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Journal of Education, Health, Arts, Sciences and Technology (JEHAST) ______Millennial’s Use of Endangered Outside the Classroom

Romeo De Guzman Reloza, Laarni Soriano Balansay rdgreloza@.com, [email protected]

Abstract

This paper aimed to 1.) investigate whether or not the Pangasinan language is still used by a group of senior high school students of Pangasinan State University-Integrated School (PSU-IS) in their conversations outside the classroom. While Filipino remains to be the of this first batch of senior high school students of the K-12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) outside their classroom—this project also aims 2.) to find out the instances and the topics when this group of students use the Pangasinan language or terms if ever they use such at all. Finally, the results of this investigation will be linked to the seemingly diminishing use of the Pangasinan language by the younger generation of today 3.) to shed light about the future use of Pangasinan language by the next generation of speakers—the millennials. Keywords –Lingua franca, millennial, Pangasinan, utterance, transcription Pangasinenses unwittingly kill their language through INTRODUCTION disuse’. In an interview with YoavTenembaum (2006 in Since at least the early thirteenth century Anderson and Anderson 2007), Santiago B. Villafania, a Pangasinenses have established their geographic area [3]. Pangasinan poet who writes in Pangasinan, Filipino and Pangasinense leaders were even found, as Chinese English shared: documents revealed, to be trading with the Sung merchants In recent times, vernacular writers since 1225 [5]. When the Spanish explorer Juan de Salcedo dwindled in numbers as more and more reached Pangasinan by 1572, speakers of Pangasinan can Pangasinan writers educated and exposed to already be located in the now of to foreign and Filipino (Tagalog) literatures shifted Central . to English and Filipino. I am one of the five writers By the 1800s the face of population in Pangasinan to date writing in Pangasinan language and four changed. The used to be Pangasinan speaking area began to of them are already in their prime. It is this very have mixed settlement with the Ilocanos. Little by little the reason why I picked up the cudgels of Pangasinan Ilocanos moved to the northern Pangasinan which is now La poetry inspite of the lure of writing in English and Union. Later, they invited their families and relatives to Filipino. With the publications of my poetry books maintain settlement with the Pangasinenses forming new in Pangasinan, I do hope that I could also rekindle towns. More and more Ilocanos came to Pangasinan until its the primal passions of the young Pangasinenses to population ballooned to 242,476 in thirty-four towns, fifty reinvigorate our language and literature through years later, from the previous 102, 305 in 1800s [6]. writing in our mother tongue. This continued migration of the Ilocanos can be traced in the now eastern Pangasinan, Tarlac, Background as well as the Valley [7]. When the Ilocanos won political seats in the 1930s, the political landscape of Long before Villafania’s appeal to reinvigorate Pangasinan gradually changed. By the 1960s, Ilocano Pangasinan language is an already outgrown concern of an speakers were outnumbered by Pangasinan speakers by only association called “Save the Pangasinan Movement” formed 6 percent. and led by Atty. Luis F. Samson to warn that “Pangasinan During the turn of the 21st century with Iloko was vanishing and only a handful have taken it upon spoken by 47 percent of the Pangasinan’s populace, most themselves to preserve it as a cultural legacy for future Pangasinenses by this time speak two or three more generations of Pangasinenses”[1] : Iloko, Filipino, and English. The claim that Pangasinan language is ‘vanishing’ To date, the senior high school students of has been supported by Lomboy [2] upon concluding that Pangasinan State University- Integrated School (PSU-IS) in ‘the present generation prefers to speak and write in Filipino Bayambang use the Filipino language as its lingua franca and English rather than their own language’. In Anderson outside the classroom. [3], it was concluded that Pangasinan showed signs of endangerment. Even U.P. professor Ernesto M. Serote, who hails from Mangaldan(a municipality of Pangasinan has quoted in an essay entitled Pangasinan: a dying dialect [4] writes about an exaggeration telling ‘how many

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Journal of Education, Health, Arts, Sciences and Technology (JEHAST)

______OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Extract No. 1

This study of discourse between and among Grade Transcript Translation 11 students of PSU-IS outside the classroom sought to find out whether or not these ‘young generation of Pangasinan 1. Anna: Gina,dagdagan mo1. Anna: Gina, you add of today’who ‘prefer to speak and write using other nga.. some.. languages than their native tongue’ [8] still make use of 2. 2. Gina: I don’t want to.. Pangasinan language in their conversations outside their 3. Gina: Ayoko nga.. 3. Susan: Just fix it.. classroom. Likewise, this paper also aimed to find out the 4. 4. Gina: You want me to particular topics or instances when this group of students 5. Susan: Ayusin mo lang.. make an essay again. uses the Pangasinan language or terms if ever they utilize 6. Gina: Papagawan niyo na Everything has a such at all in their conversations. naman ako ng essay. beginning and an ending. Everything has a beginning Your grammar is MATERIALS AND METHODS and an ending. Mali yung erroneous! The main source of the corpus is the audio grammar mo! 5. Anna: That’s Susan’s, I recording of the senior high school students while doing 7. just copied it. their tasks. After the transcription of all the audio-recording, 8. 6. Susan: Uyy, I’m not doing the transcript was later shown to the subjects for personal 9. anything..haha verification and follow-up questions. 10. Anna: Kay Susan yan,7. Gina: You’re wrong o! The main corpus was analyzed through the use of kinopya ko lang. “We are the one who’s an utterance. [9] 11. making our own story.” Several discourses at various times and places 12. Susan: Uyy, ‘di ko naman8. Anna: It’s Susan who did were analyzed involving similar group of students to stay inaano..haha that.. close to consistency of subjects. One of their discourses was 13. 9. Susan: “We are the ones”! taken when the group was busy making projects. The other 14. Gina: Mali ka o! “We are10. Gina: It should be, “We one was taken during their regular break time. Others were the one who’s making our are the one who makes our taken while they were at the canteen and when they were own story.” own story”.. rushing to finally complete their projects. 15. 11. Susan: Oww, I did not do In all cases, a member of the group was politely 16. that! asked to help get the audio recording while the group is at 17. 12. Gina: O, here look at it. work. The other group members, in order to capture the 18. Anna: Si Susan ang One who’se! Who’s refer most authentic conversation possible, were informed about gumawa niyan. to BUT we, or it should be this project after all the audio- recordings are made with the 19. ‘who’.. permission of their parents or guardians (since they are all 20. Susan: “We are the ones”!13. Anna: I’ll show it to you! under 18 years old) through the signed written consent form. 21. 14. Susan: “We are the ones!” Although all the names used in this project are pseudonyms, 22. Gina: “We are the one who ‘Ones’ is what I placed. still all the participants were assured of anonymity and makes our own story”15. Gina: ‘One’ is what’s here. confidentiality afterwards. dapat.. 16. Susan: I dare you! It’s 23. here! 24. 17. Gina: “We are the one who RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 25. Susan: Oww, ‘di ko ‘yan makes…” From a range of topics like scrapbook and ginawa! 18. Susan: “ We are the ones” portfolio, pantomime to Christmas carols, toys for sale at the 26. 19. Anna: But ‘whose’, plaza, costume, props to grammar in essay writing, eyeliner 27. Gina:O tingnan mo. One whose? to palabok to lost sign pen, the ‘It Girls’ like Georgina who’se! Who’s refer to TA20. Gina: “...who make" Wilson to books still unpaid and a whole more--- the we, o ‘di dapat ‘who’.. 21. Susan: Okaaaay.. extracts below were taken while the group were seated at 28. 22. Gina: (Singing) the canteen, taking a break while watching a TV show, 29. working at their practice area or simply walking down the 30. Anna: Ipakitako pa sa’yo! hallway to get to their practice area. 31. 32. Susan: “We are the ones!” ‘Ones’ yung nilagay ko. 33. 34. Gina: “One” ‘yung nandito. 35. 31 ISSN 2704-2901 (Print) www.psubc.com.ph

Journal of Education, Health, Arts, Sciences and Technology (JEHAST)

______36. Susan:I dare you! Nandito! 6. Gina: “Need”!6. Gina: “Need”! 37. Consequences? “That Consequences? “That 38. Gina: “We are the one who need”. need”. makes…” 7. Anna: Sorry na! Nakaka7.- Anna: I’m sorry. That’s the 39. Susan: “We are the ones” sampung essay na’ko… 10th essay I made… 40. 8. Gina: Inubos niyo na8. Gina: You ate all my food! 41. Anna: Pero ‘whose’, pagkain ko! 9. Susan: Where’s our rope whose? 9. here? 42. Gina: “…who make” 10. Susan: ‘Yung tali natin10. Gina:“…that will be the 43. Susan: Okaaaay.. dito? outcome to...” 44. Gina: (Singing) 11. Gina: “…that will be the11. Susan: Where‘s our rope outcome to…” here? This extract contains a conversation about the 12. Susan: ‘Asaan ‘yung tali12. Gina: “…Just face the group’s assignment in essay writing, the errors involved in natin dito? truth, accept...” the statements, and how to correct them. On line 12, Gina 13. Gina: “…Just face the13. Susan: Ay it’s here..let me made use of the Pangasinan term ‘ta’ in response to Susan’s truth, accept...” write. statement. Inserted between two English terms ‘singular’ 14. Susan: Ay ito..pasulat ako.14. Gina:Accept it and live by and ‘we’, apparently Gina’s use of the term ‘ta’ in the 15. Gina: Accept it and live by it.CRAZY are these who statement is to mean ‘but ’to reason out that one has to say it. BUTAW naman ng mga are making essay here.. something like this and not like that in order to correct an naggagawang essay dito..15. Anna: Sorry, sorry!That’s error. From the original statement, Gina could have said: 16. Anna: Sorry, sorry! Naka- already the 10th essay “Whose refer to singular but we (is used) so it should be...” sampung essay na kaming we’ve done! in order to correct Susan who wrote the original essay. In gawa e! 16. Gina: O, there it’s done! turn, towards the end of the track, it can be noticed that 17. Gina: O, ‘yan tapo sna! 17. Susan: Uy, make it longer.. Susan continues to rebut her classmates’ statements until 18. Susan: Uy, habaan mo.. 18. Anna: Make it longer.. finally she gave in and apparently, she accepted her friends’ 19. Anna: Habaan mo.. 19. Susan: Make it longer reasons. 20. Susan: Habaan mo Gin.. Gin.. During the verification session conducted, Susan 21. 20. Gina: Nakakaasar20. Gina: You’re pissing me mentioned that--- that was what she did. She explained that naman kayo.. off.. she could not stand her friends’ reasons so she just said “Okaaay..” in the end to give in. This extract from the group’s conversation affirms Extract No. 2 the use of the Pangasinan term ‘ta’ to mean ‘but ’to reason out that one has to say something like this and not like that Transcript Translation in order to correct an error as in line 12 of Extract No. 1. Particularly in this part, Gina made use of the term ‘ta’ in 1. Anna: Ipasa na natin,1. Anna: Let’s submit this, between the interrogative sentence and the Filipino term makakatulog na tayo! then we’ll be able to sleep! ‘madami’ which is to mean ‘many’ in English. Again, Gina 2. Gina: “It still depend...”? is apparently asserting herself to reason out that “All the 2. Gina: “It still depend...”? Still depends! path!”-- means many paths so she asks – “Ilan bang path Still depends! 3. Anna: What project is that ito?” (How many paths are these?) And she asserted to 3. Anna: Ano’ng project you’re doing? reason out “TAmadami” (BUT there are many) and then she ‘yang ginagawa mo? 4. Gina: “…still depend to us continued. 4. Gina: “…still depend to us if it will be a happy ending Another Pangasinan term appeared in this extract if it will be a happy ending or not. All the path that we which is seen in line 14. Gina used ‘butaw’ in between or not. All the path that we take bears English and Filipino statements. In Pangasinan language take bears consequences...” bear? ‘butaw’ means ‘holed or punctured’ as in the sentence The consequences...” bear? “All the path”?! How car’s tire got punctured. However, in Gina’s statement, she “All the path”?! Ilan bang many path is this? BUT made use of the term to refer to the persons making the path ‘to? TA madami. they’re many. essay. So it’s a different matter. During the verification “Consequence that need..” “Consequences that session, this point was raised and Gina clarified that she Consequences that need? need..” Consequences that used the term in its colloquial style which is to mean— That needed? need? That needed? ‘crazy’ which according to her is like an expression among 5. Susan: “Needs”! 5. Susan: “Needs”! their group.

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Journal of Education, Health, Arts, Sciences and Technology (JEHAST)

______Extract No. 3 something she liked, Anna answered back right away (notice the absence of a pause between lines 6 and 7). From Transcript Translation the of her voice, she sounded sarcastic. The term ‘manaya’ when used in a casual conversation means that the 1. Susan: Sila Joshginawan1. Susan: You made person you are speaking with agrees with what you say as mo.. something for Josh’s in the Pangasinan sentence “Angankila?” (Have you 2. Gina: ‘Di koginawansila group.. eaten?). The person you talk to might answer “On” (Yes) Josh.. 2. Gina: No, I did not make or “Andini” (No) then you might agree and say “Manaya” 3. Susan: Ginawan mo sila! any for Josh’s group.. (Right). In this part, Anna seems to agree with Gina so she 4. Gina: Copy paste ‘yun sa3. Susan: You made answered ‘manaya’. However, when asked about this libro! something for them! during the verification session, Anna said that she was a bit 5. Susan: Hmm.. 4. Gina: That’s copy paste sarcastic to agree with Gina who she said to be quite in a 6. Gina: Ay, gawan niyo from the book! hurry while they’re in still trying to finish all their projects. ‘kong ganyan! 5. Susan: Hmm.. Further, the term ‘wen’ popped out in line 15. This 7. Anna: Oo! MANAYA6., Gina: Hey, make is not aPangasinan term but an Iloko term which was used mamaya.. something like that for by Anna to mean ‘yes’. Later upon inquiry during the 8. Susan: Oo! me! personal interview she told that she got carried away Mamaya..tapusin muna7. Anna: Yes! RIGHT, because at home her family speaks Iloko. Anna by the way naming lahat.. later.. hails from Bautista an Iloko-speaking municipality situated 9. Anna: Parang ano, ‘noh?8. Susan: Yes! Later.. We’ll in eastern Pangasinan, an area occupied by the Ilocanos 10. Susan: Ang galing nga e.. finish all these first.. since the 1800s [7]. 11. Anna: ‘Di madali lang.. 12. Gina: Ganyan ‘yung9. Anna: It’s like, right? Extract No. 4 ginawa ni Neil John kaso10. Susan: Actually, it’s ‘yung kaniya ‘di uniform great.. Transcript Translation ‘yung ganito—maliit,11. Anna: No, it’s easy.. malaki, maliit, malaki. Ang12. Gina: Neil John did 1. Susan: Problema ko1. Susan: My problem is I’m panget.. something like that but his ‘yung ganito na ‘ko! already like this! 13. Susan: Ang dami kong was not uniform in this— 2. Gina: Dapat siya ‘yung2. Gina: She must be like your nakitang ganito e. Talaga. small, big, small, big. It’s parang alas ace..like in a drama with Nakita niya din.. ugly. niyo..parang sa ano sa sadness then one will chase 14. Gina:Sa YouTube noh? Sa13. Susan: I saw a lot like this. drama ‘yung may sad like those who are wearing YouTube’di ba? Really. She saw it too. taz may hahabol. black they who are sad. 15. Anna? Wen..ano’ng14. Gina: At the YouTube Parang ‘yung mg3.a Elsa: We just have to like with isusulat dito? right? At the YouTube nakaitim sila ‘yung tear tear.. 16. Gina: Lalagyan kong mga right? sad. articles lang idadagdag ko15. Anna:Yes..what should be 3. Elsa: Mag-ano na lang4. Gina: O, there at the.. I think I a.. written here? tayo ‘yung may luha have here eyeliner. What’s 17. Susan: Pangalan din..kasi16. Gina: Shall I put, I’ll just luha.. that that liquid eyeliner.. dapat talaga may pictures add articles a.. 4. Gina: O, ‘yung dito sa tayo,isa-isa. Kasi ano ‘di ano..May ano yata ba? 17. Susan: Names akodito ‘yung eyeliner.5. Susan: Come on, you just 18. Anna: Ito kaninong too..actually what’s a must Ano na ‘yun, ‘yung what.. pangalan? is that we place our liquid eyeliner.. 6. Gina: Not to you! Your eyes 19. Susan: Sa ating tatlo. Basta pictures, one each. 5. Susan; Sige na mag- are so big already! ‘yung first three sa atin. Because what right? ano na kayo.. 7. Susan: Would we still to have 20. Anna: Oy! Sa Lunes na18. Anna: This one, who 6. Gina: ‘Wag kana! Ang our last practice now? dawlahat! should this be named? laki-laki nang mata8. Elsa: BROTHER/SISTER, I 19. Susan: For the three of us. mo! think I need to go (to the CR).. The first three is ours. 7. Susan: Mag last9. Gina: Ay, I recognize this.. 20. Anna: Hey! By Monday practice pa tayo10. Elsa: It’s yours. all should be in! ngayon? 11. Gina: That’s mine. 12. Susan: The one you gave to In this extract, the Pangasinan term ‘manaya’ 8. Elsa: AGI, natatae me last I did not..It’s appeared in line 7. When Gina asked for her friends to make ako.. still at home. I’ll just return it next year. 33 ISSN 2704-2901 (Print) www.psubc.com.ph

Journal of Education, Health, Arts, Sciences and Technology (JEHAST)

______13. Gina: Aaa.. Carried away by an expression usually used at home. 9. Gina: Ay, I recognize14. Susan: The two that? this.. 15. Gina: I know that! Look These findings apparently support U.P. professor 10. Elsa: It’s yours. behind you you’ll see a Serote’s words in the essay ‘Pangasinenses unwittingly kill 11. Gina: That’s mine. beautiful angel hahahahaha.. their language through disuse’[4]. Likewise these similar 12. Susan: ‘Yung binigay findings reaffirm a claim that indeed ‘the present generation mo sa ’kin nung Friday16. Elsa: Your face really ha.. prefers to speak and write in Filipino and English rather than ‘di ko..Nand’un pa sa17. Gina: Yes, I told you e.. There! their own language’[2]. From here, this study warrants the bahay. Ibalik ko na It’s Kalyeserye time! stand that Pangasinan language continues to show ‘signs of lang sa next year. 18. Elsa: Pretty really, yes I have endangerment’ as reflected in the ways the next generation 13. Gina: Aaa.. something like that before.. of speakers show—the millenials. [3] 14. Susan: ‘yung dalawang19. Gina: The what, the? ano? 20. Elsa: The one that’s shining.. REFERENCES 15. Gina: Alam ko ‘yun! Tumingin ka sa likod [1] Coronel, M.V. 1988. Department of Education, Culture mo may makikita kang and Sports urged to revive Pangasinense dialect. magandang angel Philipine Daily Inquirer, 3 July. hahahahaha.. 16. Elsa: Mukha mo lang [2] Lomboy, R. R. 2007. Is Pangasinan a threatened talaga ha.. language? Paper presented during the First 17. Gina: Oo, sabi sa’yo Conference on Revitalizing the Pangasinan e..Ayan na! Kalyeserye Language and Cultural Heritage, November 8-9. na! Urdaneta City, Pangasinan: The 18. Elsa: Astig kaya, oo KomisyonsaWikang Filipino and Dr. Jose De may ganun ako dati.. Guzman Tamayo Foundation, Inc.

19. Gina: Ano yun, yung? [3] Anderson, V.B. and James N.A. 2007.Pangasinan-An 20. Elsa: ‘Yung umiilaw.. Endangered Language? Retrospect and 21. Prospect.Philippine Studies. 55(1): 116-144. This conversation occurred in the canteen while the group is watching a television program. Elsa whose both [4] Ravanzo, A. R. 2006. Pangasinan: A dying dialect? parents are working abroad and whose native tongue is Internet document, Tagalog uttered the Pangasinan term ‘agi’ which means brother/sister. Incidentally the words/the topic which [5] Scott, W. H. 1989. in China before 1500. followed the term ‘agi’ are/is usually not spoken about in a : China Studies Program, De La Salle dining hall because it’s an off topic. This being the case, University. Elsa shyly muttered when asked during the verification session that she meant what she said that time although she [6] Cortes, R. M. 1974. Pangasinan, 1572-1800. added that it was like an expression at home between her City: University of the Press. and her younger sister. Apparently, the expression at home was carried over in the conversation at the canteen. [7] McLennan, M. 1982. The Plain: Land society on the inland frontier. Manila: Alemar- Phoenix. CONCLUSIONS

This project about the usage or non-usage of [8] Tenembaum, Y. 2006. Poets speak: Interview with Pangasinan language by a group of senior high school Sonny Villafania. Maganpoets. students of Pangasinan State University-Integrated School http://magnapoets. Blogspot. (PSU-IS) in their actual conversations outside the classroom Com/2006/07/magna-on-magna-poets-speak.html, revealed that they still make use of the Pangasinan language accessed 16 Aug. 2006. or terms outside their classroom. The instances and topics by which this scenario occurs are when the group is: [9] Martin, I. P. 2006. Language in Philippine To assert oneself to reason out in order to correct an error Classrooms. Enfeebling or Enabling? Asian Englishes committed by a group member; Use a term in its colloquial Journal 9 (2): style just like an expression among their group; Use agree with a group member in a quite sarcastic tone; and 48-67. DOI: 10:1080/13488678.20

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