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Fruit Fly Liquid Larval Diet Technology Transfer and Update C

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Fruit Fly Liquid Larval Diet Technology Transfer and Update C J. Appl. Entomol. Fruit fly liquid larval diet technology transfer and update C. L Chang USPacificBasin Agricultural Research Center, Honolulu, HI, USA Keywords Abstract fruit flies, liquid diet, technology transfer Since October 2006, the US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Correspondence Research Service (USDA-ARS) has been implementing a fruit fly liquid Dr Chiou Ling Chang (corresponding author), larval diet technology transfer, which has proceeded according to the USDA-ARS, 2727 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, following steps: (1) recruitment of interested groups through request; Hawaii 96822, USA. (2) establishment of the Material Transfer Agreement with agricultural E-mail: [email protected] research service; (3) fruit fly liquid larval diet starter kit sent to the Received: May 14, 2008; accepted: 9 Septem requestor for preliminary evaluation; (4) problem-solving through email ber, 2008. or onsite demonstration; (5) assessment on feedback from the partici pants to decide whether to continue the project. Up to date, the project doi: 10.1111/j. 1439-0418.2008.01345.x has involved 35 participants from 29 countries and 26 species of fruit flies. Fourteen participants have concluded their evaluation of the pro cess, and 11 of these 14, have deemed it to be successful. One partici pant has decided to implement the project on a larger scale. The 14 participants were, Argentina (Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha fraterculus), Bangladesh (Bactrocera cucurbitae, C. capitata, and Bactrocera dorsalis), China (Fujia province) (B. dorsalis), Italy (C. capitata), Fiji (Bactrocera passiflorae), Kenya (Bactrocera invadens, Ceratitis cosyra), Mauri tius (Bactrocera zonata and B. cucurbitae), Mexico (Anastrepha species), Philippines (Bactrocera philippinese), Thailand (Bactrocera correcta), Austria (C. capitata, Vienna 8 and A. fraterculus), Israel (Dacus ciliatus and C. capi tata), South Africa (C. capitata, Vienna 8) and Australia (C capitata). The Stellenbosch medfly mass-rearing facility in South Africa and the CDFA in Hawaii were two mass-scale rearing facilities that allowed us to demonstrate onsite rearing in a larger scale. Demonstrations were per formed in CDFA in 2007, and in Stellenbosch, South Africa in 2008; both were found to be successful. The Stellenbosch medfly mass-rearing facility in South Africa decided to adopt the technology and is currently evaluating the quality control of the flies that were reared as larvae on a liquid diet. losses caused by fruit flies have become a major con Introduction cern, as evidenced by recent UN/FAO data, which Fruit flies are one of the greatest impediments to indicates that by 2020 there must be a 70% increase fresh produce exports worldwide. There are some in world food production in order to prevent major 100 pest species of fruit flies worldwide, the majority famine (Kuching 2005; http://www.icmpff.org). of which thrive in the Asia-Pacific Region. Crop A group of scientists in Hawaii, from the Agricul losses from 40% to 100% are experienced every tural Research Service (ARS), Animal and Plant where from villages to large area farming systems. Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the US Depart A significant result of this loss is the lower dietary ment of Agriculture (USDA), Hawaii Department of nutrition levels, reduced incomes for farmers, and Agriculture (HDOA) and the University of Hawaii at heavy use of pesticides in many countries. Crop Manoa (UH manoa) has implemented an Area Wide J. Appl. Entomol. 133 (2009) 164-173 © 2008 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin 164 No claim to original US government works C. L. Chang Fruit fly liquid larval diet technology Pest Management (AWPM) programme to suppress liquid diet procedures have been published (Chang the fruit fly population in Hawaii since 2000. The et al. 2004, 2006, 2007). We are not going to have technologies developed within this programme have any description here. However, before the technol been transferred to many parts of the world that ogy transfer took place, evaluation on quality control share Hawaii's fruit fly problems (Chang et al. 2007). (e.g. life history performance) using the recom One of the most important components of the mended technology transfer components for upscale AWPM programme is a well-established rearing tech rearing (delivery system, diet formulation, tray nology to mass produce fruit flies, in order to support types/sizes/stack, types of tray holder, rearing envi the sterile insect technique (SIT) programme. ronmental conditions, field mating competitiveness, USDA-ARS scientists have recently developed a liquid types of yeast, etc.) was carried out based on the fol larval rearing diet, using sponge cloth to replace bio lowing parameters: pupal recovery (%), larval devel logical bulking agent used in solid diets such as wheat opmental duration (d), pupal weight (mg), adult products, to rear medfly, oriental fruit fly and melon emergence (%), adult fliers (%), egg production (no. fruit fly larvae, and to reduce or eliminate the spent eggs/female/d), egg hatch (%), and mating (5). The diet management problem (Chang et al. 2004). most effective components were identified and rec The technology transfer components necessary to ommended to interested parties. Evaluation was propagate this programme include, development of made on all these parameters was compared with diet formulation for each species, identification of those obtained from rearing in traditional mill feed tray sizes/types/stacks, quantification of egg density/ control diet. tray/area/diet (Chang et al. 2006), clarification of environmental conditions for rearing (i.e. tempera Procedures for fruit fly liquid diet technology transfer ture/humidity/light), mating competitiveness in field (Chang & Don 2008, unpublished, in Journal According to the ARS Office of Technology Transfers, review), selection of main protein source (Chang there are some regulations necessary to follow for an 2008, in press), and quality control/life history of appropriate technology transfer. The procedures for insects reared from this technology. The latter has technology transfer are listed as follows. been evaluated based on the following parameters: pupal recovery, larval developmental period, pupal Recruitment of interestedgroups through request weight, adult emergence, adult flier, mating, egg Publications and presentations were made at various production, and egg hatch (FAO/IAEA/USDA, 2003). meetings to announce and deliver information about Fruit flies reared on a liquid diet have been identi this new technology. The interested groups then fied, evaluated and proved to have competitive mat communicated with the inventor to establish a ing performance in comparison with the Material Transfer Agreement. conventional control diet (Chang et al. 2006, 2007). The components that exhibit the optimal perfor Establishment of Material Transfer Agreement mance of fruit flies raised on a liquid diet are A three-page agreement, as shown in fig. 1, was expected to be recommended before this technology signed by the inventor, approved by inventor's could be physically transferred or implemented to supervisors, and sent to the office of technology mass rearing facilities worldwide. This study reports transfer (OTT) for approval. Upon approval, the OTT on the recommended components for optimal sent the agreement to the interested groups for their performance and production for SIT as well as proce acceptance signature. The OTT informed the inven dures for implementation of this technology under tor to send the starter kit to the requester as soon as mass rearing and the current status of technology the acceptance signature was received. The fruit fly transfer worldwide. liquid larval diet starter kit was sent to each inter ested party at ARS' expense (fig. 2). These interested groups, or requesters, officially became participants Materials and Methods in the study. The fruit fly liquid larval diet, developed by Chang et al. (2004, 2006, 2007), for the Mediterranean fruit Fruitfly liquid larval diet starter kit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the oriental The purpose of developing the starter kit was to fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and the melon allow the interested groups to have a hands-on expe fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), is ready to rience to find out whether the diet was workable for be transferred to interested groups. Much of the the species of fruit fly they were working with. J. Appl. Entomol. 133 (2009) 164-173 © 2008 Blackwell Verlag, Berlin No claim to original US government works 165 Fruit fly liquid larval diet technology C. L. Chang MATERIAL TRANSFER AGREEMENT 13. This Material Transfer Agreement shall be construed in PARTIES: accordance with United States of America Federal Law as Interpreted by the Federal Courts in the District of Columbia. ARS: Chiou Ling Chang This Material Transfer Agreement shall become effective USDA, ARS, Honolulu upon date of final signature and shall continue in effect for a Tropical Pests Research Unit period of one year. 2727 Woodlawn Drive ACCEPTED FOR THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 SERVICE Ji^L^CL^ 10/31/06 Recipient: Dr. Miguel C. Zapater Signature (ARS Scientist) Date Profesor Adjunto Universidad de Buenos aires Chiou Ling Chang Research Biologist Facultad de agronomia Typed Name Title Catedra de genetica 11/2/06 Av. San Martin 4453 Signature (ARS Research Leader) Date 1417 Buenos Aires Tel: (011) 4784-4499/(011) 4524-8067 Fax:(011)4784-4499 Eric B. Jang Research Leader
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