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Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) Into New Geographic Areas

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Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) Into New Geographic Areas European Mosquito Bulletin, 27 (2009), 10-17. Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association ISSN 1460-6127; w.w.w.e-m-b.org First published online 1 October 2009 Recent introductions of aedine species (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini) into new geographic areas John F. Reinert Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1600/1700 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608-1067, USA, Email: [email protected]. Abstract Information on introductions to new geographic areas of species in the aedine generic-level taxa Aedimorphus, Finlaya, Georgecraigius, Halaedes, Howardina, Hulecoeteomyia, Rampamyia, Stegomyia, Tanakaius and Verrallina is provided. Key words: Aedimorphus, Finlaya, Georgecraigius atropalpus, Halaedes australis, Howardina bahamensis, Hulecoeteomyia japonica japonica, Rampamyia notoscripta, Stegomyia aegypti, Stegomyia albopicta, Tanakaius togoi, Verrallina Introduction World. Dyar (1928), however, notes that there are no nearly related species in As indicated in the series of papers on the American continent, but many such the phylogeny and classification of in the Old World, especially in Africa, mosquitoes in tribe Aedini (Reinert et and he considered that it was probably al., 2004, 2006, 2008), some aedine the African continent from which the species have been introduced into new species originated”. Christophers also geographical areas in recent times. noted that “The species is almost the Species of Aedini found outside of their only, if not the only, mosquito that, with natural ranges are listed below with their human agency, is spread around the literature citations. whole globe. But in spite of this wide zonal diffusion its distribution is very Introductions of Aedine Species to strictly limited by latitude and as far as New Areas present records go it very rarely occurs beyond latitudes of 45o N. and 35o S.” Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus) represents Dyar (1928) stated “In the early days of the oldest species of Aedini with navigation, with long voyages and water recorded information on introductions to conserved in open wooden receptacles, new geographic areas. Christophers the species readily bred on board ship, (1960) in his book on this species and was carried wherever the vessel reported “It has been suggested that the went”. Dyar also suggested that the original home of A. aegypti was the New species was brought to America in the 10 early days, perhaps by Columbus number of areas such that the species is himself. Mattingly (1957) tended to now apparently absent around much of favor the southern Palaearctic Region the Mediterranean basin and has become over Africa south of the Sahara as the scarce or localized in the southern possible sites of origin of St. aegypti. United States of America (USA) (see Belkin (1962), however, reported that O’Meara et al., 1993) partly due to this species is undoubtedly a native of competitive displacement by the more the Ethiopian Region (currently known recently invasive St. albopicta. as the Afrotropical Region) where the majority of the other members of the Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse), a species group are found. He also indicated that of probable Asian origin, has been “The dispersal of aegypti may very well introduced into many areas of the world have been started by the Portuguese in by the used tire trade, as summarized by their circuitous route to the Indies, which Mitchell (1995) and Reiter (1998). included stops in West Africa and Ventrillon (1904) first reported this eastern Brazil before rounding the Cape species in Madagascar but the wider of Good Hope. Belkin et al. (1970) current distribution in this country is stated “The ubiquitous and universally provided by Fontenille & Rodhain known aegypti is an African species now (1989). Examples of introductions of widely distributed throughout the world this species during the recent past have within the 20o C isotherms, usually in been reported from the USA (e.g., close association with human Sprenger & Wuithiranyagool, 1986; settlements”. Powell et al. (1980) O’Meara et al., 1993; Reiter, 1998; reported on a multivariate discriminant Madon et al., 2002, 2003), Brazil analysis that was based on sequences of (Forattini, 1986), Albania (Adhami & St. aegypti from 34 populations collected Murati, 1987; Adhami & Reiter, 1998), in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, North Italy (Sabatini et al., 1990; Dalla Pozza America and South America. Their & Majori, 1992), Fiji Islands (Laille et results indicated that these populations al., 1990; Mitchell, 1995), Australia were sufficiently genetically (Kay et al., 1990; Ritchie et al., 2006), differentiated to allow a strong inference South Africa (Hunt et al., 1990; Cornell of the geographical origin of a & Hunt, 1991), Nigeria (Savage et al., population. Tabachnick (1991) provided 1992), Dominican Republic (Pena, insights on introductions, reintroductions 1993), New Zealand (Laird et al., 1994), and multiple introductions of St. aegypti Mexico (Ibáñez-Bernal & Martínez- into various areas of the world based Campos, 1994; Casas-Martínez & primarily on the genetic composition of Estrata, 2003), Papua New Guinea the various populations. It is noted that (Mitchell, 1995), Guatemala (Ogata & evaluation of the sources and times of Samayoa, 1996), Argentina (Rossi et al., population introductions to the New 1999), Cuba (Broche & Borja, 1999), World has been complicated by the France (Schaffner & Karch, 2000; attempts during the 1960s to eradicate Schaffner et al., 2001), Cameroon (Toto previous St. aegypti populations from & Fontenille, 2001), Equatorial Guinea much of this geographical area. During (Toto et al., 2003), Serbia and recent decades, the range and prevalence Montenegro (Schaffner, 2003), Trinidad, of St. aegypti have been reduced in a West Indies (Chadee et al., 2003), 11 Belgium (Schaffner et al., 2004), Florida, USA (Pafume et al., 1988; Nicaragua (Lugo et al., 2005), Croatia O’Meara et al., 1995). (Klobucar et al., 2006; Merdic et al., 2009), Spain (Aranda et al., 2006), the Two aedine species that have been Netherlands (Scholte et al., 2007, 2008), introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, St. Gabon (Coffinet et al., 2007), Lebanon aegypti (widespread by 1892) and St. and Syria (Haddad et al., 2007), albopicta (numerous in 1902), were Germany (Pluskota et al. 2008), and noted by Usinger (1944). Ward (1984) other countries as listed by Reiter provided a case history of mosquitoes, (1998), i.e. Barbados, Bolivia, Cayman including species of Aedini, introduced Islands, Columbia and El Salvador. onto the western Pacific island of Guam These countries are only a partial listing (Mariana Islands). Laird et al. (1994) of those recently inhabited by this discuss the importation of the following species, which poses a risk to human exotic species into New Zealand: health as a potential vector of pathogens. Halaedes australis (Erichson), The article by Enserink (2008) “A Hulecoeteomyia japonica, Rampamyia mosquito goes global” records how notoscripta (Skuse) and Stegomyia rapidly this species has spread albopicta. Belkin (1962) provided throughout new areas. interesting observations on the “Bionomics and Dispersal” of Introductions continue as exemplified by mosquitoes (p. 46) and “Mosquitoes and the discovery of Hulecoeteomyia Human Migrations” (p. 65). In the latter japonica japonica (Theobald) in the section (pp. 65−66) he discussed the eastern USA (Peyton et al., 1999), 21 spread of aedine species in the southern states in the USA and Canada (Widdel et Pacific islands of the following generic- al., 2005), Washington, USA (Roppo et level taxa: Aedimorphus Theobald, al., 2004, Sames & Pehling, 2005), Finlaya Theobald, Rampamyia Reinert, Hawaii, USA (Larish & Savage, 2005), Harbach & Kitching, Stegomyia Oregon, USA (Irish & Pierce, 2008), Theobald and Verrallina Theobald. France and Belgium (Schaffner et al., 2003) and Switzerland (Schaffner & Acknowledgements Mathis, 2009). Fonseca et al. (2001) attempted to identify the putative source Appreciation is expressed to Ralph E. of populations in the eastern USA of Hl. Harbach (The Natural History Museum, japonica. Also, Tanakaius togoi London, UK) and Graham B. White (Theobald) was introduced into the (Department of Entomology and Pacific southwest of Canada and Nematology, University of Florida, northwest of the USA (Meredith & Gainesville, FL) for critically reviewing Phillips, 1973; Trimble & Wellington, the manuscript and providing valuable 1979; Wood et al., 1979; Belton, 1980; comments, and to Kenneth J. Linthicum Belton & Belton, 1990; Sames et al., and Gary G. Clark (CMAVE) for 2004); Georgecraigius atropalpus providing research facilities. (Coquillett) was introduced into Italy (Romi et al., 1997) and Howardina bahamensis (Berlin) was introduced into 12 References structure. The University Press, Adhami, J. & Murati, N. (1987) Prani e Camridge, UK. mushkonjës Aedes albopictus në Carnevale, P. & Pages, F. (2007) First Shqipëri. Revista Mjekësore 1, record of Aedes albopictus in Gabon. 13−16. Journal of the American Mosquito Adhami, J. & Reiter, P. (1998) Control Association 23, 471−472. Introduction and establishment of Casas-Martínez, M. & Torres-Estrada, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus J.L. (2003) First evidence of Aedes Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in albopictus (Skuse) in sountern Albania. Journal of the American Chiapas, Mexico. Emerging Mosquito Control Association 14, Infectious Diseases Journal 9(5), 2 340−343. pp. Aranda,
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