Fruit Fly Trapping Guide

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TRAPPING GUIDELINES FOR AREA-WIDE FRUIT FLY PROGRAMMES

IAEA IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency TRAPPING GUIDELINES FOR AREA-WIDE FRUIT FLY PROGRAMMES

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2003 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was:

Insect Pest Control Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria

TRAPPING GUIDELINES FOR AREA-WIDE FRUIT FLY PROGRAMMES

IAEA, VIENNA, 2003 TG/FFP-2003

Printed by the IAEA in Austria November 2003 Preamble

Tephritid fruit flies cause devastating di fruit fly attractants and traps. As a result, improved rect losses to many fresh fruits and vegetables. In fruit fly trapping systems have been developed that addition, few insects have a greater impact on in are being adopted by operational fruit fly control ternational marketing and world trade in agricul programmes. tural produce than tephritid fruit flies. With ex panding international trade, fruit flies as major At the 3rd Western Hemisphere Fruit Fly quarantine pests of fruits and vegetables have taken Workshop on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance, on added importance, triggering the implementa held July 1999 in Guatemala City, representatives tion of area-wide national or regional (trans of National Plant Protection Organizations boundary) control programmes. (NPPO’s) of 21 participating FAO and IAEA Member States expressed difficulties as a result As part of globalization, trade in fresh fruits of a lack of uniformity in the application of the and vegetables is gradually being liberalized on a various trapping methodologies to survey fruit flies world-wide basis. The issues of this trade are con of economic importance. They recognized the sidered in many fora, among them the WTO, Co acute need for some harmonization of trapping dex Commission of the Joint FAO/WHO Food procedures in view of the increasing fruit fly re Standards Programme, the International Plant Pro lated trans-boundary interactions resulting from tection Convention (IPPC) of FAO, and other or the rapidly growing travel, transport, tourism and ganizations with SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary trade. Thus they requested FAO and IAEA too Standards) issues in the forefront of concerns. To develop some guidelines in support of their fruit export their products, all countries must comply fly survey activities for the various pest fruit flies. with increasingly stringent SPS measures. Among the major trading blocks, such as the EU, NAFTA, These Trapping Guidelines for Fruit Flies and MERCOSUR, many SPS issues are addressed of Economic Importance, developed in response that are vital to the prosperity of Member States. to this request, provide strategic guidance and di Mechanisms must be found to facilitate produc rection on where and how to implement surveys tion to meet these requirements and in turn pro in support of fruit fly control and quarantine ac vide trading opportunities to all countries. Newly tivities. This document is the summation of rec adopted International Standards for Phytosanitary ommendations put forth by a multi-national group Measures under the IPPC of FAO serves to ex of fruit fly workers that has the goal of providing pand such opportunities through the establishment objective information on fruit fly survey tools to of pest free areas and areas of low prevalence for NPPO’s and industry in FAO and IAEA Member fruit exports under a systems approach. States. These Trapping Guidelines are to be con sidered as a “working” document to be regularly Accurate methods for fruit fly population updated as survey techniques continue to improve surveys are a prerequisite for effective decision and experience in fruit fly control programmes making in area-wide control programmes aimed evolves. at pest suppression, as well as those attempting to establish fruit fly free or low prevalence areas. The Application of these recommendations, FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques, as however, will not guarantee access to trade in fruit part of its mandate to support the implementation and vegetable commodities by an exporting coun of integrated area-wide fruit fly control try with an importing country. The use of infor programmes involving the use of the Sterile In mation in this working document does not pre sect Technique, has carried out over the last de clude the need for early contact of the exporting cade two coordinated research networks with the country’s NPPO with the respective NPPO of the objective of developing and validating in the field importing country to negotiate the specific trapping protocols that will be needed to fulfil the (CIRAD-FLHOR), Reunion, France; Carambola quarantine requirements of the importing coun Fruit Fly Programme, Suriname; USDA/APHIS/ try. PPQ/HPPL, Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA.

The scope of this document is limited to Disclaimer trapping of fruit flies of economic and quarantine importance and doesnot include activities related Detection of economically important fruit to mass trapping or other fruit fly control activi flies is critical to the sustainability of agriculture. ties. It only covers trapping technology currently Development of trapping systems is an evolving in use or that has been extensively validated and process that results in improved agriculture. Trap assumes that fruit fly control programmes imple ping systems require a holistic approach that en menting the trapping activities are area-wide.Rec compasses endemic and invasive species, human ommendations given for the different scenarios needs, as well as economic pressures. The pur require customization to address the specific cli pose of this working document is to provide a matic and host conditions of the specific fruit fly mechanism for an evolutionary process culminat control areas. ing in providing NPPO’s, RPPO’s, action agen cies, industry, and scientists a framework to fully Valuable inputs to this guideline were pro utilize current and future trapping technologies. vided by the following organizations: The dedication of the participants is based on a commitment to provide a coherent use of tech Programa Nacional de Control y Erradic- nologies available for trapping fruit flies. Every acion de Mosca de los Frutos (PROCEM), effort was made to ensure that this document is SENASA Argentina; Organismo Internacional accurate, however, the activities associated with Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA), Cen the trapping of fruit flies makes this a complex tral America; Proyecto Moscas de la Fruta, and dynamic process. This document is not an Servicio Agricola y Ganadero (SAG), Chile; endorsement of products and assumes no liabil Campana Nacional Contra Mosca de la Fruta ity for actions reported herein. Suggestions and (CNCMF), SAGARPA Mexico; Centre of Inter comments to this working document are appreci national Agriculture Research for Development ated.

ED/TO^A #OTE

This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. Contents

I. Background...... 7

II. Trapping survey objectives...... 8

III. Trapping applications...... 8

IV. Trapping scenarios...... 9

V. Species of economic and quarantine importance addressed in this trapping guideline...... 10

VI. Traps and lures for fruit fly surveys...... 11

VII. Recommended trapping survey densities...... 12

VIII. Trapping and quarantine security...... 13

APPENDIX 1. TRAP DESCRIPTION...... 14

APPENDIX 2. LIST OF LURES AND ATTRACTANTS...... 23

APPENDIX 3. TRAPPING PROCEDURES...... 24

APPENDIX 4. TRAPS AND LURES FOR FRUIT FLY SURVEY...... 27

APPENDIX 5. TRAP DENSITIES...... 28

APPENDIX 6. RECOMMENDED TRAP RE-BAIT AND SERVICE INTERVALS...... 35

APPENDIX 7. LIST OF BACTROCERA SPECIES RESPONDING TO METHYL EUGENOL AND CUELURE...... 36

APPENDIX 8. LIST OF SUPPLIERS...... 39

APPENDIX 9. SELECTED REFERENCES ...... 41

APPENDIX 10. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS...... 45

APPENDIX 11. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS ...... 46 I. Background

Different traps and lures have been devel bination of a McPhail trap with a protein attrac- oped and used over decades to survey fruit fly tant, Jackson trap with TML, and the Steiner trap populations. with ME or cuelure (CUE), has remained un changed for several decades. The first attractant for male fruit flies was methyl eugenol (ME) (for Bactrocera zonata, Global trends in increasing food quality, Howlett, 1912) followed by kerosene for Medi revenue sources, and fruit and vegetable trade, has terranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, (medfly), resulted in an increased worldwide movement of Severin and Severin, 1913. In 1956, Angelica seed fruit fly species and requires refinement of survey oil was used to trap medfly (Steiner et al, 1957). systems. Beroza et al. (1961) discovered trimedlure (TML) to be effective for the same purpose. Beroza and After years of validating trapping technol Green, 1963, demostrated cuelure to be an effec ogy through coordinated research programmes tive attractant for Bactrocera cucurbitae. (CRP’s) and extensive technical assistance to member countries, the Joint Division FAO/IAEA Food baits based on protein solutions, fer proposes the use of proven technologies in im menting sugar solutions, fruit juices, and vinegar proving trap sensitivity in area-wide fruit fly con have been used since 1918 for the capture of fe trol programmes (IAEA 1996 and IAEA 1998). males of several species. These proven technologies include the use The McPhail trap was the first device to of synthetic food lures such as female attractants be used with protein baits (McPhail, 1929). Steiner that can be used for several species of Anastrepha, traps were developed in 1957 (Steiner et al., 1957) Bactrocera and Ceratitis. and Jackson traps in 1971 for TML (Harris et al., 1971). These traps are currently used in various Other citations of information on these de countries for fruit fly surveys in support of con velopments are included in the reference section trol activities and eradication campaigns. The com- of these trapping guidelines.

7 II. Trapping Survey Objectives

The operational concept of survey as used The three objectives of trapping survey are: in these guidelines, is based on the following definition as defined by the Food and Agriculture A. Detection survey: To determine if species are Organization (FAO) in 1990: present in an area.

B. Delimiting survey: To determine the bound aries of an area considered to be infested or An official procedure conducted free from a pest. over a defined period of time to determine the characteristics of a C. Monitoring survey: Ongoingsurvey to verify pest population, orto determine the characteristics of a pest population includ which species occur in an area. ing seasonal population fluctuation, relative abundance host sequence and others.

III. Trapping Applications

Trapping surveys are applied in:

Infested area: to determine species presence and Eradication: Eradication is a process applied to to monitor established fruit fly populations (it reach a fruit fly free area. Trapping is applied is assumed that no fruit fly control measures to measure the efficacy of control measures are used in the area). such as bait sprays, SIT, biological control, and MAT, used to eliminate a pest from an Suppression: Suppression is a process that is ap area. plied to reach a fruit fly low prevalence area. Trapping is applied to measure the efficacy of Exclusion: Exclusion is a process applied to mini control measures such as bait sprays, Sterile mize the risk of introduction or re-introduc Insect Technique (SIT), biological control and tion of a pest in a free area. Trapping is ap Male Annihilation Technique (MAT), used in plied to determine the presence of species that an infested area to reduce the fruit fly popula are under exclusion measures and confirms or tion and thereby limit damage and spread. rejects the free area status.

8 IV. Trapping Scenarios

The matrix below depicts which trapping application is used for each specific survey objec tive:

Table I. Matrix of the different trapping scenarios.

Trapping Applications Trapping Survey Infested Area Suppression Eradication Exclusion FTD>1 FTD: 1-0.1 FTD: 0.1-0 FTD: 0 - 0

Monitoring X X X Delimiting X X Detection X FTD-Fly/Trap/Day (values used only as a reference)

The flow chart below illustrates the interne- sired outcome of the control process (i.e. sup- tion of the trapping scenarios. It shows how pression, eradication and exclusion) being used trapping protocols change depending on the de- (Figure 1).

SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 6

FIG. 1. Diagram of interacting scenarios, assuming an infested area as the starting event.

9 V. Species of Economic and Quarantine Importance Addressed in This Trapping Guideline

Scientific name English Common name

• Ceratitis capitata • Medfly, Mediterranean fruit fly • Ceratitis rosa • Natal fruit fly • Anostrepha ludens • Mexican fruit fly • Anastrepha suspensa • Caribbean fruit fly • Anastrepha spp.

• Bactrocera spp. responding to ME* • B. dorsalis • Oriental fruit fly • B. zonata • Peach fruit fly • B. carambolae • Carambola fruit fly

See Appendix 7

• Bactrocera spp. responding to CUE** • • B. cucurbitae • Melon fly • B. tryoni • Queensland fruit fly

See Appendix 7

• Bactrocera oleae • Olive fruit fly • Rhagoletis pomonella • Apple maggot • Rhagoletis cerasi • European cherry fruit fly • Rhagoletis spp. • Tbzotrypana curvicauda • Papaya fruit fly

*Methyl eugenol **Cuelure

10 VI. Traps and Lures for Fruit Fly Surveys

Traps used for fruit flies are dependent on uid protein baits have been used to catch a wide the nature of the attractant (Appendix 2 and 4). range of different fruit fly species (Appendix 4). The most widely used traps contain para-phero Liquid protein baits capture both females and mone or pheromone lures that are male specific. males, with a higher percent of females captured. The para-pheromone trimedlure (TML) captures These liquid baits are generally not as sensitive medfly and Natal fruit fly. The para-pheromone as the para-pheromone traps in low populations. methyl eugenol (ME) captures a large number of The usage of liquid baits results in capturing large Bactrocera species (Appendix 7) including: Ori numbers of non-target insects. Several food- ental fruit fly (B. dorsalis), peach fruit fly (B. based synthetic attractants have been developed zonata), carambola fruit fly (B. carambolae), Phil using ammonia and its derivatives. Ammonium ippine fruit fly (B. philippinensis), and banana fruit carbonate (AC) and/or ammonium acetate (AA) fly (B. musae). The para-pheromone cuelure lures are used for several Rhagoletis species (Ap (CUE) also captures a large number of Bactrocera pendix 4). A two component combination of AA including: melon fly (B. cucurbitae) and and putrescine (PT) has been demonstrated to be Queensland fruit fly (B. tryoni). The pheromone attractive for Mexican fruit fly (A. ludens) and Spiroketal (SK) captures B. oleae. Para-phero Caribbean fruit fly (A suspensa). The addition of mones are generally highly volatile, and can be a third component, trimethylamine (TMA) results used with panels, delta-traps and bucket-type traps in a highly attractive female lure for medfly (Appendix 1 and 4). TML, ME and CUE have con which is being used in early detection trapping trolled release formulations providing a longer networks. This synthetic food lure is more spe lasting attractant for field use. Attracted flies are cific than the liquid protein baits, and is capable retained in panel and delta traps using a sticky ma of detecting female medflies at a lower level com terial. Para-pheromones may also be mixed with pared to the male specific attractant, TML. a sticky material and applied to the surface of the panels. Killing agents used in panels, delta-traps The two and three component synthetic and in bucket traps when used dry are usually a lures described above are generally used in form of a volatile toxicant such as DDVP (2,2- Multilure traps, although they can be used with Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) naled, and a variety of other traps. Ammonium acetate and malathion, although some of these are repellent at ammonium carbonate, when used for capture of higher doses. When bucket-type traps are used Rhagoletis species, are used with red sphere traps with liquid proteins, the liquid bait solution func or yellow panel traps coated with a sticky mate tions as the retention system. In this case the liq rial. A synthetic attractant based on host fruit uid protein baits have to be mixed with 1.5 to 2 g volatiles is currently used for detection of apple of borax to slow down the decomposition of the maggot fly. The chemical, butyl-hexanoate captured insects. For use of synthetic lures water (BuH), is used with a red sphere trap coated with is used with a surfactant to retain attracted flies. a sticky material, typically placed at a short dis The percentage of females captured with a para- tance from the trap. The pheromone, 2-methyl- pheromone trap is extremely low. vinyl-pyrazine, (MVP), of the papaya fruit fly (not commercially available), when used with Lures for capturing female fruit flies are sticky green spheres, is highly effective for de based on food or host odours. Historically, liq tection and control.

11 VII. Recommended Trapping Survey Densities

Trap density is critical for fruit fly sur as fruit production areas and other target areas veys. The densities need to be adjusted based on (Appendix 5). These recommendations are based many factors including: trap efficiency, lure/attrac- on the available trapping technologies, taking into tant efficiency, location regarding altitude, type account that trapping is a dynamic process that and presence of host, climate, topography, changes according to survey objectives and con programme phase and type of fruit fly species. trol applications. For instance, the density of a specific trap may increase as much as 10 fold For each species, trap densities are sug from a monitoring to a delimiting phase (Appen gested for the various trapping scenarios as well dix 5).

Production Marginal Urban Point of area area area entry

Free An sa (trap den:sity)

Low Prevalen ce / Systems ap] Droach (ti ap density)

FIG. 2. Trapping densities according to the type of areas.

Densities may also vary as a gradient should be used in urban areas than in the produc from the production to marginal areas, to urban tion areas. Atypical situations such as the one areas and points of entry. For example, trapping described above are not reflected in Figure 2 and densities in an area of low prevalence status, Appendix 5. where the presence of the target species is known, should be higher in the production field and de It is important to note that the densities crease toward points of entry. In a free area, the suggested in Appendix 5, serve only as a guide reverse occurs: a higher density is required at and that different trap densities may be required points of entry and lower density in commercial by importing countries during the preparation of orchards (Figure 2). This gradient is associated protocols for exports of horticultural products. to the level of pest risk, which is established based on the objective of the programme. There are Densities are also dependant on associated atypical situations where in an infested area sub survey activities, such as fruit sampling to detect jected to a control programme the pest popula immature stages. In those cases where trapping tion is found year round mainly in urban areas survey programmes are complemented with fruit where they escape chemical control and survive sampling activities, trap densities may be lower the winter. In cases like this higher trap densities than the recommended densities.

12 VIII. Trapping And Quarantine Security

Standards for pest free and low prevalence tocols and work plans (where detection, delimi areas (in preparation) issued by FAO and Re tation and monitoring surveys are defined) should gional Plant Protection Organizations (FAO- be agreed to among the commercial partners be ISPM No. 10; NAPPO 1994), should be used as fore the establishment and maintenance of pest a basis to negotiate export/import protocols. free and low prevalence areas that apply to a sys However, specific trapping and quarantine pro tems approach.

13 APPENDIX 1. TRAP DESCRIPTION

Jackson Trap (JT)

General description of the trap, a cotton wick soaked in 2 to 3 ml of a mixture of the parapheromone and an insecticide, The body of a standard JT is a delta shaped usually malathion, naled or dichlorvos (DDVP), object made of waxed cardboard material. The ad when the trap is used with ME or CUE but with ditional parts include: 1) a white or yellow rect out insecticide when the trap is used with TML. angular insert of waxed cardboard. The insert is The insecticide is used to prevent attracted flies covered with a thin layer of sticky material known from escaping. Another form is the lure contained as “stickem" (Tanglefoot) used to trap flies once into a controlled-release polymeric plug in which they land inside the trap body, 2) a polymeric plug case the plug is placed inside a plastic basket sus and a plastic basket that holds the lure plug and 3) pended from the trap ceiling. In this case if the a wire hanger placed at the top of the trap body. trap is used with ME or CUE, a cotton wick soaked with malathion is placed inside the plastic basket together with the lure. It is also common to use a DDVP strip (1 to 1.5 cm in length) placed inside the basket or on the floor of the trap.

For many years this trap has been used in detection, exclusion and control programmes for multiple purposes including: population ecology studies (seasonal abundance, distribution, host sequence, etc.), detection and delimiting trapping, and to survey sterile fly populations in areas sub jected to a sterile fly mass release programme. With the development of more sensitive traps (e.g. Yellow Panel) and lures (e.g. female dry-synthetic- lure), the JT trap use has become more specific. For service and re-baiting of the parapheromones used in the JT, see Appendix 6. For use of JT un This trap is mainly used with parapher- der different scenarios and recommended densi ornone lures to capture male fruit flies. The most ties see Appendix 5. common lures used with the JT are: trimedlure (TML), methyl eugenol (ME) and cuelure (CUE). The JT is one of the most economical traps These lures are specific for the fruit fly species commercially available. It is easy to carry, handle mentioned in Appendix 4 concerning traps and and service, providing the opportunity of servic lures for fruit fly survey and listed in Appendix 7. ing a greater number of traps per man-hour than The lure is added by suspending, from the center other commercial traps.

14 McPhail (McP) - liquid protein bait

General description 2 Vi cups water. Stir to dissolve tablets and b) Pro tein hydrolysate: Mix 5 to 10% Protein hydroly The conventional McPhail trap (McP) is a sate (example - Nu-lure), 3% borax, and 87 to 92% transparent glass pear shape invaginated container. water by weight. Due to the nature of its lure, this The trap parts include a rubber cork that seals the trap is considered to be a female trap. The normal upper part of the trap and a wire hanger to place male:female catch rate is around two females per traps on tree branches. every male.

Food lures are generic by nature and, be sides the target fruit fly species, traps tend to catch a wide range of other tephritid and non-tephritid flies.

McP traps are used in area-wide control programmes in combination with other traps. In areas subjected to suppression and post-suppres sion actions, these traps are used mainly to track female populations. Female catches are crucial in assessing the amount of sterility induced to a wild population. Also in programmes releasing only sterile males, McP traps are used as a population Use detection tool by targeting feral females, while Jackson traps, baited with male specific lures, This trap uses a liquid food bait, based on catch the released sterile males. In fly-free areas, hydrolyzed protein (Nu-lure, Staley’s, Miller, etc.) McP traps are an important part of the exotic fruit- or Torula yeast/borax tablets. Torula yeast/borax fly trapping network considering their capacity to tablets are more effective than hydrolyzed proteins catch important fruit fly species of quarantine sig over time, as the pH is stable at 9.2. The level of nificance for which no specific lures exist. pH in the mixture plays an important role in at tracting fruit flies. Fewer fruit flies are attracted For service and re-baiting of the hydroly to the mixture as the pH becomes more acidic. sate protein used in McP trap, see Appendix 6. Hydrolyzed protein is not effective over time as the pH drops from its initial state of 8.5. McP traps with liquid protein bait are labor intensive. Servicing and re-baiting take time and The trap holds ca. 250 ml of the liquid food the number of traps that can be serviced in a eight- lure. Bait preparation is as follows: a) Torula yeast hour working day is half the amount compared to tablets: Mix three to five yeast/borax tablets in 2- the other traps described in this guideline.

15 Multilure Trap - dry synthetic lure/liquid protein

General description captures few non-target insects, and captures sig nificantly fewer male flies making it best suited This trap is the newer version of the McPhail for use in SIT programmes. When used as a wet trap described previously. This new trap consists trap, a surfactant should be added to the water. In of a two piece plastic cylinder shaped invaginated hot climates, 10% propylene glycol can be used container. The upper part and base of the trap sepa to decrease water evaporation and provide de rate allowing the trap to be serviced and baited. creased decomposition of captured flies. Another The transparent upper part of the trap contrasts effective retention system is a mixture of water, with the yellow base enhancing the traps ability borax and Triton (0.1% solution) adding 1 to 2 to catch fruit flies. For this trap to function prop drops of the solution to the water. When used as a erly it is essential that the upper part of the trap dry trap, a small piece (1 to 1.5 cm in length) of stays clear. This trap can be used with the liquid DDVP strip is placed inside the trap. protein bait (as described for the conventional glass McPhail trap) or with the dry synthetic lure. The dry lure consists of three components that come in separate small flat dispensers. The lure dispens ers are attached to the inside walls of the upper clear portion of the trap or hang on the ceiling using a clip. Since the conventional glass McP trap are in one piece the three dispensers are not easily attached to the glass walls.

Use

This trap follows the same basic principles as the McP. However, the Multilure used with the dry synthetic lure is more powerful and selective than the Multilure and McP used with liquid pro tein bait. Another important difference is that the Multilure, specially when used with the dry syn For service and re-baiting of the hydroly thetic lure, allows for a cleaner servicing and is sate protein and synthetic food lures used in the much less labor intensive. These differences make Multilure trap, see Appendix 6. For use of this trap substantially cheaper than the conven Multilure under different scenarios and recom tional McP used with liquid protein. For captur mended densities see Appendix 5. It is important ing Mediterranean fruit flies a synthetic female to note that, apart from the conventional McP, fruit fly attractant consisting of three lures, am Multilure and Tephri traps, there are other traps monium acetate, putrescine and trimethyl amine, that have the same basic principle such as the In is used. For capture of Anastrepha species the ternational Pheromone McPhail trap, the Dome trimethyl amine lure should be removed. The syn (McPhail) trap, etc., that could be used for the same thetic lure will last approximately 6 to 10 weeks, purpose.

16 Open Bottom Dry Trap (OBT) - dry synthetic lure

General description nipulated the same as the inserts used in Jackson traps. This trap is an open-bottom cylindrical dry trap that can be made from opaque green plastic For service and re-baiting of the synthetic or wax-coated green cardboard. It has a transpar food lures used in the OBT trap, see Appendix 6. ent plastic top, three equally-spaced holes around For use of OBT under different scenarios and rec the circumference of the cylinder midway between ommended densities see Appendix 5. the ends, an open bottom, and is used with a sticky insert. It is used with the synthetic female fruit fly attractant previously described in areas where more expensive plastic or glass McPhail type traps cannot be used.

Use

The food based synthetic chemical attrac tant is used to capture mainly female medflies but has the ability to capture also males. The synthetic female fruit fly lures previously described are at tached to the inside walls of the cylinder. Servic ing is easy because the sticky insert can be ma

17 Yellow Panel (YP)

General description stroyed in handling. Although this trap can be used in most control/suppression programme applica This is a yellow, rectangular cardboard trap, tions, its use is recommended for the post sup which is covered on both sides with a thin layer of pression and fly-free phases where highly sensi stickem (Tanglefoot). This trap uses the male spe tive traps are required. This trap should not be used cific parapheromone lures - TML, ME and CUE. in areas subjected to mass release of sterile dies The lures can be used in liquid form by impreg due to the large number of released dies that would nating a cotton wick with 2 to 3 ml of the lure. As be caught. It is important to note that due to its in the case of the JT, when ME or CUE are used yellow color and open design it has a tendency of an insecticide has to be included to prevent flies catching other insects including beneticial. from escaping. Another form is the lure contained into a controlled-release polymeric plug. In both cases the lure is attached to the face of the trap. The lures can also be used mixed into the card boards coating. A wire hanger, placed on top of the trap body, is used to hang the trap from the tree branches.

Use

Its two dimensional design and greater con tact surface make this trap more efficient, in terms of fly catches, than the JT and McPhail type traps. It is also easy to handle in the field thus not labor intensive. However, it is important to consider that For service and re-baiting of the para- the trap requires special procedures for transpor pheromones used in the YP trap, see Appendix 6. tation, submission and fly screening methods be For use of YP under diderent scenarios and rec cause it is so sticky that specimens can be de ommended densities see Appendix 5.

18 C & C (Cook and Cunningham)

General description ing very low medfly population incursions and, depending on environmental conditions, the lure This trap consists of three removable pan may last for several months. els spaced approximately 2.5 cm apart. The two outer panels are made of 22.8-by-13.9-cm paper board with both coated with stickem on the ex posed (outer) side of each panel. The adhesive panel has one or more holes which air may circu late through. The trap is used with a centre poly meric panel containing the olfactory attractant (usually trimedlure). The polymeric panels come in two sizes - standard and half panel. The stan dard panel (15.2 x 15.2 cm) contains 20 grams of TML, while the half size (7.6 x 15.2 cm) contains 10 grams. With its multi-panel construction, there is significantly more adhesive surface area for fly capture. The entire unit is held together with clips, and suspended in the tree canopy with a wire hanger.

Use

The need for economic mass-trapping of the medfly, polymeric panels were developed for the For service and re-baiting of the para-phero- controlled-release of amounts of trimedlure. The rnones used in the C&C trap, see Appendix 6. For C&C trap was developed to house these panels. use of C&C under different scenarios and recom This trap is also used for monitoring and detect mended densities see Appendix 5.

19 ChamP Trap

General description

The ChamP trap is a two dimensional yel low sticky panel that has been designed to be used with a polymeric panel or with a polymeric plug. The face of the rectangular panel is perforated to allow high release of the attractant. The outer sur face is coated with stickem and the traps use syn thetic attr actants.

Use

The ChamP trap uses a smaller version of the polymeric panel used in the C&C trap. Panels (10.2 x 10.2 cm) contain 4 grams of TML and are formulated to release a lower dose for a 4-6 week period or a very high dose for a 2-week period. It is essentially equivalent to the yellow panel trap in sensitivity. This trap is recommended for de For service and re-baiting of the para- limiting infestations in medfly eradication pheromones used in the ChamP trap, see Appen programmes. ChamP traps, baited with ammonium dix 6. For use of ChamP trap under different sce carbonate lures, have been used in California to narios and recommended densities see Appendix monitor olive flies. 5.

20 Tephri Trap

General description the insecticide will not be necessary. However, when used as a dry trap and with side holes, an The Tephri trap is a McPhail type trap ex insecticide solution (malathion, naled) soaked into tensively used in Europe (i.e. Mediterranean coast) a cotton wick or a small piece (1 to 1.5 cm) of for monitoring of medfly populations. It has a yel DDVP strip will be needed to avoid escape of cap low base and a clear top, which can be separated tured insects. to facilitate servicing. This trap has entrance holes around the top of the periphery of the yellow base, and an invaginated opening in the bottom. Inside the clear top is a platform on which to house attractants. It is designed for Tephritid fruit flies (medfly, olive fly, cherry fly, etc.) but can be adopted to any other insect that can be attracted by active substances of anytype, such as food attractants, pheromones, and so on.

Use

This trap is commonly used in Europe baited with hydrolyzed protein at 9% concentration (e.g. Nu-lure, Buminal), however, it can also be used with other liquid protein baits as described for the conventional glass McP trap or with the female dry synthetic food lure and with trimedlure or cera lure in a plug or liquid as described for the JT and For service and re-baiting of the synthetic YP traps. If the trap is used with liquid protein food lures used in the Tephri trap, see Appendix baits or with dry synthetic lures combined with a 6. For use of Tephri trap under different scenarios liquid retention system and without the side holes, and recommended densities see Appendix 5.

21 Steiner Trap (ST)

General description ceiling. In this case it is common to use a cotton wick soaked with malathion, naled or a DDVP This is a horizontal, clear cylinder with a strip (1 to 1.5 cm in length) placed inside the basket large opening at each end. This trap uses the male or on the floor of the trap. specific parapheromone lures TML, ME and CUE. A wire hanger, placed on top of the trap body, is used to hang the trap from the tree branches. As in the case of other dry traps (except for the sticky traps that use TML), an insecticide has to be used to prevent flies escaping and predation of captured flies.

Use

The lure is added by suspending, from the center of the trap, a cotton wick soaked in 2 to 3 ml of a mixture of the parapheromone and an For service and re-baiting of the para- insecticide, usually malathion or naled. Another pheromones used in the Steiner trap, see Appen form is the lure contained into a controlled-release dix 4. For use of the Steiner trap under different polymeric plug in which case the plug is placed scenarios and recommended densities see Appen inside a plastic basket suspended from the trap dix 5.

22 APPENDIX 2. LIST OF LURES AND ATTRACTANTS

Common name Acronym Chemical Formulation Field Longevity* (weeks)

Trimedlure TML tert-butyl 4 (and 5)- Polymeric plug/panel 6 chloro-2-methylcyclo- hexane-1-carboxylate Laminate 6 Liquid 2-4 Methyl Eugenol ME Benzene, 1,2-dimethoxy Polymeric plug/panel 6 -4-(2-propenyl) Liquid 2-4 Cuelure CUE 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)- Polymeric plug/panel 6 2-butanone acetate Liquid 2-4

Papaya fruit fly PFFP 3-methyl-1-pyrazine Membrane-based 4 Olive fly (spiroketal) OFP (1,7)-dioxaspiro- Polymer 4 [5,5]undecane (olean) a) Protein baits: Torula yeast/borax TY Torula yeast/borax Pellet 1-2 Protein derivatives HP hydrolized protein Liquid 1-2 b) Synthetic food lures: Ammonium acetate AA ammonia + acetic acid Membrane-based 4-6 Liquid 1 Polymer 4 ammonium (bi)carbonateAC Ammonia Membrane-based 6 Liquid 1 Polymer 4 ammonium salts A Ammonia Salt putrescine Pt 1,4 diaminobutane Membrane-based 4-6 trimethylamine TMA Membrane-based 4- 6 butyl hexanoate BuH Vial 2 *Based on half-life, which is very much determined by weather conditions.

23 APPENDIX 3. TRAPPING PROCEDURES

Layout of trapping network

In area-wide suppression/eradication with backyard fruit hosts and in marginal areas programmes, an extensive trapping network has where commercial and wild host exist, trap net to be deployed over the entire area subjected to work arrays are normally linear with a distribu control actions. The trapping network layout, will tion pattern that follows roads that provide access depend on the intrinsic characteristics of the area. to host material. Trapping networks are also placed In areas where continuous compact blocks of com as part of exclusion programmes for early detec mercial orchards are present and in urban and sub tion of introduced fruit flies of quarantine impor urban high populated areas, where hosts exists in tance. In this case no defined trapping layout is backyards, traps are arranged in a grid system with used. Traps are placed in high risk areas such as a uniform trap distribution. In areas with scattered points of entry and places where fruit is gathered commercial orchards, rural low populated villages for latter distribution.

Trap placement

It is of vital importance to have a list of the the field and it also allows for an effective plan primary, secondary, and occasional fruit fly hosts ning of a trap rotation programme. Traps have to (for fruit fly hosts refer to Allwood and Drew 1996; be rotated following the maturation phenology of Liquido et al, 1991; White andElson-Harris, 1992 the main fruit hosts. By rotating the traps it is pos and others), their phenology, distribution, and sible to follow the fruit flypopulation throughout abundance. With this basic information, it is pos the year and increase the number of sites being sible to properly place and distribute the traps in checked for fruit flies.

24 One of the most important factors of trap primary hosts, secondary hosts should be used. placement is selecting a proper trap site. When In areas with no hosts, identified as potential fruit possible, pheromone traps should be placed in fly pathways, traps should be placed in trees that mating areas. Fruit flies normally mate in the can provide shelter, protection and food to adult crown of a fruit host tree or close to the host trees fruit flies. Traps should be placed 2-4 meters from selecting semi shaded spots and usually on the the ground (will depend on the height of the host upwind side of the crown. Other suitable trap sites tree) in the middle to the top part of the host tree are resting and feeding areas in trees that pro canopy and oriented towards the upwind side. vide shelter and protect flies from strong winds Traps should not be exposed to direct sunlight, and predators. Protein traps should be placed strong winds or dust. It is of vital importance to close to fruit host trees, in a shady area. In this have the trap entrance clear from twigs and leaves case traps should be placed in primary hosts dur to allow proper air flow and an easy access for ing their fruit maturation period. In absence of the fruit flies.

Trap mapping

Once traps are placed in carefully selected network has proven to be a very powerful tool. sites at the right density and distributed in an ad The GPS allows each trap to be geo-referenced equate array, the location of the traps has to be through geographical coordinates, which are recorded. A map or sketch of the trap location then used as input information in the GIS. A data and the area around the traps should be prepared. base of all traps with their corresponding coor The references of the trap location should include dinates is kept together with the records of trap visible land marks and in the case of traps placed services, re-baiting, trap catches, etc. The GIS in hosts located in suburban and urban areas ref provides high resolution maps showing the ex erences should include the full address of the act location of each trap and other valuable in property where the trap was placed. The trap ref formation such as exact location of fly finds (de erence should be clear enough to allow trapping tections or outbreaks), historical profiles of the inspectors, control brigades and supervisors to geographical distribution patterns of the pest, find the trap with ease. relative size of the populations in given areas, etc. This information is extremely useful in plan The application of the geographic posi ning of control activities making bait sprays and tioning systems (GPS) and geographic informa sterile fly releases more cost-effective in their tion systems (GIS) in management of trapping application.

Trap service

Trap servicing and re-baiting intervals are able pheromone lures are contained in dispensers specific to each trap system. However, the follow or plugs in amounts that are standard for each dif ing guidelines are effective for most of the cur ferent type of lure. However, the release rate will rent commercially available traps. Capturing flies vary with different environmental conditions. The will depend, in part, on how well the trap is ser release rate is high in hot and dry areas, and low viced. Servicing a trap has to be a clean and quick in cool and humid areas. Service interval should procedure. Lures (pheromones or food lures) have be adjusted according to the prevailing environ to be used in the exact amounts and replaced at mental conditions. Liquid food lures have to be the recommended intervals. Commercially avail diluted in water before use. In cool and dry cli

25 mates traps have to be re-baited twice per week, ing flies. This also applies for leaves and twigs whereas, under hot and humid/dry conditions re that are in the trap surroundings. bait interval is once per week. When liquid lures are used (e.g. liquid trimedlure or hydrolyzed pro In general the estimated number of traps serviced teins) it is important to avoid spillage or contami per day per person for most of the traps is 30. The nation of the external surface of the trap body as exception is the McP type traps baited with liquid well as ground contamination. This would reduce protein that requires more time. The number of the chances for flies entering the trap. For traps McP type traps typically serviced per person per that use a sticky insert to capture flies, it is impor day is 25. The actual number will vary depending tant to avoid contaminating, with the sticky mate on host density, environmental and topographic rial, areas in the trap that are not meant for catch conditions and trapper experience.

Flies per trap per day (FTD)

The flies per trap per day is a population from multiplying the total number of serviced traps index that estimates the average number of flies by the average number of days the traps were ex captured in one trap in one day that the trap is posed. The formula is as follows: exposed in the field. The function of this popula tion index is to have a relative measure of the size of the adult pest population in a given space and F.T.D. = F time. It is used as base-line information to com TxD pare the size of the population before, during and after the application of a fruit fly control program where, me. In areas where sterile flies are being released it is used to measure the relative abundance of the F = Total number of flies sterile flies and thus assess the ratios of sterile to fertile flies in the field. T= Number of serviced traps

Its value is the result of dividing the total D= Average number of days traps were exposed number of captured flies by the product obtained in the field

26 APPENDIX TML ME CUE SK+AC PB 3C 2C BuH Ammonium salts PEEP

Card Mlure/ Mlure/ Red Red Red Fruit Fly Species JT Steiner YP CC Tephri CH JT Steiner YP Tephri CH JT Steiner YP Tephri CH CH YP board McP OBT/ Mlure Spheres YP Rebel Spheres YP Spheres Tephri FOR FOR Ceratitis male x x x x x capitata female Ceratitis male x x x x x rosa female Bactrocera male x x x x ME female FRUIT

Bactrocera male x x x x CUE female 4.

Bactrocera oleae male

x x x x female TRAPS Anastrepha ludens male x x female

FLY Anastrepha suspensa male x x female Anastrepha spp male x female

Rhagoletis pomonella male x SURVEY female AND Rhagoletis cerasi male x x female Rhagoletis spp male x x female

Toxotrypana curvicauda male LURES female

LURE ABREVIATION TRAP ABRREVIATION TML - trimedlure AA - ammonium acetate JT - Jackson trap ME - methyl-eugenol PT - putrescine YP - Yellow panel CUE - cuelure TMA - trimethylamine CC - Cook & Cunningham SK - spiroketal PB - Protein baits (e.g. Nulure, Torula yeast, Buminal, etc.) Mlure - Plastic McPhail type trap 3C (AA+PT+TMA) BuH - buthyl hexanoate OBT - Open bottom dry trap 2C (AA+PT) PEEP - papaya fruit fly pheromone CH - ChamP trap

AC - ammonium (bi)carbonate

nj APPENDIX 5. TRAP DENSITIES

Table I. Matrix of the different trapping scenarios.

Trapping Application

Survey objetives Infested Area Suppression Eradication Exclusion FTD>1 FTD: 1 - 0.1 FTD: 0.1 - 0 0 - 0

Monitoring x x x Delimiting x x Detection x

FTD-Fly/Trap/Day (values used only as a reference)

28 Ceratitis capitata

Trap Density/km2