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Vom Fachbereich Biologie Der Technischen Universität Darmstadt Parthenogenesis and Sexuality in Oribatid Mites Phylogeny, Mitochondrial Genome Structure and Resource Dependence vom Fachbereich Biologie der Technischen Universität Darmstadt zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doctor rerum naturalium genehmigte Dissertation von Dipl.-Biol. Katja Domes-Wehner aus Frankfurt a. M. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Stefan Scheu Mitberichterstatter: PD Dr. Mark Maraun Tag der Einreichung: 02. März 2009 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. April 2009 Darmstadt 2009 D 17 For my family... ... and in remembrance of Walter Maier (*1933-†2004) ii “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.“ Sherlock Holmes “Daring ideas are like chessmen moved forward; they may be beaten, but they may start a winning game.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe iii Curriculum Vitae Personal Data Name: Katja Domes-Wehner Address: Am Schlichter 26, 64546 Mörfelden-Walldorf Date of birth: 26.02.1980 Place of birth: Frankfurt/Main, Germany Scientific career 1986-1990 Bgm.-Klingler Primary School, Mörfelden 1990-1996 Secondary School, B.v.S.-Gesamtschule, Mörfelden-Walldorf 1996-1999 Grammar School, B.v.S.-Gesamtschule, Mörfelden-Walldorf 06. June 1999 “Abitur” (University entrance Diploma) 1999-2001 Basic study period of biology at the University of Technology, Darmstadt 2001-2004 Advanced study period of zoology, animal physiology and microbiology 30. June 2004 Diploma thesis: “Variability of the hsp82-locus of the parthenogenetic oribatid mite Platynothrus peltifer” Since 08/2004 PhD at the University of Technology, Institute of Zoology, AG Scheu, founded by the German Research Foundation (DFG: SCHE 376/19-1) Further education and stay abroads October 2004 Seminar „Security in genetic engineering”, Mainz May 2004 Visit of the laboratory of Dr. J.A.J. Breeuwer at the University of Amsterdam to establish microsatellites for oribatid mites February 2005 Sequencing Workshop, Scientific Research and Development GmbH, Oberursel May 2005 Arlequin Workshop, meeting of the “Junge Systematiker”, Kassel August 2005 Workshop on Molecular Evolution, Woodshole (USA) December 2005 SuperTree Workshop, Iffelsdorf Sept.-Nov. 2007 Stay abroad in Canberra, Australia, for sequencing the mitochondrial genome of two oribatid mite species Symposia and meetings February 2004 DZG meeting on “Co-evolution”, Münster July 2004 EURAAC, Berlin April 2005 Mesofauna meeting Göttingen; talk August 2005 X. Congress of the ESEB, Krakow, Poland; talk February 2006 DZG meeting on “New markers and new theory”, Potsdam; poster iv Curriculum Vitae March 2006 “Orthologous Gene” meeting Göttingen; poster March 2006 Mesofauna meeting Aachen; talk August 2006 XII. International Congress of Acarology, Amsterdam, Netherlands; poster February 2007 DZG meeting on “Life-history evolution”, Bayreuth March 2007 Mesofauna meeting Bremen; talk August 2007 XI. Congress of the ESEB, Uppsala, Sweden; poster Other experiences May 1997-2003 Assistant in an organisation for private tutoring of foreign children, Mörfelden January 1998 Internship at the Lissenhall Veterinary Hospital, Swords, Ireland June-Sep. 2000 Assistant in the Department of Biological Pest Management, Biological Federal Institute for Agriculture and Forestry, Darmstadt 2002-2004 Student assistant at the TU Darmstadt, Department of Biology: supervision of practical courses in Zoology and Botany Feb.-March 2003 Internship at Merck Bioscience in the Department of Poly Production and Development, Darmstadt August 2003 Expedition to Toropetz (Russia) to study the migration of a wolf pack April 2005/06/07/08 Supervision of the practical course for “Spezielle Zoologie”: Phylogeny of Echinodermata May 2006/07/08 Supervision of the alternative practical course for “Spezielle Zoologie” July-August 2006 Supervision of student excursions Further supervisions Martin Rosenberger “Biogeographische Untersuchung der parthenogenetischen Hornmilbenart Platynothrus peltifer und der sexuellen Hornmilbenarten Carabodes coriaceus, Carabodes femoralis und Carabodes marginatus anhand des Elongation Factors 1α”, research internship 2006 Max Althammer „Molekular-phylogenetische Untersuchungen zur Stellung der Astigmata innerhalb der Acarina“, state examination 2006 Martin Rosenberger „Postglaziale Rekolonization von Zentraleuropa durch die parthenogenetische Oribatide Platynothrus peltifer und die sexuelle Oribatide Steganacarus magnus“, Diploma thesis 2007 Patrick Pachl „Phylogenie basaler Oribatiden: Konvergente Entwicklung des ptychoiden Verteidigungsmechanismus zur Feindabwehr“, research internship 2008 Alexander Weigand „Populationsgenetische Untersuchungen an der Hornmilbe Platynothrus peltifer (Acari, Oribatida): Intraspezifische Cytochrom C Oxidase I-Variabilität & mitochondriale Heteroplasmie“, research internship 2008 v Publications Resulting From This Dissertation CHAPTER 2 Domes K, Althammer M, Norton RA, Scheu S, Maraun M (2007) The phylogenetic relationship between Astigmata and Oribatida (Acari) as indicated by molecular markers. Experimental and Applied Acarology 42, 159-171. CHAPTER 3 Domes K, Norton RA, Maraun M, Scheu S (2007) Re-evolution of sexuality breaks Dollo’s law. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 104, 7139-7144. CHAPTER 4 Domes K, Maraun M, Scheu S, Cameron SL (2008) The complete mitochondrial genome of the sexual oribatid mite Steganacarus magnus: genome rearrangement and loss of tRNAs. BMC Genomics 9, 532. CHAPTER 5 Domes K, Rosenberger M, Weigand A, Maraun M, Scheu S, Cameron SL (in preparation) Is the complete mitochondrial genome of the parthenogenetic oribatid mite Platynothrus peltifer heteroplasmic? CHAPTER 6 Domes K, Scheu S, Maraun M (2007) Resources and sex: soil re-colonization by sexual and parthenogenetic oribatid mite species. Pedobiologia 51, 1-11. CHAPTER 7 Domes K, Scheu S, Maraun M (in preparation) Does resource quality foster the oribatid mite community? A laboratory experiment. vi Further Publications Schaefer I, Domes K, Heethoff H, Schneider K, Schön I, Norton RA, Scheu S, Maraun M (2006) No evidence for the ‘Meselson effect’ in parthenogenetic oribatid mites (Oribatida, Acari). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19, 184-193. Heethoff H, Domes K, Laumann M, Maraun M, Norton RA, Scheu S (2007) High genetic divergences indicate ancient separation of parthenogenetic lineages of the oribatid mite Platynothrus peltifer (Acari, Oribatida). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, 392-402. Maraun M, Domes K, Schaefer I, Scheu S (2008) Molekulare Phylogenie von Oribatiden (Hornmilben). In: Theorie in der Ökologie Band 12. Bodenzoologie und Ökologie: 30 Jahre Umweltforschung an der Freien Universität Berlin. Jopp F, Pieper S (Hrsg.). Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt/Main. Chahartaghi M, Maraun M, Scheu S, Domes K (2009) Resource depletion and colonization: A comparison between parthenogenetic and sexual Collembola species. Pedobiolgia 52, 181- 189. Maraun M, Erdmann G, Scheu S, Domes K (submitted) Multiple convergent evolution of aboreal life in oribatid mites indicates the primacy of ecology. Norton RA, Pachl P, Scheu S, Maraun M, Domes K (in preparation) A molecular test of body-form convergence in oribatid mites. vii Table of Contents Zusammenfassung............................................................................................................................... I Summary........................................................................................................................................... III CHAPTER 1 - General Introduction.................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Sex and Parthenogenesis.............................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 Theories on the Evolutionary Consequences of Sex and Parthenogenesis............................................ 5 1.2 Oribatida...................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Systematic.............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Reproductive and Developmental Biology............................................................................................ 8 1.2.3 Density and Diversity............................................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Molecular Markers...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Mitochondria......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Ecological Factors: Resources.................................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Objectives................................................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 - The Phylogenetic Relationship between Astigmata and Oribatida (Acari).............. 17 as Indicated by Molecular Markers 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................ 18 2.2 Materials and Methods..............................................................................................................................
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