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Anthropology, Race, and Nation in the Literature of the River Plate, 1870-2010

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Anthropology, Race, and Nation in the Literature of the River Plate, 1870-2010 “Somos una raza privilegiada:” Anthropology, Race, and Nation in the Literature of the River Plate, 1870-2010 Ashley Elizabeth Kerr Charlottesville, Virginia Master of Arts in Spanish, University of Virginia, 2009 Bachelor of Arts in Latin American Studies, Middlebury College, 2006 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese University of Virginia August, 2013 © Copyright by Ashley Elizabeth Kerr All Rights Reserved August 2013 i Abstract This study examines the ways in which ethnographic and anthropological theories of race arise and evolve in the literature of the River Plate (travel literature, the novel, poetry, scientific discourse), ca. 1870-2010, through the prism of critical gender and race theory. Beyond presenting potential solutions to the cuestión del indio, concepts such as prehistory, degeneration, evolution, and miscegenation enabled positive representations of the criollo that directly addressed criticisms emanating from both within and outside of the region. Thus, ethnography and anthropology were fundamental to the forging of national, group, and individual identities. The authors studied in the first three chapters are canonical, forgotten, and best-sellers in turn, including Lucio V. Mansilla, Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, Eduardo L. Holmberg, Francisco “Perito” Moreno, Vicente Fidel López, and Clemente Onelli. Although their focuses were distinct, as a whole these texts work to laud the Creole as fit, fertile, and White, while erasing the Indian from the nation due to their alleged innate, or racial, inferiority. The fourth and final chapter is devoted to contemporary romance novels by Florencia Bonelli and Gloria Casañas that aim to subvert and/or repurpose the concepts and ideologies analyzed in the first three chapters. Given their immense popularity both in Argentina and abroad, these novels exercise an influence over the racial imaginary of contemporary Argentinians that the older texts do not. In spite of their authors’ good intentions, these twenty-first century racial projects reveal that older, discriminatory models of indigeneity and Whiteness continue to structure even neoliberal narratives that explicitly reject the past. Indeed, these bestsellers closely resemble their predecessors in their racial suppositions and characterizations of both Indians and criollos. ii Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is a long process that renders you both incredibly isolated and incredibly dependent on others. Although I feel I have spent much of the last two years alone in front of my computer with only my cats to talk to, the truth is that I have always been surrounded by the best of people. First and foremost I would like to thank Ruth Hill for inspiring me to begin this project and for pointing me in fruitful directions while also allowing me the freedom to explore the topic in my own way. Her tireless support, careful editing, and spot-on advice have fundamentally shaped this dissertation and my relationship to the field. My departmental readers, Mané Lagos, Fernando Operé, and David Gies, have provided invaluable suggestions with regard to methods and content, often bringing up elements that I would have otherwise overlooked. The suggestions that Professors Lagos and Operé made at my proposal meeting were extremely helpful in determining the overall form of this dissertation. Anna Brickhouse unhesitatingly volunteered to be my outside reader even with little information about me or my project, an act of bravery for which I am grateful. Many others in the Spanish department and throughout the university have guided, encouraged, and helped me throughout my graduate career. Thank you. My friends and family were equally important to my dissertation process. My friends in the department, especially Allison Libbey Titus, Janice North, and Natalie McManus, provided both positive examples and needed distractions. Other friends, particularly Gretchen Martinet and Jennifer Watson, sympathized, pushed, and picked up my pieces along the way. My parents, Gavin and Cindy Kerr, and sister, Katie Kerr, also deserve a huge round of applause for the encouragement and support they have given me iii throughout my life and particularly in the last few years. Finally, to my husband, Jason, who has borne the brunt of the burden of handling my ups and downs throughout this process: from listening to me ramble and cry to taking me out of town every weekend before big evaluations, you’ve been my rock. I couldn’t have done this without you. iv Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter One. “Somos una raza privilegiada:” Racial Defenses of the Indian and Criollo in Lucio V. Mansilla’s Una excursión a los indios ranqueles …………... 41 Chapter Two. Writing the National Body: The Poetics of Racial Change and Mixing in Tabaré and Lin-Calél …………………………………………………..91 Chapter Three. Inventing the Prehistoric Past: Moreno, López, and Onelli …………. 134 Chapter Four. Updating the National Romance: Representations of Race in Twenty-First Century Argentine Historical Romance Novels ………………………..188 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………….231 Works Cited …………………………………………………………………………...238 1 Introduction In 2004 and 2005, the Argentine Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo carried out the first nationwide study of indigenous peoples, 135 years after the completion of the first general census (Giubellino). The count, which identified 402,921 indígenas belonging to 22 communities,1 prompted surprise among the population of Buenos Aires (Giubellino) and sarcasm among the leaders of indigenous movements: the Mexican journal Ojarasca reported the story with the title, “Descubren en Argentina que aún hay indios.” The results of the census and the reactions it provoked reveal an important aspect of present-day Argentine racial identity: although the country has a larger (relative and absolute) population of Indians than Brazil, it is most frequently depicted as a White, European country (Gordillo and Hirsch 6). As described by a phrase apocryphally attributed to Octavio Paz and proudly adopted by popular culture, “Los argentinos son italianos que hablan español y se creen franceses.” How, then, can we explain the discord between the obvious past and current presence of Indians in the Argentine territory and the continued insistence on the non-indigenous, European ancestry of the general population? Historians, sociologists, economists, and writers have all attempted to answer this question, attributing the invisibilization of the Indian (as termed by Gordillo and Hirsch) to everything from market forces (Stahler-Sholk, Vanden, and Kuecker) to the legacy of colonialism (vom Hau and Wilde). In this study, I examine texts published roughly between 1870 and 1910 by authors from both shores of the Río de la Plata in order to argue that science, particularly the fields of anthropology and ethnography, was a fundamental factor in the elaboration of River Plate racial identities. I then turn to three 1 David Rock estimates the number of Indians in the River Plate at the time of the Conquest at 750,000 or less (1). 2 novels published in the twenty-first century in order to analyze the legacy of this nation- building period on present-day understandings of race, racism, and identity in the River Plate. The history of River Plate science has emerged from the shadows of the periphery in the last few decades, attracting the attention of both historians and literary critics. Departing from the useful but rather uncritical works of historians such as José Babini, Marcelo Montserrat, Thomas Glick, and Fernando Mañé Garzón, Ruth Hill, Jans Andermann, Irina Podgorny, Pedro Navarro Floria, and Mónica Quijada have enriched our knowledge base by tying historiography to issues of race, human rights, nationalism, and government-sponsored genocide. Andermann and Podgorny have published numerous excellent articles and books focusing on the history of the Museo de la Plata, located just outside of Buenos Aires in the provincial capital. Founded by Francisco Moreno in 1888, the museum and the practices carried out by its scientists played a crucial role in controlling and creating the national imaginary (Andermann, The Optic 55). Mónica Quijada and Pedro Navarro Floria have focused on how science was used to include or exclude the Indians from citizenship, while Ruth Hill has elucidated the methods and aims of what she calls “New World Aryanism” (“Ariana”). Despite this increased critical attention, there is much work still to be done, particularly from a literary criticism perspective. The specific rhetorical strategies used to carry out projects of racial representation and the spread of scientific discourse into non-traditionally scientific arenas (poems, romance novels) are underdeveloped areas. In this study, I examine a diverse group of texts by Lucio V. Mansilla (1831-1913), Juan Zorrilla de San Martín (1855-1931), Eduardo L. Holmberg (1852-1937), Francisco P. Moreno (1852- 3 1919), Vicente Fidel López (1815-1903), Clemente Onelli (1864-1924), Florencia Bonelli (1971-), and Gloria V. Casañas (1964-). Some of these texts are canonical, others are virtually unknown. They cross genres, centuries, and national borders, yet all are fruitful spaces in which to analyze the various ways in which literature and science interacted – and continue to interact – to exclude or limit the possibilities of River Plate
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