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Optional Elements in Indonesian Morphosyntax University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Optional Elements In Indonesian Morphosyntax Helen N. Jeoung University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Linguistics Commons, and the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Recommended Citation Jeoung, Helen N., "Optional Elements In Indonesian Morphosyntax" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 3132. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3132 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3132 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Optional Elements In Indonesian Morphosyntax Abstract This dissertation investigates the syntax and morphology of several functional morphemes that display surface optionality in Indonesian. Three case studies consider how syntactic environments constrain optional realization. Chapter 2 investigates the declarative complementizers bahwa and kalau, which are disallowed in case of A-bar movement; I show that bahwa is also disallowed in wh-in situ questions that do not involve movement. These facts are developed into an analysis of wh phrases and the structure of wh questions in Indonesian. I also propose that the morpheme yang, as well as the null form of the complementizer, constitute a pattern of morphological wh-agreement on C. Chapter 3 discusses the verbal prefixes meN- and ber-, which have received varied analyses in the literature. I argue that meN- and ber- participate in wh-agreement resulting from A-bar movement, and argue against previous analyses that assume that A-movement results in a similar deletion. In addition, I differentiate between deterministic properties that are relevant in the syntax, and non-deterministic properties of meN- and ber- that are extra-syntactic. This distinction accounts for a number of puzzling properties that have been observed for these prefixes. Chapter 4 discusses possessor sub-extraction in Indonesian, with additional data from similar constructions in Javanese and Madurese. I pursue a novel analysis of the nominal suffix -nya, which is optional is possessive DPs: in possessor extraction, this suffix is a onunciationpr of the head D. The analysis of wh-agreement is extended to the DP domain, where -nya marks A-bar movement on phase heads; the consequence is that DP is a phase for syntactic movement. One language-specific finding in this dissertation is that morphological wh-agreement applies across three domains: complementizers, verbs and possessive nominals. This has cross-linguistic implications for the phasehood of DP and wh-agreement patterns. More broadly, the dissertation contributes a syntactic approach to the analysis of variable morphemes, revealing how multiple factors constrain surface optionality. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Linguistics First Advisor Julie Anne Legate Keywords A-bar, Indonesian, linguistics, optionality, syntax, wh-agreement Subject Categories Asian Studies | Linguistics | Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/3132 OPTIONAL ELEMENTS IN INDONESIAN MORPHOSYNTAX Helen N Jeoung A DISSERTATION in Linguistics Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Supervisor of Dissertation Julie Anne Legate, Professor of Linguistics Graduate Group Chairperson Eugene Buckley, Associate Professor of Linguistics Dissertation Committee: David Embick, Professor of Linguistics Florian Schwarz, Associate Professor of Linguistics OPTIONAL ELEMENTS IN INDONESIAN MORPHOSYNTAX COPYRIGHT 2018 Helen N Jeoung This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ For my family iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I have many people to thank for their support, not only during the time I was researching and writing this dissertation, but also during the span of my graduate studies at Penn. The mentions here are brief, but they are heartfelt. Many thanks to my committee, without whom this dissertation would not be possible. Julie Legate has been a supportive advisor who was always ready to look at my data, read through drafts and return comments. I learned syntax from Julie, but more importantly, she brought out my best work throughout my training at Penn; every page of this dissertation has directly or indirectly ben- efited from her critical eye. David Embick and Florian Schwarz have also contributed in significant ways to my development as a linguist. Dave always had a comment or suggestion that led me to think about the larger context and implications of my work, and I always left his office or his class with new ideas. Florian introduced me to semantics, and has been a patient reader for various drafts of papers; he always provided timely input just when I needed it. I have been fortunate to be taught by faculty members at Penn who are engaging and pas- sionate about what they do: Alison Biggs, Gene Buckley, Jami Fisher, Bill Labov, Tony Kroch, Mark Liberman, Rolf Noyer, Don Ringe, Gillian Sankoff, Beatrice Santorini and Meredith Tam- minga. Thanks to Meredith for talking to me about syntax and variation, and thanks to Alison for collaborating with me on prepositions. In the main office, Amy Forsyth always had time to answer a question or fix an administrative issue. Additionally, I am grateful for support from the University of Pennsylvania, through the GAPSA-Provost Award for Interdisciplinary Innovation, and a Teece Fellowship for dissertation research. Thanks to my cohort, Taylor Jones, Karen Wen-Hsin Tseng and David Wilson, with whom I shared my first year grad school. The students, postdocs, and visitors who overlapped with me at Penn contributed to an overall atmosphere of hard work, stimulating conversation and mutual encouragement, and they made the journey more enjoyable: Luke Adamson, Faruk Akkus¸, Akiva Bacovcin, Ryan Budnick, Pleng Chanchaochai, Sunghye Cho, Ava Creemers, Kajsa Djarv,¨ Sabriya Fisher, Aaron Freeman, Amy Goodwin Davies, Duna Gylfadottir, Anton Ingason, Tricia Irwin, Ava Irani, Soohyun Kwon, Nari Rhee, Milena Sereikaitˇ e,˙ Kobey Shwayder, Einar Sigur¡sson, Betsy Sneller, Robert Wilder and Jer´ emy´ Zehr. Conversations with linguists at conferences and talks have contributed to my work in signif- icant ways; I particularly thank Edith Aldridge, I Wayan Arka, Abby Cohn, Peter Cole, Mitcho Er- lewine, Idan Landau, Bradley McDonnell, Norvin Richards, Anna Szabolcsi and Ekarina Winarto. I also acknowledge Bill Davies, whose grammar of Madurese has been a valuable resource; I regret that I did not have the opportunity to meet him in person. My research trips to Indonesia were fruitful and interesting because of the following people. Bapak Isya Mahfud has contributed more data and insights to this dissertation than anyone else, and his facility with multiple languages is invaluable. I also thank Ibu Maimuna for checking data with me, for helping me get around when I was traveling alone, and for her longtime friendship. Mator sakalangkong. I have been fortunate to collaborate with university students, who worked as my interns during the summer of 2015 and also cheerfully became language consultants: Iline Megale, Gabriella Melody, Ilkham Hidayat, M Khoirun Najib, and Nadhilah H Semendawai. The following iv consultants also provided data for Indonesian and other languages: Amelia Dwi Imanda, Ayunda Puty Sekavani, Hainona Izza Golia, Muhamad Saiful, Risalarus Sa’adah, Wilyun Hamim, and in Philadelphia, Dinah Maria. A number of people provided logistical support for me to conduct research in East Java: Professor Lilis Lestari Wilujeng at Ma Chung University connected me to undergraduate students; Ibu Mira connected me to students at UNISMA; Bapak Billy Mbiliyora and the staff at KPN graciously allowed me to use classroom space and volunteered as practice consultants. Esther, Sarah, Mira and other friends in town always made time for a warm welcome and a meal. Terima kasih banyak semuanya. I am grateful for friends in Philadelphia and beyond, especially those who provided support while I was dissertating. Sharon Song went out of her way to send me notes and gifts, just because. Thanks to Elizabeth McGee Hassrick for chats about academia, and to Jenn Lee for chats about life. Paula Yoo was a lifesaver, driving across town for pickups and offering help when it was most needed. Lindsay Kijewski was my biggest fan, and always had a smile and a hug for me. Thanks to Lindsay, Jonathan Wood, Umi Howard, my Lipman cohort, Anne Ferola and the team at CHIP for meaningful experiences outside of linguistics. Finally, my family. Young and Yeuhee Lee always had an open door for me, without excep- tion. My mother has been a rock of unconditional love and faith, and a role model for a full-time working mother holding it all together. My father, Jun Imatome, had an extensive library at home, and spoke three languages fluently: I am sure he planted the original seed that grew into my interest in language, and I wish I could thank him now. Thanks to my in-laws for their encouragement and support, and to Tracy for coming down to Philly to help out. Thanks also to all my siblings. I especially owe
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