Contribution to the Study of the Resonant Rotation in the Solar System

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Contribution to the Study of the Resonant Rotation in the Solar System No d’ordre : 41602 THÈSE D’HABILITATION À DIRIGER DES RECHERCHES DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LILLE 1 Spécialité Astronomie Présentée par Benoît NOYELLES Contribution à l’étude de la rotation résonnante dans le Système Solaire soutenue à l’Observatoire de Lille le 8 décembre 2014 devant le jury composé de : arXiv:1502.01472v1 [astro-ph.EP] 5 Feb 2015 M. Hugues Leroux Président Université de Lille 1 M. Carl D. Murray Rapporteur Queen Mary University of London M. Jean Souchay Rapporteur Observatoire de Paris M. Tim Van Hoolst Rapporteur KU Leuven Mme Anne Lemaître Examinateur Université de Namur M. Alain Vienne Garant Université de Lille 1 2 Table des matières 1 Introduction 13 I La rotation des satellites naturels 15 2 Un modèle Hamiltonien de rotation rigide 17 2.1 Expositionduproblème . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... 17 2.2 Leséquationsdumouvement . ...... 19 2.2.1 L’énergie cinétique ............................... 19 T 2.2.2 L’énergie potentielle ............................... 20 V 2.2.3 LeHamiltonienduproblème . 21 2.3 Caractérisation de la rotation résonnante . ............. 23 2.3.1 La rotation d’équilibre des satellites des planètes géantes . 24 Lapositiond’équilibre . 24 Les petites oscillations autour de l’équilibre . ......... 27 2.3.2 Leslibrationsforcées. ...... 31 2.3.3 LesÉtatsdeCassini ............................. 33 2.4 Conclusion ...................................... 35 3 Applications de la rotation rigide 37 3.1 Laméthodegénérale ............................... ..... 37 3.1.1 Les éphémérides orbitales des satellites naturels . ............... 37 3.1.2 Une résolution numérique du problème . ........ 39 3.2 Titan ........................................... 40 3.2.1 Rotationrigide ................................ 41 3.2.2 Un mouvement polaire résonnant . ...... 42 3.2.3 L’influence du mouvement polaire sur la dissipation de marée ......... 45 3.3 Callisto ........................................ 47 3.3.1 Uncomportementsurprenant . ..... 47 3.3.2 LaproblématiqueduPlandeLaplace . ...... 50 3.3.3 Ma proposition de plan de référence acceptable . ........... 52 3.3.4 Les quantités de rotation de Callisto . ......... 54 3.4 LescoorbitauxJanusetÉpiméthée . ......... 55 3.4.1 Une dynamique orbitale intéressante . ......... 55 3.4.2 La rotation observée (Tiscareno et al., 2009) . ........... 58 3 4 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 3.4.3 Simulation de la rotation . ..... 60 3.5 Mimas........................................... 61 3.5.1 Lesmodèlesd’intérieur . ..... 62 3.5.2 Larotationsimulée. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 3.5.3 La rotation observée (Tajeddine et al., 2014) . ........... 68 3.6 Un satellite non résonnant : Hypérion . .......... 69 3.6.1 Une première détection de chaos dans le Système Solaire?........... 69 3.6.2 Lavéritédesobservations . ...... 70 3.6.3 Quelquessimulations... ...... 71 3.7 Conclusion ...................................... 72 4 La prise en compte d’un noyau fluide 75 4.1 Introduction.................................... ..... 75 4.2 LemodèledePoincaré-Hough . ....... 75 4.2.1 Géométrieduproblème . 76 4.2.2 L’énergiecinétique . ..... 78 4.2.3 LeHamiltoniendusystème . 81 LeHamiltoniendelibrerotation . 81 Le potentiel gravitationnel du perturbateur . ....... 84 4.2.4 Seulement4degrésdeliberté . ...... 84 4.2.5 Retrouver les quantités physiques (Noyelles et al., 2010) ............ 84 4.3 Comportement d’un satellite naturel . ........... 86 4.3.1 Étude analytique (Henrard, 2008) . ....... 86 4.3.2 Étude numérique (Noyelles, 2012) . ....... 87 Influencedesparamètresd’intérieur . 87 Unebifurcation.................................... 90 4.4 ApplicationàIo .................................. 94 4.4.1 6modèlesd’intérieur. ..... 94 4.4.2 Les variables de rotation . ...... 97 4.5 Vers une modélisation non linéaire du fluide . ............. 98 4.5.1 Pourquoi considérer Pc commeconstant ..................... 99 4.5.2 Lien avec l’équation de Navier-Stokes . .........100 4.5.3 L’instabilité elliptique . ........102 4.6 Conclusion ...................................... 103 5 La présence d’un océan global 105 5.1 Introduction.................................... 105 5.2 Miseenéquationsduproblème . .......105 5.2.1 Paramétrisation du problème . 106 5.2.2 Les équations cinématiques . 107 5.2.3 Lesforcesintervenant . 108 LeforçagegravitationneldeSaturne . 109 Lecouplagegravitationnel. 109 L’influencedel’océan ...............................111 5.2.4 Lesystèmed’équations . 112 5.3 ApplicationàTitan ............................... 114 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 5 5.3.1 Vers un modèle d’intérieur réaliste . .........116 5.3.2 Uneobliquitérésonnante . 118 5.3.3 La variation temporelle de l’obliquité . ...........121 5.4 Etsilacroûteestélastique.... ..........124 5.4.1 Par le formalisme de Goldreich & Mitchell (2010) . ...........124 Couple élastique dû à un déplacement radial en longitude . ........125 Couple de marée s’appliquant en longitude sur la croûte . ........126 Lesmaréesenlatitude...............................129 5.4.2 Par le formalisme de Richard et al. (2014) . .........130 5.4.3 Synthèse...................................... 134 5.5 Conclusionsetperspectives . .........135 II Mercure en résonance 3 :2 137 6 L’exploration de Mercure 139 6.1 Mariner10(NASA) ................................. 139 6.2 MESSENGER(NASA) ................................. 140 6.3 BepiColombo(ESA/JAXA) . 142 7 L’obliquité de Mercure 145 7.1 Introduction.................................... 145 7.2 LePlandeLaplace................................. 146 7.2.1 Moyennisation séculaire . 146 7.2.2 Moyennisationnumérique . 147 7.2.3 PlandeLaplaceinstantané . 147 7.3 Notre modélisation de l’obliquité . ...........148 7.3.1 Laméthode..................................... 148 7.3.2 Notresolution ................................. 153 7.3.3 Testdelasolution .............................. 157 7.3.4 Influence des harmoniques d’ordre supérieur . ...........158 7.3.5 Influencedesmarées ............................. 159 7.3.6 Le moment d’inertie polaire C ..........................161 7.4 Conclusion ...................................... 161 8 Les librations en longitude 163 8.1 Introduction.................................... 163 8.2 L’expérience de Peale (1976) . ........163 8.2.1 Théorie ....................................... 163 8.2.2 Observationsradar. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 165 8.3 Modélisationthéorique. ........166 8.3.1 Silenoyauestsphérique. 166 8.3.2 Silenoyauestellipsoïdal . 167 8.3.3 Avec un noyau interne rigide . 170 8.4 Conclusion ...................................... 172 6 TABLE DES MATIÈRES 9 La capture de Mercure en résonance 173 9.1 Introduction.................................... 173 9.2 Différents scenarii d’évolution . ..........174 9.2.1 Différents modèles de formation de Mercure . .........174 9.2.2 SiMercureétaitsolide . 175 9.2.3 Avecunnoyaufluide.............................. 177 9.2.4 Si Mercure était initialement rétrograde . ...........177 9.3 Pourquoi utiliser un nouveau modèle de marée . ...........178 9.3.1 Théorie ....................................... 178 9.3.2 Une rotation pseudosynchrone impossible . ..........179 9.3.3 Résultatspréliminaires. .......180 9.4 Laméthode ....................................... 181 9.4.1 Évolution de l’excentricité . ........181 9.4.2 Validationdelaméthode . 183 9.5 Revisiteduscenario1 ............................. 185 9.5.1 Premiersessais ................................ 185 9.5.2 Avec un proto-Mercure plus chaud . 186 9.6 Revisiteduscenario2 ............................. 186 9.7 Revisiteduscenario3 ............................. 187 9.8 Conclusion ...................................... 188 III Un outil mathématique pour la rotation 191 10 L’algorithme NAFFO 193 10.1Introduction................................... 193 10.2 Notrealgorithme ................................ 194 10.2.1 Principe..................................... 194 10.2.2 L’algorithmeNAFF .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 196 10.3 Approchesdelapreuve . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 197 10.3.1 Dansuncadregénéral . 197 10.3.2 Dans un contexte Hamiltonien . 198 10.3.3 Vitesse de convergence . 201 10.4 2exemplesnumériques. .......201 10.4.1 La résonance spin-orbite 1 :1 en longitude . ...........201 10.4.2 Un système proie-prédateur avec forçage périodique ..............206 10.5Conclusion ..................................... 207 IV Conclusions 209 11 Conclusion 211 Table des figures 2.1 Les angles d’Euler du problème (reproduit de (Henrard, 2005))............. 18 2.2 Les 3 différents types de libration en longitude . ............. 32 2.3 2ou4ÉtatsdeCassini.............................. ..... 34 3.1 Comportement quasi-résonnant du mouvement polaire de Titan. ........... 42 3.2 Simulations numériques de la rotation de Callisto. ............... 49 3.3 Mouvement du moment cinétique de Callisto G~ ..................... 54 3.4 Variations de la durée du jour de Callisto . ........... 55 3.5 Échanges d’orbites entre Janus et Épiméthée . ............ 56 3.6 JanusetÉpiméthéevusparCassini . ........ 58 3.7 Librations physiques de Janus et Épiméthée . ............ 60 3.8 Librationdiurned’Épiméthée . ......... 61 3.9 MimasvuparCassini ............................... 62 3.10 RotationdeMimassimulée . ....... 67 3.11 Minimisation de l’erreur en ajustant l’amplitude des librations ............ 68 3.12 Portraits de phase pour la rotation d’Hypérion . .............. 69 3.13 Exempled’aliasing . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... 71 3.14 Variations des quantités de rotation pour l’observation 3 et le modèle basé sur la forme 73 3.15 Variations des quantités de rotation pour l’observation
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