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University of Warwick Institutional Repository University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/36065 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Popular Religion, Culture and Politics in the Midlands, c. 1638-1646 Simon Charles Osborne Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Warwick Department of History February, 1993 Summary This thesis is a study of popular allegiance in five midland counties during the English Civil War, 1642- 1646. It considers the relationship between allegiance and popular religion and culture. It aims to provide a regional case study of popular reactions to the war, with particular reference to recent theories of allegiance, which have emphasised the role played by religion and culture. Although the approach is broadly chronological, religion and culture are discussed mainly in the first half of the thesis, and popular allegiance in the second. Chapter One surveys popular religion and culture in the region from c. 1603 to 1638. Chapter Two characterises popular politics on the eve of the Civil War. Chapter Three deals with popular religion and culture in the late 1630s and during the war. In particular, it considers whether or not distinct cultural regions had evolved by this time, and the nature and extent of popular puritanism and 'Anglicanism'. Chapter Four provides a narrative of military events in the region during the war, and discusses the impact of the conflict on civilian communities. Chapter Five describes the geographical pattern of allegiance, through an analysis of military recruitment and civilian reactions. Chapter Six considers what factors may have motivated popular responses to the war. It is argued that there was often a positive response to the war, and that we must seek a multi- causal explanation of this phenomenon. In particular, religio-cultural factors were a major influence. But it is argued that religlo-cultural and societal factors only partly explain the complex pattern of allegiance that emerged. Emphasis is placed on the role of local, contingent factors such as the distribution and influence of propaganda, and the impact of plunder, extortion and other products of a war which intruded into most communities in the region. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements List of Graphs List of Maps List of Tables Abbreviations Introduction 1 Popular Religion, Culture and Politics, c. 1603-38: A Survey 15 Popular Religion and Culture 15 Puritanism 18 Catholicism and Anglicanism 28 Culture and Society 32 Popular Politics 46 2 Popular Politics, c. 1638-42 56 Popular Disturbances 57 Ship Money 58 The Bishops' Wars 70 The 1640 Elections 80 Anti-popery 90 Conclusion 95 3 Popular Religion and Culture, 1638-46 97 Two Cultures? 97 Puritanism 98 Puritanism and the Survival 121 of Traditional Culture Popular Anglicanism? 146 Irrel igion 163 Conclusion 169 4 Civil War, 1642-46 171 War 171 The Impact of War 189 Taxation 190 Conduct 196 5 The Pattern of Allegiance 218 Recruitment 218 Statistical Evidence 219 Impressionistic Evidence 236 Civilian Allegiance 267 Popular Royalism 268 Popular Parliamentarianism 279 Popular Neutralism 284 Conclusion 289 6 Popular Allegiance: Motivations 293 Indifference 294 Local ism/Neutral ism 297 Deference 300 Class 309 Religion 328 Cultural Variation 339 Wartime Influences 344 Propaganda 346 Plunder and Protection 378 Conclusion 390 Conclusion 395 Appendix I: Royalist Pensioners 402 in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire Appendix II: Parliamentarian 416 Pensioners and Recipients of similar Aid in Warwickshire Bibliography 431 Preface Seventeenth century spelling and punctuation have been modernized. The year is taken as beginning on 1 January. All contemporary newsbooks and pamphlets cited are from the Thomason Tracts in the British Library. The place of publication of all printed works cited is London, unless otherwise stated. Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I, (1992), was published too late for consideration in this thesis. Acknowledgements I am grateful to a number people who aided research for this thesis. In particular, I would like to thank Crispin Powell at the Northamptonshire Record Office, the chief archivist at Coventry City Record Office, and the librarian of New College, Oxford, all of whom allowed me access to manuscripts that otherwise might not have been available. The staff and the students of the Postgraduate Seminar at the University of Wales, College of Cardiff allowed me to inflict some of my opinions on them. I am grateful for their interest, comments and hospitality. At the University of Warwick, my supervisor Dr. Bernard Capp was ever generous with his time, and has saved me from a number of errors and some clumsy expressions. Those that remain are of course my responsibility. I could not have written this thesis without the support of family and friends. Several people provided me with accommodation during visits to archives and libraries. I would like to thank Ian Doran, Ruth Kocher, Kathryn Gleadle and David Rogerson. Kevin Passmore provided invaluable help with word processing, and I am grateful to him and his wife Kathy for their hospitality. For his unfailing generosity and friendship, I am particularly indebted to Stuart Hay. My family have been especially supportive. Lorna Buse and Stuart Stibbs provided hospitality, help and encouragement at every stage. Mark Osborne read a number of drafts, and was another source of constant support. Most of all, my parents provided material and spiritual sustenance beyond that which any son could reasonably hope for. What value this thesis possesses is at least in part due to them. List of Graphs Follows Page 1 Indictments for Recusancy, not attending 92 church, etc., Warwickshire, 1638-42 2 Presentments and Indictments for 93 Recusancy, not attending church, etc., Worcestershire, 1638-42 3 Troop Levels in Colonel Thomas Waite's 231 troop of Harquebusiers, 1643-5 4 Troop Levels in Captain William Gouge's 232 company of Foot, 1645-6 List of Maps Follows Page 1 Locations of Royalist Pensioners in 224 Leicestershire and Northamptonshire 2 Locations of Parliamentarian 225 Pensioners and Recipients of similar Aid in Warwickshire 3 Residences of Royalist Field Officers 305 4 Locations of Royalist clergy, c. 1642-6 370 List of Tables Fl lows Page 1 The Collection of Ship Money, 1635-9 22 Contested Parliamentary Elections, 1640 23 Abbreviations Bodl. Bodleian Library B.L. British Library C.C.A.M. Calendar of the Committe for the Advance of Money C.C.C. Calendar of the Committee for Compounding C.J. Journals of the Hbuse of Commons Clarendon, History Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. Dunn Macray, 6 vols., (Oxford 1888) Cov.C.R.O. Coventry City Record Office C.S.P.D. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic E.H.R. English Historical Review H.J. Historical Journal H.L.R.O. House of Lords Record Office H.M.C. Historical Manuscripts Commission H.W.R.O. Hereford and Worcester Record Office L. J. Journals of the House of Lords L.R.O. Leicestershire Record Office N.R.O. Northamptonshire Record Office Past and Present P.R.O. Public Record Office R.B. Richard Baxter, Religuiae Baxterianae, ed. Matthew Sylvester, (1696) Townshend, Diary J.W. Willis Bund (ed.), The Diary of Henry Townshend of Elmley Lovett 1640-1663, 3 volumes, Worcestershire Historical Society, (1915-20) Trans.Le j cs.Arch.& Transactions of the Leicestershire Hist.Soc. Archaeological and Historical Society Trans.Worcs.Arch. Transactions of the Worcestershire Soc. Archaeological Society T.R.H.S. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society V.C.H. Victoria County History W.C.R. Warwick County Records, volumes ii— vii, ed. S.C. Ratcliffe and H.C. Johnson, (Warwick,1934-1946) W.C.R.O. Warwick County Record Office 1 Introduction This thesis is a study of popular allegiance in five midland counties in the civil war, 1642-1646. Recent work, especially by Morrill and by Underdown, has suggested (albeit in different ways) the importance of religio-cultural influences in the formation of allegiance. 1 This study will also consider popular religion and culture and the nature of their relationship to popular allegiance. The closeness of politics to religion and culture makes a consideration of popular politics necessary too. The intention is not to provide a comprehensive account of popular religion, culture and politics in this period. Rather, the aspects emphasised by Morrill, Underdown and others will be considered, partly in order to provide a case study. Thus the definition of popular "culture" adopted here is, for purely thematic reasons, narrower than the 1 j•s• Morrill, 'The Religious Context of the English Civil War', T.R.H.S., 5th. set., 34, (1984); David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603-1660, (Oxford, 1987 p.b.). See also William Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County, (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983), and, more generally, Ann Hughes, The Causes of the English Civil War, (1991). 2 wide definitions used by Burke, Reay, et al. 2 The religio-cultural elements considered here are the nature and popularity of puritanism and Anglicanism, anti-Catholicism and anti-Laudianism; popular attitudes to 'festive' and 'reformed' culture, and the geographical distribution of these cultures. Throughout, I take tIpopular to mean the non-elite, the vast bulk of the population below noble or gentry status, ranging from prosperous 'middling sorts' down to wage labourers, cottagers and paupers. The distinction between middling sorts and those below them in the social scale is an important one.
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    Manuscript version: Author’s Accepted Manuscript The version presented in WRAP is the author’s accepted manuscript and may differ from the published version or Version of Record. Persistent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/123427 How to cite: Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it. Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Publisher’s statement: Please refer to the repository item page, publisher’s statement section, for further information. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected]. warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications 1 Cover page: Professor Bernard Capp Dept of History University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL Email: [email protected] 02476523410 2 Healing the Nation: Royalist Visionaries, Cromwell, and the Restoration of Charles II Bernard Capp Abstract The radical visionaries of the civil war era had several royalist counterparts, today often overlooked.
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