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Covenant & Conversation Ha’azinu 5774 Volume XXI Number 1 Toras Aish Thoughts From Across the Torah Spectrum "May the Lord, G-d of the spirits of all mankind, appoint RABBI LORD JONATHAN SACKS a man over the community" (Num. 27:16). Covenant & Conversation On this, Rashi comments: Why is this expression ("G-d of the spirits of all mankind") used? n the glorious song with which Moses addresses the [Moses] said to him: Lord of the universe, You know congregation, he invites the people to think of the each person's character, and that no two people are ITorah - their covenant with G-d - as if it were like the alike. Therefore, appoint a leader for them who will bear rain that waters the ground so that it brings forth its with each person according to his disposition. produce: Let my teaching fall like rain and my words One of the fundamental requirements of a descend like dew, like showers on new grass, like leader in Judaism is that he or she is able to respect the abundant rain on tender plants. differences between human beings. This is a point G-d's word is like rain in a dry land. It brings life. emphasized by Maimonides in The Guide for the It makes things grow. There is much we can do of our Perplexed: Man is, as you know, the highest form in own accord: we can plough the earth and plant the creation, and he therefore includes the largest number seeds. But in the end our success depends on of constituent elements. This is why the human race something beyond our control. If no rain falls, there will contains so great a variety of individuals that we cannot be no harvest, whatever preparations we make. So it is discover two persons exactly alike in any moral quality with Israel. It must never be tempted into the hubris of or in external appearance ... This great variety and the saying: "My power and the strength of my hands have necessity of social life are essential elements in man's produced this wealth for me" (Deut. 8: 17). nature. But the well-being of society demands that there The sages, however, sensed something more should be a leader able to regulate the actions of man. in the analogy. This is how the Sifri puts it: Let my He must complete every shortcoming, remove every teaching fall like rain: Just as the rain is one thing, yet it excess, and prescribe for the conduct of all, so that the falls on trees, enabling each to produce tasty fruit natural variety should be counterbalanced by the according to the kind of tree it is - the vine in its way, the uniformity of legislation, so that social order be well olive tree in its way and the date palm in its way, so the established. (Guide, II:40) Torah is one, yet its words yield Scripture, Mishnah, The political problem as Maimonides sees it is laws and lore.Like showers on new grass: just as how to regulate the affairs of human beings in such a showers falls upon plants and make them grow, some way as to respect their individuality while not creating green, some red, some black, some white, so the words chaos. A similar point emerges from a surprising of Torah produce teachers, worthy individuals, sages, rabbinic teaching: Our Rabbis taught: If one sees a the righteous and the pious. crowd of Israelites, one says: Blessed be He who There is only one Torah, yet it has multiple discerns secrets - because the mind of each is different effects. It gives rise to different kinds of teaching, from that of another, just as the face of each is different different sorts of virtue. Torah is sometimes seen by its from another. (Berakhot 58a) critics as overly prescriptive, as if it sought to make We would have expected a blessing over a everyone the same. The midrash argues otherwise. The crowd to emphasize its size, its mass: human beings in Torah is compared to rain precisely to emphasize that their collectivity. A crowd is a group large enough for the its most important effect is to make each of us grow into individuality of the faces to be lost. Yet the blessing what we could become. We are not all the same, nor stresses the opposite - that each member of a crowd is does Torah seek uniformity. As a famous Mishnah puts still an individual with distinctive thoughts, hopes, fears it: When a human being makes many coins from the and aspirations. same mint, they are all the same. G-d makes everyone The same was true for the relationship between in the same image - His image - yet none is the same the sages. A Mishnah (Sotah 9: 15) states: When R. as another. (Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5) Meir died, the composers of fables ceased. When Ben This emphasis on difference is a recurring Azzai died, assiduous students ceased. When Ben theme in Judaism. For example, when Moses asks G-d Zoma died, the expositors ceased. When R. Akiva died, to appoint his successor, he uses an unusual phrase: the glory of the Torah ceased. When R. Hanina died, men of deed ceased. When R. Jose Ketanta died, the 2 Toras Aish TORAS AISH IS A WEEKLY PARSHA RABBI SHLOMO RISKIN NEWSLETTER DISTRIBUTED VIA EMAIL AND THE WEB AT WWW.AISHDAS.ORG/TA. Shabbat Shalom FOR MORE INFO EMAIL [email protected] n the seventh month, the first day of the The material presented in this publication was collected from email month, shall be a Holy Convocation for you... subscriptions, computer archives and various websites. It is being “Oit will be a day of the broken shofar sound presented with the permission of the respective authors. Toras Aish is an independent publication, and does not necessarily reflect [terua] for you..." (Numbers 29:1) the views of any synagogue or organization. Each of our festivals, biblical as well as TO DEDICATE THIS NEWSLETTER PLEASE CALL rabbinic, derives its sanctity from a miraculous (973) 277-9062 OR EMAIL [email protected] occurrence which took place on that day. For example, Passover begins on the date the Hebrews left Egypt, pious men ceased. When R. Jochanan ben Zakkai and Hanukka on the date the Maccabees achieved died, the luster of wisdom ceased ... When Rabbi died, victory over the Greek-Syrian Hellenists. humility and the fear of sin ceased. In the case of Rosh Hashana, our liturgy There was no single template of the sage. Each repeats again and again, "Today the world was had his own distinctive merits, his unique contribution to conceived" (Hayom harat olam), and the Midrash the collective heritage. In this respect, the sages were explains that this phrase refers to the day on which the merely continuing the tradition of the Torah itself. There first human being was created. Hence Rosh Hashana is is no single role model of the religious hero or heroine in the most universal of our celebrations, urging us to give Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. The patriarchs and thought to and thanks for the emergence of humanity. matriarchs each had their own unmistakable character. This leads us to ponder the most existential of Moses, Aaron and Miriam emerge as different questions: Why are we here? What is our purpose? And personality types. Kings, priests and prophets had - each in his/her own personal way - are we making the different roles to play in Israelite society. Even among most of our allotted time in this world? It is to be the prophets, "No two prophesy in the same style", said expected that the commandments of the day will help the sages. Elijah was zealous, Elisha gentle. Hosea us on this crucial existential journey. The introductory speaks of love, Amos speaks of justice. Isaiah's visions verse to this commentary defines a commandment are simpler and less opaque than those of Ezekiel. unique to Rosh Hashana: On this day we must sound The same applies to even to the revelation at the shofar, the ram's horn, and it is to be the broken, Sinai itself. Each individual heard, in the same words, a staccato sound of the horn, the terua. The Talmud different inflection: The voice of the Lord is with power defines this sound as either three sighs (shevarim), nine (Ps. 29:4): that is, according to the power of each sobs (terua) or a combination of the two. individual, the young, the old, and the very small ones, What is this commandment teaching us? Is it each according to their power [of understanding]. G-d that this world, this life into which we were born, is a said to Israel, "Do not believe that there are many gods vale of tears, a series of sighs, a sojourn of suffering? If in heaven because you heard many voices. Know that I so, why is Rosh Hashana considered a festival, a day alone am the Lord your G-d." (Shemot Rabbah 29:1) on which we are enjoined to rejoice, a day in which we According to Maharsha, there are 600,000 must drink wine and eat meat, a day which cancels a interpretations of Torah. Each individual is theoretically bereaved person's seven days of mourning? Does our capable of a unique insight into its meaning. The French Bible not teach us, at the conclusion of its account of philosopher Emmanuel Levinas commented: The the primordial week of creation, "And G-d saw all that Revelation has a particular way of producing meaning, He had made and behold it was very good" (Genesis which lies in its calling upon the unique within me.
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