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Mango Fruiting Period ,£; c: 0 E I ~ ""iii'" E'" '0 100 0 c: 50 i 0.- - Q) c:- c:- ~ c: ~ 1il in in in • ::; ::> ..., ::J .0 1i .0 -" '" '"2 ~ ..., " g> E g E E " .0 « ., ~ ,'f i 0 1) ~ (J) z 0 month Figure 1. Host Availability of Fruit Flies at Dobuilevu Research Station, Ra. 1000 900 800 ,£; c: 700 0 E :;; 600 c. '"c. B,x 500 jg -,l,-B,d $ 'li! 400 E '0 300 0 c: 200 100 0 ,r:; ., c: ~ in in in in ~ ~ '" 1i .0 .0 .0 ::J ::J ~ ::;'" ..., ..., is, c: ::; ~ " " ::l E ..., « ., '" u.ii i., 8 1) ~ (J) z ~ month Figure 2. Host Availability of Fruit Flies at Legalega Research Station, Nadi. 107 1400 breadfruit 1200 mango Barringtonia edulis ~ 1000 E as Syzygium a. 800 ~B.p Q. ,!l; Pometia -~B.x ~ 600 -6--Bd E 0 11 '"c: 400 200 0 .c /!> /!> u iO' c: 2?:- 1n L.~., Iii Iii K :::;: '"::> ..,:J :J 1i .a .Cl .Cl (ij « .., CD 0 E E '"c" ~'" :::;: ti .., .i! 0 2l '" u. i ~ (I) '" &l z 0 month Figure 3. Host Availability of Fruit Flies at Nabua, Suva. 1200 Syzygium I 1000 mango I E0 E 800 "a. ~B.p '"a. ~ 600 ..~.iiiI-- B.x ., ........... B.d <ii'" E a 400 '"c: 200 0 ... j::::::.. -::t:== .. • .~.~ . 2?:- 1n Iii •Iii ~ iO' c :J •:J .a .a ~ ~ ::;; '" .., 1i ~ :J :J .., 0> E :::;: ~ " :J ~ E E ..,!ii '" « 0 > u.-2 a" '"0 ~ z 0 f/)" month Figure 4. Host Availability of Fruit Flies at Naduruloulou Research Station, NauaorL 108 350 mango I mango 300 guava I Syzygium Pometia 250 breadfruit ~ E ¥ 200 a.Cl. ~ '"<lJ Qj 150 E '0 a " 100 50 0 i:' i:' ~ .. 1iO ~ iD :;; l! c .0 .0 .0 ::> ~ -, Cl> .8 '"c: 2 t ~ " E E .0'" ~ " ~ ., ...,ca ., ~ .. 0 lL. i!J month 1 Z J Figure 5. Host Availability of Fruit Flies at Seaqaqa Research Station, Vanua Levu. 0 "E" 120 B.p ~Cl. -+- ~ 100 B.x Q) Qj'" E '0 80 ci c: 80 40 20 0 .r:; ., ;;,:, i:' c:- ~ c lii i;; i;; i;; ::> ...,::> .0 .0 -" ::l ~ ~ ..., Cl '"c: '" :::i! ~ "::> E E E "ca .0 « I ~ ..., 0 !! &: ! 0 G> ., Z 0 mon1h 00 Figure 6. Host Availability of Fruit Flies at Savusavu, Vanua Levu. 109 Table 1. Major host fruit families, total number of host The trap records in Vanua Levu, Seaqaqa Research species and synthetic male attractant response of fruit flies Station and Savusavu (Figs. 5 and 6) show the differ­ in Fiji, 1990-1996. ences in B. passiflorae and B. xanthodes populations in the inland and coastal areas. There are high popu­ Fruit fly Host fruit families Number of host Lure lations of B. passiflorae in the Seaqaqa area repre­ species fruit species response senting the inland area which is due to the presence of the major host fruits such as guava, oranges, Com- Wild mercial mandarin, mango, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium malaccense and Pometia pinnata in the area. The B. Anacardiaceae 24 25 Cue-lure presence of large numbers of B. distincta suggests that passiflorae Annonaceae there are other host fruits other than sapodilla. (E) Apocynaceae The large numbers of B. xanthodes in the coastal Barringtoniaceae area near Savusavu coincides with the overlap of Caesalpiniaceae fruiting times and the abundance of breadfruit, Combretaceae Barringtonia edulis and Ochrosia ooppositifolia in Guttiferae the area. Lauraceae Loganiaceae This paper has highlighted the importance of fruit Moraceae fly trapping and host survey records in determining Myrtaceae the fruit fly fauna, host fruit range, seasonal Oxalidaceae adundance and geographical distributions. Reduced Passifloraceae fruit availability during the 'winter' months (May­ Punicaceae August) is a major contributing factor to low fruit fly Rosaceae numbers in Fiji and other Pacific Islands. This fea­ Rubiaceae ture of fruit fly populations may be helpful in gaining Rutaceae access to markets in New Zealand during its winter Santalaceae on the basis of low risk of infestation in some com­ Sapindaceae modities during May-August. Sapotaceae Simaroubaceae References B. Apocynaceae 4 2 Methyl xanthodes Barringtoniaceae eugenol Allwood, A.J. 1995. Detection of Fruit Flies (Family: Caricaceae Tephritidae) by Trapping. Workshop on Fruit Flies and Moraceae Their Control in the South Pacific, Koronivia Research Rutaceae Station, Nausori, Fiji, October, 1995. Drew, R.A.I., Hooper, G.H.S and Bateman, M.A. 1978. B. distincta Sapotaceae 1 o Cue-lure Economic Fruit Flies of the South Pacific Region. Queensland Dept. of Primary Industries, First Edition, B. Apocynaceae o 1 Cue-lure 137p. passiflorae Drew, R.A.I. and Hooper, G.H.S. 1983. Population Studies (coloured of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South-East fomJ) (E) Queensland.Oecologia (Berlin), 56: 153-159. Simmonds, H.W. 1936. Fruit Fly Investigation, 1935. B. gnetum Gnetaceae o 1 Not Department of Agriculture, Fiji. Bulletin No. 19: 1-18. (E) attracted Vargas, R.L, Stark, J.D. and Nishida, T. 1990. Population Dynamics, Habitat Preference, and Seasonal Distribution E - endemic fruit fly species. Patterns of Oriental Fruit Fly and Melon Fly (Diptera: Plant families in bold type indicate the major families for Tephritidae) in an Agricultural Area. Environmental B. passiflorae and B. xanthodes. Entomology, 19: 6: 1820-1828. 110 Responses of Fruit Flies (Family Tephritidae) to Male Lures in Seven Pacific Island Countries A.J. AlIwood1 Abstract Trapping of fruit flies (Family Tephritidae) provides information on the species present in an area, is widely used for quarantine surveillance and is essential for monitoring populations during control or eradication programs or for ecological studies. In seven Pacific Island countries (Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), Fiji, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu and Western Samoa) under the Regional Fruit Fly Project and ACIAR Project, systematic trapping has been conducted as part of cataloguing of the species present and establishing early warning systems to record the incursions or introductions of exotic fruit fly species. Separate modified Steiner traps baited with methyl eugenol and Cue-lure were distributed in urban, village, farming and forest habitats in each country. The traps were serviced weekly in some areas of FSM, but generally every two weeks or monthly in most countries. Specimens were identified either nation­ ally or by submitting them to the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Australia. In some countries (Tonga, Fiji), trimedlure baited traps have been included in the early warning system. The responses to male lures of the known species in the seven countries are listed. Flies that do not respond to male lures are also identified. Though the trapping and host surveys seem compre­ hensive in these countries, there is still a large number of host surveys to be done in rainforest areas of Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. TRAPPING of fruit flies (family Tephritidae) serves Trapping for quarantine detection or surveillance many purposes, but generally the purposes are for for exotic species is, as Cunningham (1989) states, cataloguing the species present in an area, country or ' ... a rather thankless task because it brings either no region, for quarantine detection or surveillance for news or only bad news and further, it costs consider­ exotic unwanted species, and for monitoring popu­ able money to do so'. Nevertheless, quarantine sur­ lations of fruit flies already established as a com­ veillance systems provide information on the species ponent of control or eradication strategies or for of fruit flies present as well as acting as an early ecological studies. Cataloguing species involves warning system for unwanted, exotic species. Inten­ undertaking taxonomic studies on trapped flies and sive trapping may also certify that areas are free the determination of their geographic distributions, from particular fruit fly species, thus guaranteeing both nationally and regionally. The responses to area of freedom status for areas or countries. This is male lures have, together with other biological infor­ critical for countries that wish to export fresh com­ mation such as host ranges and mating behaviour, modities that are hosts for fruit flies. Trapping also assisted in elucidating the taxonomy of complexes or forms an integral part of monitoring the effectiveness species of fruit flies. For example, Bactrocera of eradication or suppression programs, together (Notodacus) xanthodes (Broun) is now one species with targetted host surveys. in a complex of four species, that are differentiated Trapping using male lures plays an important role from each other by taxonomic characters, differences in collecting information on the seasonal abundances in responses to male lures and host ranges (Drew et of fruit fly species and, consequently, helps workers aI., these Proceedings). gain a better understanding of fruit flies in various habitats. Knowledge of the seasonal abundance of 1 Regional Fruit Fly Project, South Pacific Commission, fruit flies in different cropping habitats may assist in Suva, Fiji conducting pest risk analyses for possible exports of 111 fresh fruits and vegetables. Pacific Island countries has been included into the early warning system for recognise the value of exporting fresh fruits and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata vegetables into small niche markets in Australia, Wiedemann). Cue-lure attracts male flies belonging New Zealand, Japan, Canada and United States of to the genera Bactrocera and Dacus. Methyl America. However, they also recognise the need to eugenol attracts males belonging to the genus have current, valid data on the species of fruit flies Bactrocera, with the exception of those in the sub­ present in their country so that meaningful dis­ genus B. (Zeugodacus). cussions on quarantine protocols with importing countries may take place. This approach has resulted in many Pacific Island countries implementing fruit Table 1. The numbers of pennanent trapping stations for fly trapping programs. fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) using methyl eugenol and This paper highlights the trapping programs in Cue-lure in modified Steiner traps in seven Pacific Island seven Pacific Island countries (Cook Islands, countries.
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