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SPECIES MONITORING in the CENTRAL PARKS of BUCHAREST Editor: Ioan Crăciun Machetă: Marilena Onete DTP: Ars Docendi Copertă: Mihaela Ion

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SPECIES MONITORING in the CENTRAL PARKS of BUCHAREST Editor: Ioan Crăciun Machetă: Marilena Onete DTP: Ars Docendi Copertă: Mihaela Ion Coordinator Marilena Onete SPECIES MONITORING IN THE CENTRAL PARKS OF BUCHAREST Editor: Ioan Crăciun Machetă: Marilena Onete DTP: Ars Docendi Copertă: Mihaela Ion Universitatea din Bucureúti – Editura „Ars Docendi“ EDITURĂ CU PROFIL ACADEMIC ùI CULTURAL RECUNOSCUTĂ DE C.N.C.S.I.S. ùos. Panduri 90, sector 5, Bucureúti Tel./Fax: (021) 410 25 75 E-mail: [email protected] Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii NaĠionale a României Species monitoring in the central parks of Bucharest / coord.: Marilena Onete. - Bucureúti: Ars Docendi, 2009 Bibliogr. ISBN 978-973-558-392-7 I. Onete, Marilena (coord.) 504.064 FinanĠare obĠinută prin programul LIFE-Environment, proiect “AIR Pollution ImpAct Surveillance and Warning System for URban Environment” (LIFE05ENV/RO/000106) (Acronym: AIR-AWARE) Copyright © Institutul de Biologie, Bucureúti, 2008 Tipărit la Tipografia Editurii Ars Docendi Printed in Romania Coordinator Marilena Onete SPECIES MONITORING IN THE CENTRAL PARKS OF BUCHAREST AKNOLEDGEMENT: Results obtained in the framework of: LIFE-Environment AIR Pollution ImpAct Surveillance and Warning System for URban Environment (LIFE05ENV/RO/000106) Acronym: LIFE AIR-AWARE http://life-airaware.inmh.ro Beneficiary: THE NATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL ADMINISTRATION (NMA) Parteners: Ɣ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY – BUCHAREST (APM-B) Ɣ URBAN AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING CENTRE – BUCHAREST (UMPC-B) Ɣ AUTORITY FOR PUBLIC HEALTH OF BUCHAREST (ASP-B) Ɣ INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY BUCHAREST, ROMANIAN ACADEMY (IB-AR) Ɣ METEO FRANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 6 Daniela Mogîldea - Macrofungi in urban ecosystem 8 Ioana Gomoiu, Sorin ùtefănuĠ - Lichen and bryophytes as bioindicator of air pollution 14 Marilena Onete, Mihaela Paucă-Comănescu - Heavy metal content assessment in plants 26 Viorica Honciuc - Edaphic mite populations (Acari, Oribatida) 53 Minodora Manu - Structure and dynamics of the predatory mites (Acari: Mesostigmata- Gamasina) 68 Mihaela Ion - Centipedes from urban environment 79 Cristina Fiera - Role of Collembola in Soil Health and Their Use as indicators 84 Liliana Vasiliu-Oromulu, Daniela Barbuceanu - Thrips species resistant to urban pollution (Insecta: Thysanoptera) 92 Sanda Maican, Cristina Munteanu – The diversity of urban coleopterans 106 Dorina-Marieta Purice - The ground beetles monitoring in urban areas 113 5 FOREWORD In all cites of the planet, air pollution is the major environmental problem due to the industrial plants, power plants, domestic heating and especially motor traffic. Increased concentrations of air pollutants and the variety of pollutants have negative effects on the increasing population density in the relatively small area of a city. Air pollution harms not only human beings but also plants and animals living together in the city. Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania as area and population (2 million citizens, the urban area covering a 228 Km2). Air pollution in Bucharest has a complex character because of the multiple sources types (traffic, thermal power plants, industry and extensive building construction), conditions and their spatial distribution. Project Objectives: x To build a pilot air quality monitoring and forecasting system enabling multi-impact supervising, warning, and land-use municipal planning, to ensure sustainable development of the rapidly expansive urban area. x To identify air pollution location of impacts on human health, using special GIS referenced population health indicators and morbidity data. x To point out air quality environmental risks by linking ambient air contamination cadastre with a dedicated bio-indicator cadastre in OpenGIS environment. x To build a fast-flow (24 hours) information link, enabling feed-back of air quality status and forecast to the local enforcement authorities – Public Health Authority and Environmental Protection Agency - identifying sources of high emissions from diffuse (traffic or fugitive) and concentrated sources, in order to apply feed-back enforcement for emission reduction. x To build a slow-flow (weekly) information link to a remotely accessed stochastic database enabling feed-back on air quality recorded parameters by applying feed-back information for mitigation strategies – land-use planning, traffic regulations, awareness of endangered species and environment. The AIR AWARE System shall represent an extremely useful tool which will allow decision makers, having a knowledge-based decision for prevention and mitigation of air quality chronically and incidental hazards, in the benefit of both he population and the environment. The main result of the project will be the development and implementation of a pilot air quality monitoring and forecasting system, which will assess the impact on the environment and on human health, and will warn the responsible institutions, in correlation with land-use municipal planning on short, medium and long term in Bucharest area. Also, the AIR AWARE System represents an extremely useful tool which will allow decision makers, having a knowledge-based decision for prevention and mitigation of air quality chronically and incidental hazards, in the benefit of both the population and the environment. By the expected results, the AIR AWARE system will propose to reduce the chronic air pollution impact that affects Bucharest: the emission of pollution sources shall be identified, even from diffuse sources, in order to apply feed-back enforcement for emission reduction by the responsible authorities part of the system; the impact on human health and on bio-indicators shall warn the citizens, and the mitigation measures shall be implemented by the environmental authorities responsible with planning, these being also part of the system. The team from the Institute of Biology, Bucharest had the following objectives within the framework of LIFE AIR-AWARE project: Establishing the working sites according to the patterns of the measured air pollution data: 6 The working sites have been established based on a pilot area (Ciúmigiu, Unirii and Izvor Parks) from the central region of Bucharest; Băneasa and Baloteúti forests as reference sites, in gradient rural-urban according with the dilution of the pollutant concentration. Inventory of species from the selected sites using the major groups, which are known to contain useful bio-indicators: fungi, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates. Based on the shortage of distributional data for plants and animals available for Bucharest, the first step has been to determine the existence of potential bio-indicators. The methodology consists in site visits, comprising transects within the sites using both qualitative and quantitative sampling, the species composition methods, which characterise the presence and occurrence of certain species, combined with biochemical methods which sample a species or population that occurs in the habitats. The sampling points have been localised using GPS, and positioned to include samples from the marginal zone of the green space (so as to detect any impact of major roads) and from the core zone of the green space where such impacts should be less pronounced. Chemical analysis of plant and insects samples have been performed in a specialised laboratory and correlated with pollution data supplied by the partners. The biological material has been conserved, determined and prepared, using specific techniques, for chemical analysis in the laboratories of the Institute of Biology. The resultant species list identified the major bio-indicator species. The biology team for this project covers a wide range of taxonomic groups. Passive bioindicator methods have been used, as well as accumulation and reaction indicators. The results allow an overview of general air pollution, manifested by effects upon naturally occurring (and where appropriate cultivated) plants and animals, as well as an overview of regional pollutant patterns, indexed by accumulation in selected species and groups of species. The samples prepared for chemical analysis, have been conducted by an external but well- authenticated specialist laboratory (Toxicology-Chemistry Laboratory, Animal Diagnostic and Health Institute). Sample mineralization has been done with a Perkin Elmer model Anton Paar microwave. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) from soil, plant and invertebrate samples have been analysed with Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 800 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer incorporating all spectrometer and atomizer components using graphite furnace or flame techniques. Monitoring of the bio-indicator species belonging to these groups: The species identified as bio-indicators became the object of a monitoring programme. The monitoring methodology has been species/group specific. Data integration in GIS: Resultant data from the survey and the monitoring programme have been included in the databases of the beneficiaries in order to achieve a better interpretation and an integrated image of patterns, trends and impacts in air quality. This multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach of the air pollution in Bucharest is done for the first time in Romania, having a huge scientific and practical importance, bringing an important contribution at the European level too. We express our special thanks to Elisabeta Bianu, Daniela Nica, Cristina ğoca, Adriana Panchiosu from the Toxicology-Chemistry Laboratory, Animal Diagnostic and Health Institute for performing chemical analysis. Special tranks we address to our field and lab assistants: Rodica Iosif (also helping with the IB-AR project management), Eliza
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