Regional-Scale Modelling of the Occurrence and Dynamics of Rockglaciers and the Distribution of Paleopermafrost

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Regional-Scale Modelling of the Occurrence and Dynamics of Rockglaciers and the Distribution of Paleopermafrost Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2004 Regional-scale modelling of the occurrence and dynamics of rockglaciers and the distribution of paleopermafrost Frauenfelder, Regula Abstract: Ungefähr 5% der schweizerischen Landesfläche befinden sich im Verbreitungsgebiet des alpinen Dauerfrostbodens. Zu den auffälligsten Landschaftsformen in diesen Regionen zählen zweifelsohne die zahlreich vorkommenden Blockgletscher, d.h. Formen des kriechenden Permafrosts. Obwohl in den letzten Jahrzehnten grosse Fortschritte in der Blockgletscher- und Permafrostforschung erzielt wurden und heute wichtiges und detailliertes Wissen über einzelne Blockgletscher vorliegt, ist das Verständnis der intra- regionalen Variabilität des Blockgletscherauftretens immer noch eingeschränkt. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit Aspekten, die in Zusammenhang mit dem regionalen Verbreitungsmuster von Blockgletschern stehen, insbesondere derer von Schutthalden-Blockgletschern (sogen. talus-derived Blockgletschern). Ein spezielles Augenmerk gilt dabei der Prozesskette, die mit der Verwitterung von Felswänden beginnt und über Steinschlag und Akkumulation von Schutthalden zur Schuttdislokation durch Permafrostkriechen führt, also zur Bildung von Blockgletschern. Ebenfalls untersucht worden sind das Relativalter von Blockgletscher(oberfläche)n, verschiedene numerische Ansätze zur Modellierung der räumlichen Blockgletscherverbreitung und die Rekonstruktion der Paläo- Permafrostverbreitung am Ende des Spätglazials sowie während des Holozäns. Die Dissertation setzt sich aus einem Manuskript und fünf Publikationen zusammen. Die Studien, über die berichtet wird, wurden mehrheitlich im Gebiet der östlichen Schweizer Alpen durchgeführt. Dissertation von Regula Frauenfelder Regional-scale Modelling of the Occurrence and Dynamics of Rockglaciers and the Distribution of Paleopermafrost Abstract Ap- proximately 5% of the land surface of Switzerland is characterized by mountain permafrost. The most prominent landforms in these areas are, beyond doubt, the numerous rockglaciers, i.e. forms of creeping mountain permafrost. In spite of the great advances achieved in permafrost and rockglacier research in recent decades, and the important, detailed knowledge now available on individual rockglaciers, the understanding of intra- regional variability of rockglacier distribution is still rather limited. This thesis deals, therefore, with issues related to the regional distribution patterns of rockglaciers, in particular talus-derived ones. Special focus is on the process chain that extends from weathering in scree slopes, to rockfall, to accumulation of talus slopes, and finally, to debris displacement by permafrost creep, i.e. to the formation of rockglaciers. Other aspects investigated include relative surface ages of rockglaciers, the exploration of different approaches to modelling regional spatio-temporal rockglacier distribution patterns, and the reconstruction of paleopermafrost distributions at the end of the Lateglacial and the Holocene. The thesis consists of a manuscript and a collection of five papers; the studies reported on were carried out, for the most part, in a periglacial area of the eastern Swiss Alps. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163233 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Frauenfelder, Regula. Regional-scale modelling of the occurrence and dynamics of rockglaciers and the distribution of paleopermafrost. 2004, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. 2 Regional-scale Modelling of the Occurrence and Dynamics of Rockglaciers and the Distribution of Paleopermafrost Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Regula Frauenfelder von Henggart ZH Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Wilfried Haeberli (Vorsitz & Leitung) Dr. Martin Hoelzle Dr. Bernhard Schneider Dr. Bernd Etzelmüller Zürich 2004 Abstract Approximately 5% of the land surface of Switzerland is characterized by mountain permafrost. The most prominent landforms in these areas are, beyond doubt, the numerous rockglaciers1, i.e. forms of creeping mountain permafrost. In spite of the great advances achieved in permafrost and rockglacier research in recent decades, and the important, detailed knowledge now available on individual rockglaciers, the understanding of intra-regional variability of rockglacier distribution is still rather limited. This thesis deals, therefore, with issues related to the regional distribution patterns of rockglaciers, in particular talus-derived ones. Special focus is on the process chain that extends from weathering in scree slopes, to rockfall, to accumulation of talus slopes, and finally, to debris displacement by permafrost creep, i.e. to the formation of rockglaciers. Other aspects investigated include relative surface ages of rockglaciers, the exploration of different approaches to modelling regional spatio-temporal rockglacier distribution patterns, and the reconstruction of paleopermafrost distributions at the end of the Lateglacial and the Holocene. The following four items summarize the investigations carried out: – Relative age chronologies of six rockglaciers were investigated by photogrammetry, and measurements of Schmidt-hammer rebound values and weathering rind thicknesses on surface boulders. Based on these analyses, conclusions were drawn about the age of contemporaneous Alpine rockglaciers. – Relationships between terrain parameters and rockglacier parameters were investigated for a sample of 84 rockglaciers by means of statistics in order to answer two main questions: (a) is there a connection between source headwall area (a proxy for debris supply) and rockglacier size, and (b) is rockglacier speed dependent on topographic and/or climatic conditions? – Potential rockglacier occurrence was modelled using an approach based on the geomorphometric signature of rockglaciers, and a dynamic model was created that allows a 4D simulation of talus-derived rockglacier occurrence, i.e. the modelling of their spatio-temporal development and distribution. 1 In this thesis, the term “rockglacier” will be written as one word, following the suggestion by Barsch (1988: p. 71) to use the term “rockglacier” as a single word instead of two, as in “rock glacier”, in order to emphasize the fact that an independent phenomenon is being dealt with and to clearly make a distinction from (true) glaciers: “[...] the term rockglacier (expressed as one word) is preferred for this feature since, [...], it is part of the periglacial rather than the glacial realm.” i Abstract – Finally, data obtained from the analysis of relict rockglaciers were used to estimate the depression of the permafrost limit during the Younger Dryas and the ‘Little Ice Age’ relative to present-day permafrost distribution. The thesis consists of a manuscript and a collection of five papers; the studies reported on were carried out, for the most part, in a periglacial area of the eastern Swiss Alps. ii Zusammenfassung Ungefähr 5% der schweizerischen Landesfläche befinden sich im Verbreitungsgebiet des alpinen Dauerfrostbodens. Zu den auffälligsten Landschaftsformen in diesen Regionen zählen zweifelsohne die zahlreich vorkommenden Blockgletscher, d.h. Formen des kriechenden Permafrosts. Obwohl in den letzten Jahrzehnten grosse Fortschritte in der Blockgletscher- und Permafrostforschung erzielt wurden und heute wichtiges und detailliertes Wissen über einzelne Blockgletscher vorliegt, ist das Verständnis der intra- regionalen Variabilität des Blockgletscherauftretens immer noch eingeschränkt. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich daher mit Aspekten, die in Zusammenhang mit dem regionalen Verbreitungsmuster von Blockgletschern stehen, insbesondere derer von Schutthalden-Blockgletschern (sogen. talus-derived Blockgletschern). Ein spezielles Augenmerk gilt dabei der Prozesskette, die mit der Verwitterung von Felswänden beginnt und über Steinschlag und Akkumulation von Schutthalden zur Schuttdislokation durch Permafrostkriechen führt, also zur Bildung von Blockgletschern. Ebenfalls untersucht worden sind das Relativalter von Blockgletscher(oberfläche)n, verschiedene numerische Ansätze zur Modellierung der räumlichen Blockgletscherverbreitung und die Rekonstruk- tion der Paläo-Permafrostverbreitung am Ende des Spätglazials sowie während des Holozäns. Konkret wurden folgende Arbeiten durchgeführt: – Mittels photogrammetrischer Methoden sowie der Messung von Schmidt-Hammer Rückprallwerten und Verwitterungsrinden-Dicken wurde eine relative Alters- chronologie von sechs Blockgletschern ermittelt. Anhand der dabei erlangten Resultate konnte das Alter alpiner Blockgletscher abgeleitet werden. – Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Gelände- und Blockgletscherparametern wurden statistisch an einer Stichprobe von 84 Blockgletschern untersucht. Dabei standen zwei Hauptfragestellungen im Mittelpunkt: (a) Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Grösse schuttliefernder Felswände, stellvertretend für die Menge des gelieferten Schutts, und der Blockgletschergrösse? (b) Ist die Geschwindigkeit eines Blockgletschers abhängig von klimatischen und/oder topographischen Faktoren? – Die potentielle Verbreitung von Blockgletschern wurde mit einem geomorpho- metrischen Ansatz berechnet und es wurde ein Modell entwickelt, das die Simulation
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