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Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific

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Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific A regional symposium, Nadi, Fiji 28-31 October 1996 Editors: AJ. Allwood and R.AJ. Drew A symposium sponsored by: The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) The AustraHan Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) The United Nations Development Programme The New Zealand Government The South Pacific Commission/European Union Plant Protection Service The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The Crawford Fund for International Agricultural Research The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has special research competence. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific institutions. @ Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra, ACT 2601 AIlwood, A.J. and Drew, R.AJ. 1997. Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific. A regional symposium, Nadi, Fiji 28-31 October 1996. AClAR Proceedings No. 76. 267 p. ISBN 1 86320 200 5 Production management: P.W. Lynch Production editing: P.J. Knight Typeset and layout: Sun Photoset Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia Printing: Brown, Prior and Anderson, Melbourne Contents Address of Welcome AJ. Allwood 7 Official Opening of the Regional Symposium on the Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific: Now and Into the 21 st Century Holl. Militoni Leweniqila 8 Food Security, Pre- and Post-harvest Food Losses and Integrated Pest Management G.G.M. Schulten 10 The Importance of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in the Pacific Region M. Haze/man and B. Pilon 15 The Impact of Australia's Aid Program on Fruit Fly Research in Developing Countries Hon. Mike Ahern 19 Fruit Fly Research and Development in Tropical Asia S. Vijaysegaran 21 An Overview of Present and Future Fruit Fly Research in Hawaii and the US Mainland J. W. Armstrong and KB. J ang 30 Fruit Fly Research and Development in the South Pacific P. Ferrar 43 Overview Tephritidae in the Pacific and Southeast Asia RAJ. Drew and M.C. Romig 46 Fauna of Fruit Flies in Cook Islands and French Polynesia M. Purea, R. Putoa and E. Munro 54 The Fruit Fly Fauna of Tonga, Western Samoa, American Samoa and Niue V. Heimoana, F. Tunupopo, E. Toleafoa, C. Fakanaiki 57 Fruit Fly Fauna in Fiji, Tuvalu, Wall is and Futuna, Tokelau and Nauru E. Tora Vueti, A.J. Allwood, L. Leweniqila, L. Ralulu, A. Balawakula, A. Malan, F. Sales and K. Peleti 60 Fruit Fly Fauna in Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Palau, Kiribati, Northern Marianas and Marshall Islands L. Leblanc 64 Fruit Fly Fauna in New Caledonia R. Amice and F. Sales 68 Fruit Fly Fauna in Vanuatu AJ. Allwood, T. Tumukon, D. Tau andA. Kassim 77 Fruit Fly Fauna in Solomon Islands M. Vagalo, R. Hollingsworth and F. Tsatsia 81 3 Fruit Fly Fauna in Papua New Guinea D. Tenakanai 87 Biology and Ecology: Prerequisites for Understanding and Managing Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) AJ. Allwood 95 Host Records of Fruit Flies in the South Pacific E. Hamacek 102 Host Availability Its Impact on Seasonal Abundance of Fruit Flies E. Tom Vueti, L. Ralulu, G.P. Walker, A.J. Atlwood, L. Leweniqila and A. Balawakula 105 Responses of Fruit Flies (Family Tephritidae) to Male Lures in Seven Pacific Island Countries A.l. Allwood 111 Development of Attractants for Female Fruit Flies in Hawaii E.B. 1 ang 115 Progress in Developing an Alternative to Protein Hydrolysate Bait Sprays RA. Vickers 117 Seasonal Abundances of Bactrocera facialis (Coquillett), B. passiflorae (Froggatt), B. xanthodes (Broun) and B. melanotus (CoquiJIett) in Orchard and Forest Habitats L. Leweniqila, V. Heimoana, M. Purea, L. Munro, A.J. Allwood, L. Ralulu and E. Tora Vueti 121 Mango Fruit Fly (Bactrocera frauenfeldl): Why So Many in Federated States of Micronesia? L. Leblanc and AJ. Allwood 125 Bactrocera paraxanthodes Drew and Hancock - an example of how host records and attractant responses contribute to taxonomic research R.A.J. Drew, A.l. Allwood and D. Tau 131 Seasonal Abundance of Fruit Flies in New Caledonia R. Amice and F. Sales 134 Biology of Melon Fly, with Special Reference to Solomon Islands R.G. Hollingsworth, M. Vagalo and F. Tsatsia 140 Laboratory-rearing Techniques for Tephritid Fruit Flies in the South Pacific G.P. Walker, E. Tora Vueti, E.L. Hamacek andAJ. Allwood 145 Effectiveness of Various Artificial Larval Diets for Rearing Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) and B. xanthodes (Broun) in the Laboratory in Fiji E. Tora Vueti, E.L. Hamacek, A. Kassim, G.P. Walker, A. Balawakula, L. Ralulu, L. Leweniqila and D. Kumar 153 Rearing Techniques for Dacus solomonensis and Bactrocera cucurbitae in Solomon Islands F. Tsatsia and R.G. Hollingsworth 157 Application of Bacteria to Laboratory Rearing of Fruit Flies Annice Lloyd 161 Rate of Development of the Immature Stages of Bactrocera frauenfeldi in Papaya-based Diet L. Leblanc and R. Hollingsworth 164 4 Rate of Development of Immature Stages of Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) in Eggplant and Pawpaw L. Leweniqila, A.J. Allwood, E. Tora Vueti, L. Raluht and A Balawakula 168 Control Strategies for Fruit Flies (Family Tephritidae) in the South Pacific A.1. Allwood 171 Assessment of Protein Bait Sprays for the Control of Fruit Flies in Chilli and Capsicum Crops in Tonga V. Heimoana, P. Nemeye, T. Langi andA.1. Allwood 179 Results of Protein Bait Spraying in Fiji and Cook Islands L. Leweniqila, Al. Allwood, A Kassim, E. Tora Vueti, L. Ralulu and G. Walker 183 Can Fruit Flies Be Controlled in a Village with a Mixed Orchard? Pacific Island Experiences L. Leblanc, L. Leweniqila, D. Tau, T. Tumukon, A. Kassim and R. Hollingsworth 187 Modification and Testing of Brewery Waste Yeast as a Protein Source for Fruit Fly Bait A Lloyd and RAL Drew 192 Prospects for the Use of Biological Control Agents to Control Fruit Flies A. Peters 199 The Economic and Social Impact of the Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock (Asian Papaya fruit fly) Outbreak in Australia RAJ. Drew 205 Losses Caused by Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Seven Pacific Island Countries A.1. Allwood and L. Leblanc 208 An Economic Evaluation of Fruit Fly Research in the South Pacific A. McGregor 212 Quarantine Treatment Options for Fruit Fly Host Commodities for Pacific Island Countries J. W. Armstrong 222 Non-host Status as a Quarantine Treatment Option for Fruit Flies V. Heimoana, L. Leweniqila, D. Tau, F. Tunupopo, P. Nemeye, A Kassim, e. Quashie-Williams, AJ. Allwood and L. Leblanc 225 Whole Systems Approach for Export Zucchini from Queensland to New Zealand RAJ. Drew 232 Heat Tolerances of Immature Stages of Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) and B. xanthodes (Broun) in Fiji E. Tora Vueti, L. Ralulu, L. Leweniqila, A Balawakula and e.M. Frampton 234 Heat Tolerances of Immature Stages of Bactrocera facialis and B. xanthodes (Diptera: Tephritidae) S. Foliaki andJ. W. Armstrong 239 Comparison of Egg and Larval Stage Mortality of Three Fruit Fly Species (Dipteria: Tephritidae) After Immersion in Hot Water F. Sales, D. Paulaud and 1. Maindonald 247 Quarantine Heat Treatment for Bactrocera melanotus (Coquillett) and B. xanthodes (Broun) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Waimanalo Papaya in Cook Islands B.e. Waddell, G.K. Clare, RJ. Petry, J.H. Maindonald, M. Purea, W. Wigmore, P. Joseph, RA. Fullerton, TA Batchelor and M. Lay-Yee 251 5 Prospects for Generic Quarantine Heat Treatments in the Pacific Region E.B. Jang 256 The Eradication Program for Papaya Fruit Fly (Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock) in North Queensland H.A. Fay, R.A. DrewandA.c. Lloyd 259 National and Regional Needs for Future Activities on Fruit Flies (Diptera Tephritidae) in the Pacific Region AJ. Allwood and R.A.!. Drew 262 PARTICIPANTS 265 6 Address of Welcome A.J. A11wood On behalf of the Organizing Committee, welcome to the Regional Symposium on the Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific: Now and Into the 21st Century. One could think of this symposium as the culmination of six years and many, many hours of identifying fruit flies from trapping programs, or collecting and processing fruit samples or carrying out research into protein bait sprays or quarantine treatments. I would prefer to look upon this symposium as the start of a common desire to understand and, in the long term, to be able to manage fruit flies regionally in an effec­ tive, environmentally sound way, in a way that will protect the horticulture industries from the ravages of pests such as papaya fruit fly and allow countries to trade in fresh fruits and vegetables in the knowledge that quarantine security is not jeopardised. One way of fostering this common desire is to share the wealth of information that has been accumulated over the past six years. This has been possible through very pro­ ductive technical linkages between the RegionaJ Fruit Fly Project, national govern­ ments and expertise in Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and now Malaysia. One cannot forget the very generous support that has come from the Australian Government through AusAID and ACIAR, the United Nations through UNDP and FAO, from other governments such as New Zealand and the USA, from the European Union, and from the South Pacific Commission. We thank you sincerely for your support in the past and, hopefully, into the future. I believe the work in the Pacific region is only just beginning.
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