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Home , Cavalier, Execution of Charles I, Roundhead

YEAR 4: THE AND AFTER (5 lessons)

Contents Include: The English Civil War Charles II and the Restoration The Great Fire of The The Bill of Rights

Suggested Teacher Resources:  The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland, pages 212-238.  A People’s History of Britain by Rebecca Fraser, pages 327-384.  Great Tales from English History by Robert Lacey, pages 254-292.  The BBC website has some useful articles on the period.  This is an excellent website for the Civil War, especially for local history. 2 Lesson 1. The English Civil War

The English Civil War began in 1642, and was fought between supporters of Parliament and supporters of the King. It lasted for seven years, and was the bloodiest conflict ever fought on English soil. Nearly 4% of the population died, and families were pitted against each other: brother against brother, father against son. The soldiers who fought for Parliament were nicknamed the ‘’ due to their short hair, and those who fought for the King were nicknamed ‘’ due to their flamboyant appearance. The roundheads were the more disciplined army, and eventually won the war. See pages 157-160 of What Your Year 4 Child Needs to Know.

Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions

To understand who The English Civil War lasted for Complete a short timeline of the English Parliamentarian What was the the two different seven years and lots of people Civil War, and perhaps plot the location Royalist difference between the sides during the civil died. of the different key events on a map of cavaliers and the war were, and why Great Britain (resource 1). roundheads? the roundheads There were two sides in the war: won. The Parliamentarians Study the differences between cavaliers Who won the English (roundheads) who were strict and roundheads, and then sort a number Civil War? and disciplined, and the Royalists of descriptions into two columns, for (cavaliers) who were flamboyant either a roundhead or a cavalier Why did the and fun. (resource 2). Images of cavaliers and Roundheads win the roundheads, such as this and this, will English Civil War? The Parliamentarians help make the difference clear. There are (roundheads) won the war, and also a lot of Horrible Histories videos on What happened to took Charles I prisoner. the topic, here and here. Charles I at the end of the Civil War? Design a recruitment poster for either the Roundheads or the Cavaliers, explaining to Englishmen why they should fight for your side. 3

1649 1642 1646 1647 1640 1642 1644 1639 1. Line Time War Civil 4

After a year trying to negotiate an negotiate to trying year a After Charles, with agreement tryhim They up. give Parliament to him sentence treason, for head. off his chop and death, Charles turns himself in to the the to in himself turns Charles will take believes who he Scots, sell him they Instead, ofhim. care Peace £400,000. for Parliament to begin. discussions The first conflict of the English Civil English the of conflict first The in Edgehill of Battle the is War a wins side Neither 1642. October, victory. clear King Charles has to raise money money raise to has Charles King calls and Scotland, in war for to tax agree to Parliament Charles ask Parliament increases. Remonstrance. Grand the sign to

1649 1642 1646 1647 1640 1642 1644 1639

and and

king king e on, th t from pris from es easily defea t (comp.) second civil war. war. civil second ins a ins Parliamen beg time, are but second for the him. with patience losing quickly Charles escap Charles Parliamentarians win a great great a win Parliamentarians of Marston Battle the at victory commander, Royalist The Moor. the to up turned Rupert, Prince dinner. his had having late battle Parliament and the King cannot Kingcannot the and Parliament so agreements, any to come August, In London. leaves I Charles army. his raise to begins Charles War. Civil English the starts This War breaks out in Scotland over a over Scotland in out breaks War tries Charles that book prayer new is by seen which introduce, to Catholic’. as ‘too Scots many 1. Line Time War Civil 5

Cromwell. ‘Puritanism’. ‘roundhead’. breastplates. breastplates. highly religious. religious. highly Roundheads called Parliamentarians. Parliamentarians. called form of called called ofProtestantism form shopkeepers and merchants. merchants. and shopkeepers battle, with metal helmets and helmets metal with battle, ‘middling sort’, such as farmers, as farmers, such sort’, ‘middling was the cavalry commander Oliver Oliver commander cavalry the was time army who were well trained and and trained well were who army time One of their most successful generals generals successful most oftheir One They were known to shave all the hair hair all the shave to known were They strict very a in believed ofthem Many - They recruited many soldiers from the the from soldiers many recruited They to limit the power of the King, so were sowere King, the of power the limit to off their heads, earning their nickname nickname their earning heads, their off They wore simple, practical clothes into into clothes practical simple, wore They They supported the rights of Parliament ofParliament rights the supported They They formed the New Model Army, a full a Army, NewModel the formed They

Cavaliers Catholic style. style. Catholic coats and frilly shirts. frilly shirts. and coats old German Prince Rupert, who Rupert, Prince German old to have power and wealth. wealth. and power have to they were called ‘Royalists’. called were they - They enjoyed having fun, and fun, having enjoyed They Some were Catholics, and many many and Catholics, were Some on the day before going to battle. battle. to going before day the on They wore expensive clothing into into clothing expensive wore They had wispy moustaches and beards. beards. and moustaches wispy had went into battle with his dog, Boye. dog, his Boye. with battle into went that he had been chosen by God, so God, by chosen been had he that year battle, with feathers in their hats, silk hats, their in feathers with battle, They had long, flowing hair and often often hair and long,flowing had They One of their commanders was the 22 - the was commanders oftheir One Much of their army as made up of the ofthe up as made army oftheir Much They supported the King, and believed believed and King,the supported They aristocracy and the gentry, who tended who tended gentry, the and aristocracy sometimes even drank and held parties held and drank even sometimes worshipped as Protestants but in a very in but as Protestants worshipped 2. Roundhead? or Cavalier 6 Lesson 2.

When the Civil War began, Parliament did not set out to kill Charles I. Many Parliamentarians still believed he was the rightful king, chosen by God, but simply wanted him to share his power. However, during the discussions that followed Charles’s capture, he refused to make any compromises. Parliament started to realise that it was going to be impossible to rule with him, so they would have to rule without him. A special court was created to try the king, involving only those Members of Parliament who agreed he should die. Britain then became a ’republic’ or ‘commonwealth’ - a state without a monarch. See pages 159-163 of What Your Year 4 Child Needs to Know.

Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions

Re-enact the trial of Charles I, with a few To consider why In 1649, after two Civil Wars and trial For what crimes was pupils playing the main parts, and the Parliament decided endless discussions, Parliament execution King Charles I rest of the class acting as Members of to kill Charles I. finally decided they had to kill republic sentenced ? Parliament during the trial. In Charles I. commonwealth preparation for this work, pupils should Why did Parliament consider what specific crimes Charles I King Charles I was put on trial for decide that they had should be tried for (resource 3). ‘treason’ as he declared war on to kill the King? his own people. He was Study The Execution of Charles I (1649), sentenced to death by a court from the Scottish National Portrait Who governed filled with his strongest Gallery. Then, pupils could write a after King opponents from Parliament. newspaper report describing the Charles I had been execution (resource 4). Also, study the executed? Britain became a famous image The World Turned Upside ‘Commonwealth’ and was led by Down, which comments on how mad the , the most world now seems without a king. powerful Parliamentary general. This is a scene from To Kill a King (2002- cert 12) showing the execution of Charles I (use for teacher knowledge- may not be suitable for children) 7

(Shouting out in protest) Not half, not a quarter of the people of people of the quarter not a half, Not protest) in out (Shouting We shall continue to try you, for crimes of high treason against the the against treason high of crimes for you, to try continue shall We ofEngland. people is a Charles I, that decided have we evidence, the to listened Having ofEngland. people the against traitor authority, I mean lawful. mean I authority, We are here to try King Charles I, for acting out of a wicked design to design wicked of a out acting for I, Charles tryKing to here are We to power tyrannical and unlimited in himselfan uphold and erect liberties of and rights the overthrow to his and will, to according rule yourself? defend you do how I, Charles ofEngland. people the would King! I am as I court, own my in treason for tryme cannot You what by know would I hither. am called I power what by know

Female spectator Two courtTwoguards armed guns with Judge BradshawJudge (wearing metal a for hat fear of beingattacked) CharlesI OliverCromwell

At this stage, different Members of Parliament can read out different charges (these can (these charges different out read can Parliament of Members different stage, this At of them. any answer to refuses I Charles beforehand). prepared be BRADSHAW JUDGE SPECTATOR FEMALE JUDGE BRADSHAW JUDGE CHARLES I CHARLES Members of the class walk through the classroom door to take their place in Parliament. Parliament. in place their take to door classroom the through walk class of the Members to willing would be they whether ask guards two court the and Cromwell enter, Asthey at the stand to have they not, do they their seat. If take can they do, they If King. the kill classroom. of the back BRADSHAW JUDGE 5. 4. 2. Pupilsshouldprepare fortrialthe by designing series a of ‘charges’ thatcould read be out againstCharles I,such startingas a against war his people, own and refusing to compromise Parliament.with Much of the text thefor trialfrom is takenreal sources, somay need tobe simplified. Toenact the Charlestrial of pupilsI, will play thefollowingroles: 1. 3. 3. of Charles I The Trial 8

Guards, we will have no more interruptions of our court case. court our of interruptions more no will have we Guards, his tyranny. under suffer longer will no We away. traitor this Take England. Oliver Cromwell is a traitor. traitor. is a Cromwell Oliver England. traitor, tyrant, as a Stuart, Charles said he, the continue, shall I to be put shall nation, ofthis good the to enemy public and murderer body. his from head ofhis severing by death ofEngland! King the am I me! kill cannot You be! cannot this No,

OLIVER CROMWELL CROMWELL OLIVER BRADSHAW JUDGE I CHARLES CROMWELL OLIVER Oliver Cromwell orders that the guards point their guns towards the spectators to prevent prevent to spectators the towards guns their point guards the that orders Cromwell Oliver outbursts. more any ‘I’m screaming and the shouting two guards by court of the out isdragged I Charles large a classroom the around passes Cromwell Then, etc. me...’ kill cannot you innocent, in involved MPs of the Each warrant. death King’s the represent to used of paper, piece A3 it. sign has to trial the 9 8. The Execution of Charles I

The Execution of Charles I (1649), from the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, shows Charles I being executed outside the Banqueting House in London. Look at the image here, and see which of the following features you can locate.

Charles I with his head The executioner and his assistant Execution takes place outside of chopped off. It was removed actually wore masks, so that no one Banqueting House, the grandest in one clean blow. could take revenge on them. building in the Palace of Westminster.

It was a very cold day, and Charles insisted A man with his leg missing—a on wearing a thick undershirt to keep former soldier from the English Civil warm. If he was seen shivering, he said, War—there to remind us that the people would assume that he was scared. king drove the country to war.

People dipping their handkerchiefs in Charles A lady faints at the sight of her King being executed. I’s blood, as they still believed he was She is shocked by what she has seen—very few appointed by God, and therefore his blood people could really believe that the King, appointed would have healing powers. by God, had been killed by his own Parliament. 10 Stuart Times 4. Article Execution 11 Lesson 3. The Restoration

Oliver Cromwell ruled for nine years, becoming ‘’ in 1653 and dying in 1658. Much of his early reign was spent asserting control over Ireland and Scotland, which he did so with notorious violence, and he tried hard to impose his Puritan beliefs on the English people. When he died, his son took power, but he was a poor leader with little desire to do the job. In 1660, Parliament invited Charles II (Charles I’s son) back to England from his exile in France and ‘restored’ him as king. After Cromwell’s Puritan rule, the Restoration was seen as a time of great celebration and relief. See pages 159-164 of What Your Year 4 Child Needs to Know.

Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions

To find out why the Oliver Cromwell ruled the English Read the descriptions of Charles II and Lord Protector What sort of ruler was people wanted Commonwealth as ‘Lord Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector. Write Restoration Oliver Cromwell? Charles II to return Protector’ for nine years. a comparison of what the two different to England and rulers were like (resource 5). What was life in become King. After Oliver Cromwell died, the England like under people of England invited Charles Write a letter as a Royalist who has lived Oliver Cromwell? I’s son, Charles II, to become through the Civil War and Cromwell’s King. This was called the Commonwealth. Explain how you feel Why was Charles II ‘Restoration’. seeing Charles II’s triumphant return invited to return to from exile to become King. Royalists England to become Whilst Oliver Cromwell was very hoped that restoring Charles II to the King? strict and stern, Charles II loved throne would stop all the wars and to have fun. Therefore, the fighting. What name is given to Restoration is known as a period Charles II’s return? of great celebration and relief. Emphasise that the term ‘Restoration’ means the position of King was ‘restored’. 12 5. Oliver Cromwell and Charles II

Oliver Cromwell Charles II Ruled: 1653-1658 Ruled: 1660-1685 Title: Lord Protector Title: King Charles II Oliver Cromwell was originally a humble farmer from the town of After Cromwell died, Parliament voted that Charles I’s son, Charles Huntingdon. He became a Puritan during the 1630s, and had II, should be invited to return to England and become King. Charles extremely strict religious views. He was a member of Parliament, II had lived a difficult life up until this point. He was only 18 years and hated Charles I. He fought for the Roundheads during the Civil old when his father was beheaded. He led a rebellion against Oliver War and was such a superb cavalry commander his force became Cromwell, and when that failed, Charles II had to sneak out of known as the ‘Ironsides’. Eventually, Cromwell was placed in charge England to France disguised as a working man. He even hid in an of the Parliamentary force. oak tree to escape capture! Cromwell pushed to have the King executed in 1649. In 1653, he was When Charles II was invited back to be King, it was called the made Lord Protector (similar to King). He ruled England in a very ‘Restoration’, as the monarchy had been restored. Charles II did strict fashion, according to his Puritan beliefs. He could be very away with the strict, boring rule of Cromwell, and was known as brutal. In particular, Cromwell is remembered in Ireland for killing the ‘Merry Monarch’. He was tolerant of all different religions, and women and children whilst putting down a Catholic uprising. many people rejoiced about having Charles II as king. However, the start of his reign did see two disasters: the Great Fire of London and People were forced to go to church every Sunday. Pubs and theatres the return of the plague. were closed down, and many sports were banned. Women were not Charles loved to dance and have parties, and he reopened theatres allowed to wear make-up, and you could be thrown in prison for across Britain. He was also very interested in science, and formed swearing. Most famously, Oliver Cromwell banned the Royal Society. Unlike his father, Charles was willing to share celebrations like presents and decorations! Cromwell was known for power with Parliament. Many claimed that he was so concerned having warts on his face, and when an artist painted his portrait, he with enjoying himself and having parties, that he was happy to demanded that it be painted ‘warts and all’. leave the boring business of government to other people! 13 Lesson 4. The Great Fire of London

Perhaps the most well known event of Charles II’s rule is the Great Fire of London, which occurred in 1666. It followed a second, less harmful, outbreak of the plague in 1665. Many religious fanatics at the time believed that this fire and pestilence meant that the apocalypse was upon them, particularly seeing that the date, 1666, was the number of the devil. In reality, London’s wooden and straw houses and narrow medieval streets meant that fire was waiting to happen. In the years that followed the fire, the appearance of London changed, with a new St Paul’s Cathedral and an end to wooden buildings. See pages 164-165 of What Your Year 4 Child Needs to Know.

Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions

To investigate why The fire of London began on the Cover the reasons why the Fire of firehook What caused the Fire the Great Fire of night of 2nd September, 1666 London spread so quickly across firebreak of London? London spread so and destroyed the homes of seventeenth century London. This 3D Pudding Lane quickly through the 100,000 people. recreation of London is very helpful. Set Samuel Pepys Why did the Fire of city. pupils a true or false activity on why the London spread so It was caused by a baker who left fire spread resour( ce 6). quickly? his ovens burning through the night at his bakery on Pudding Ask pupils to imagine that they are the How was the Fire of Lane. Mayor of London, Sir Thomas London eventually Bloodworth, and challenge them to find stopped? The fire was eventually stopped a way of stopping the Great Fire. As by ‘firebreaks’, which involved clues, show the pupils pictures of pulling down buildings so that the firehooks and firebreaks. fire could not carry on travelling. Firsthand accounts from diarist Samuel Pepys can be found here, alongside many other useful resources. The National Archive Resources are also useful, especially the map of the area destroyed (page 8). 14

gunpowder, were kept in

) were both burnt down. burnt both were ) The city of London was overcrowded, and the streets and houses were very very houseswere and streets the and overcrowded, was ofLondon city The together. close a of side the onto cigarette their throwing person a by caused was fire The house. wooden straw thatched with ofwood, out made were London central in houses Many illegal. made been this had though even roofs, hemp as tarr, and such substances Flammable made. poorly were gaspipes the and , lighting gas used houses Many for exist not did hoses power and firefighters, professional no were There fires. out putting on ovens his keeping baker, King’s the Farinor, Thomas by caused was fire The bakery. his to light set sparks fire’s the and night, at of most when hot summer, long, a after place took ofLondon Fire Great The dry. very were buildings London’s warehouses. right

1. 2. 5. 6. 7. 4. 8. 3. Once the fire had finished, the people of England were desperate for an explanation for explanation an for desperate were England of people the finished, had fire the Once false. or true, are think you facts following ofthe which Circle happened. had it why The Fire of London raged for four nights from the 2nd September 1666. The flames were were flames The 1666. September 2nd the from nights four for raged ofLondon Fire The and homes, their lost people 100,000 Over Oxford. from seen be could they soenormous Paul’s St and Bridge London destroyed. were churches parish 87 and properties 13,200 ( Cathedral 6. Spread? did the Fire Why 15

of in side

gunpowder, were kept were gunpowder,

person throwing their cigarette onto the cigarette their throwing person a

houses used gas lighting , and the gas pipes were poorly made. poorly were gaspipes the and , lighting gas used houses ) were both burnt down. burnt both were ) warehouses. Many Many on ovens his keeping baker, King’s the Farinor, Thomas by caused was fire The bakery. his to light set sparks fire’s the and night, at of most when hot summer, long, a after place took ofLondon Fire Great The dry. very were buildings London’s Flammable substances such as tar, hemp as tar, and such substances Flammable for exist not did hoses power and firefighters, professional no were There fires. out putting a wooden house. a wooden straw thatched with ofwood, out made were London central in houses Many illegal. made been this had though even roofs, The city of London was overcrowded, and the streets and houses were very very houseswere and streets the and overcrowded, was ofLondon city The together. close was caused by fire The

right (comp.)

8. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2. 1. 3.

F F T T T T T T F F T T T T T T Once the fire had finished, the people of England were desperate for an explanation for explanation an for desperate were England of people the finished, had fire the Once false. or true, are think you facts following ofthe which Circle happened. had it why The Fire of London raged for four nights from the 2nd September 1666. The flames were were flames The 1666. September 2nd the from nights four for raged ofLondon Fire The and homes, their lost people 100,000 Over Oxford. from seen be could they soenormous Paul’s St and Bridge London destroyed. were churches parish 87 and properties 13,200 ( Cathedral 6. Spread? did the Fire Why 16 Lesson 5. The Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Rights

Charles II’s reign was peaceful. People were pleased to have a king back after Cromwell’s Commonwealth, and Charles II was too busy enjoying himself to pay much attention to politics. However, he could not father an heir with his wife (despite having some 17 illegitimate children). This meant that when he died, his brother James became King, and James was a Catholic. The people of Britain could not tolerate a Catholic King, so a Dutch prince and his wife (James II’s daughter) were invited to stage a peaceful invasion of Britain and become King and Queen instead. This event became known as the Glorious Revolution. See pages 166-169 of What Your Year 4 Child Needs to Know.

Learning Objective Core Knowledge Activities for Learning Related Vocabulary Assessment Questions

To understand what James II was Charles II’s brother, Complete a miniature family tree, in Bill of Rights Why did James II was so ‘glorious’ and he became King in 1685. order to understand the troubles caused Glorious Revolution become King? about 1688, and People disliked him because he by Charles II having no legitimate William and Mary why the Bill of was a Catholic , and he had a son children, and James II and his son being Why was James II so Rights was passed. who was also a Catholic. Catholics (resource 8). unpopular?

In 1688, the people of England Recapping on all of the previous lessons, Who was invited to forced James II to step down as brainstorm what was could have been replace James II? King, and invited a different King the demands in Parliament’s Bill of from Holland to come and rule Rights that William and Mary had to Why was the Glorious them instead. This was called the agree on. Once this is done, complete Revolution so Glorious Revolution. your own Bill of Rights (resource 9). ‘Glorious’?

When William III and Queen Mary became King and Queen, the Bill of Rights was written to ensure that no King or Queen could ever rule unfairly again. 17 8. The Glorious Revolution

Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1688) What was the problem Why did nobody like when Charles died? him as King?

Anne Hyde Mary of Modena

William III (1689-1702) Queen Mary (1689- James Stuart Why was he invited by 1694) Why did nobody want the British to be King? What was her claim to him as King? the throne? 18 8. The Glorious Revolution (completed)

Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1688) What was the problem Why did nobody like when Charles died? him as King?

Anne Hyde Mary of Modena Charles did not have any James II was a Catholic, and most children, so there was no people in Britain hated the idea Protestant heir. His unpopular of having a Catholic King. brother James became King.

William III (1689-1702) Queen Mary (1689- James Stuart Why was he invited by 1694) Why did nobody want the British to be King? What was her claim to him as King? the throne?

William was a Dutch Prince, Mary was James’ daughter by his James Stuart was James II’s son married to Mary. People in first marriage. She was a from his second marriage to an England thought he would be a Protestant, so the people of Italian called Mary. He was a good Protestant King. England wanted her as Queen. Catholic. 19 The Bill of Rights 1st 1st December 1689 9. of Rights The Bill 20

Do not tax the people of England Do not tax Parliament. of the agreement without army, permanent own your Do not have your frighten be used to can which people. are that the laws Do not overrule passed Parliament. in be held to elections and fair free Allow of choose Members to public the for Parliament. to Parliament Allow every once least at meet year. Queen King or No future a Catholic, be ever may or marry a Catholic.

The Bill of Rights 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1st 1st December 1689 9. of Rights The Bill