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Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals

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Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals It is estimated that over 50,000 men were sent to the concentration camps because they were gay. Gay prisoners were forced to wear a pink triangle and lesbians a black triangle. After the war, the pink triangle became a symbol of defiance and freedom amongst German gay groups. In the 1970s it began to be used by the wider LGBT community. Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals While male homosexuality remained illegal in Weimar Germany under Paragraph 175 of the Criminal Code, German homosexual-rights activ- ists became worldwide leaders in efforts to reform societal attitudes that condemned homosexuality. After the First World War, a rich gay sub- culture developed in Berlin - strong enough to attract homosexuals from abroad. Until 1933 there existed simultaneously over one hundred gay and les- bian pubs, and a variety of gay, lesbian and transsexual magazines were published. But many in Germany regarded the Weimar Republic's tolera- tion of homosexuals as a sign of Germany's decadence. The Nazis posed as moral crusaders who wanted to stamp out the "vice" of homo- sexuality from Germany in order to help win the racial struggle. Once they took power in 1933, the Nazis intensified persecution of German male homosexuals. Persecution ranged from the dissolution of homo- sexual organizations to internment in concentration camps. From now on homosexual men were persecuted as "state enemies" and labelled as a "infection risk". The Nazis believed that male homosexuals were weak, effeminate men who could not fight for the German nation. They saw homosexuals as unlikely to produce children and increase the German birthrate. The Na- zis held that inferior races produced more children than "Aryans," so anything that diminished Germany's reproductive potential was consid- ered a racial danger. In order to promote the heterosexual ideal, the Nazi government under Göring provided quick promotion for civil servants who married early, and "Matrimonial Credits" were issued to women as an economic incentive to procreation. During the Nazi regime, the police had the power to jail indefinitely --without trial-- anyone they chose, in- cluding those deemed dangerous to Germany's moral fibre. At first, in the Third Reich, homosexuals were not persecuted in a sys- tematic way or just because of their sexual orientation. Fines of DM175 were handed out for sexual "deviancy", which included kisses, flirts and ambiguous touches among men. As long as gays were ready to give up their love lives or agree to a fictitious marriage they were relatively safe. Lesbian women - with the exception of Austria - were not prosecuted during the Nazi era. In the concentration camps they were - contrary to gays - not registered as a special group of prisoners and thus can only be identified from the records with difficulty. Among the personal responses to the growing police attention to individ- ual homosexual's lives was the "protective marriage" to give the appear- ance of conformity. Paul Otto (left) married the woman behind him with her full knowledge that his long-time partner was Harry (right). Berlin, 1937. Private Collection, Berlin United States Holocaust Memorial Museum #073 SS chief Heinrich Himmler directed the increasing persecution of homo- sexuals in the Third Reich. Lesbians were not regarded as a threat to Nazi racial policies and were generally not targeted for persecution. Simi- larly, the Nazis generally did not target non-German homosexuals unless they were active with German partners. In most cases, the Nazis were prepared to accept former homosexuals into the "racial community" pro- vided that they became "racially conscious" and gave up their lifestyle. Timeline From 1919 to 1933 During the Weimar Republic the civil rights for gays and lesbians movement, which had been founded during the period of the Ger- man Empire, grew in strength. In 1929 the Law Committee of the Reichstag (Parliament) recommended the abolition of the law relat- ing to punishment for homosexual acts between adults. However, the increase in votes for the Nazis and the crisis of the Weimar Re- public prevented the carrying out of the Committee's decision. Within a month after Hitler took the power at the end of January 30, 1933, the new Nazi minister of interior issued an order to close all gay bars, and also forbade "obscene literature", condemning ho- mosexuals as "socially aberrant." As part of the Nazis' attempt to purify German society and propagate an "Aryan master race," brown=shirted storm troopers raided the institutions and gathering places of homosexuals. The first gay and transgender men were sent in the autumn of this same year to the newly built concentra- tion camps. 1933 January 30: The National Socialist (Nazi) Party, led by Adolf Hitler, takes power. February 22: Prostitution was banned. February 23: The Prussian Minister of the Interior orders the closing of the restaurants and pubs "in which, by serving as meeting places, the practice of unnatural sex-acts is encouraged". Gay and lesbian pubs were closed down. Police closed bars and clubs such as the "Eldorado" and banned publications such as Die Freundschaft (Friendship). In this early stage the Nazis drove homosexuals underground, destroying their networks of support. March 3: Nudism was banned. March 7: Pornography was banned. March 17: The West German Morality League began its Campaign against Homosexuals, Jews, Negroes and Mongols. The first male ho- mosexuals are sent to concentration camps. May 6: The students of the Gym- nastic Academy, led by Storm Troopers (Sturmabteilung; SA), looted Magnus Hirschfeld's "Institute for Sexual Sciences". They poured bottles of ink over the manuscripts, terrified the staff, and threw the journals out of the windows The next day SA troops arrived to cart away two lorry-loads of books, and the building was requisitioned for the use of the Nazi Association of German Jurists and Lawyers. Hirschfeld's citizenship was re- voked, and mobs carried his ef- figy in anti-gay/anti-Semite dem- onstrations. 1933 May 10th: As part of large public burnings of books viewed as "un- German," most of this collection of over 12,000 books and 35,000 irreplaceable pictures was thrown into a huge bonfire along with thousands of other "degenerate" works of literature, such as the works of writers like Berthold Brecht, Thomas and Heinrich Mann and Franz Kafka in the book burning in Berlin's city center, on the square between the former Royal Library and Berlin's Opera House (now known as Bebelplatz.) Magnus Hirschfeld, the founder of the Institute and a pioneer in the scientific study of human sexuality, was lecturing in France at the time and chose not to return to Germany. In July the gay rights activist Kurt Hiller was arrested and sent to Orienburg concentration camp, where for nine months he was on the verge of death due to brutal mistreatment, until he was re- leased and sent into exile. In a speech in 1921 he had addressed gay men: "In the final analysis, justice for you will only be the fruit of your own efforts. The liberation of homosexuals can only be the work of homosexuals themselves." November 13: the Hamburg City Administration asked the Head of Police to "pay special attention to transvestites and to deliver them to the concentration camps if necessary." 1934 The legal provisions to arrest "sex criminals" were broadened. Without any attempt to produce legal proof, many SA leaders were murdered in the summer of 1934 (June 30, "The Night of the Long Knives"), among them their chief of staff, Hitler's buddy Ernst Röhm. As official reason was given that the regime wanted to clean society of such dens of sexual debauchery. The same year, a special Gestapo (Secret State Police) section for "homosexual crimes" was set up. Rudolf Diels, the founder of the Gestapo (secret state police), in 1934 lec- tured his colleagues on how homosexuals had caused the downfall of an- cient Greece. He recorded some of Hitler's personal thoughts on the sub- ject: "He lectured me on the role of homosexuality in history and politics. It had destroyed ancient Greece, he said. Once rife, it extended its contagious ef- fects like an ineluctable law of nature to the best and most manly of charac- ters, eliminating from the reproductive process precisely those men on whose offspring a nation depended. The immediate result of the vice was, however, that unnatural passion swiftly became dominant in public affairs if it were allowed to spread unchecked." According to Nazi propaganda, both homosexuals and Jews destroyed the so-called masculinity and purity of the German nation; both homosexuals and Jews are characterized by perverse and degenerate sexualities. In 1934, the Reich Ministry of Justice emphasized that "it is precisely Jewish and Marxist circles which have always worked with special vehemence for the abolition of §175." In effect, Jews and homosexuals were portrayed as collaborators in the corruption of the German nation. 24th October - Heinrich Himmler orders all police stations and police au- thorities, to draw up a list of all persons who have, in any way, been homo- sexually active. The lists are to be sent to the Secret Police Headquarters in Berlin. A special department for homosexuality is set up there at the end of October. Police in many parts of Germany had been compiling these lists of suspected homosexual men since 1900. The Nazis used these "pink lists" to hunt down individual homosexuals during police actions. In 1934, 766 gay men were convicted and imprisoned. 1935 26th June - Changes in the "Law for the prevention of Chil- dren with inherited Diseases", also makes possible the cas- tration of "political-criminal ho- mosexual males". In order to avoid prison or concentration camp many homosexuals who had been sentenced to a jail term are forced to agree to "voluntary" castration.
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