THE AUSTRALIAN HANDBOOK FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF FRUIT FLIES Version 3.1 Species: Bactrocera facialis Species: Bactrocera aquilonis Species: Bactrocera cacuminata Species: Bactrocera frauenfeldi Species: Bactrocera musae Species: Bactrocera tryoni Species: Ceratitis capitata Species: Dacus aequalis Species: Zeugodacus choristus Species: Bactrocera opiliae Species: Bactrocera rufofuscula Species: Bactrocera pallida Plant Health AUSTRALIA Plant Health AUSTRALIA For more information on Plant Health Disclaimer: The material contained in Australia this publication is produced for general Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 information only. It is not intended as Email: [email protected] professional advice on any particular Visit our website: matter. 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Apart from any use necessarily those of Plant Health Australia. as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by The Australian Handbook for the any process without prior permission Identification of Fruit Flies (Version 3.1) from Plant Health Australia. is recognised by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics as Requests and enquiries concerning a compilation of current fruit fly reproduction and rights should be identification practices and techniques addressed to: that are recognised as best practice by Communications Manager relevant experts within Australia. Plant Health Australia 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 ISBN 978-0-6482456-6-7 In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: Plant Health Australia (2018). The Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies. Version 3.1. Plant Health Australia. Canberra, ACT. Contents Introduction 2 Bactrocera rufofuscula 90 How to use this handbook 4 Bactrocera trilineola 92 Bactrocera trivialis 94 Morphological identification 8 Bactrocera tryoni 96 Glossary 10 Bactrocera tsuneonis 98 Variation in appearance with Bactrocera tuberculata 100 preservation technique 15 Bactrocera umbrosa 102 Bactrocera xanthodes 104 Molecular identification 16 Bactrocera zonata 106 Groupings of fruit fly by ZEUGODACUS morphological similarity 18 Zeugodacus atrisetosus 108 BACTROCERA Zeugodacus choristus 110 Bactrocera albistrigata 26 Zeugodacus cucumis 112 Bactrocera aquilonis 28 Zeugodacus cucurbitae 114 Bactrocera bancroftii 30 Zeugodacus decipiens 116 Bactrocera breviaculeus 32 Zeugodacus depressus 118 Bactrocera bryoniae 34 Zeugodacus tau 120 Bactrocera cacuminata 36 DACUS Bactrocera carambolae 38 Dacus aequalis 122 Bactrocera caryeae 40 Dacus axanus 124 Bactrocera correcta 42 Dacus longicornis 126 Bactrocera curvipennis 44 Dacus solomonensis 128 Bactrocera dorsalis 46 Bactrocera endiandrae 48 CERATITIS Bactrocera facialis 50 Ceratitis capitata 130 Bactrocera frauenfeldi 52 Ceratitis quilicii 132 Bactrocera jarvisi 54 Ceratitis rosa 134 Bactrocera kandiensis 56 DIRIOXA Bactrocera kirki 58 Dirioxa pornia 136 Bactrocera kraussi 60 ANASTREPHA Bactrocera laticaudus 62 Anastrepha fraterculus 138 Bactrocera latifrons 64 Anastrepha serpentina 140 Bactrocera melanotus 66 Bactrocera minax 68 RHAGOLETIS Rhagoletis cerasi 142 Bactrocera musae 70 Rhagoletis cingulata 144 Bactrocera neohumeralis 72 Rhagoletis completa 146 Bactrocera obliqua 74 Rhagoletis fausta 148 Bactrocera occipitalis 76 Rhagoletis pomonella 150 Bactrocera oleae 78 Bactrocera opiliae 80 TOXOTRYPANA Bactrocera pallida 82 Toxotrypana curvicauda 152 Bactrocera passiflorae 84 DROSOPHILA Bactrocera psidii 86 Drosophila suzukii 154 Bactrocera pyrifoliae 88 Reference list 156 Introduction Fruit flies are one of the world’s most destructive horticultural pests and pose risks to most commercial fruit and vegetable crops. This has major implications for the sustainable production and market access of Australia’s multi-billion-dollar horticultural industry. Worldwide there are over 4,000 species of fruit flies in the family Tephritidae of which around 350 species are of economic importance. More than 300 species of fruit fly occur in Australia although only a few of these have been found to have any degree of economic impact, with Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) being the species of primary economic concern. It is therefore important to distinguish between the species that pose a threat to production and domestic market access and those that do not, including exotic species. Australia is free from many species that impact horticultural production elsewhere. Neighbouring countries in south east Asia and the South Pacific are home to numerous species of fruit fly that pose an immediate incursion risk to Australia. Rapid diagnosis of these flies, should they arrive in Australia, is therefore a critical prerequisite to containing and eradicating the populations before they establish. The accurate identification of fruit flies is a key component of Australia’s biosecurity system. It underpins the domestic movement of fruit and vegetables, maintains international market access for Australian producers, and protects Australia’s borders from exotic pest incursion. This completely revised version of The Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies (Version 3.1) (the handbook) has been compiled by diagnosticians for diagnosticians using some of the latest research outcomes and resources available. The handbook is a compilation of diagnostic information for 65 fruit fly species, most of which are exotic to Australia, including the non-tephritid fruit infesting Drosophila suzukii (spotted-wing Drosophila). The handbook is intended to facilitate rapid diagnosis of fruit fly species and be a comprehensive guide for Australian diagnosticians and field officers involved in maintaining, supporting and enhancing Australia’s biosecurity system. 2 ABOUT THIS HANDBOOK This publication is the product of the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC) project Next Generation National Fruit Fly Diagnostics and Handbook PBCRC2147. The handbook draws together hundreds of new high definition fruit fly images as well as new molecular diagnostic tools generated from this research. A companion website Fruit Fly Identification Australia (fruitflyidentification.org.au) has also been developed. The website contains an expanded selection of high definition images as well as an updated description of the latest molecular techniques and protocols used for the identification of fruit flies. The website also includes a new multi-entry Lucid key for identifying the Dacini species as well as comprehensive printable data sheets and an interactive glossary. The handbook and website were developed to support Australia’s fruit fly researchers, academics, surveillance officers, diagnosticians and laboratory scientists with the hope that the sharing of information and experience, as well as the constructive communication that brings this knowledge base together, will continue to grow. CONTRIBUTORS Mark Schutze, Jacinta McMahon, Queensland University of Technology Matt Krosch, Francesca Strutt Department of Agriculture and Jane Royer Fisheries, Queensland Melanie Bottrill, Nicholas Woods Plant Health Australia Stephen Cameron Purdue University Department of Agriculture and Food, Bill Woods Western Australia Department of Economic Development, Mark Blacket Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Marc De Meyer (Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa) Gary Steck (Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services) Allen Norrbom (Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture) 3 How to use this handbook The handbook is designed as a diagnostic aid for entomologists and biosecurity and plant health professionals. Each fruit fly species described is illustrated with a dorsal photograph annotated with important diagnostic characteristics. Additional photographs provide information about variation within species as well as head, leg and lateral views. Maps indicate published distribution information and notes on easily confused or similar species are provided to aid correct identification. Photographs were taken by project members at Queensland University of Technology. A classic representative specimen (matching the current written morphological description in the literature) from each species has been photographed from a variety of angles showing key diagnostic features. Images for each individual include a head view, full body dorsal view, full body lateral view, dorsal and ventral abdomen views and a dorsal scutum view. Slide mounted fore, mid and hind legs and left and right wings were also photographed. Intraspecific morphological variants were also photographed illustrating differences where they occur, principally associated with colour