Les Acariens Oribates Des Sphaignes De Quelques Tourbieres Du Haut-Jura Suisse

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Les Acariens Oribates Des Sphaignes De Quelques Tourbieres Du Haut-Jura Suisse LES ACARIENS ORIBATES DES SPHAIGNES DE QUELQUES TOURBIERES DU HAUT-JURA SUISSE Volume E : ECOLOGIE Thèse présentée à" la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Neuchâtel pour obtenir le grade de docteur es sciences par Daniel Borcard Neuchâtel/ décembre 1988 IMPRIMATUR POUR LA THÈSE Les Acariens Ori bates des sphaignes de quelques tourbières du Haut-Jura suisse de MPpsi^yr^P^nl^l^Bprc^r.0! UNIVERSITÉ DE NEUCHATEL FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES La Faculté des sciences de l'Université de Neuchâtel, sur le rapport des membres du jury, Messieurs W. Matthey, A, Aeschlimann, J. Brunhes (Clermont-Ferrand), G. Wauthy (Bruxelles) et C. Bader (Baie) autorise ^impression de la présente thèse. Neuchâtel, le 9....d.é.c.^.br.e...l9.8.8 Le doyen : F. Persoz - 1 - TABLE DES MKHERES TABLE DES MATIERES 1 E.l INTRODUCTION GENERALE * 7 E.1.1 Cadre de l'étude 7 E. 1.2 Choix des objets d'étude et déroulement du travail 8 E.1.3 Exposé des résultats 9 E.1.4 Quelques définitions 10 E.1.5 Numérotation des chapitres et des illustrations 10a E.1.6 Biologie générale des Oribates 10a E.2 METHODOLOGIE ' 11 E.2.1 Introduction: démarche générale 11 E.2.2 Méthodes de terrain H E.2.2.1 Récoltes H E.2.2.2 Modalités de récolte et données de terrain annexes 15 E.2.3 Techniques de laboratoire 17 E.2.3.1 Extractions de faune 17 E.2.3.2 Tris et déterminations 21 E.2.3.3 Dénombrements 21 E.2.4 Exploitation des résultats 23 E.2.4.1 Définitions 23 E.2.4.2 Groupements 24 E.2.4.3 Analyses factorielles 25 E.2.4.4 Distribution horizontale des espèces 26 E.2.4.4.1 Type de distribution 26 E.2.4.4.2 Ajustement à une loi binomiale né­ gative 27 E.3 MILIEUX 29 E.3.1 Introduction 29 E.3.2 Les tourbières 30 E.3.3 La tourbière du Cachot 32 E.3.3.1 Parcelles de référence 32 E.3.3.2 Climat de la vallée de La Brévine 41 E.3.3.2.1 Précipitations 41 E.3.3.2.2 Température 43 E.3.3.2.3 Climat de la tourbière du Cachot 44 - 2 - E.3.4 L'habitat "sphaignes" 44 E.3.4.1 Morphologie 44 E.3.4.2 Conditions de vie dans les sphaignes 46 E.3.4.2.1 Densité des sphaignes 46 E.3.4.2.2 Température 48 E.3.4.2.3 Regime hydrique et hydratation des sphaignes 50 E.3.4.2.4 Importance de la phase gazeuse dans les sphaignes 52 E.3.4.2.5 Contenu en eau 53 E.3.4.2.6 Essai d'estimation simple de l'impor­ tance de la phase gazeuse dans les sphaignes 57 E.3.4.2.7 Acidité 58 E.3.4.3 Synthèse 58 E.4 RESULTATS GENERAUX 59 E.4.1 Introduction 59 E.4.2 Avertissement 59 E.4.3 Densité 60 E.4 .3.1 Acariens 61 E.4.3.1.1 Qribates 61 E.4.3.1.2 Gamasides 61 E.4.3.1.3 Autres Acariens 61 E.4 .3.2 Insectes 62 E.4.3.2.1 Collemboles 62 E.4.3.2.2 Diploures 64 E.4.3.2.3 Protoures 64 E.4.3.2.4 Hémiptéroïdes 64 E.4.3.2.5 Coléoptères 64 E.3.4.2.6 Diptères 64 E.3.4.2.7 Hyménoptères 65 E.4. 3.3 Aranéides 66 E.4.,3. 4 Myriapodes 66 E.4..3. 5 Pseudoscorpions 66 E.4.4 Analyse factorielle des correspondances 66 E.4.5 Discussion 68 E. 5 IA TAXOCENOSE D'ORIBATES 69 E. 5.1 Introduction 69 E.5.2 Les données 69 E.5.3 L'analyse factorielle des correspondances: description générale 74 E.5.4 Récoltes complémentaires 78 - 3 - E.5.5 Discussion î* 81 E. 5.5.1 Zones inmergées du centre de la tourbière ( HC, HD, HE) 82 E.5.5.2 Bordures de gouilles (ABD, ABE, ABF, ABG) 82 E.5.5.3 Tapis du Sphagnetum magellanici à proximité des gouilles (ABA, ABC) 83 E.5.5.4 Tapis du Sphagnetum magellanici "moyen" (ABB, ABH, ABI) 83 E.5.5.5 Tapis du Sphagnetum magellanici à proximité d'îlots de Pinus mugo (ABJ, ABK, ABL, ABM, ABN) 84 E.5.5..6 En'marge du Sphagnetum-magellanici: butte de S.fuscum (ABO) 85 E-.5.5.7 Sphagnetum fusci (CA, CB, CC, CD, CF) 85 E.5.5.8 Pino-Sphagnetim 86 E. 5.5.9 Sphagno-Piceetum betuletosum pubescentis (FA, FB, FC, FD) 87 E.5.5.10 Zones de transition: Molinieto-Trollietum eu- ropaei très altéré, boisé par Betula pubescens et Picea abies (GA, GB) 88 E.5.5.11 Biotopes voisins de la tourbière: pâturage .ou­ vert et pâturage boisé (Ll à L5) 89 E.5.5.12 Zones à sphaignes altérées par 1'norme 89 E.5.5.12.1 Lande Nord-Est (EA à EF) 89 E.5.5.12.2 Marais abaissé autour du Cachot (Kl, K2) 90 E.5.5.12.3 En bordure du Fossé Pochon: la tourbe nue (HA et HB) 91 E.5.5.13 Litière forestière 91 E.5.5.13.1 Litière d'aiguilles de Pinus mugo avec humus brut superficiel (1 cm) (Jl et J2) 91 E.5.5.13.2 Litière mélangée de Vacciniées, bouleau et un peu de Pin (J3) 92 E.5.5.14 Herbacées, buissons, arbres 92 E.5.5.14.1 Herbacées du Sphagnetum magellanici (II) 92 E.5.5.14.2 Buissons 92 E.5.5.14.3 Arbres {Pinus mugo, Picea abies, Betula pubescens) 92 E.5.6 Groupement 93 E. 5.6.1 Introduction 93 E.5.6.2 Les données 93 E.5.6.3 La mesure d'association 94 E.5.6.4 L'algorithme de groupement 95 E.5.6.5 Résultats du groupement 95 E.5.7 Remarques générales 97 E.5.8 Essai de généralisation, ou le Cachot comme échelle de mesure 98 E.5.8.1 Cadre de l'expérience 98 E.5.8.2 Récoltes 99 E.5.8.3 Résultats 101 E.5.8.3.1 La Vraconne 101 E.5.8.3.2 Le Bois-des-Lattes 103 E.5.8.3.3 Rond-Buisson 103 E.5.8.3.4 La Châtagne 103 E.5.8.3.5 Les Pantins 104 E.5.8.3.6 La Chaux-des-Breuleux 105 - 4 - E.5.8.4 Discussion 106 E.5.8.4.1 Faunistique 106 E.5.8.4.2 Structure des cannunautés d'Oribates 106 E.5.8.4.3 Méthodologie, valeur indicatrice 106 E.6 ETUDE DE 5 PARCELLES-TYPES 109 E.6.1 Introduction 109 E.6.2 Analyse générale 109 E.6.2.1 Choix des carottes 110 E.6.2.2 Analyse et brève discussion 111 E.6.3 Etude des parcelles-types: quelques précisions 114 E.6.4 Sphagnetum magellanici central: SMEl 116 E.6.4.1 Structure générale 116 E.6.4.2 Analyse des correspondances 121 E.6.4.3 Discussion 124 E.6.5 Sphagnetum magellanici sans gouilles: SME2 127 E.6.5.1 Structure générale 127 E.6.5.2 Analyse des correspondances 130 E.6.5.1 Discussion 132 E.6.6 Sphagnetum fusci: SF 134 E.6.6.1 Structure générale 134 E.6.6.2 Analyse des correspondances 136 E.6.6.3 Discussion 138 E.6.7 Pino-Sphagnetum: SM 139 E.6.7.1 Structure générale 139 E.6.7.2 Analyse des correspondances 141 E.6.7.3 Discussion 141 E.6.8 Lande de dégradation Nord-Est: LNE 143 E.6.8.1 Structure générale 143 E.6.8.2 Analyse des correspondances 145 E.6.8.3 Discussion 145 E.6.9 Les Oribates des sphaignes et le modèle du bâton brisé 146 E.6.10 Synthèse: le peuplement d'Oribates d'une tourbière bcmbée du Haut-Jura 147 E.6.10.1 Introduction 147 E.6.10.2 L'approche du problème 148 E.6.10.3 Le peuplement d'Oribates des sphaignes du Cachot 149 E.6.10.3.1 La zone à Limnozetes ciliatus 150 E.6.10.3.2 La zone à Protoribates lagenula 152 E.6.10.3.3 La zone à Hermannia gibba 152 E.6.10.4 Clé d'estijnaticn 153 E.6.11 Ailleurs en Europe: quelques données de la littérature 154 - 5 - E.7 QUELQUES AUTRES CARACTERISTIQUES DES PEUPLEMENTS 165 E.7.1 Introduction 165 E.7.2 Estimation du poids des Oribates 165 E.7.2.1 Méthode d'estimation et poids des espèces 165 E.7.2.2 Poids des récoltes 168 E.7.3 Distribution verticale des espèces 172 E.7.3.1 Indices de distribution verticale 172 E.7. 3.2 Résultats généraux 173 E.7. 3.3 Taille et localisation 177 E.7.3.4 Distribution verticale des immatures 178 E.7.3.5 Distribution verticale: résumé 180 E.7.4 Rapport immatures-adultes 180 E.7.5 Distribution horizontale des espèces 182 E.7.5.1 Grand type de distribution 182 E.7.5.2 Ajustements à la binomiale négative 186 E.7.5.3 Discussion 191 E.8 LE PIETINEMENT DES SPHAIOJES ET SES CONSEQUENCES SUR LE PEUPLEMENT D'ORIBATES 194 E.8.1 Cadre de l'expérience 194 E.8.2 Déroulement de l'expérience 196 E.8.3 Effets du piétinement sur les sphaignes 196 E.8.3.1 Tapis de S.recurvum 196 É.8.3.2 Butte de S.fuscum 198 E.8.3.3 Densité apparente et contenu en eau 199 E.8.4 Faune: résultats généraux 202 E.8.4.1 Gamasides 203 E.8.4.2 Autres Acariens 203 E.8.4.3 Collemboles Arthropléones 203 E.8.4.4 Collemboles Symphypléones 203 E.8.4.5 Conclusion intermédiaire 206 E.8.5 Les Oribates 207 E.8.5.1 Le peuplement des parcelles de référence 207 E.8.5.2 Densité 208 E.8.5.3 Nombre d'espèces 213 E.8.5.4 Régularité 216 E.8.5.5 Diversité 218 E.8.5.6 Diagrammes rang-fréquence 221 E.8.5.7 Distribution verticale 223 E.8.5.8 Poids des récoltes et poids individuel 225 E.8.5.9 Evolution de la dominance 228 E.8.5.10 Quelques traits de comportement des espèces dominantes 231 E.8.6 Synthèse 241 E.8.7 Conclusion 243 - 6 - E.9 CONCLUSION GENERALE: BILAN ET PERSPECTIVES 245 RESUME, ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, ABSTRACT 248 REMERCIEMENTS 251 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 253 ANNEXES 262 - 7 - CHAPITRE E.l INTRODUCTION GENERALE E.1.1 CADRE DE L'ETUDE Notre travail se voudrait une brique dans l'édifice entrepris depuis 25 ans à l'Université de Neuchâtel sous 1'impulsion du Professeur Willy MATTHEY: la connaissance faunistique et écologique des tourbières jurassiennes, et plus particulièrement de celle du Cachot.
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