Kairomones for the Management of Anastrepha Spp. Fruit Flies
Proceedings of 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium 6–10 May 2002, Stellenbosch, South Africa pp. 335–347 Kairomones for the management of Anastrepha spp. fruit flies H.N. Nigg1*, S.E. Simpson2, R.A. Schumann1, E. Exteberria1 & E.B. Jang3 1Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A. 2Division Plant Industry, Florida Department Agricultural and Consumer Services, 3027 Lake Alfred Road, Winter Haven, FL 33881, U.S.A. 3Agricultural Research Service, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, PO Box 4459, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A. Current worldwide methods for fruit fly management include bait/pesticide combinations. These combinations are not necessarily tested for attractiveness and consumption for any particular fruit fly and, consequently, tend to be generic for fruit flies. On the other hand, kairomones tend to be organism specific. Kairomones are defined as attractants, arrestants, excitants (elicit biting, pierc- ing, oviposition) and phagostimulants. Kairomones hold the promise of fly-specific baits, lower pesticide use,fruit fly management in the urban setting,and environmentally acceptable technolo- gies. The best kairomone example in current science is the Cucurbitaceae Diabrotica spp. beetles, used here to describe the ideal approach to kairomone research. Examples of kairomones used for Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), Caribbean fruit fly, and Anastrepha ludens (Loew), Mexican fruit fly, are detailed.Our current kairomone research with sugars for A.suspensa management indicated that Caribbean fruit fly exhibits preferences for specific sugars.A consumption technique is a critical component for development of kairomone-based baits and a technique for the quantification of food consumption of individual flies is presented.
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