s wifter win gs th an T ime Chan ge in love to heav en d oes climb ; o s at n e e c an e t ei state G d , th v r h g h r , n a Vary oft their l ove a d h te . li s to t is t ut w e owe Phyl , h r h

All the love betwixt us two.

Th rs s The n ame a l ed b Wall e to imself V. y i . pp i y r h s ing hi s stately an d poetical wooin g of Sacchari sa. ’ s V I . T H LL et o mus c in P la ford s Select A o P Y IS. S t i y ir an oem sho s the ten den c to a d d Dialo ues 1 65 9 . The g , p w y w r h e min af the esto ation t e more restrain d poetry co g ter R r . E DMUND WALLE R 207

L et n ot you an d I en qui re What has be en our past desire ; On at s e e s ou a smi e wh h ph rd y h ve l d, Or what n ymphs I have beguil ed ; L ea e it to the an ets too v pl , , Wh at w e shall hereafte r do For th o s w n o a o e e j y e w m y pr v , T ake ad ic of es n e i v e pr e t lov .

TH E B UD

L ate on on de s e l in us ly y r w l g b h, B i it man a comin os e g w h y g r , Thi s early bud began to blus h An d did but h alf its elf disclose ; ucked it t ou n o bette o n I pl , h gh r gr w , ’ l i lo n And now you s ee how fu l t s b w .

Sti as di d the ea e i s i e ll I l v s n p r , With such a purple light they shon e As if the had een made of ﬁ re y b ,

An d s eadin so ou d am an on . pr g , w l ﬂ e All a w as mean t air or s un th t by , T on o the young ﬂower my breath has d e .

If our o se eath o m c can o l o br s u h d , Wh at ma the s am in fo med of o e y e r l v , Of u est o e an d music too p r l v , , When Flavia it aspires to move ; When that whi ch lifeless buds p ersuades T a e ft her o th i ade ? o w x mor so , y u nv s 208 THE CAVAL IER POE T S

OF TH E LAST VE RSES IN TH E BOOK

W en w e for a e cou d n eit e ead n or ite h g l h r r wr , T he subj ect made us abl e to in di te ; The s ou it n ob e eso ution s de ke l, w h l r r l c d, T he bod s too in does e s e f e ec y p g, h r l r t. No mortal p arts ar e requi site to raise H er t at n bodi e can her M ake aise h , u d, r pr .

’ The s eas are qui et when the winds give o er ; So ca m w e w en as sion s ar n o mo e ! , l h p e r For then w e kn ow h ow vai n it w as to boast Of eetin in s o ce tai n t s to be ost . ﬂ g h g , r l Clouds of affection from our youn ger eyes Con eal a m tin ic e c c th t e p ess wh h ag des ri es .

’ The s ou s a k cotta e atte e an d eca e l d r g , b r d d y d, L ets in n ew light through chinks that time has made ; St on e b eakn e ss is e men become r g r y w , w r , A s t e a n a ei ete n a om h y dr w e r to th r r l h e. L ea in the old ot o ds at on ce t e vi e v g , b h w rl h y w, T at s an u on h es o f e n ew h t d p t e thr h ld o th .

’ I T H E L as'r er ses W all e s son s oke of t ese lines V II. V . r p h “ ” as the l as e ses d e e H e e w ma see t v r my ear fath r mad . r e y how close] he as oa ed l o s oon t poet h appr ch the coup et f rm, “ ” be se cce sfull cl cal e i d to u so su s y in the assi p r o .

£1 0 T HE CAVALIER POE T S

n e e our cu l or ace Whe I y y r l , n l sou ou t ink ou fa e G e t e l, y h y r c Straight s ome murder doth commit ; An d your virtue doth begin o s c u u ous of m sin T o gr w r p l y , hen talk ho m i W I to s w y w t.

T e ef e ma am ea n o c h r or , d , w r loud, Nor to check my love grow proud ; In soot muc do oubt h, I h d ’ i h o e in ur ai T s t e p w r yo h r, t ou eat e fumes the air No y r br h, p r , t a s t And your clothes h t e you out.

e u t ut h a t is on fesse Y t tho gh r h s h c d, n v w e in est A d I o I lov j , en n e t be in t u t Wh I x g o co r , An te an amo ous ame d pro ct r ﬂ , You il s ea in a n est w l w r I e r am. B e am i ett dl ! th s i s pr y sport.

II TO ROSES

I n the B osom of Cas tara

Ye blushing virgin s happy are ’ n h aste n n n r f her I t e ch u y o breasts, ’ For he d profan e so chaste a fair ’ i ’ Who e er s hould call them Cup d s n ests .

CASTABA . L ad Luc H e be w om h ma ied about II. y y r rt, h e rr “ 1 6 n e f os ele an mon men s e e a sed b 31 . O o the m t g t u t v r r i y ’ ” en us to con u al affect on w as H abin ton s Caetara i j g i g . gam s n ets o I e o The L ov s o the o l . I . 1 1 0 , e f P , V , p . ’ C . L o el c s To Lucas ta oin to f v a e , On G g the Wa n . WILL IAM H ABINGT ON 21 l

n s an ted t us how b i t o Tra pl h , r gh ye gr w, H ow rich a p erfume do ye yi eld ! n s ome c os e a den co s li s so I l g r , w p ’ ’ re s eete t an th o en el A w r h i p ﬁ d.

In those white cloisters live secure om the u e as of an ton eat Fr r d bl ts w br h, a ou mo e n n ocen an d u e E ch h r r i t p r , i ou sha it in t dea T ll y ll w her o th.

T en t at i h i i n a e ou oom . h h wh c l v g g v y r i Your glor ous s epul chre shall be . T e e an ts n o ma b e for a tom h r w r l b, en Whose breast hath marble be to me .

AGAINST THEM THAT LAY UNCHAST ITY TO TH E SEX OF WOMAN

They meet w ith but un whol esome s prin gs And summe s ic i n fections are r wh h , T e ea ut en the me mai in s h y h r b wh r d s g , An on s ee the fallin sta d ly g r, Wh o ever dare n oman c as n ai Afﬁrm o w h te a d f r.

Clos arden . n l s II. e g E c o ed. ’ I A a ns t Them. A e l nn on con ta n n I I. g i r p y to D o e s S g i i g the words : “ Ride ten thousand days and nights Till age snow whi te hairs on thee ; ’ T ou en t ou return st w lt tell e h , wh h i m st an on de s t a efe ee All r w r h t b ll th , A n swear No where ” i es a oman t nd i L v w rue a fa r. 21 2 T HE CAVALIER POET S

’ cu e ou fe e s an d ou sa G0, r y r v r , y ll y The dog-days s corch n ot all the year ; co e mi n es n o on e ta In pp r l g r s y, B ut travel to the west and there The i t on es see r gh , ’ ant all o d n ot a c m And gr g l s l he y.

’ ’ W at a man a se th o - o s am h m d , c u e gl w w rm ﬂ e ’ Is co d s ea s t e e s n a mt in ﬁ re l , w r h r o w r h ? ’ Caus e s ome make forfeit of thei r n ame ’ nd a e t ems e es to man s e i e A sl v h lv d s r , a l the s ex f ee Sh l , r m i t amned to n a Fro gu l , d bo d ge be ?

’ Nor ie e asta a t o h tw e e f ai gr v , C r , h ug r r l , h i tu n w u i te in e T y v r e the o ld br gh r sh , When thy example should prevail ’ And every woman s faith be thin e n e e t e e n on e A d w r h r , ’ u e on Tis maj esty to r l al e.

DESCRIPTION OF CASTARA

Like the i et hi a one v ol , w ch l os e in om a s ade Pr p rs s e h ppy h , M Casta a i es n kn o n y r l v u w , T o n o oos e e e bet a e l r y r y d, ’ For s he s to hers elf un true ’ ’ Who e i t i th ubli i d l gh s p c V ew.

' “ IV . D s scnrm ox or As mnA The oet dins c as C . the h ’ t t o f his s d a 3 nt ad s i y mi tress i nto his rea ers he u il the re er , ‘ in self-defense are d e to sa Sir did an one doubt — . riv n , y Sa ntsbu H is tor o E izabethcm Li teratu e . 382 i ry, y f r , p ,

2 1 54 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

She her t n e makes eas on lim hro r c b, While wild pas sion s captive li e ; An d each article of time H er p ure thoughts to H eaven ﬂy All her o s eli ious v w r g be, An d her o e she o s to me l v v w .

NOX NOCTI I NDICAT SCIENT IAM

When I survey the bright Ce estial s e e l ph r , So rich with j ewels hun g that n ight D ot ike an E t io i de a ea h l . h p br pp r,

M s ou her in ot s ea y l w gs d h pr d , An d ea en a d ies h v w r ﬂ , ’ The Almighty s mysteries to read I n the a e o um kie l rg v l e of the s s .

For the bright ﬁ rmament Shoots forth n o ﬂame So i en t but is e o uen s l , l q t ’ I n s eakin the C eat n am p g r or s e .

No un regarded star Contracts its li ght n t so smal a c a acte I o l h r r, Remo e far f om our uma s i t v d r h n gh , “ Nox Noc'rr INDI CAT SCIE NTIAM The ea en s decla e V. . h v r ” — the lo of od etc. P salm . g ry G , xix “ s l w n s B ut t e t at ait u on the Lo d M y ou her i g . h y h w p r shall renew their stren gth ; they shall mount up with wings as eagles ; they shall run and n ot be we ary ; and they shall ” w alk an d n ot fa nt. s a a 31 . , i I i h, A “ B ri h rmamen t The ﬂ rmamen s e et His handi g t ﬁ . t h w h ” o k. salm 1 w r P xix. . W LL AM H AB INGT ON 215 I I .

B ut i f w e steadfa k , st loo , We s hall dis ce rn I n it as in some o k , h ly boo , H ow man may heavenl y knowledge

It tells the con queror T at fax st etc ed e h r h pow r, W ic his oud l an e s af or h h pr g r tr ﬁc f , Is but the tri um n of an ou p h r .

That from the farthest n orth Some n ation ma y, Yet ndisco e ed i s sue fo t u v r , r h, ’ And o er hi s n ew - o n uest a g t co q s w y.

Some n ation yet shut in With hill s of ice M a be l et out to s cou hi in y rge s s , i l u l i i T ll they shal eq a h m in v ce.

An d then they likewise shall Their ruin have ; as ou s e es ou em i es fa For y r lv y r p r ll, n e kin dom at a a e A d very g h h gr v .

T t os e ce estia e hus h l l ﬁr s, T ou s eemi n mute h gh g , The fallacy of our desires An all the i e of ife on f d pr d l c ute.

“ Fartheat n o th Out of the no t an evil s all b eak r . r h h r ”— fo t u on all the n ab tants of the land e em a . 1 4 . r h p i h i . J r i h, i “ For the k n of the n o t s all etu n and s all set fo th i g r h h r r , h r a mul tude eate t an the fo me an d shal e ta nl come ti gr r h r r, l c r i y ” e e after certai n y ars with a gr at army and with much riches . - D an el xi 1 3. i , . 21 6 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

For they have watched s in ce ﬁrst The o h ad bi t w rld r h, d foun d s in in its e f accu sed An l r , n o in e ma e on ea A d n th g p r n nt rth .

21 8 T H E CAVALIE R POE T S

’ The me c an t bo s unto the s eaman s s ta r h w r, T he pl oughman from the sun his s eason takes ; B ut s till the lover won ders what they ar e Who ook for da be fo e his mis t es s ak l y r r w es . A ake a ake b eak t ou ou eils o f la n w , w , r hr gh y r v w , en a o u ains an e i h a n T h dr w y ur c rt , d b g n t e d w .

SONG

Wh st t o eem to oast ain o iou s un ? y do h u s b , v gl r s Why s hould thy bright compl exion make th ee proud ? Think but how often sin ce thy race begun T o e e i se t en us in c ou h u w rt cl p d, h bl h beh d a l d .

k ou fai Em ess of the n i t Or why loo y , r pr gh , ’ So bi u on t en ou at fu a ea ? g p , wh y ll pp r Remembe ou s is but a bo o ed i t r y r rr w l gh , n i Then shrink with paleness i your g ddy sphere.

If n either sun nor moon can j ustify T ei ide how ill i omen t em e t h r pr , t w h b ﬁ s, That are on earth but ign es fatui an d i it That lead poor men to w er from the r w s .

“ b d s ot mo e o elessl u ie estminste Abbe . T e e i n a r , W r y h r r h p y f aded laurel on the Slopes of the E nglish P arn assus than that which once ﬂ ouri shed so bravely around the grotesque ” ’ ead of D a en ant Gosse a d s E n l s h oets V ol. h v . , W r g i P , II, 989 p. . SIR WIL LIAM DAVE NANT 21 9

PRAISE AND PRAYER

ai e is e otion fit for mi t min Pr s d v gh y ds , ’ ' The di fl ring world s agr eein g s acrifice ; Where H eav en divided faiths un ited finds u a e in a ious i co d ie B t Pr y r v r d s rd upwar fl s .

For Prayer the ocean is where diversely ’ M en stee t ei ou se eac o a sev ral coast r h r c r , h t ; Where all our in teres ts so dis cordan t be i T hat half beg win ds by wh ch the rest ar e los t.

B en iten ce en w e ou s e es fo s ake y P wh r lv r , ’ Tis but in wise des ign on piteous H eaven ; In aise w e n ob i e at G od ma take Pr ly g v wh y , ’

And are it ou a be a s lus fo i en . , w h t gg r b h , rg v SIR JOHN SUCKL ING

( 1 609-1 64 2)

WHY SO PAL E

Wh s o a e an d w an fon o e y p l , d l v r ? it ee s o a e Pr h , why p l ? ’ Wi en ookin e l can mo e her ll , wh l g w l t v , L ookin g ill prevail ? it ee wh so a e Pr h , y p l ?

h so u an d mute o n inn e ? W y d ll , y u g s r i t ee s o mute ? Pr h , why ’ Wi en s eakin e l an win her ll, wh p g w l c t , ’ Sayi n g n othin g do t ? it ee wh s o mut Pr h , y e ?

it ui t for s ame ! t i i n ot mo e Qu , q , h h s w ll v , This can n ot take her ; I f of e se f sh i n ot o e h r l e w ll l v , N othin g can make her : The devil take her !

“ Sucxu rr For th ne t ﬁ ft ea s no on could ite a o. e x y y r e wr good love-song without m ore or less remi ndi n g the reader of ” ’ Suckl n . sse Wa d s E n l s h oets V ol . II 1 71 . i g Go . r g i P , , p . ’ ’ I . WH Y So ALE ? F om Suckl n s la A laura re P r i g p y. g , p “ sen ted at B lackfriars i n 1 637 Thi s i s the very perfection of the ban te n s at cal l i c in w c the a e of C a les ri g, iri yr . hi h g h r ” excelled c ll n S even teen th Cen tur L i cs . 25 1 . . S he i g. y yr , p 290

222 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

I s ent to kn ow from when ce an d where T es e o es an d t i s e i ef h h p h r l . A s in fo med H on o was t e e py r , r h r , An d did comman d in i ch ef.

M a c ma c uot the o d s t ai t i e r h, r h, q h I, w r r gh g v , ’ L et s os e n o time but ea l , l ve her ; T at ian t u on air i e h g p w ll liv , An d o d it ou for e e h l t v r.

To such a place our camp remove As will n o si ege abide ; ate a fool t at sta es h er o e I h h rv l v , n l to fe i O y ed her pr de .

CONSTANCY

Ou on it a e o e t up , I h v l v d Three whole d ays together ; An d am ike to o e t ee mo e l l v hr r , If it o fai at pr ve r we h er .

Time s a mou t a a his in s h ll l w y w g , E re he s h all discover I n the whole wide world again uc a n tan o e S h co s t l v r .

’ B ut the ite on t is n o aise Sp , pr Is due at all to me ;

“ ’ I I m e kl n aceful audac I Ou u on it. I ad Suc s . t p ir i g gr l n s ss l w ell t an ity. It i s luckier to do a litt e thi g urpa i n g y h ' ” a a i - m son Con l e t n ind ﬁ er ntl so. L ocke L a M rg hi g e y r p , y

den ces . 1 81 ﬁ , p . SIR JOHN SUCKL ING 223

Lo e ith me had made n o ta s v w s y , H ad it an een u he y b b t s .

ad it an en u he H y be b t s , An d t at e face h v ry , T here had been at least ere thi s A oz en oz en i n her ac d d pl e .

SONNET

D ost s ee how un regarded n ow Th at piece of beauty p ass es ? There w as a time when I did vow T o that alon e ; B ut mark the fate of faces ; The r ed an d ite o ks n ow n o mo e on me wh w r r ,

T an if i o d n o c a m n ot s ee . h t c ul t h r , or I

An d et th fa e ontin e oo y e c c u s g d, An d a e sti desi es I h v ll r , And s ti l the s e fsame es an d b ood l l ﬂ h l , A s a t to me t p l , And s uffer from those ﬁres ; 0 some kin d o e n idd e e e it i es , p w r u r l wh r l Whether my h eart be faulty or her eyes ?

She e e da her man oth ki v ry y d ll, An d I as often die ; N eithe r her p ower then or my will C an uestion ed e q b . Wh at is the mystery ? ’ Su be aut s em i e ik to eate states re y p r , l e gr r ,

H a e ce tain e iods s et an d idden fates. v r p r , h 2249 T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

TRUE L OVE

No n o fai e etic it n ee s t , , r h r , ds mu be B ut an ill o e in me l v , An d wors e for thee ; For were it in my p owe r T o l ove thee n ow this hour M o e t an did th e ast r h I l , ’ T ou d t en s o fa w l h ll , I mi ght n ot l ove at all ; L o e t at can ﬂ ow an d can a mit in c ease v h , d r ,

A mi ts as e l an ebb an d ma o es s . d w l , y gr w l

T rue love i s still the s ame ; the torrid z on es An d those more frigid on es It mus t n ot kn ow : For love gr own cold or hot I s ust or f ien ds i n ot l r h p , in a Th e th g w e h ve . ’ For at s a ame ou di e th ﬂ w ld , Held d own or up too high : T en ink o e mo e t an can e ess h th I l v r h I xpr ,

An d ou d o e mo e cou d but o e t ee ess . w l l v r , l I l v h l

! T a vs of c ell n o nts out t at t is oem V ns Lo . Pr . S h i g p i h h p shows the direct i nﬂuence of D onne (Seven teen th Cen tury ’ ’ L cs . C . D onne s L ove s owth. yri , p f Gr

226 THE CAVAL IE R POETS

TRUTH IN L OVE

f t ee kin bo ask n o r ed an i e O h , d y, I d wh t , T o make up my delight : No odd becomin aces g gr , ack e es or itt e kn o -n ot— ats i n f e Bl y , l l w wh ac s ; M ake me but mad en ou i e me ood sto e gh, g v g r Of o e for h er cou t : _ l v I r ask n o mo e I r , ’ Tis e in o e t at makes he lov l v h t sport.

’ T e e s c t in a t a e eaut ca h r no su h h g s h t w b y ll , It i s mere cos en age all ; For though s ome l on g ago Like ce ain co ou s min ed so an d s o rt l r gl , T hat doth n ot tie me n ow from choosin g n ew ; If I a fan cy take T o b ack an d ue l bl , T a fanc h i a t ak h t y dot t be u y m e.

’ ’ Tis n ot the meat but tis the a etite , pp akes eatin a de i t M g l gh , An d i f I like on e dish M o e t an an ot e t at a eas an t i s r h h r, h ph ; W a in our atc e s t at i n us i s foun h t w h , h d, So to the height an d n ick We u be oun p w d , t a o t ick No ma ter by what h n d r r . SIR JOHN SUCKLING 227

A BALLAD UPON A WE DD ING

tell t ee Dick w e a e een I h , , h re I h v b , Where I the rarest thin gs have s een ; 0 t in it ou com a , h gs w h t p re ! Such s ights again cann ot be foun d In an ace on E n is oun d y pl gl h gr , B e it at ake or fai w r .

At C a in - oss a the w a h r g Cr , h rd by y, ’ Where w e ( thou kn ow st) do s ell our There is a hous e with s tairs ; An d there did I s ee comin g down Suc folk as ar e n ot i n our t n h ow ,

o t at east i n ai . F r y, l , p rs

’ Amon t the est on e est len t ﬁn e gs r , p ( H is beard n o bigger though than thin e) Walked on before the rest : Our lan dlord l ooks like n othin g to him ’ The Kin g ( G od bles s him) twould un do o h o ti l so es Sh uld e g s l dr t.

At ou s e-a—a k it out all oubt C r P r , w h d , H e sh ould h ave ﬁrst been taken out

“ I . A B ALLA A E H is famous ball ad VII D UPON W DDING. ‘ ’ of Th e Weddin g is the very perfection of gayety an d arch ” es a k. C om en d ous H is to o E n l s h n s in verse. Cr i A p i ry f g i

L teratur e V ol . II . 28. i , , p “ ‘ ’ H t en t n n We dd n ad he wri t n o hi g but A B all ad upo a i g. ‘ ’ an the son be n ni n Wh so ale an d w an fon d lo e ? d g gi g y p , v r o d a a ne i mmo tal T e s m l c t he w ul h ve e r d h s i r ity. h ir i p i i y,

ace an d wit are unmatc e d an d ar e ecul a l hi s own . gr , h p i r y Their ﬂ avor is most rare ; it deli ghts at on ce an d i s never ” fo tten . tokes ed . oems o Suckli n e ace rgo S , , P f g, pr f . 228 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

’ ’ By all the maids i th town T ou ust Ro e t e e had ee h gh l y g r h r b n, Or i tt e G eo e u on the G een l l rg p r , in cen t of the C Or V rown.

B ut wot you what? the youth w as goin g T o make an en d of all hi s wooin g ; ’ The pe r s on for him stay d : Yet by his l eave ( for all his h aste ) H e di d n ot s o much wis h all p ast e c an ce as did the mai (P r h ) , d .

The mai an d t e e an s a ta e d ( h r by h g l ) , For s uch a maid n o Whi tsun -al e C ould ever yet produce ’ No a e t at s ki n dl i e co d b gr p , h y r p , ul e So oun d so m s o soft as she r , plu p , , No a f l i ce r h l so ful of j u .

H er n e w as so sma the in ﬁ g r ll, r g, Wou d n ot sta on ic t e did in l y , wh h h y br g, It w as too wi de a peck : An d to s ay truth ( for out it must) I t looked like the gr eat collar (j ust) ’ About our youn g colt s n eck.

H er feet en eat her etticoat b h p , L ike i tt e mi ce sto e in an d out l l , l , ’ As i f they fear d the light B ut 0 she dances s uch a w ay ! No sun upon an E aster-day I a f ﬁ n i s h l so e a s ght.

H er c eeks s o a e a i was n h r r wh te o , No dais makes com a is on y p r , Wh o s ees t em is un on e ( h d ) , For st eaks of r ed e e min e t e e r w r gl d h r , Such as ar e on a C atherin e pear ’ h n T e side that s ext the sun .

230 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

w ats off an d out ca ous No h ﬂy , y hs r e ; ea t s st o oun d an d t en the ous H l h ﬁr g r , h h e, ’ The bride s came thick an d thick : ’ ’ ’ An d en t as n am d an ot e s ealt wh w h r h h, Perhap s he made it h ers by stealth ; An d who co d e it Dick ul h lp , ?

On the sudden up th ey ris e an d d an ce ; T en s it a ain an d si an d an ce : h g gh, gl Then d an ce again an d ki s s : T s s e e al a s the time di d ass hu v r w y p , ’ Whi st e oman is ed her lace l v ry w w h p , An d e e man is e his v ry w h d .

THE LUTE SONG IN THE SAD ONE

as t t een th o n in th air H hou s e d w e , Wh en wanton blasts have tossed it? the s i on the s ea Or h p , When rude r win ds have cros s ed it ? ’ ast ou ma ke th c ocodi ee in H th r d e r l e s w p g, ’ Or the fox s sl eepin g ? ie e the eacock i n i i e Or hast v w d p h s pr d , Or the o e b his b ide d v y r , When he courts for his lechery ? so ck e 0 s o ain 0 so fa s e s o fa se i s she ! 0 ﬁ l , v , l , l

’ I X. T H E AD NE ne of ucklin s fou dec dedl oo S O . O S g r i y p r 1a p ys. WILLIAM CARTWRIGHT

( 1 61 1

A ALED CT V I ION.

B id me not go where neither sun s n or showers D o make or cheri sh ﬂowers ; t ere dis con ten ted thi n gs in s adn ess lie And Nature gri eves as I ; W en am a ted f om t ose e es h I p r r h y , om ic m bette da ot is e Fr wh h y r y d h r , Though some propitious p ower S ou d ant me i n a bo e h l pl w r, Wh ere amon gst h appy l ove rs I might s ee H ow showers an d sunbeams bri n g On e e e as tin s in v rl g pr g, Nor would those fall n or these s hi ne forth to me atu e to him i s ost N r l , Wh os h her h n s o l et e ho ors mo t.

“ ” A TW HT M son Ca tw t ote all like a man . C R RIG . y r ri gh wr ’ i n No t B en on on r e ace ar tw r h t s oems . B o J s , P f , C g P r , r h w a ne a T ew kesbu educated O fo d o ula la y, r ry ; , x r ; p p r p y writer ; after 1 638 a clergyman ; an ofﬁ cer in church of Salis bur 1 64 2 un o octo of O fo d 1 64 3 at all t mes an y, ; J i r Pr r x r , ; i “ a den adm o f B en onson a tw r ht i s to r t irer J . C r ig us c e nte est n as a t e t at of the t cal hi ﬂy i r i g yp , h ypi ” s d - r ly e t a a ant xfo d e en of his e od. A W Wa x r v g O r r i t p ri . . ’ d n l s oe 2 War s E h ts V ol . II . 92 7. g i P , , p “ I . A ALE CT Few oems c ul d e s o the V DI ION. p o b tter h w 231 232 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

Th en fairest to my p artin g vi ew di s play ou aces all in on e fu da Y r gr ll y, ’ Whos e b es sed s a es I ll sn atc an d kee l h p h p , I do return an d vi ew again : So b t i s art fanc s al fo tun e c oss y h y h l r r , An d o e li e b t inkin on t ei os s l v rs v y h g h r l .

TO CUPID

Tho who i st n e e s ee the i t u d d v r l gh , Nor kn ow s t the easu e of the s i t pl r gh , B ut a a s b in ded can st n ot s a lw y l , y ’ Now it i s n i t or n ow ti s da gh , y, So ca ti ate h er s en s e s o b ind h er e e p v , l y , ’

T at s ti l she o e me et sh e n e e kn o . h l l v , y r w why

T ou who os o n it s uc art h d t w u d us w h h , We s ee n o ood o f om the ea t bl dr p r h r , ’ An d subt c ue l eav s t n o s i n , ly r l, g T o te l the b o or an w as t in e l l w h d h , O en t en t oun d m fai t at sh g ly, g ly w y r , h e M a t n i e h oun i m me y he ce bel ve t e w d d d co e from .

’ i nﬂuence of D onn e s subtle in tellectual reﬁnements than this Ca t t at his best as e e se ems to me to re r wri gh , h r , p ’ ” se e also muc o onn e t c ellin even rv h f D s sinceri y. S h g, S teen th Centur cs 25 y Lyri , p. 7.

234: T H E CAVAL IER POE T S

wi s her eaut I h b y, That owes n ot all its duty ’ T o a ti e or list rin oe-tie . g udy r , g g sh .

Somethin g more than ‘ ' aﬂ e a or ti s su n (I t e ca , m n e r a a t feat r h an . D r p h r, o ric f

M ore than the spoil ’ Of s o or silk m oi h p , wor s t l, u mi e r a o t u e . O b gh bl sh, or a s t s l

’ A face th at s best its ow n beaut est By y dr , And can a n e ommen the est lo c d r .

A face mad e up Out of n o othe r shop ’ i e iThan what Nature s wh te hand s ts ope .

3A cheek where youth An d b oo it en o f t ut l d, w h p r h , ’t Write wh at the reader sweetly ru h .

A cheek where grows M ore than a morn in g rose i in es Whi ch to n o box h s be g ow .

Lip s where all day ’ o e is s ma a A l v r s k y pl y, in n a Yet carry n oth g the ce aw y .

L ooks that oppr es s T ei ic est ti es but es s h r r h r , dr T ems e es in im e n akedn es h lv s pl s . RICHARD CRASHAW 235

Eyes that displ ace The n ei bo diamon an d out-face gh r d , Tha uns i e ei wn ee a t s h n by th r o s w t gr ce.

Tresses that wear e e s but to dec a J w l , l re H ow mu h emse e mo e ecious are c th lv s r pr ,

Whose n ative ray C an tame the wan ton day m i i i a a Of e t at n t e b t s e . g s , h h r r gh h d s pl y

E ac ub t e e h r y h r , Or ea t at da es a ea p rl h r pp r, B e its own e its own ea blush, b t r.

A e -tame ea t w ll d h r , For whose more n oble smart n in a Love may be l o g choos g a d rt.

Eyes that b estow ’ Full quivers on l ove s bow a e o e Yet p y less arrows than th y w .

Smil es that can warm The b ood et teac a c a m l , y h h r , i a k n a m That chast ty sh ll ta e o h r .

Blush es that bin The bu nis of n o sin r h , o o it in Nor ﬂames of aught t o h t w h .

Joys that con fess i ei mist ess V rtue th r r , n a e ea s A d h ve n o oth r h d to dres . 236 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

ea s fon d an d i t F r , ﬂ gh ’ As th e coy bride s when n ight es he on in o e i First do t l g g l v r r ght.

ea s uick ﬂed T r , q ly , An d vain as thos e are shed in maidenh ea For a dy g d.

D ays that n eed borrow No p art of their good morrow e- en n i of s o o From a for sp t ght rr w .

D a s t at in s ite y h , p Of da kn ess b th e i t r , y l gh n r a ll n i Of a cl ear mi d a e d y a ght.

i ts s eet as t e N gh , w h y, ’ M ade s o b o e s a h rt y l v r pl y, ’ n h Yet lon g by th abse ce of t e day.

L ife that d ares s en d A c al en e to hi s end h l g , ’

en i ome a We come f ien d. And wh t c s, s y, l , r

Sydn eian showers ' Of s eet discou se ose o e s w r , wh p w r ’ in e C an crown old W ter s head with ﬂow rs .

Soft s i ken ou l h rs, O en s un s s ad o e s p , h y b w r , ’

o e all n ot in it in t at o e s . B v , h g w h h l w r

’ Whate e r delight ’ C an make D a s fo eh ea b i t y r d r gh ,

Or give down to the win gs of Night.

238 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S

A SONG

Lo e the s en s f h e rd, wh n e o t y s w et grace Sen ds u m s ou to s eek th fac p y l y e, Thy bles s ed eyes breed s uch desire ’ die in o e s de i cio I l v l us ﬁ r e. 0 L o e am th sac i ce v , I y r ﬁ , B e s till t ium an t es s e r ph , bl d eyes ; Still s i n e on m e fai s un s a h , r , th t I Sti l ma e o d t ou sti die l y b h l h gh ll I .

T ou h sti die i e a ain h g ll I , I l v g , Still l on gin g s o to be still s lain So ain fu i s suc oss of b eat p l h l r h, di e e en in d esi e o f deat I v r h . Still li ve in me this l ovin g strife Of li vi n g death an d dyin g life For i e t ou s eet sla es t me wh l h w ly y , D ead to m s e f i in ee y l , I l ve th .

ON T H E ASSUMPT ION OF THE VIRGIN MARY

H a k ! she i s ca ed the a tin ou i s come r ll , p r g h r ; m T ake th fa e el oo o d . H ea en must o o e. y r w l , p r w rl v g h A piece o f heaven ly earth ; pur er an d brighter T an the c aste sta s os e c oice am s come to i t h h r , wh h l p l gh h er , W i s t t ou the c sta o bs c ea e t an t e h l hr gh ry l r , l r r h h y,

She c imbs an d makes a far mo e mi k wa . l , r l y y RICHARD CRASHAW 239

’ She s called again ; hark how the dear immortal dove Si s to his i e mate Rise m o e gh s lv r , up, y l v , Rise u m fai m s ot es n e p, y r, y p l s o , ’ The in te s ast the ain i on w r p , r s g e ; The s in i s come the o e s a ea pr g , ﬂ w r pp r,

s eets s a e t o are antin e e. No w , v h u, w g h r C ome a a m o e w y, y l v , ome a a m o e C w y, y d v , ‘ Cast oﬂ delay ; Th e court of he aven is come To wait up on thee home ; C ome a a come a a ! w y, w y The o e s a ea ﬂ w r pp r,

Or i ck ou d e t t o on ce e e . qu ly w l , w r h u h r The s in is come or i f it sta pr g , y ’ Tis k e it h a to e p time w h t y del y. The ain i s on e e ce t so muc as w e r g , x p h e D etain in n eedful tears to w ep the want of thee. ’ The inte s ast w r p , Or if he make ess aste l h , ‘ is an s e is Wh she does s o H w r , y, ; I f s mme come n ot how can in te o ? u r , w r g Come a a come a a ! w y, w y The s i i n ds c ide the ate ee th sta hr ll w h , w rs w p y y, The foun tain s mu mu an d e ac ofti est t ee r r, h l r i af r e Bows lowest h s l e y top to look fo th e. Come a a m o e w y, y l v , ome a a m o e C w y, y d v , ' C ast oﬂ delay ;

“ ts I ilv e. Thou e a e a amon the o I I . S er ma t gh y h v I i n g p , ” l he wi n s d e yet sha l ye be as t g of a dove covere w ith silv r.

sa . 1 3 P bm lxviii . “ R se u m a r . R se u m lo e m fa one and i p, y f i i p, y v , y ir , For n a an d come aw a . 10 the w te i s ast the n i s o e y , , i r p , r i v r gone ; the ﬂow ers appear on the e arth ; the time of the sin g i n g of birds is come an d the voice of the turtle is heard in r l an d m d o e t a art in the cle fts of the ou O y v , h t ock in the sec et lace of the sta s l et me see th coun te r , r p ir , y n an ce let me ea th o ce for sw ee t is th o ce and th ; h r y v i ; y v i , y ” - countenance is comel . Son o Solomon ii . 1 0 14 y g f , . 24 0 T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

The court of heaven is come T o wait upon thee home ; ” ome come a a . C , w y ’ n An d i l she She s call ed agai . w l go ? ea en id come who an s a n When h v b s , c y o ? ea en cal s her an d she mus t a a H v l , w y, n il n an d she can n o s ta H ea e ot t . v w l , y G o t en o o ious on the o en in s , h ; g , gl r g ld w g Of the b i t out of ea en that s in s r gh y h h v , g

Un de s o s eet a bu den . G o r w r , Sin ce th d ead son i l a e i o y r w l h v t s . An d i e t ou oest our s on an w wh l h g , g d e Will as w e ma eac afte t e , y, r h r h e. H ai o ueen of umb e ea ts l, h ly q h l h r ! We i n th ais e i a e our a ts y pr w ll h v p r . An d though thy dearest looks must n ow give light T o n on e but the b est ea en s os e b i l h v , wh r ght e o de s ost in s eet de i t B h l r , l w l gh , Feed for ever th eir fair sight Wit t os e di in est e es ic w h h v y , wh h e An d our dark world n o more shall s ee ; T ou our oo o s are a ted 0 h gh p r j y p r 8 , Yet shall our li p s n ever l et go Th acious n ame but to he a y gr , t l st o in s on s a o i fast Our l v g g h ll h ld t . Thy precious n ame shall be T se f to us and w e hy l , it o ca i W h h ly re w ll keep it by us . We to the last Wi o it fast ll h ld , n i A d n o assumpt on sh all deny us . All the s weetest showers Of our fairest ﬂowers Wi l w n l e strow up o it. Th ough our s weets cann ot make It w eete t e can ake s r, h y t The e n w ee n es s f o i ms elv s e sw t r m t.

24 2 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

By the full kin gdom of th at ﬁn al kiss ’ ’ a s eiz d th a tin s oul an d s cal d t ee Th t y p r g , h ’ B y all the H eav n th ou hast in (Fair s is te r of the s eraphim !) By all of him w e have i n thee ; e n ot i n of m s e f in L eav h g y l me. L et me s o ead th life t at r y , h I n to all if f a i U l e o mine m y d e. RICHARD L OVELACE

( 1 61 8-1 65 8) I SONG

T e me n ot s eet am n kin ll , w , I u d, T hat from the n unn ery Of thy chaste br eas t an d quiet min d T o w ar an d a ms ﬂ r I y.

T ue a n ew mist es n ow ase r , r s I ch , The ﬁrst foe i n the ﬁ eld ; An d with a s tron ge r faith embrace

A s o a o se s ie . w rd, h r , a h ld

Yet this in con stan cy is such A s you too s hall adore : cou d n ot o e t ee ea s o muc I l l v h , d r, h L o ed n o on o mo e v I t h r r .

TO ALTHEA FROM PRISON

When Lo e i n con ne in s v w th u ﬁ d w g , H o e s it in m ates v r w h y g , An d my divin e Althea brin gs T o whisper at the grates ;

“ ’ a h s o m conta n I . S . G o n o the W s is be t e s ONG i g t r , p . i n o li ne or part of a li ne that could by any possibili ty be ” ’ - 9 m ed . osse a d n l oets ol I 1 8 . W s E s I . o G h V . i pr v , r g i P , . p

II To A E . Set to mus c b D r . o n lson n . LTH A i y J h Wi i “ Cheer ul A s or B allads 1 660 The st and fou t f ir , . ﬁr r h stanzas o f thi s exquisite lyric w ould d o honor to the most ” ’ l o n ame. G osse War d s E n l s oets l II lust us h V o . i ri , g i P , , 1 89 See the d scuss on of L o elace for h c . i i v t e ause of m son e i pri m nt. 24 4 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

Wh en I li e tan gl ed in her h air An d fette ed to h er e e r y , The gods that wan ton i n the air n o n o suc ibe t K w h l r y.

When ﬂowin g cups run s wiftly roun d Wit n o a a in T ames h ll y g h , Our ca e es s eads it os es c o n d r l h w h r r w e , Our hearts with l oyal ﬂames ; Wh en t i st ief i n in e w e stee h r y gr w p , W en ea t s an d d au ts o f ee h h l h r gh g r , Fishes that tipple in the deep n n o uc ibe t K ow s h l r y.

W en ike committe inn ets h , l d l I With shriller throat shall S i n g The s eetn es s m e c m a est w , r y, j y, An d glories of my kin g ; When I shall voice al oud how good H e is how eat s ou d be , gr h l , E n a ed in ds t at cu the oo l rg w , h rl ﬂ d, n n u i e t K ow o s ch l b r y.

on a n o ison make St e w ll s do t a pr , Nor i ron bars a cage ; M in ds in n ocen t an d quiet take That for a h ermitage I f a e f eedom i n m o e I h v r y l v , An d in m s ou am f ee y l r , An e s a on e t at s oa a o e g l l , h r b v , E n ibe t j oy such l r y .

When like comm tted linn ets I Chan ed b B sho , i , . g y i p “ ” ’ e c to W en l n n et-l ke con n ed I but L o elace s P r y h i i ﬁ , ; v s t a h h a i uc e te r ig tforw ard p r se s m h b t r.

24 6 T H E CAVAL IER POE T S

.TO LUCASTA

Lucasta f o n an d le m , r w , t e die ! B ut s mi e an d s ee li l , , , I ve ! The sad i n di ffe ren ce of your eye B oth kills an d doth repri eve ; You hi de our fate within its s creen ; ’ We feel our u men t e er w a j dg , e he r So in on e picture I have s een An an el he e the t e e g r , devil h r !

TH E SCRUTINY

ou ds t ou s ea am fo s o n Why sh l t h w r I r w r , Sin ce thin e I vowed to be ? L a it i s a ead mo n dy, lr y r , ’ An d t w as l ast n ight I s wore to thee That f n d im o si i it . o p s b l y.

a e n ot o e t ee much an d on H v I l v d h l g, ’ A tedious twelve hours s p ace ? s ou d all ot e eauti es on I h l h r b wr g, n r o e f n ew mb ace A d b th e o a e r , ti t n h ac Should I s ll do e upo t y f e.

Not but all joy in thy brown hair By oth ers may be foun d ; mu ea c he ack an d fai B ut I st s r h t bl r,

’ ' a L ad T H E Scaurm r . C Carew s In the erson o V. f. P f y ’ d n ns tan c an Suckli g s Co y. RICHARD L OVE LACE 24 7

’ Like skilful mi n r alis ts that s oun d For easu e in un - lo ed-u tr r p w p groun d .

T en if en a e o ed m oun d h , wh I h v l v y r , ’ T ou rov st the easan t s he h p pl , Wit s oils of mean e eau i e o n e h p r b t s cr w d, aden i etu n to t ee I l w ll r r h , ’ E en s ated ith a iet w v r y.

SONG

Amarantha s eet an d fai , w r, Ah b aid n o mo e t at s in in ai , r r h h g h r ; A s m cu ious an d or e e y r h y , H o e in oun d t ee l et it v r g r h , fly L et it fly as uncon fin ed As its avi s e the in r h r, w d, Who has left his darlin g east ’ T o anton o er t i s ic n est w h s p y .

Every tress must he con fess ed B ut n eat tan led at th best ly g e , Like a c e of o den t ead l w g l hr , Most e ce en t a e ed x ll ly r v ll , D o n ot t en in d u t at i t , h , w p h l gh ’ I n iban ds an d o e rcloud th n i t r , e gh , ’ Like the s un in s ea r a rly y, B ut s ake ou ea and scatte da h y r h d r y.

I n its com actness neatn ess ett conce ts SONG. p , , pr y i , an d e cell en t de elo men t of one dea an d on on l thi s s on x v p i e y, g i s a od e am l e te l cs e da go x p e of the b t r yri of th y. ABRAHAM COWLE Y

( 1 61 8-1 667)

ANACREONTIQUE It D RINKING

The t i st ea t oaks u the ain h r y r h s p r ,

An d inks an d a es for d ink a ain . dr , g p r g T he an ts s uck in the ea t an d are pl r h, Wit i k n i h con stan t dr n i g fres h an d fa r . The s ea its e f ic on e ou d t ink l , wh h w l h S ou a e ut itt n eed f ink h ld h v b l le o dr , D in ks ten t ous an d i e s u r h r v r p, ’ o ed a rfl S fill th t they o e ow the cup. The busy s un an d on e would gues s ’ B y s drun ken fi ery face n o less D inks the sea an d en he h as on e r up , wh d , The moon an d stars drink up the sun ; T e d ink n dan c ei own i t h y r a d e by th r l gh , e in h i Th y dr k an d revel all t e n ght. ’ ot in in atu e sobe foun N h g N r s r d, B n n o ut a eter al health g es roun d . i u th e bo t en fill it i F ll p wl , h , h gh ; i all the as ses t e e for F ll gl h r , why Should eve ry creature drink but I Wh men of mo a s te me ? y, r l , ll why

“ I . A N A CB EONT IQ UE T e the A nac eon t c Odes are . h y [ r i ] smoot an d el e an t n d n dee he m os a eeable an d the h g , a i d t t gr ’ most er fect in t e k n d f ll M r Cowle s oems . p h ir i o a . y p

B la L ectures n R hetor c an d B ell s ett es . ir, o i e L r 94 8

25 0 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

An other M ary then arose An d did i o ous a s im ose r g r l w p . A mighty tyran t she ! L on a as s ou d a g, l , h l I h v e be en Un e t at i on -sce t ed ueen d r h r p r q , H ad n ot Re e s e b cca t me free.

W en fai Re ecca s e f ee h r b t me r , ’ Twas then a golden time with me ; B ut soon t os e easu es ﬂed h pl r , For the gracious prin cess died ’ In her out an d eaut s i e y h b y pr d , And ith ei ned in her ead Jud r g st .

On e m nt t ee a an a f an ou o h, hr d ys d h l h r udit e d th e so e ei n o e J h h l v r g p w r, Won drous beautiful her face ; B ut s o sma l an d eak her wit l w , T at she to o e n w as un t h g v r ﬁ , An d so s an n a took her a e Su pl c .

B ut en sa e a came wh I b ll , Armed with a res istl ess ﬂ ame ’ An d th a ti e of her e e r ll ry y , Whils t she proudly marched about G eate con uests to ﬁ n d out r r q , h ea ou u an he S e b t t S s by t by.

B ut in h er pl ace I then obeyed B ack-e e d B ess her ice o -mai l y , V r y d , n acan c T o wh om e s ued a v y . Thous an d w ors e pas s ion s then p os sessed T e n e n f east h i terr g um o my br . B less me from s uch an an archy ! ABRAHAM COWLE Y 25 1

G entle H en rietta then An d a t i d M a n e an h r ry xt beg , T n an e o an d an e an d Andria. h J , J , And t en a ett T omasin e h pr y h , n d t en an ot e C at e in e A h h r h r , An d t en a n at wte h lo g c ra.

B ut should I n ow to you rel ate The t en th an d ic es of t ei te s r g r h h r sta , The o e atc es an d the in s p wd r, p h , p , T he ib an ds e e s an d the in s r b , j w l , r g , T he ace the aint an d a ike t in s l , p , w rl h g That make up all their magaz ines ;

If I should tell the politic arts ’ T o take an d kee men s ea ts p h r , The ette s embassies an d s ies l r , p , The f o n s an d smi es an d ﬂatteries r w , l , , The ua e s tea an d e u ies q rr l , rs p rj r , e es n ame es s m ste ies ! Numb rl s, l y r

And all the littl e lime-twigs l aid B M atchavil the aitin -maid y , w g ; I more volumin ous should grow ( Chicﬂy i f I like them should tell All ch an ge of weathers th at befell) h i n e to iT an Hol sh d or S w.

B ut i iefe it em I w ll br r w h th be , in e on w it me S ce few of th m were l g h . An high e r an d a n obler s train M es en m e es does c aim y pr t E p r s l , ’ ’ H el eon ora st 0 th n ame , ﬁr ; Wh om G od gran t lon g to reign !

M atchavil, acc i a elli l on looked u on as n ce of M h v , g p pri sc e me s h r . H ol ns hed or Stow E n li s c onicle s f om w om d r a i . g h hr r r h matists es ec all akes ea e a d a n muc mate al . , p i y Sh p r , h ve r w h ri 25 2 T HE CAVALIE R POE T S

THE INCONSTANT

I n ever yet could s ee that face Which had n o dart for me ; ’ om fteen ea s to ﬁ ft s s ac Fr ﬁ y r , y p e, T e all icto ious h y v r be . ’ L o e thou rt a de i if ma ca l e n v , v l, I y l th e o e; For s u e in me th n ame i s L e ion r y g .

C o o or s a e oo imbs or face l r h p , g d l , G oodn ess or wit i n all ﬁn d , I , In motion or in s eec a ace p h , gr ; ’ I f all fai et tis omankin l , y w d ’ An d I m so eak the isto n eed n o w , p l t be D oub e or t e e c a ed o mu de l r bl h rg t r r me.

‘ ’ If ta the n ame of o e s a s ll , pr p r l y ’ If fai s e s eas an t i n the i t r, h pl l gh ; I f low her ettin es s does eas e , pr pl ; I f b ack at o e o es n ot n i t ? l , wh l v r l v gh I f e o - ai e o e est it s ou be y ll w h r d , I l v l h ld ’ Th e t e f o n m xcuse to o h rs or n ot l vi g e.

The fat ike en t s m ea t , l pl y , ﬁll y h r ; The ean it o e makes me too s o l , w h l v ; ’ ’ If t ai t her bod s Cu i s da t s r gh , y p d r ’ T o me if c ooke tis his bow ; r d , Na a e its e f does me to a e in c in e y, g l r g l ,

An d st en th to omen i es as e l as i n e. r g w g v , w l w

III . ro er . P ett P p r y. I black The ad ect e black w as f e uent] used b f . j iv r q y poets of the day to i n timate a susp icion of e or immo ali r ty.

25 4 TH E CAVAL IE R POET S

H ow cou it be s o fai an d ld r, you away ? H ow co d the t ees be beauteous o e s s o a ul r , ﬂ w r g y? C ou d t e emembe but ast ea l h y r r l y r, H ow ou did t em t e ou d eli y h , h y y ght, The s outi n ea es i c s aw ou e e pr g l v wh h y h r , ’ A n d call d t ei fe lo to the si t h r l ws gh , Wou ooki n oun d for the s ame s i t in ain ld, l g r gh v , C ee ack in t t ei i ent a ks a ain r p b o h r s l b r g .

’ Where er you walked trees were as reverend made As en of old ods e t i n e e s ade wh g dw l v ry h . ’ I s t p os sibl e they s hould n ot kn ow W at os s of on ou e s us tain h l h r th y , T at t us t e s mi e an d ou i h h h y l ﬂ r s h n ow, An d still th eir forme r pride r etain ? ’ D u c eatu es ! tis n ot i t out caus a he ll r r w h e th t s , ho ﬂ ed the od of wit w as a e W g , made tr e.

In an cient time su e t e muc i se e e s r h y h w r w r , ’ When th ey rejoic d the Thracian vers e to hear ; I n ai did atu e bid t em s ta v n N r h y, When Orph eus h ad his s on g begun ; ’ T e call d t ei on de in oots a a h y h r w r g r w y, d ade em s i en to him r un An b th l t . H ow would thos e l earn ed trees have followed you ?

Y a e a n t em an d t ei oet too . ou would h v dr w h , h r p ,

’ B u who an am em n ow ? for sin ce o e on e t c bl e th , y u r g , ’ T e e e th on fai an d s in e a on e. h y r h re e ly r, h l You di d th eir n atural rights in vade ; W e e e e ou did a k or s it h r v r y w l , Q T he t ickes ou s cou d make n o a e h t b gh l sh d , Although the sun h ad gran ted it The fai s o e s cou d eas e n o mo e n ea ou re t ﬂ w r l pl r , r y ,

T an ain ted o e s s e n e o t em cou . h p ﬂ w r , t xt t h , ld do A' BRAHAM COWL E Y 25 5

’ n r en ou come it e t at s a e Whe e e th y h h r, h h ll b

T he time i c t i s to ot e s i s to me. , wh h h h r , Th litt e o s ic e e are n ow e l j y wh h h r , The n ame of un ishmen ts do a p be r, When by their s ight they l et us kn ow ’ H ow w e de riv d of eate ar e p gr r . ’ Tis you the best of s eason s with you brin g ;

i i s for easts an d that for men the s in . Th s b , pr g

A VOTE

T i on an me t at m mean ma li e h s ly gr t , h y s y

T oo l ow for en for con tem t too hi . vy, p gh ome ono ou d a e S h r I w l h v , Not f om eat eeds but o a on e r gr d , g od l ’ Th unkn own are better than ill-kn own ; Rumo an o e the a e r c p gr v . ’ Ac uain tan ce o d a e but en e en s q I w ul h v , wh t d p d

Not on he n m e but the c oice of f ien ds . t u b r, h r

ooks s ou n ot sin ess en te tain the i t B h ld, bu , r l gh ;

And s ee as un istu bed as eath the n i t. l p , d r d , gh M ous a otta e mo e y h e c g , r T an a ace an d s ou d ttin e h p l , h l ﬁ g b all m n For use o u u . y , l x ry ’ My garden p ain ted o er ’ ’ With atu e s an d n ot A t an d easu es ie d N r h , r s ; pl r y l a n i in d Hor ce might e vy in h s Sab e ﬁ el .

TE The wo d e e means a keen des e or lon V. A VO . r h r ir g s nza en re nl he ast ee —t ose se i ng. The ta s giv a o y t l thr h ted b ow or lume in 661 A s o n ted out b lec y C ley f a vo 1 . p i y the aut o mself h w as n uenced b H o ace in the t h r hi , e i ﬂ y r wri n oe i g of this p m. 25 6 T H E CAVAL IER POET S

’ .T us o d doub e m i fe s fadin a e h w ul I l y l g sp c , For h e t at un s it el t ice un s his ace h r w l, w r r . An d in t i s t ue deli t h r gh , Ti hes e un bou t s o ts t is a stal gh p r , h h ppy e, ou d n ot fea n or i s m fate I w l r w h y , B ut boldly s ay each n ight : T o-mo o l et m s un his beams is a rr w y d pl y, Or in ou s i e t em : a e li ed to-da cl d h d h I h v v y.

TH E WISH

Wel t en n ow do ain s ee l , h , I pl ly ’ This bus y world an d I shall n e er agree ; The very hon ey of all earthly joy oes of all me ats the s oon es c o D t l y, An d t e met inks es e e m it h y, h , d rv y p y f r i an n du he tin s Wh o o t c e re t s g , The c o d an d uz z an d mu m i n r w , b , r ur gs

Of t i eat i e the cit . h s gr h v , y

’ Ah et ere escen to th a e , y , I d d gr v M ay I a small hous e an d a large garden have ! An d a few f i en ds an d m an books bot t ue r , y , h r , B ot is e an d t de i tful too ! h w , bo h l gh , ’ An d sin ce o n e e ill f om me ﬂee l v e r w r , A mist es s mo e ate fai r d r ly r, An d oo as ua i an -an e s are g d g rd g l , ’ On elo d an d o in me ! ly b v , l v g

O fountain s en in ou s a , wh y h ll I M s e f eas ed o f un eacefu t ou ts es ? y l , p l h gh , py O e ds ! oods ! en en s a be ma e ﬁ l 0 w wh , wh h ll I d The h appy ten an t of your shade ?

SIR‘ E DWARD SHERBURNE

-1 702)

WEEPING AND KISSING

A kiss e e u milin she I b gg d, b t s g D en ied it me ; ’ W en s t ai t her c eek it ea s rﬂo h r gh , h s w h t r o e wn N ow kin der grown ’ What smilin g sh e d n ot l et on e have She ee in a e w p g g v . T en ou om sco n ful ea ti e h y wh r b u es aw , H op e yet relief om L o e who tea s f om mi e can a Fr v , r r s l s dr w, easu e f om ief Pl r r gr .

’ SHE BU E . B o n t. G les C i le ate L ondon cle k R RN r , S i r pp g , ; r of the o d n ance 1 64 1 e ected b the H ouse of L o ds for r i , ; j y r ’ adhering to the kin g ; j oi ned Charles army and retired him to O fo d w e e he w a m ade M aste of A ts esto ed x r , h r s r r ; r r to clerkship at the R estoration ; kn i hted by Charles II ; ej ected from oﬁi ce on abdication 0 J ames II ; suffered m c r e a nd im ost all in u h fo th royal c use a at one t e l his , clud n a a e l b a H is e ses are f e uentl foun d in i g r r i r ry. v r r q y ’ W t s R ecreations i . SIR E DWARD SH E RBURNE 25 9

T HE VOW

By my life I vow T at m i fe ar t o h y l t h u, By my heart an d by my eyes ; B ut thy faith den i es ’ T o m uste oat t in c i n e y j r h l , ’ in For thou say st I s wear by th e.

B t i s s i s ea y h gh I w r, B is fa in ea y th ll g t r, By the un des erved pain s ’ M y gr iev d s oul sustain s ’ w ou ma s e ie m moan N o th y t b l ve y ,

T es e are too too muc m ow n . h , h y ANDREW MARVE LL

-1 678)

T HE FAIR SING ER

To make a n a con uest of all e ﬁ l q m , L o e did com os e s o s eet an en em v p w y, In om bot beauties to m deat a ee wh h y h gr , Join in g thems elves in fatal harmon y ; T at i e she it her es m ea o in h , wh l w h ey y h rt d es b d, She ith her oice i a ti a e m mi n d w v m ght c p v t y .

I could have ﬂed from on e but singly fai r ; M dis entan ed itse f mi t sa e y gl soul l gh v , B reakin g the curled trammels of her hair ; B ut how sh ould I avoid to be h er slave Whos e subtle art invi sibly can wreath e My fetters of the very air I breathe ? “ MA VE L an ndowed b Natu e so im o ed b R L. A m e y r , pr v E ducat on Stud an d T a el so consummated b E x er i , y, r v , y p ence t at o n n the eculia r aces of Wit and Lear nin , h j i i g p r g w ith a si n gul ar pen etration an d stren gth of jud ent ; an s n e s n h w o ou s f his Ii e w th an exerci i g all th e i t e h le c r e o , i i a s f ue he became un alterable steadin ess n the w y o Virt , am en n d e am l elo ed b od en the orn t a x p e of his age, b v y go m , fe a ed b bad adm ed b all t ou im tated b few an d r y , ir y , h gh i y ; ” ’ -I n s t el s onu scarce parall ele d by any. crip ion on M arv l M - - men t 1 688 B o n W nstead in H olde ness Y o ks. e du , . r , i r , r ; cated H ul l G amma c ool an d T n t Colle e C am , r r S h ri i y g , bridge ; secretary an d am anuensi s to Milton ; recommended b M lton as as s stant L at n sec eta 1 65 2 afte a ds y i i i r ry, ; rw r o nt sec eta t M lton membe of a l amen t 1 660 j i r ry wi h i ; r P r i , 1 661 ; con spi cuous for his brave condemnation of the loose l fe f le II d ed L on don i o Char s ; i , . 260

262 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

an a comes an d she For Juli , , do to th e as s oes to m t What I gr , d y houghts

d t us e mea o i a e ee An h , y d ws , wh ch h v b n C om an ion s of m t ou ts mo e een p y h gh r gr , Shall n ow th e heraldry become With which I s hall adorn my tomb ; For u ian a came an d she J l , , h What do to t e a s oe to m t me . I gr s , d s y houghts

TO H IS COY M ISTRESS

H ad w e bu o en ou an d time t w rld gh , m T is co n es s ad e e n o c i e . h y , l y, w r r We would s it down an d thin k which w ay ’ T o alk an d as ur on a w p s o l g love s d y. ’ Thou by the I n dian G an ges s ide Shouldst rubies ﬁ n d ; I by the tide

Of H umber would complain . I would L ove you ten years before the Flood ; An d ou s ou d if ou ease ef se y h l , y pl , r u Ti h n e si n h ll t e co v r o of t e Jews . My vegetabl e l ove s hould grow aste t an em i es an d mo e s o V r h p r , r l w ; An hun dred years should go to prais e Thin e eyes an d on thy foreh ead gaz e ; Two n ed to a o e ea h ea t hu dr d r c br s ,

' ' III. T o H rs Cox rsraxss A o tim did M a ell M . t n e rv “ nto ac In a ou t i pr tice the theories here set forth. C r eld no man e ones an d n oman c aste h to b h t o w h , M a ell e e n an d es e ct n msel f w as oof a a nst rv , r v ri g r p i g hi , pr g i ” its a ms . H Cole d e B io ra hia B o ealis . 5 7 ch r . ri g , g p r , p . ANDREW MARVE LL 263

B ut thi rty thous an d to the r est ; An a e at east to e e a t g l v ry p r , And the ast a e s ou d s u ea l g h l how yo r h rt. For ad ou des e e t is s tate , l y, y rv h , Nor oul d o e a o e ate w I l v t l w r r .

B ut at my back I always hear ’ Time s win ged chari ot hurryin g n ear ; And yon de r all before us lie s e t o as ete n it D e r s f v t r y . Th beaut s a l n o mo e be fo n d y y h l r u , Nor in th ma e au t s a l s oun d , y rbl v l , h l My echoin g s on g ; then worms s hall try T hat on es e ed i in it . l g pr rv v rg y ; An d ou uain t on o u n o ust y r q h r t r t d , An d in to ashes al l my lust ’ The a e s a ﬁ n e an d i ate ace gr v pr v pl ,

B ut n on e think do t e e emb ace. , I , h r r

Now the efo i e the o t fu hue , r re, wh l y u h l its on h ski n ike o nin d ew S t y l m r g , And whi le thy willin g s oul tran spires At eve o e it in s tan t e ry p r w h ﬁr s, ow l et us s o t us i e w e ma N p r wh l y, An d n ow like amo ous bi ds of e , r r pr y, Rathe r at on ce our time d evour n ui s i o - a o Than la g h in h s s l w ch pt p wer . L et us oll all o st en an d all r ur r gth, Our s weetn es s up in to on e ball ; An d tear our pl easures with t ough strife Thorough the i ron gates of life T us t ou w e can n ot make our s un h , h gh an d stil et w e il make him run St l , y w l .

Your ua n t hon o ua nt mean s e e old-fash on ed out q i r. Q i h r i , - of d at cu ous. e, ri 264 THE CAVAL IER POET S

TH E G ARDE N

H ow ain men t ems e es amaz e v ly h lv , T o win the a m th e oak or a s p l , , b y , An d thei r i n ces san t labors s ee C o n ed f om some sin e e or t ee r w r gl h rb, r , Whos e s hort an d n arrow-ve rged shade D oes udent t ei toi u b a pr ly h r ls p r id, While all the ﬂ owers an d trees do close To weave the garlan ds of repose !

ai iet a e f d t ee e e F r Qu , h v I oun h h r , And n n ocence th s is te dea ? I , y r r M i staken on s ou t ou t en l g, I gh y h n u om n i en I b sy c p a es of m . ou s ac ed an ts if e e e o Y r r pl , h r b l w, On ly amon g the plan ts will grow ; Soci ety i s all but rude T o t i eli i it e . h s d c ous sol ud .

No whi te nor red w as ever s een So amo u i e e n ro s as th s lov ly gr e . on d o e s c ue as t ei ame F l v r , r l h r ﬂ , ’ C in i i s es n am ut thes e tr ees the r m tr s e . Litt e a as t e kn o or eed l , l ! h y w h H ow far thes e beauti es her exceed ! ’ ai t ee e e e ou a ks oun F r r s ! wh r r y r b r I w d, un d No n ame shall but your own be fo .

“ IV T H E ARDE N In i he s o s a de th of . G . t h w ” c e lin n d i tical l ad a o oldwin poeti f e wo erful n a poli g i t r.

Sm t War 8 E n l s h os ts V ol . II . 384 i h, g i P , , p .

266 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

Suc w as t at a a en-s tate h h h ppy g rd , Whi le man there walk ed without a mate Afte a ace s o u e an d s eet r pl p r w , Wh at other h elp could yet be meet ! ’ ’ B ut twas beyon d a mortal s sh are -T o w an de r s olitary the re T wo a adis es are i n on e p r ,

T o i e i n a adi se a on e. . l v p r l

H ow well the skilful garden er drew Of o e s an d e bs t is dia n ew ﬂ w r , h r , h l , W e e f om abo e the mi de s un h r , r v , l r D oes t ou a f a an t z odi ac run h gh r gr , An d as it o ks th e i n dus t ious bee , w r , r C omputes its time as well as w e ! H ow could s uch s weet an d whol esome hours B e reckon ed but with herbs and ﬂowers ? HENRY VAUGHAN

( 1 622-1 695 )

TO AM RE T G O E ROM H OM E O , N F

an c an d ast e en in a ke F y I l v g w l d, k A nd Amo et of ee w e ta ed . , r , th l ’ The es t us t t en had s to n the s un w j h l , An hi s e e un d s la t blushes w re b g . We s ate an d ma ked how e e t in , r v ry h g D id mourn his abs en ce ; how the s prin g T a s mi ed an d cu ed about his beams h t l rl , W i st he w as e e n ow c ecked h er s t eams h l h r , h r T he wan ton eddies of her face Were taught l e ss n oi s e an d s moother grace ; And in a s o s ad c an n el en t l w, h w , ’ in nk i i t n Whisp r g the ba s the r d scon e t. The carel es s banks of ﬂowers that s pread T ei e fume os m hi s ead h r p r d b o s to h , An d it an o en f ee emb ace , w h p , r r , D id en te tain hi s beam face r y , L ike absen t f ien ds oin t to the est r p w , And on a eak e ectio eas th t w r ﬂ n f t.

AU HA Known as the S lu st becaus of his es dence V G N. i ri e r i in a o on f al all e iluri o n n ade s p rti o W es c d S a by the R ma i v r . B o n Llans ain tfread B ecknocks e ales e ducated Ox r , , r hir , W ; , fo d stud ed med c ne L on don en t most of his l fe thin r ; i i i , ; Sp i wi his Wels a s a all t mes an a dent R o alis h p ri h ; t i r y t. 267 268 T HE CAVAL IER POE T S

f eatu es t n t at a e n o en I cr r , he , h h v s se, B ut the loo s e ti e of in ﬂuen ce T hough fate an d time e ach day remove T hos e thin gs that el emen t their love At s uc ast di stan ce can a ee h v gr , h Am et wh o n o e W y, or , y sh uld t w ?

T H E WORLD

I s aw E te rn ity the other n ight Like a great ri n g of pure an d en dless A ll ca m as it w as b i t l , r gh ; An d oun d ben eat i Time in ou a s ea s r h t , h rs, d y , y r , ’ D riv n b the s e es y ph r , Like a ast s ado m o ed in ic the o v h w v , wh h w rld An d all her in e u e tra w re h rl d . T he doatin g lover in his quai ntest strain D id there complain ; ea him his ute hi s fan c an d hi s i ts N r , l , y, ﬂ gh , ’ Wit s fou de i ts r l gh , Wit o es an d kn ots th e s i n a es of easu e h gl v , lly s r pl r ; Yet hi s dear treasure All atte e la i e be his e es did ou sc r d y, wh l y p r U on a o e p ﬂ w r .

. TH E W L In the o i inal t is oem i s follo ed II OR D. r g h p w “ he b the w o ds of I Jo n . 1 6 1 7: For all t at i s in t y r h ii, , h w o ld the lust of the es an d the lust of the e es and the r , ﬂ h, y , de of li fe i s n ot of th e Fathe but is of the o ld an d pri , r, w r , the o ld as set aw a an d the lust t e eo f but he t at w r p h y, h r ; h d ” oeth the w ill of G od abideth forever . “ s a te n t ha been kn own to oil a I w E tern i ty. E r i y s sp ” oet for t me bu n ot in t s n stan ce. ui nce A Li ttle i , t hi i Q y, ga l s h G alle . 5 9 . g i ry, p

270 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

B efore true light ! T o i e in ots an d ca es an d ate the da . l v gr v , h y B ecaus e it s o s the w a h w y, he w a i c f om t i s dead an d da k a od T y, wh h r h r b e L eads up to G od ; A w a e e ou mi t t ead the s un an d be y wh r y gh r , As bright as be ! B ut as did t ei madn e s s s o dis cus s , I h r , On e whis p ered thus : This rin g th e bridegroom did for n on e provide ” B ut for his ide br .

PEACE

M s ou t e e i s a coun t y l , h r ry A fa be on d the sta s r y r , Wh ere s tan ds a win ged s en try All ski fu i n th e a s l l w r , T e e abo e n ois an d dan e h r , v e g r, eet eace its c o n ed it s mi es Sw P s r w w h l , And on e born in a man ger C n aut ou omma ds the be e s ﬁles . H e i s —thy gracious frien d An d O m s ou a ake y l, w D id in p ure love d es cen d T r h k o di e here fo t y s a e . I f t ou can st et but t i t e h g h h r, T e e o s the o e of eace h r gr w ﬂ w r p , The os e a can n ot it e r th t w h r, T t e n th ease hy for r ss a d y . L eave th en thy foolis h r anges ; F r n on an ee s ecu e o e c th r , B ut on e who n e e c an es , v r h g ,

Th G od th i fe th cur e . y , y l , y

Th oolis ran s Aimless ande in s. y f h ge . w r g HE NRY VAUGHAN 271

BEYOND T H E VE IL

T hey are all gon e in to the world of light ! An d I alon e sit lin ge rin g here ; T ei e memo i s fai an d b i t h r v ry ry r r gh , An d m s ad t ou ts dot c e y h gh h l ar .

It o s an d itte s in m c oud b east gl w gl r y l y r , L ike s ta s u on s ome loom o e r p g y gr v , Or t os e fain t beams i n ic t i s i l i s d est h wh h h h l r , ’ Afte the s un s emo e r r v .

s e e t em alkin in an air of o I h w g gl ry, Wh os e light doth trampl e on my days M a s ic ar e at best but du l an d oa y d y , wh h l h ry, e imme in an d eca M re gl r g d ys .

O o o e ! an d i h umilit h ly H p h g H y, H igh as the h eaven s above ! T es e ar e ou a ks an d ou a e s o ed t em me h y r w l , y h v h w h , T o kin o e dle my c ld lov .

D ea eauteous D eat he e e f th e ust r, b h ! t j w l o j , S in in n o e e but in the da k h g wh r r , W at m s te i es do lie be on d th dust h y r y y , Could man outlook th at mark !

’ H e that hath foun d s ome fledged bird s n est may kn ow At first sight i f the bird be flown ; B ut at fai e l or o e he s in s in n ow wh r w l gr v g , T at i s to him n kn o n h u w .

tha hat ou stanza o t Of a far IV. H e t h f n d. A w r hy eate oe Its t ou t an d its A n lo- on d e ctness gr r p t. h gh g Sax ir comb ne to make it nea e fec on i r p r ti . a7s T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

An d yet as an gel s in s ome brighte r dreams C a l to the s oul en man dot s ee l , wh h l p , So s ome s t an e t ou ts t ans cen our on t emes r g h gh r d w ted h , An d i n to o ee gl ry p p .

I f a sta e e con n ed in to a tomb r w r ﬁ , T he capti ve ﬂ ames mus t n eeds burn th ere ; n h an k i B ut whe t e h d th at loc ed her up g ves r oom . ’ he l s i n e t ou al h S l h hr gh l t e s ph ere .

0 at e of ete n a i fe an d all F h r r l l , C eated o i es un de ee r gl r r th , Resume thy s pirit from this world of thrall n to I true liberty.

E it e is e s e t ese mi sts i c b ot an d ﬁll h r d p r h , wh h l M e s ecti e s ti as t e as s y p r p v ll h y p , Or el s e r emov e m e hen ce un to that hill e e a n ee n as s Wh r I sh ll d o gl .

A nd et as an els T i s stanz a seems somew at a fo e y g . h h r ’ n n i at mmo tal t ru e r of Wordsw orth s I n t m iom of I r i y .

a s a r on ne d A len d d t ou t. H e e the If t r w e e c ﬁ . Sp i h gh r soul is hampe red by the ﬂ esh ; but in the hereafter it shall s shin e in all its intrin ic glory.

274 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

CEL IA SING ING

Ro e in eat in fo t t ei en s s br h g r h h r sc t, Or s ta s t ei bo o ed o n amen t r h r rr w r , m s in ate s e e t at mo e Ny ph w ry ph r h v , Or an e s i n t ei o bs abo e g l h r r v , The in ed c a iot of he i t w g h r t l gh , Or the s o s i en t ee s of n i t l w, l wh l gh , T he s hade which from the s wifter sun D ot i n a ci c a motion run h r ul r , Or s ou s t at t ei ete n al es t do kee l h h r r r p , ’ M ake far more n oi se th an C elia s breath in

B ut if the an e ic in i e g l , wh h sp r s T is subt e ame it acti e es h l ﬂ w h v ﬁr , S ou d mou d his b eat to o ds and t ose h l l r h w r , h n to a a mon dis ose I h r y p , The mus ic of this h eaven ly sph ere Wou d s tea eac s ou a the ar l l h l out t e , An d i n to plan ts an d s ton es i n fus e A ife t at c e ubim ou d c oose l h h r w l h , An d it n ew o e s i n e t the a s of fate w h p w r v r l w , in ma e i t ose at i e an dead t s ani t . K ll h th l v , d h g

TH E TOMB

When ue fai on e am ain , cr l r , I sl th dis dain By y , And as a t o of th co n , r phy y s r , T o s ome old tom am bo n e b r , T HOMAS ST ANLE Y 275

Thy fetters must their power bequeath T o thos e of D eath ; Nor can th ame immo ta n y ﬂ r l bur , Like mon umen tal ﬁres within an urn ; T us f eed f om th oud m i e s a o e h , r r y pr e p r , I h ll pr v T e e is mo e i be t i n ea a L h r r l r y D th th n ove .

And when fors aken lovers come To see m t m y o b, T ake h eed thou mi x n ot with the crowd And as a icto ou , v r, pr d To ie t e s oi s th beaut a e . v w h p l y y m d , es s n ea m s ade Pr r y h , L est thy too cruel breath or n ame S o d fan m as es back into a ame h ul y h ﬂ , An d t ou de ou ed b t is e en ef ﬁ re h , v r y h r v g ul ,

H is s ac i ce who i ed as in e e i e. r ﬁ , d th , xp r

B ut if cold earth or marble must C oncea m ust l y d , W ils t hid in s ome a k ui ; h d r r ns, I D umb an d fo otten lie rg , The pride of all thy victory Will sl eep with me ; e who s ou attes h o And th y h ld t t y gl ry, Wil or fo et or n ot be ie e t i s sto l , rg , l v h ry , T en to in c ease th t ium l et me est h , r y r ph , r ,

in i n e e ain u ie i n th b east. S ce by th e y s l , b r d y r CHARLE S COTT ON

( 1 630-1 687)

I ai s a e i f au t but e F r I b l , gh th e cou d or o l d or ike or o e I l , w u , l , l v ; I f othe r beauti es but approve T o s weeten my captivity mi t t os e as s ion s be a o e I gh h p b v , T os e o e fu ass ion s a om in h p w r l p , th t c b e T o mak an d kee e n in e p m o ly th e .

Or if for tem ti n t eas e p g r ur , I ’ Of the o d s od e ai in o w rl g , pr v l g g ld , C ou d s ee th o e an d m t ut s o d l y l v y r h l , A eate n ob e t easu gr r, l r r ry : M ame to t ee mi t t en o co y ﬂ h gh h gr w ld, And ike on ose o e i s s ens e I, l e wh l v , E an on eni n c xch ge th ee for c v e e.

' “ ” n The noblest of o r out and be st of f ends . Corro . u y h ri Lo elace D ed cat on Th Tr um h o P hilamor e and A moret v , i i , e i p f , '

1 64 9 . B o n B e e fo d aﬁ or dshire once w ell kn ow n as a r , r s r , St ; ’ translator of M on taign e s E ss ays ; a cl ose friend of Izaak W alton an d an enthusi astic an gler ; wrote as a secon d p art ’ to Walton s C omplete A n gler a tre ati se on ﬁshi n g with the

ﬂ a lo e of books an d co fe d ed W estm n ste . y ; v r untry li ; i , i r

I . F a r I s abel obabl sabell a H utc inson om he i . Pr y I h , wh ma ed in 1 65 6 rri .

278 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

’ T ank s eetest n ow thou rt e fec o n h s, w , p r t gr w , ’ For by thi s last ki s s I m un don e ; T ou breathest s i en t da ts h l r , Hen ceforth each littl e touch will prove A dan e ous st ata em in o g r r g l ve, And t i t lo hea ts hou w l b w up r .

LAURA SLEEPING

Wi n s is e ent i s sh s ee s d , wh p r g ly wh l t e l p , An d fan her it ou coolin in s w h y r g w g , Whil st she her drops of beauty w eep s om u an e n i a in Fr p re d y t u r v lled spr gs .

’ G i e o e ea t s e her face l d v r b u y ﬁ ld, , T o kis s her li an d c eek be o d p h b l , B ut it a ca m an d stea in ace w h l l g p , i N e ther too rude n or yet too cold .

Play in her beams and cris p her hair Wit s uc a a e as w in s s of l o e h h g l g t v , ’ An d it so s eet so ic an ai r w h w , r h s ea es o he a ian o e A br th fr m t Ar b gr v .

‘ ’ A eat as us e as o e i br h h h d l v r s s gh, Or th at un folds the morni n g door Sweet as the win ds that gen tly ﬂy ’ ee h in n am l d oo T o sw p t e spr g s e e le ﬂ r.

m sof usic o her eam Mur ur t m t dr s, T at u e an d un o uted run h p r p ll , L ike to the n ew -born crystal streams n i n u ed un U de r the br ght e amo r s . CHAR LE S COT T ON 279

B ut when she wakin g s hall di splay H er i t eti e it i n ou ar l gh , r r w h y r b . H er b eat i s i fe her e e ar da r h l , y s e y, And all mankin d her c eat es are r ur .

ROND EAU

orbear fai is O fo bea F , r Phyll , r r T os e dead ki lin f o n s an d s a e h ly l g r w , p r A ea t s o o in an d s o t ue h r l v g r , B n on e to be s ubdued but ou y y , ’ ho oo i fe o in c r W my p r l s s le pr ess a e . You on ly can create my care ; ' B oﬂ en d ou all i n s a e ut t d . y , I h g r T en est ou c e t ou r ue h , l y r ru l y y , Forbear ; ' An d est ou ki t at ea t be a e l y ll h h r , w r , T o i c t e e i s s ome it due wh h h r p y , If bu ca um u t be use I h bly s e . ou an e t e efo e s eetest fai Y r g r, h r r , w r, T ou me c in ou sex i s a e h gh r y y r r r , o ea F rb r .

DE A nc fo m f e s b ou t in to some o RON AU . Fre h r o v r e r gh p p ularity in the d ays of Wyatt ( 1 5 03 but use d by scarcely an E n l s oet sa e t on n i sudden o ul a t in y g i h p , v Co t , u til ts p p ri y the n n eteenth cent i ury. CHARLE S SACK VILLE

( 1 637-1 706)

SONG

is for s ame ! let us im o Phyll , h pr ve A thous an d differen t ways Thos e few short momen ts s n atched by love om man te i ous a s Fr y d d y .

If you wan t cour age to d espis e The cen sure of the a e gr v , ’ T ou L o e s a t an t i n o e e h gh v yr y ur y s, o ea i s u e Y ur h rt b t a slav .

M o e i s fu of n ob e i e y l v ll l pr d , ’ Nor can it e er submit

T o l et t at fo D isc eti on i e h p, r , r d In t ium o e it r ph v r .

“ Sacxm r x E a l o o set H e as th ﬁn est entle f D . w . r r e g man o f the voluptuous Court o f Charles II and in the gloomy ”— one of K n W ll am. W al ole Noble A utho s II . 9 6 . i g i i p , r , , p E a l of M ddlese 1 675 a of D o set 1 677 dist n uis e d r i x, ; E rl r , ; i g h imself in s s s ed in h s D tc ar h H ou e of Common ; erv t e ﬁr t u h W , 1 665 ; opposed J am es II an d aided the cause of Willi am ; no

torious for his n decen t w ldnes s d ed B at . H e ote m an i i ; i , h wr y “ sat cal oems but is emembe ed b hi s son T o all ou iri p , r r y g, y ” l ad es now a n d H w as man w ose ele an ce an d i t la . e a h ud men t w e e un e sall con fessed and w ose unt to j g r iv r y , h y ”— the lea ned an d t e n nso r wi ty w as g nerally know . Joh n, Lives o the E n l s h P os ts f g i .

282 T H E CAVALIE R POE T S

Th M us es n ow an d e tun e too e , N p , , We must implore to write to you a fa l a a a a With , , l , l , l !

t ou the M s e s oul o e kin d For h gh u s h d pr v , An d ﬁll our em t ain p y br , Yet i f ou e tun e ous e the i n d . r gh N p r w T o a e the az u e main w v r , Our a e en an d i nk an d w e p p r, p , , , [Roll up an d down our s hip s at s ea i h a fa la a a l a W t , , l . l , !

T en i f w e ite n o eac ost h , wr t by h p , Think n ot w e are unki n d ; Nor yet con clude our ship s ar e l ost By D utchmen or by win d ’ Our ea s e l s en d a s eedie w a t r w l p r y, The tide sh all brin g them twice a day it a fa l a la l a W h , , , , la !

T he Kin g with won der an d surprise Wil s e a the s eas o bo d l w r gr w l , Because the tides will high er rise ’ T h an e e r th ey did of old ; B ut l et him kn ow it i s our tears Brin g ﬂoods of grief to Whitehall stairs it a fa l a l a la l a W h , , , , !

Should foggy Opd am ch an ce to know Our sad an d i sma sto d l ry, he D utc ou d s co n s o eak a foe T h w l r w , An d quit their fort at G oree ; For wh at res istan ce can th ey ﬁ n d ’ From men who ve l e ft th eir h earts behin d Wit a fa la l a l a l a ! h , , , , CHARLE S SACKVIL L E 283

in and eat e do i o st Let w d w h r ts w r , B e you to us but kin d ; Le D utc men a ou ania s cu s e t h v p r, Sp rd r , No s orrow w e s hall ﬁ nd ; ’ Tis t en n o matte how t in s o h , r h g g , ’ ’ Or who s our frien d or who s our foe i h a fa la a a a W t , , l , l , l !

T o p ass our tedious hours away We t o a me main hr w rry , Or els e at s erious ombre pl ay ; B ut why shoul d w e in vain ’ E ach othe r s ruin thus pursue ? We were un don e wh en w e l eft you i fa l a la l a la ! W th a , , , ,

‘But n ow our fears temp estuous grow An d as our o es a a c t h p w y, i s ou e a d es s of our w oe Wh l t y , r g r l , it ca e es s at a a S r l pl y, Perhap s p ermit s ome h appier m an To kiss your h an d or ﬂirt your fan i fa la la la l a ! W th a , , , ,

When any mourn ful tune you hear T at ie in e e n ote h d s v ry , ’ ’ As i f it sigh d with each man s care For bein so emote g r , ’ Think then how often love we ve made ’ To ou en all t ose tun es e e la d y , wh h w r p y ith fa la la a a ! W a , , , l , l

In j ustice you can n ot refus e T o ink of our ist es s th d r , When w e for hopes of hon our l os e Our certai n happin ess 284; T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

All those designs are but to prove O urs elves more worthy of your love With a fa l a la l a l a , , , , !

’ And n ow e o all our o es w ve told y u l v , An d ike i se all our fea s l w r , In hop es this declaration moves Some pity for our te ars : ’ L et s h ear of n o in con stan cy We have too much of that at sea ith a fa l a la a W , , , l , la !

286 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

t en s ou d s eek fu t e s to e Why, h , h l I r h r r An d s till make l ove an ew ? an e itse f can i e n o mo e When ch g l g v r , ’ eas e t e Tis y to b ru .

SONG

i n Of the s ea Love s till has someth g , mot e os e From wh en ce hi s h r r ; om o e can f ee No time his s l aves fr l v r ,

ts e os e. Nor give their though r p

’ a est a They are becalm d in cle r d ys, t An d in rough w eath er t OS ; a They w ithe r un de r cold del ys, r m st t Or a e i n te p e s los .

h the o t On e whil e they s eem to toucl p r , Then s traight in to the main1 Some an gry win d in cruel sport? T ei e s i e ain h r v s el dr v s ag .

a At ﬁrst disdain an d pride they te r, ’ W ic i f t e c ance to s ca e , h h p , h h y , Rival s an d fal s ehood s oon appear In a eadf s a e more dr ul h p .

B e es o t e me y such d gre t j oy h y co , And are s o on it stoo l g w h d, s o t e ecei he um So l wly h y r ve t s , I a d e t h r ly do s them good .

“ if i. 1 1 . SON Th w as a o son in his lo e oems b G . ere p i v p ; ” ‘ m ‘ a hL P w as a poi son that enchanted the wits of the d y. T

s on he it at oc et V ol. 1 . 375 . , T L er ure of S i y, , p SIR CHARLE S SE DLE Y 287

’ Tis cruel to prolon g a pain ; And to de fe a i ss r bl , e ie e me en t e H e mi e B l v , g l r on , 0 es in uman i s N l s h .

An hun dred thousan d o aths your fears e a s ou d n ot emo e P rh p w l r v , An d if az ed a t ous an d ea I g h y rs, cou d n o dee o e I l p er l v .

PHYLLIS KNOTTING

Hears n ot my Phylli s how the birds Th eir feathe red mates s alute ? They tell their p as sion in their words ” M ust I alon e be mute ? is it ou f o n or smi e Phyll , w h t r w l , at n kn o e i S a d tt d all the wh le.

The god of love in thy bright eyes D oes like a tyrant reign B ut i n thy h eart a child he lies ” Without his dart or ﬂame . is it out f o n or s mi e Phyll , w h r w l , n hi Sat an d k otted all the w le .

So an on t s in i e e ast m y m h s l nc p , And et in a in o e y r g g l v , Might well des erve on e w ord at last ” My p assion should approve. is it out f o n or mi e Phyll , w h r w s l , h Sat an d kn otted all t e while .

- m a l ke III K n ot in . nd of fanc o k so e t . t g A ki y w r , wh i mak n i g. 288 T H E CAVALIE R POE T S

M ust then your faithful s wain expire An d n ot on e ook obtain l , Which he to soothe his fond desire M ight pleasin gly expl ain ? lis it out f o n or smi e Phyl , w h r w l , Sat and kn otted all the while !

LL S IS MY L PHY I ON Y JOY.

h l is i s m on o P yl y ly j y, ait e s as the in ds or s eas F hl s w , Sometimes comin s ometimes o g, c y, Yet she n eve r fails to pl ease ; If with a frown am as do n I c t w , is s mi in Phyll , l g An d be ui in g l g, M ake me a ie t a efo e s h pp r h n b r .

T ou a as ! too ate ﬁ n d h gh, l l I ot in can her fan c N h g y ﬁx, Yet the momen t sh e i s ki nd I forgive her all her tricks ; W ic t ou s ee h h h gh I , ’ an e f e I c t g t r e. She decei in v g, be ie in I l v g, Wh at n eed lovers wish for more ?

d I . P H YL u s Is Y L Y H e has been ese e V M ON Y JO . [ pr rv f om obl on b a l ttle w anton e se alout ll s full o f r ivi y i v r Phy i , such good -n atured con tentment an d di sbelief that w e grow ” o n n a n n e li e y u g a d chee rful ag i n i co templating it. R pp r, E n lwh L ovea S on s o n ts o V ew g g , P i f i .

W R S B T H E A AL E R E T S O K Y. C V I PO

T HOMAS CAREW C ol ected oems ed . H az itt 1 8 0 E bsw orth 1 8 3 l P , l , 7 ; , 9 ; in cen t 1 8 V , 99 e r tan n i Ca lum B i cum, 1 633 ems 1 4 0 Po , 6 WILLIAM CARTWRIGHT Comedies T a i-Comedi es and Othe oems 1 64 , r g , r P , 7, 1 65 1 JOHN C LEVELAND ’ The in s D is uis e 4 1 . K g g , 6 6 o ms 1 5 P e , 6 6 The Rus tic Ram an t 1 65 8 p , P oems Or ation s an d E is tles 1 0 , , p , 66 oems 1 6 P , 77 C HARLE S COTTON ’ M an oem in a me n l oets y p s repr ted i n Ch l rs E g is h P , 1 81 0

Scarronides 1 4 1 0 , 66 , 67 ’ T r C o n ei e s H orace 1 1 . r ll , 67 Vo a e to I elan d in B u les ue 1 0 y g r r q , 67 ’

T r . G e a d s L i e o the D uke o E s ern on 1 6 0 r r f f f p , 7

T r . Commen tarie M on tiac M ars hal o s of D e , f F an ce 1 4 r , 67 ’ Secon a t of Wa ton s om let An ler 1 d p r l C p e g , 676 ’

T r . M on tai n e s E s s a s 1 685 g y , oems on eve a ccas ion P S r l O s, 1 689 ABRAHAM C OWLE Y

C o e cte Wo ks ed 1 8 1 1 ed. . at 1 8 6 2 ll d r , Spr , 66 , 9, 7 ; rosart 1 G , 880 oetical B los s oms 1 633 P , 291 292 THE CAVAL IER POE T S

S lva 1 636 y , ’ d e L ove s Rid l , 1 638 au a ium ocular 1 38 W fr g J e, 6 The uritan and the P a is t 1 64 3 P p , d o ulum 1 64 4 A P p , Th is t s s 1 4 e M re , 6 7 The Fou A es o E n land 1 64 8 r g f g ,

The G uardian, 1 65 0 P oe ms 1 5 6 , 6 Ode U on the B less ed Res toration 1 660 p , C omw ell th i cked 1 661 r e W , A P ropos al for the Advancement of E xperimental P hilos o h 1 6 1 p y, 6 Seve al D is cou s e 1 1 r r s, 66 lei n t A . Cou i P la aru ib i o 2 m l r du , 1 66 Ver s es on everal ccas ion s 1 3 Up S O , 66 Vers es L atel W itten 1 663 y r , The Cutte o C oleman S tr eet 1 663 r f , oem on he L ate ivil War 1 A P t C , 679 T na eo 1 8 r . A cr n, 6 3 ’ L ove s Chronicle 1 730 RICHARD CRASHAW C o ecte Wo ks d T nbul 1 85 8 G ros art 1 8 2 ll d r , e . ur l , ; , 7 ; ti n T u , 1 893 E i rammatu ac oi m L ib r 1 634 1 0 p g m S r u e , , 67 S te s to the T em le 1 64 6 p p , Carme s r 5 n D eo No t o, 1 6 2 WILLIAM D AVENANT C o ected Wo ks hi i ow 1 3 L an an d ll r , ed. s w d , 67 ; g M ai men t 1 8 2-1 8 4 d , 7 7 The T a ed o Albovin e 1 630 r g y f , The ru oth 1 30 C el B r er, 6 Th t i e Jus t I al en, 1 630 T he T em le o L ove 1 634 p f , ’ The T ium hs o the in ce d Amour 1 635 r p f Pr , The laton ic L ove s 1 3 P r , 6 6 t The Wi s, 1 636

294 T HE CAVAL IER POE T S

’ e be t Remain s 1 5 2 H r r s , 6 M us ae Res on s oriae 1 6 2 p , 6 ’ T r Corn aro s T eatis e on T e m e an ce 1 34 . r p r , 6 ’ T r de a es H undred and T en Cons ide ation s . V ld r , 1 638 ROBERT HERRICK C o ecte Wo ks o un en n an 1 823 H az ed. L D ll d r , rd dr , ; itt 1 86 G os e t 1 8 6 al a e 1 8 P ol l , 9 ; r r , 7 ; P gr v , 77; a d 1 8 1 Sain tsbu 1 8 3 a e R s l r , 9 ry, 9 ; H l , hy , Sin e et g r, c. ’ Kin Obron s eas 1 5 g F t, 63 H i M is t h e s ris S ad , 1 64 0 H es erides i obl umbers 1 64 8 p (w th N e N , ’ oems in L acr mae M usarum 1 64 an d Wit s P y , 9, r Rec eation s, 1 65 0 RICHARD LOVELACE C e k z i 4 o cted Wo s ed . a tt 1 86 . ll r , H l , The S chola : A Comed 1 34 r y, 6 The S oldier : A T ra ed 1 4 0 g y, 6 L u as 4 c ta, 1 6 9 P osth m u e P oems, 1 65 9 ANDREW MARVELL C o ected Wo ks d Cooke 1 2 T om son 1 6 ll r , e . , 7 6 ; h p , 77 ; G rosart 1 8 5 Ai tken 1 8 2 , 7 ; , 9 Th Fi s n nive s a o the G ove n men t 1 65 5 e r t A r ry f r , The Characte o H ollan d 1 665 r f , ’ Cla en don s H ous e-Wa min 1 66 r r g, 7 The Rehears al T an s os ed 1 2 1 3 r p , 67 , 67 A lo dvice or S ome o the Cle n Apo gy and A f f rgy, 1 674

D ialo ue between Two H o ses 1 6 5 g r , 7 lain D ealin 1 6 5 P g, 7 M r . Smirke, 1 676 a on A S e s able Q ues tion, 1 676 The G row th o o e 1 6 f P p ry, 77 A S eas onable A umen t 1 6 8 rg , 7 Rema ks u on D is e n en uous D is cou s e 1 6 8 r p a g r , 7 T HE CAVAL IER POE T S 295

A Short H is torical E ssay touching G eneral Coun

cils, 1 680 e a M isc ll n eous P oems, 1 681 Cha acte s o o e 1 68 r r f P p ry, 9 P oems n A ai s o S tate 1 8 o ff r f , 6 9 The Ro al M an ual 1 5 1 y , 7 a P oems in various popul ar coll ecti on s of th e d y. FRANCIS QUARLES

Col ecte Wo ks ed o e t 1 881 E mblems ed. l d r , . Gr s r , ; ,

A ulus an d P a thenia 1 62 1 rg r , E mblems ivi n o al 1 35 D e and M r , 6

E nchiridion, 1 64 0 C HARLES SEDLEY ’ E arl o emb oke s S eech 1 64 8 f P r p , ‘ ast ill nd Tes tament o f the E a of emb oke L W a rl P r , 1 65 0

Th ulbe r a d n 1 6 8 e M r y G r e , 6 ' A n ton an d Cleo at a 1 6 1 y p r , 7

B ellamira, 1 687 B eaut the Con ue or 1 0 y q r , 7 2 h T e G rumbler, 1 702 The T an t in o C ete 1 02 yr K g f r , 7 T he H a P air 1 02 ppy , 7

P la s oems Son s E tc . 1 02 y , P , g , , 7 Collected o ks 1 0 1 W r , 7 7, 778 C HARLES SACK VILLE Se ection i n P oems on S eve ral Occas ions 1 01 l s , 7 , an d in Wor ks o elebrated A tho s 1 5 0 f C u r , 7 EDWARD SHERBURNE ’ oem e i nted in a me s E n lish o ts 81 0 P s r pr Ch l r g P e , 1 Salmasis L rian and S lvia 1 5 1 , y , y , 6 Tr S he e o M en ilius . p r f ’ T T eoc i us ixteent i r . h r t S h I dyll um ’ Tr Sen eca s T a edies . r g T HOMAS STAN LEY l e em Co cte o s ed. B es 1 81 4 l d p , rydg , 296 TH E CAVAL IE R POE T S

P oem and T ans lations 1 64- s r , 7,

P o m b T . S . 1 65 1 e s y , H is tor o P hilos o h 1 65 5 -1 662 y f p y, d Aes c u 1 663 E . hyl s, C ommen taries on A eschylus Adve rsaria P relection s on the Characters of Theophras tus T A nac eon r . r SIR JOHN SU CK LING o ecte Wo ks ed uck in 1 3 az itt C ll d r , . A. S l g, 8 6 ; H l , 4 3 okes 885 1 87 , 1 89 ; St , 1 F ss ion o oets 1 3 A S e f P , 6 7 ' laura 1 38 Ag , 6 B allad on Weddin 1 64 0 a g, a men ta ea 1 4 Fr g Aur , 6 6 The G oblins ub is ed i n F a ment urea 1 64 6 , p l h r g a Z , B ren noralt u is in Fra menta Au ea 1 64 , p bl hed g r , 6 Th e S ad On e, 1 65 8 L as m n t Re ai s , 1 65 9 L e tte rs to D ivers E min en t P e rs onages A n A ccount of Religi on by Reas on HENRY VAUGHAN l ected a oems Ch am e s ks ros r ed . Wo ed. t Col r , G ; P , b r , 1 896

Secular oems 4 P , 1 6 6 T r T ent ati ven al 1 4- . h S re of Ju , 6 6 S ilea: S cin tillans 5 0 1 5 , 1 6 , 6 6 '

Olor I s canus , 1 65 1 M ount lives of O , 1 65 2 T hali ediviv a R us , 1 678 o it Fl res Sol udinis, 1 6781 EDMUND WALLER ks Co ect Wo ed . D u 8 3 e 1 . ll d r , r ry, 9 Four S eeches n he H ous e o Common s 1 64 1 p i t f , S eech ul 1 6 3 1 4 3 p 4 J y, 4 , 6 oems 1 4 5 P , 6 P ane r ick to M otecto 1 5 5 gy y L ord Pr r, 6

298 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

’ tain s Re memb ancer 1 628 B ri r , ‘ m o avid 1 32 P s al s f D , 6 - E mblems, 1 634 1 635 ’ me ius atu e o a T r . Ne s N M n 1 3 r f , 6 6

Read an d Wonder, 1 64 1 H a lelu ah 1 4 1 l j , 6 am o-M usoe 1 4 3 C p , 6 e en do 4 S e D f , 1 6 3 M ercu ius Rus ticus 4 r , 1 6 3 The eech ithout D oor 1 4 4 Sp W , 6 The Tw o n com a able eneralis simos 1 4 4 I p r G , 6 L ette s o Advice 1 4 5 r f , 6 P aci ca 1 4 5 V ﬁ , 6 The S ee ch Without D oor D e ended 1 4 p f , 6 6 Uus ticiarus Jus ti i catus 1 64 6 f , hat eace to the icked 1 4 W P W , 6 6 O obals amum A n licanum 0 4 p g , 6 6 ’ M a o ither s D is claimer 1 4 j r W , 6 7 Ca men E r os tulatorium 1 4 r p , 6 7 Am dale B itan nica 1 4 yg r , 6 7 ros o o o eia B itan nica 1 64 8 P p p r , haris t co 4 C armen E uc i n, 1 6 9 Res ublica A n licana 1 65 0 p g , The B itis h A eals 1 5 1 r pp , 6 Th ee G ains o S ir itual Fran kincens e 1 65 1 r r f p , The D a k L an te n 1 5 3 r r , 6 es t vi ed W rom Re v , 1 65 3

Vaticinam Cas uals , 1 65 5 ' ’ Ra tu e t the P rotecto s Recover 1 5 5 p r a r y, 6 Th e ri vat editation s 1 5 5 r e P e M , 6 Th ote tor 5 5 e P r c , 1 6

B oni Ominis Votum, 1 65 6 ' uddai las h 1 A S n F , 65 7 Salt u on S alt 1 65 p , 9 ’ o dial Con ection 1 5 A C r f , 6 9 ' istolium a um- osa-M etricum 1 65 Ep V g Pr , 9 WORKS BY T H E CAVALIER POE T S 299

etition an d Na ative 1 P rr , 65 9 Fu or oeticus 1 0 r P , 66 eculum S eculativum 1 0 Sp p , 66 Fides An lican a 1 6 0 g , 6 n m ovemen t o I m isonmen t 1 A I pr f pr , 1 66 ri le a adox 1 A T p P r , 1 66 ’ is on e s lea 1 1 The Pr r P , 66 amatio in t am the in o in s A P rocl n he N e of K g f K g , 1 662

Tuba P aci ca 1 4 ﬁ , 66

A M emorandum to L ondon, 1 665 ’ editation s u on the L o d s a e 1 5 M p r Pr y r, 66 E choes om the Sixth T um et 1 66 fr r p , 6 i hs or the itche s 1 6 S g f P r , 66 Vaticin a oetica 1 P , 666 D ivi e s n the T Commandmen ts 1 688 ne Po m o en ,

BIBLIOG RAPHY

Aitkin : M emoirs of the Court of King Charles I Addi son : A n Accoun t of the G reates t E nglis h Poets Alcott : C oncord D ays Aldrich : P oems of Robert H erri ck Allibon e : D ictionary of E nglish L iterature Ame rican Journal of P hilology An derson : B ritis h P oets An gus : H andbook of E nglis h Literature Arber : E nglis h G arn er Arnold : Chaucer to Words worth ” m l A s e Robe e ick T e e B ar Vol . L h : rt H rr , p , XVIII Ashton : S ocial L ife in the Reign of Q ueen An n e Aubrey : B rief L ives B agehot : L iterary S tudies B ake r : Chronicle of the Kings of E ngland B axter : P oetical Fragments B eattie : E ss ay on P oetry an d M usic B ehn : On the D eath of Waller B ell : S ongs from the D ramatis ts B en s on : E s s ays B iographica B ritannica B lair : L e ctures on Rhetoric and B elles L ettres B ran d : P opular A ntiquities B rook : E nglis h L iterature B o n The a son of B eme ton G ood Wo ds ol r w : P r r , r , V . XXXI “ ’ B n a an s oems Nortli itis h vi row : V ugh P , B r Re ew , l Vo . II B rown in g ( Eliz ) : The B ook of the P oets B rown in g : L etters of Robert B rowning and Elizabeth B arrett 304 ’ T HE CAVAL IE R POET S

Brownin g : L etters Brydge s : Cens ura L iteraria B ullen : M ore L yrics from E liz abethan Song B ooks B ullen : M us a P r ote rva B urd : Commonplace B ook B urn et : H is tory of M y Ow n Times u ou s : On the Readin o f B ooks The Ce ntu B rr gh g , ry, l X Vo . L ’

ton : M a e G en tleman s M a az ine Vol . B ux rv ll, g , CCXXXI Cambridge H is tory of E nglis h L iterature C ampbell : Specimens of the B ritis h Poets C arp en ter : E nglis h L yric P oetry C artwright : S acharis s a C ass erly : A C avalier Poet of the Seven teenth Cen m i a tholi t e rv tu A e c n C a c M on hl R vie V ol . ry, r y , II , 1 4 p . 6 . Century Cyclopedia of Names C hambers : B iographical D iction ary C hambers : Cyclopaedia of E nglis h L iterature C halmers : E nglis h P oets C hurchill : The A uthor C hurchill : The Apology C ibber : L ives of the P oets C laren don ( L ord) : L ife Clevel an d : A C ompen dium of E nglis h L ite r ature C ol eridge ( H ) : B iographia B or ealis C ol eridge : B iographia L ite raria C ol eridge : L ectures an d Notes on Shakespeare C ol eridge : L etters and C on ve rs ation C i e M is c llan ies tc o e d e S t l e E . l r g : y , , C ol eridge ( Sara) : M emoirs and L ette rs C ollin s : E s says and S tudies C ollin s : Voltaire in E ngland C on greve : The Old B achelor C ourthope : H is tory of E nglis h Poetry

306 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

ie : Se ect oems f om e ick a e F ld l P r H rr , C r w, etc. t l Revie w l ua er Vo . Q r y , IV “ ” ’ Fivie G eo e Wit e M acmillan s M a az ine ol : rg h r, g , V . L XII Fleay : B iographical Chronicle of the E nglis h D rama Fl eckn oe : Shor t D is cours e on the E nglis h S tage Fr es w ell : E s s ays on E nglis h Wr iters Frey : S obriquets an d Nickn ames Fuller : The Worthies of E ngland G ay : On a M is cellany of P oems G ardn er : H istory of E nglan d fr om the Access ion of James I to the Outbr eak of the Civil War G ifford : The Works of B en Jon s on G ilﬁllan : Specimens of the L es s-kn own B ritish P oets

G o dsmit The B ee V ol . l h : , VIII G olds mi th : The B eauties of E nglan d G osse : From Shakespeare to P ope G oss e : H i story of E ighteen th C en tury L i teratur e G os se : Jacobean Poets G oss e : S eventeen th Century S tudies G oss e : Short H is tory of M odern E nglis h L iterature G ran ger : B iographical H is tory of E nglan d G reen : Shor t H is tory of E nglis h P eople ’ G rosart : Fuller Warthies M is cellanies

G rosart: G eo e H e e t L eis ure H ou s . rg rb r , r , Vol XXII G uin ey : A L ittle E nglish G allery G uin ey : A Roads ide H arp H ale : D ie Chronologische A nordn ung der D ichtungen Robert H e ricks Disse tation a e 1 8 2 r ( r , H ll , 9 ) Hall : B ook of G ems H all : Pilgrimages to E nglish Shrin es H allam : I ntr oduction to the Literatur e of E urope Han n ah : Courtly Poets Han n ay : E s says for the Q uarterly Review Hart : A M an ual of E nglish Literature Hawkins : H is tory of M usic H az litt : L ectures on the E nglish Comic Writers BIBL IOGRAPHY 307

Haz litt : L ectures on the L ite rature of the Age of E liz abe th Headl ey : S elect B eauties of An cient E nglis h P oetry a li uia a n ian a H e n e Re e H e r e e . B is r : q , d l s H en l ey : Views an d Re view s H orn e r : M emoirs an d Cor respon de n ce H ume : H is tory of E nglan d

H unt : M en, Women, an d B ooks H un t : The Town

H un t : Table-Talk

H un t : Wit and H umor 4 H utton : Liter ary L an dmarks of Lon don H utton : S ocial E ngland I mpe r ial D iction ary of Univers al B iography I n te rnational E n cyclopaedia James on : The L oves of the P oets Jess e : M e moir s of the C our t of E nglan d during the Reign of the S tuarts John s on : L ives of the E nglis h P oe ts John s on : Outlin e H is tory of E nglis h an d Ame rican L iterature

in s e P la s an d u itan s M is cellanies K g l y : y P r , ’ L amb : G eorge Wither s P oetical Works L amb : L etters L an g : L etters on L iterature L an gbain e : The E nglis h D ramatic P oets L an gford : P ris on B ooks an d their A uthors L a en ce : E n lis h Literatu e e iods Class ical e iod wr g r P r , P r L eis ure H ours Linton : Rare Poems of the Sixteen th and Seven teen th Cen turies Lloyd : M emoirs of E r cellen t P ersonages L ocke r-L amp son : M y Conﬁden ces L ow ell : Among M y B ooks e L ib a o Old A utho s ros e o ks L ow ll : r ry f r , P W r , Vol . II L owell : On a Certain Condes cen s ion i n Foreign ers 308 T HE CAVAL IE R POET S

’ Ste hen s L ytton : St. p athe ine Sedle His torical and riti al M acaul ay : C r y, C c E s says M acaulay : M ilton ’ M acD on ald : E ngland s Antiphon M an chester : C ourt an d Soci e ty from E liz abeth to An ne M as son : L ife of John M ilton M asterman : Age of M ilton M ilton : L etters Min to : M anual of E nglish Pros e Lite rature Mitc el : E n lis h L an ds L ette s and i n s h l g , r , K g Mitford : Recollection s of a L ite rary L ife M orley : Firs t B ook of M adrigals M orl ey : The King an d the C ommons M orl ey : Un ive rsal L ibrary M orrill : S elf-C ons cious n ess of Noted P ers ons “ ” M o is Sir L e i s : T o An Unkn o n oet Son s rr ( w ) w P , g w o lds econd e ies of T o W r , S S r Neele : L ectures on E nglish Poetry Notes and Q ueri es P ain te r : H is tory of E nglis h Literature Palgr ave : G olden T reas ury Palgr ave : L an ds cape i n P oetry ” ’ a ave Robe t e i ck M acmillan s M a az in e P lgr : r H rr , g ; ol V . XXXV Palgrave : T reas ury of Sacred S ongs Pan coast : S tandard E nglis h P oe ms ’ Park : Wit s Recreations Pattison : Life of M ilton ’ Pearson : B rome s Plays ’ P epys : D iary Percy : Reliques of An cien t E nglis h Poetry Pe rry : H is tory of the Church of E nglan d Phillips : Theatrum P oe tar um A nglican orum ” ’ o a d : H e i ck an d H is i en ds M acmillan s P ll r rr Fr , M a azine Vo L g , l . XIX

31 0 T H E CAVAL IE R POE T S

” ’ i i o Suckl in G en tleman s M a azine Sm th : S r J hn g, g , l CC L Vo . X III Soame : The A r t of Poetry ’ e n au an Olo I s can us Ret os ective Re S oth r : V gh s r , r p

iew Vol . v , III Southey : L ives of Uneducated Poets ’ dotes e in ence s An ec d . S e Sp , g r Stockdal e : L ife of Waller Sucklin g ( Sir John ) : S es s ions of the P oets Swi nburn e : S tudies in Pros e an d Poetry T a e P oems D ramatic and L ic bl y : , yr T ain e : H is tory of E nglis h L ite rature T homp son : The L ite rature of S ocie ty T homp s on : The Wits an d B eaux of S ociety milia L ette s e d an bom T o eau a . S h r : F r r , T horn e : H an d-B ook of the E n viron s of L on don T ovey : Review s an d E s s ays i n E nglis h L ite rature T raill : S oci al E nglan d T ren ch : H ous ehold B ook of E nglis h P oetry T ullock : Ration al Theology an d Chri s tian Philos ophy i n E ngland in the S even te en th C en tury au an : eface Silex S cien tillan s V gh Pr , ” ’ ai e : Ric a d L o e ace G en tleman s M a az in e W t h r v l , g , o C CL V l . VII Walp ol e : Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors E n lan d S cotlan d an d I an of g , , rel d

Wa o e L ette s ed. un ni n am lp l : r , C gh Walton : L ives Ward : E nglis h Poets Ward : H is tory of E nglis h - D ramatic L iterature ’ Warn er : L ibrary of the World s B es t L ite rature ’ Welch : I n an An cient C opy of H errick s H esp erides C en tu M a az in e L I Vol . ry g , Wes t : The L aureates of E nglan d Whippl e : A uthor s i n T heir R elation to Life Whi pple : E s s ays an d Re views Whippl e : L iterature and L ife BIBL IOGRAPHY 1 1

Whipple : L iterature of the Age of E lizabeth Whittier : Old P ortraits an d M ode rn S ketches Willmott : The Works of G eorge H e rbert Win stan l ey : L ives of the M os t Famous E nglis h P oets Wood : A thenae a nien s es

s o t : eface L rical B allads Word w r h Pr , y

31 4 T HE CAVAL IE R POE T S

D AvE NANT SIR W I , ILL AM . Son g Son g ai s an d a e e 0 0 0 0 0 Pr Pr y r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H A B I N G T ON W , ILLIAM . H is Mistres s Flouted

.T o Ros es Again st Them D es cription of C astara Nox Noc ti

HERBERT, G EORGE .

Frailty Empl oymen t T he P ull ey The Q ui p CK R E HERRI , OB RT . i i n .T O the V rg s ’ C orin n a s G oin g a-M ayin g T o Di amen e " A Hymn to L ove Cherry Rip e T o Electra ’ Up on Julia s Clothin g Night Pi ece to Juli a T o An thea The Rock of Rubi es T o Primroses T o D affodils Upon the L oss of H is M istress es H is G ran ge A T hanks givin g to G od Upon a M aid An Ode for B en Jon s on H is Prayer to B en Jon s H is Praye r for Absolution AUT HORS AND SEL E CT ION S 31 5 — E CK ROB E RP Con tinued H RRI , . T o L aurels T o D eath H is P oetry H is Pillar T o Robin Red-Breas t L R OVELACE, ICHARD .

T o Althea T o L ucas ta

T o L ucasta The Scrutin y Son g

' M A . ARVELL, NDREW

T he F air Sin ger z ’ The M ower s Son g T o H is C oy Mis tres s The G arden

QUARLES, FRANCIS . My B el oved Is Mi n e Sweet Phos phor O Whither Shall I Fly

CK I . SA V LLE, CHARLES Son g On a L ady Son g I L SEDLEY, S R CHAR ES . T o Celi a Son g Phyllis Kn ottin g Phyllis I s My On ly Joy

IR E W A . SHERBURNE , S D RD Weepin g an d Ki s sin g The VOW

S T . TANLEY, HOMAS T he Relap s e C elia Sin gin g The T omb 31 6 T HE CAVAL IER POET S

P AGE S C K SIR U LING, JOHN . Why So P ale The Si ege Con stan cy Son n et

Song T ruth in L ove A B all ad Up on a Weddin g The Lute Son g

VAUGHAN, HENRY. T o Amoret

P eace B eyon d the Veil

W E . ALLER, DMUND G o Lo e Rose , v ly Son g

On a G irdl e

T o Phyllis The B ud On the L ast Verses

R . WILSON, D . JOHN L ove with Eyes an d Heart ’ L ove s Idolatry The Expostulation

G . WITHER, EORGE Shall I Wastin g in D esp air A Rocki n g Hymn

31 8 T H E CAVAL IE R POET S

H ow vain ly men thems elves amaz e I dare n ot ask a kis s I f as a flowe r d oth s pread an d di e I f the qui ck s pirits in your eye e s n e e be If to b ab e t w r to . a e ost an d ate t ese I h v l , l ly, h ’ ‘ I ll gaz e n o more on that bewitch ed face I n eve r yet could s ee that face it e s en d m e a ea I pr he b ck my h rt . te l t ee D i ck e e a e en I l h , , Wh r I h v be I s aw E tern ity the other n ight 'I will con fe ss oin on ce a ain m C e ia oin J g , y l , j L aid out for dead l et th ast kin dn es s , y l be L ately on yon der s wellin g bus h L ike the viol et which al on e L o d in m s i en ce how do des i s e r , y l I p L o d t ou ast i en me a e r , h h g v c ll L o d en the sen s e of th s eet ace r , wh y w gr L ove still has s omethin g of the s ea Lucasta f o n an d l et me di e , r w , M argarita first p oss es sed My min d w as on ce the true s urvey M s ou t e e i s a coun t y l , h r ry No n o fai e eti c it n eeds must , , r h r , be Not C e ia t at uste am , l , h I j r Of t ee kin d bo ask n o red an d ite h , y, I wh On ly a little more 0 thou und aun ted daughter of des ires tu n a os e e 0 r aw y th e cru l yes . Out u on it a e o ed p , I h v l v O Whith er shall I fly ? What path un trod is for s ame ! l et us im o e Phyll , h pr v Phyllis i s my on ly joy lis s ould w e de a Phyl , why h l y Praise i s d evotion fit for mighty min ds INDE X OF FIRST LINE S 31 9

Read in these ros es the sad story Ros es in breathin g forth their scen t Shall I wastin g i n despair ’ Some ask d me wher e the rubies grew ta oebus sta S y, Ph , y ee ab s ee ! at ai s m ea Sw t b y, l p wh l y d r Sweet be n ot proud of those tw o eyes eet da so coo s o ca m so i t Sw y, l, l , br gh T e l me o e o in ai l , l v ly, l v g p r T m ot s eet am unkin d ell e n , w , I T hat which her slen der Waist con fin ed ’ T he lark n ow l eaves his wat ry n est The me rry world did on a day The thirsty earth soaks up the rai n T hey are all gon e i n to th e world of light T hey meet With but un whol es ome s prin gs T i n an t me t at m mean s ma ie h s o ly gr , h y y l T hou art too h ard for me in l ove ’ T hou bidd st me come away T hough cl ock T ou ou be abs ent e e n eed must a h gh y h r , I s s y . Thou who didst n ever s ee the light ’ T is n ot your beauty can en gage ’ Tis n ow sin ce set do n f I w be ore . T o all you l adies n ow at lan d T o make a fin al con quest of all me Well then ; I n ow do plain ly s e When as in silks my Julia goe W en c uel fai on e m h , r r , I a s lai When G od at first made man When I a verse s hall make ’ When I behold my mi stress f ace When I s urv ey the bright W en L o h ve with uncon fin ed win gs Wh e n on mi n e eyes her eyes first s hon e Wh en on the altar of my han d 320 T HE CAVAL IE R POET S

P A G E W en t ou oo e commun icate 1 h h , p r x 97 When w e for age coul d n either read n or write 208 ’ Whoe er she be 2 33

m o oas ain o ious on dost t ou ee t b t e . 2 1 8 Why h s , v gl r d e ee s eet babes ? C an tea s 1 Why o y w p , w r 69 ’ Why shouldn t thou swear I am forsw orn 24 6 s a e an d w an fon d o e Why o p l , l v r 220 ’ ’ ’ ill t n e e mo n in ? Wil t at romis li 1 8 W r be r g l h p d ght . 2 Wi n ds i s e en t ilst she s ee s 2 8 , wh p r g ly wh l p 7 ’ Would you kn ow W hat s s oft ? I d are 2 01 Ye blus hin g virgin s happy are 2 1 0 You that thin k l ove can con vey 1 98 n e You that will a wo d r know .