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Sheet1 Full Name MilliDarwins 1 Albert Einstein 878 2 Oliver Lodge 394 3 Niels Bohr 289 4 Alexander Graham Bell 274 5 Max Planck 256 6 Robert Oppenheimer 252 7 Marie Curie 189 8 Carl Sagan 152 9 Linus Pauling 146 10 John von Neumann 137 11 Edward Teller 134 12 Balfour Stewart 124 13 Andrei Sakharov 116 14 Ernst Mach 113 15 Pierre Curie 108 16 Henri Poincare 108 17 Ernest Rutherford 103 18 Vandana Shiva 94 19 James Clerk Maxwell 92 20 Evelyn Fox Keller 89 21 Stephen Hawking 88 22 Max Born 84 23 Klaus Fuchs 84 24 Fritjof Capra 80 25 Heinrich Hertz 80 26 David Bohm 78 27 Osborne Reynolds 78 28 Guglielmo Marconi 76 29 Paul Davies 73 30 Carlos Castaneda 69 31 Fang Lizhi 69 32 Amory Lovins 69 33 Abdus Salam 69 34 Leo Szilard 68 35 Francis Crick 67 36 Louis de Broglie 62 37 Nikola Tesla 60 38 Henri Becquerel 52 39 Gerald Holton 50 Page 1 Sheet1 40 Sally Ride 50 41 Lise Meitner 48 42 Erwin Schrodinger 48 43 Richard Feynman 47 44 Mario Bunge 46 45 Charles Wheatstone 44 46 Maurice Ewing 43 47 Willy Ley 43 48 William Shockley 41 49 Arthur Compton 40 50 Hermann von Helmholtz 40 51 Alfred Wegener 39 52 Oliver Heaviside 38 53 Steven Weinberg 38 54 Martin Deutsch 37 55 Freeman Dyson 37 56 Frank Jewett 36 57 Roger Penrose 34 58 Ilya Prigogine 34 59 Philip Morrison 33 60 Carey Foster 32 61 Ludwig Boltzmann 30 62 William Rowan Hamilton 30 63 Harold Jeﬀreys 29 64 Jean Perrin 27 65 Rosalind Franklin 26 66 Henry Margenau 26 67 Frank Press 26 68 Harvey Fletcher 25 69 Hermann Oberth 25 70 Hans Dieter Betz 24 71 Arthur Schuster 24 72 Vikram Sarabhai 23 73 Alvin Weinberg 23 74 Alexander Dallas Bache 22 75 Gregory Benford 22 76 Dennis Gabor 22 77 Leopold Infeld 22 78 James Prescott Joule 22 79 Paul Langevin 22 Page 2 Sheet1 80 Max von Laue 22 81 Bernard Lovell 22 82 Simon Ramo 22 83 Joseph Larmor 21 84 Auer von Welsbach 21 85 Herbert Dingle 20 86 Peter Mansﬁeld 20 87 Robert Noyce 20 88 Howard Aiken 19 89 Theodore von Karman 19 90 Benoit Mandelbrot 19 91 Eugene Rabinowitch 19 92 Meghnad Saha 19 93 Alan Sokal 19 94 Brian Swimme 19 95 Karl Compton 18 96 Doyne Farmer 18 97 Ralph Lapp 18 98 Robert Millikan 18 99 Auguste Piccard 18 100 Felix Bloch 17 Page 3 Sheet1 Page 4 Sheet2 Page 5 Sheet3 Page 6.

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Cathode Rays 89 Cathode Rays
Cathode Rays 89 Cathode Rays Theodore Arabatzis C The detection of cathode rays was a by-product of the investigation of the discharge of electricity through rarefied gases. The latter phenomenon had been studied since the early eighteenth century. By the middle of the nineteenth century it was known that the passage of electricity through a partly evacuated tube produced a glow in the gas, whose color depended on its chemical composition and its pressure. Below a certain pressure the glow assumed a stratified pattern of bright and dark bands. During the second half of the nineteenth century the discharge of electricity through gases became a topic of intense exploratory experimentation, primarily in Germany [21]. In 1855 the German instrument maker Heinrich Geißler (1815– 1879) manufactured improved vacuum tubes, which made possible the isolation and investigation of cathode rays [23]. In 1857 Geissler’s tubes were employed by Julius Plücker (1801–1868) to study the influence of a magnet on the electrical dis- charge. He observed various complex and striking phenomena associated with the discharge. Among those phenomena were a “light which appears about the negative electrode” and a fluorescence in the glass of the tube ([9], pp. 122, 130). The understanding of those phenomena was advanced by Plücker’s student and collaborator, Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (1824–1914), who observed that “if any ob- ject is interposed in the space filled with glow-light [emanating from the negative electrode], it throws a sharp shadow on the fluorescent side” ([5], p. 117). This effect implied that the “rays” emanating from the cathode followed a straight path.
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