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Zonneberg Caves SEE THE CITY FROM A DIFFERENT ANGLE English brochure to use during a guided tour in the Zonneberg Caves maastrichtunderground.nl Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground MENU Welcome INtRoDUCTIoN DRaWINGs the oRIGINs & safety of lImestoNe secoND fIRst BaKeRy the floWeR WoRlD WaR catholIc chapel, sWW meDallIoN cRucIfIx aDveRtIse- the muses meNts the BlocK flINt Bats moRe BReaKeR INFORMATIoN © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu WELCOME TO THE ZONNEBERG CAVES on behalf of maastricht underground and Natuurmonumenten (society for the preservation of Nature monuments in the Netherlands) we extend to you a warm welcome to the Zonneberg caves. you will visit the Zonneberg caves as part of a huge network of around 22,000 underground tunnels dug into this hill. the tunnel walls of this enormous maze carry the signs of > 3 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu chopping and cutting by block breakers as well as many writings, drawings and sculptures. much of this was brought about for tourism one hundred years ago. these signs of chopping and cutting are the silent witnesses of hard labour around the extraction of marlstone in this area for 700 years. > In this document we describe the highlights you may encounter during the guided tour. your guide will point out these highlights, allowing you to look up all relevant information in this document. some of the stops are not listed in this document and some stops described in this document are not part of the tour. the guide will have to be selective in painting a varied and full picture of events that happened at this location through the centuries. on various guided tours you will be visiting different locations! please feel free to ask questions. We hope you will enjoy your guided tour! 4 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground SAFETY meNu first of all we ask your attention for some safety aspects: • Gasoline lamps can be hot! Do you, or someone near you, carry such a lamp? In that case, please make sure that no one can touch the top of the lamp. • Some floors are uneven. please take care when walking on such floors. • Please stay with your group and follow the directions given by your guide. Do not wander off through the tunnels in the unlikely event that your guide is incapacitated, but stay put until help has arrived. help is on its way for sure; no further action is required. • Please do not touch the walls or any objects on the walls. 5 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground INTRODUCTION meNu the temperature in this network of tunnels is a constant 11°c / 52°f (summer and winter, day and night). the humidity is around 98%. the rock also holds a lot of water. this is also the reason why most of the drawings were produced using charcoal; paint would go mouldy and peel off the walls. charcoal can remain on the walls as a powdery coating for hundreds of years as long as nobody touches it. We must therefore ask you NOT to scratch the walls or to touch the drawings! many inscriptions can be admired on the walls, the oldest of which in these tunnels dates from 1551. In the early 1900s, it was mainly local artists who came here to give free rein to their creativity on the walls and hoped in this way to attract new clients and commissions. the competition between the four different cave networks led the owners of the caves to invite artists to create artworks in the caves. > 6 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu a touristic publication dating from 1898 describes the tour of the caves in great detail. these excursions were at the time exclusively available to the well-to-do. an admission ticket cost ‘two guilders for the first visitor and 50 cents for every additional visitor.’ to put this into perspective, an overnight stay at a hotel with breakfast cost just one guilder at the time. after the second World War, mass tourism really started to grow. a number of educational illustrations were added during that period, along with even more drawings, carvings, and sculptures. the climate in these caves also attracts many hundreds of bats in the winter months, coming here to hibernate. > 7 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu During the second World War, various facilities were set up in these tunnels in order to be able to house almost 50,000 people in them for a period of time. however, maastricht was ultimately never on the front line of the war, so the large-scale evacuation never proved necessary. Nonetheless, you will undoubtedly encounter signs of this evacuation plan during this tour. 8 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground DRAWINGS meNu most of the drawings that you will see were produced using charcoal. this is due to the climate inside the hill and its tunnels. the limestone is also permeated with moisture, so any paint used would go mouldy and peel off, especially as the paint used in the past was made using egg yolks. charcoal is an inert and porous material that remains well preserved on the surface of the walls as a layer of powder. some drawings, such as that of ahasverus (the Wandering Jew) and that of the dragon, are more than a hundred years old; but if you were to rub your fingers over it, it would be easily erased. By not touching the drawings, we can ensure they will adorn these walls for hundreds of years more. > 9 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu The drawing of Ahasverus - a cobbler, also known as the Wandering Jew - was produced in the early 1900s by messrs van der veur and simays. It is a wonderful example of the deeply-rooted religious traditions in this southern part of the Netherlands, a source of inspiration for many artists. > 10 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu The drawing of the dragon was produced in 1907 by t. Bottema, who studied here in maastricht at the city’s school of drawing and later became known for his illustrations in works including the Dik trom series of Dutch children’s books and the children’s bible. his best-known design is that for an insurance company, Nationale Nederlanden: a lady with an umbrella, a gentleman with a walking stick, and a dog. 11 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu THE ORIGINS OF LIMESTONE this drawing dating from the early 1900s gives an impression of how things looked here around 70 million years ago. the mammoth (on the right) didn’t evolve until many millions of years later, and the various dinosaurs (in the middle) are also not correct in this picture. > 12 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu In that period, the end of the cretaceous period, the area that is now Western europe lay submerged under a fairly shallow subtropical sea. the nearest coastline was 50 km to the east. the sea creatures and other creature that lived here included the mosasaurus. this reptile was the largest and hungriest creature swimming around in this area. It grew up to 17 metres in length, and ate everything it encountered, including other mosasauri. If you also consider that the cretaceous sea extended from Ireland to ukraine, you can imagine the huge amount of calcium-rich deposits that accumulated. > 13 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu 20 meters / 66 ft. Soil 10 meters / 33 ft. Limestone 10 meters / 33 ft. Tunnels 60 meters / 197 ft. Jeker Meuse the layer in which these tunnels were created is chiefly made of remnants of algae, foraminifera, single-celled organisms, and other tiny creatures, resulting in a homogeneous layer of rock that makes an excellent building stone. the elephant on the left of the drawing has been drawn next to the dinosaurs as a reference point, to give visitors an idea of the size of these creatures. 14 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground SECOND meNu WORLD WAR In the final years of the second World War, preparations were made in these tunnels for the potential evacuation of around 50,000 inhabitants of maastricht. In the event that maastricht should find itself on the front line, sandwiched between the Nazis on one side of the meuse and the allies on the other, a large proportion of the population was to make use of this evacuation plan. the main initiator and designer of this plan was the maastricht architect harrie Koenen. the plan included a large number of facilities including a bakery, a hospital including operating theatres, a psychiatric ward, toilets, electric lights in the main tunnels, a public address system, three water pumping stations with large water storage facilities (see photo), two catholic chapels, and one protestant chapel, amongst many other features. > 15 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu > 16 © Maastricht Underground / VVV Maastricht Zonneberg Caves maastricht underground meNu In the end, the official large-scale evacuation never took place, as maastricht was liberated from the east by the american troops and was never on the front line. Nevertheless, towards the end of the war, a few thousand people did make use of the tunnels for ten days. these were mainly people who lived in the city centre, where the bridges were the targets of various bombardments. all kinds of provisions such as crates containing medicines, blankets, crockery etc. were not used because the plan was never officially executed.
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