Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88462-4 — a Critical Introduction to Mao Edited by Timothy Cheek Index More Information

Home , Cai Chang, Chen Hansheng, Kang Keqing, Mao Dun, Three Worlds Theory, Tian Jiaying

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88462-4 — A Critical Introduction to Mao Edited by Timothy Cheek Index More Information

Index

Note: Chinese names are alphabetized by family name. For example, Mao Zedong is “Mr. Mao” and is indexed as Mao, Zedong .

agricultural socialism, 335–36 Beiyang Army, 41 Ai, Siqi, 6–7 , 90 Belden, Jack, 320 Albania. See Sino-Albanian split Biography of Mao Zedong, 1949–1976 All-China Women’s Federation, 207 , (Pang and Jin), 276 211–12 , 216 birth control/planning, 200–01 , 209–10 American Imperialism, 12 Blyukher, Vasily, 88 “Analysis of All the Classes in Chinese Bo, Gu, 89 , 92 , 98–99 Society, An” (Mao), 188 Bolshevik Party, 47–48 An Gang Constitution, 282 Borodin, Mikhail, 88 Angkar, 301 . See also Communist Party Boxer Uprising, 33–34 , 314 of Kampuchea (CPK) Buck, Pearl, 315–16 anti-elitist elitism bureaucratism, 14 ideological milieu, 170 Burroughs, William, 119–21 imperfect leaders/masses, 170–73 in literature/arts, 182–87 CA (Constituent Assembly), 309–11 national leadership, 179–82 Cai, Chang, 198–99 , 205 , 211–12 , 216 party legitimacy, 192–95 Cai, Hesen, 72 peasantry/rural issues, 175–79 Cai, Yuanpei, 43 , 44–45 , 67 political commitment, 173–75 , 187–92 calligraphy, 183–84 Anti-mémoires (Malraux), 324 “Call to Youth” (Chen), 45–46 appearance, of women, 213–14 CCOMPOSA (Coordinating Committee Apter, David, 192 of Maoist Parties of South Asia), armed struggle, 14–15 309 Art of War (Sun), 295 CCP (Chinese Communist Party). arts/literature See Chinese Communist Party popularization of, 182–85 (CCP) rising standards/elevation of, 185–87 “Chairman Mao going to Anyuan” “arts of revolution,” 219 (painting), 236 avoidance, law of, 37 Chang, Jung, 245 , 328 , 330–31 Cheek, Timothy, 126–27 Bandung Conference, 288–89 Chen, Boda, 6–7 , 90 Baoding Military Academy, 34 Chen, Duxiu, 43 , 45–46 , 50 , 51 , 75 Barmé, Geremie, 24–25 Chen, Hansheng, 89 , 90 Beauvoir, Simone de, 323 Chen, Shaoyu. See Wang, Ming Beijing University, 43 Chen, Sheng, 251–53 Beiping State Academy of Arts, 229–30 Chen, Yi, 147

357

358 Index

Chen, Yun, 87 , 135–36 , 139 communism, “Sinifi cation” of, 4 , 8–9 , Chen, Yung-fa, 181 108–09 , 322–23 Cheng, Nien, 328 communist cosmopolitanism Chiang, Kai-shek in interwar years, 88–91 GMD military force, 8 of Wang, Ming, 87 leadership cult, 9 communist intellectuals. See anti- Mao’s poetry and, 250–51 elitist elitism publicity campaign, 226 Communist Party of India (Marxist- victory over communists, 53–54 , Leninist) (CPI-ML), 291–96 56–57 Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), War of Resistance and, 91 299 war with Japan, 57–58 Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) Whampoa Military Academy, 49 (CPN-M), 308–12 China Hands, 319–21 Communist Party of Peru (Shining China Quarterly , 327 Path) (CPP-SP), 304–07 China Shakes the World (Belden), 320 Communist Party of the Soviet Union China’s Destiny (Chiang), 9 , 226 (CPSU), 285–86 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Communists, rise to power, 5 anti-elitist elitism in, 193–94 Condition Humaine, La (Malraux), 324 defeat/collapse of (1927), 53–54 , 77 “Confucian fascism,” 56–57 disputes/differences in, 50–51 Confucius, 337 founding of, 8 Constituent Assembly (CA), 309–11 hinterlands strategy, 55–58 constitution. See An Gang Constitution legitimacy of, 192–95 constitutional reforms, 37 Mao’s leadership/infl uence, 4–5 , contraception. See birth control/ 13–15 , 20 planning 9th National Congress transcripts, Cook, Alexander, 18 125–28 cooperativization, 136 pains of office, 10–11 Coordinating Committee of party history, 21 , 22 Maoist Parties of South Asia peasant movement, 52 (CCOMPOSA), 309 repression of dissent, 9 Cui, Zhiyuan, 15 Selected Works of Mao Zedong cult of personality. See Mao, Zedong, (official versions), 27–30 as icon study societies and, 49–50 Cultural Revolution United Front with Nationalist Party, class rank cleansing, 143–44 51 , 58–59 design of, 11–12 working class, organization of, 51–52 disillusionment/cynicism, 148–49 “Chinese Lenin,” 316 meaning/implications for leaders, Chinese medicine, 326 144–45 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Morning Sun (fi lm), 271 Congress, 14 personnel devastation, 145–46 “Chinese Revolution and the Chinese protective networks, 146–47 Communist Party, The” (Mao), Red Guard student groups, 147–48 335 as religious reformation, 283–84 Chinoises, Les (fi lm), 324 societal impacts, 147 Chu, Anping, 256 system purges, 123–25 cleanliness, 121–22 clothing styles, 213–14 Dai, Qing, 129 cold war, 10 , 16 , 286 , 288 , 320–23 Davin, Delia, 17 Comintern policy, 91–92 democratic centralism ( minzhu Committee of Concerned Asian jizhong ), 9 Scholars, 326 Deng, Tuo, 144 , 258–59

Index 359

Deng, Xiaoping ethical principles, 44–45 cooperativization, 136 Evolution and Ethics (Huxley), 337 Cultural Revolution and, 151 Gao Gang affair, 135–36 Fairbank, John K., 320 , 322–23 Great Leap policies, 140–41 Fallaci, Oriana, 237–38 loyalty to Mao, 150 famine/food poisoning, 116–21 , 142–43 on Mao’s greatness, 129 Fang, Zhimin, 174 , 175 Mao’s public image and, 237–38 feminism, 204 . See also gender policies in Paris, 89 “feudal despotism,” 244 . See also Mao, removal from office, 145–46 Zedong, “emperor” status succession planning, 267 feudalism, 255–56 Three Worlds Theory, 296–97 , 303–04 Feuerwerker, Yi-tsi Mei, 181 Deng Xiaoping Theory, 274–75 5th Encirclement and Suppression Deng, Yingchao, 205 , 211–12 , 216 Campaign, 82–83 Deng, Yuzhi, 207 Five Anti Campaign, 105 Deng, Zhongxia, 174 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Denton, Kirk, 182–83 288–89 depoliticization, 282–83 Fleming, Peter, 316 developmentalism, 326–27 Forbidden City, 253–58 Dimitrov, Georgi, 93 “Four Cleanups,” 122 , 123–25 Ding, Ling, 9 , 182–83 , 206–07 France, view of Mao in, 324 “disguised monarchism,” 243–44 . Fu, Sinian, 250 , 251–53 See also Mao, Zedong, “emperor” Fujimori, Alberto, 307 status Futian incident, 80 “Dixie Mission,” 318 Djilas, Milovan, 14 Gang of Four, 151 , 152 , 268–69 “Doctrine of the Mean” (Confucius), 337 Gan, Yang, 15 , 22 Dong, Biwu, 92 Gao Gang affair, 135–36 Donglin Academy, 258–59 Gao, Hua, 284–85 Du, Fu, 271–72 Gaulle, Charles de, 324 dynastic past/politics, 246–47 . gender policies See also Mao, Zedong, “emperor” after Mao, 215–16 , 217–18 status birth control/planning, 200–01 before Cultural Revolution, 207–10 “East is Red, The ” (unofficial hymn), during Cultural Revolution, 210–15 222 , 227 marriage/divorce laws, 196–200 economic modernization, 36 before PRC, 204–07 “educated youth,” 25–26 women’s rights, 196 , 203–04 , education 210–11 , 217 reform, 35–36 Gilbert, Rodney, 316 as revolutionary method, 72 Ginsberg, Allen, 119 of women, 210 , 211 global realignment, 296–99 elitism. See anti-elitist elitism GMD (Nationalist Party, or emperor, in dynastic practice, 247–48 . Guomindang). See also See also Mao, Zedong, “emperor” Guomindang status CCP as alternative to, 9 employment, of women, 211 CCP growth with, 8 “Empress of the Red Capital,” 268–69 . defeat of CCP (1927), 53–54 See also Jiang, Qing mass movement, organization of, “Energy of the Mind, The” (Mao), 68 , 51–52 69–70 party army, 49 Esherick, Joseph, 7 , 329 unifying ideology, 48–49 establishment benefi ciaries, 150 United Front with CCP, 51 , 58 , 59

360 Index

Godard, Jean-Luc, 324 Hoxha, Enver, 298–99 Good Earth, The (Buck), 315–16 Hsiao, Tso-liang, 178 governance, 37 Hu, Jintao, 20 , 194 , 267 , 274 , 275 “Great Democracy,” 281–82 Hu, Jiwei, 157 Great Leap Forward Hu, Qiaomu, 124–25 , 152–53 class struggle, 141 Hu, Shi, 43 deaths during, 11 Hu, Yaobang, 267 Historical school’s explanation of, Hua, Guofeng, 266–67 286–87 Huang, Yanpei, 101–02 imperial traditions in, 257–58 “Hunan Report” (Mao), 75–77 , 176–77 , intellectuals, suffering of, 141–42 184 Lushan conference, 138 , 139–41 Hundred Flowers Campaign, 256–57 Nanning conference, 139 Huxley, T. H., 337 party criticism, 138–39 peasant reaction, 141–42 imperial traditions. See Mao, Zedong, policy disasters, 138 “emperor” status vs. Soviet model, 107–08 imperialism as utopia, 110 American, 12 “Great Union of the Masses, The” Japanese, 57–58 (Mao), 188 Lenin’s theory of, 47–48 “Group One,” 231–32 Western, 62–63 Gruzenberg, Mikhail. See Borodin, India. See Communist Party of India Mikhail (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI-ML) Gu, Shunzhang, 89 individualism, Mao’s view of, 67–70 ”guerrilla attitude,” 340–41 intellectuals. See also anti-elitist guerrilla warfare. See armed struggle elitism gulyáskommunizmus , 110 , 124 liberal/New Left, 22–23 Guo, Moruo, 101–02 , 261–62 Liu Shaoqi on, 124 Guomindang (GMD), 91–93 , 226 Mao’s legacy with, 20–23 Guzmán Reynoso, Abimael, 304–06 , 307 in May Fourth Movement, 7 , 43 student movement, 43–47 Hai, Rui, 259–60 suffering of, 141–42 , 193 Haifeng peasant movement, 171–72 International Conference of Marxist- Halliday, Jon, 245 , 330–31 Leninist Parties and Organizations “harmonious society,” 20 (ICMLPO), 299 He, Ganzhi, 90 Internet/web site usage, 23–24 He, Jingzhi, 186 He, Long, 145–46 Jacoby, Annalee, 319 He, Xiangning, 207 Japan. See also Sino-Japanese War He, Xin, 283 anti-Japanese slogans, 183–84 He, Zizhen, 201–02 imperialism/aggression, 57–58 hinterlands, revolution in, 55–58 Jiang, Jieshi. See Chiang, Kai-shek Historical school, 284–87 . Jiang, Qing See also scholarship, on Mao caricature of, 215 Hollander, Paul, 326–27 clothing choices, 214 Holm, David, 186 Cultural Revolution Group, 145 Hou, Yimin, 236 Gang of Four and, 151 “How Shang Yang Established at Lushan conference, 146 Confi dence by the Moving of the marriage to Mao, 202–03 Pole” (Mao), 66–67 on sexual equality, 214–15 , 217 How the Red Sun Rose: A History of as successor to Mao, 215 the Yan’an Rectifi cation Movement Women’s Federation and, 212–13 (Gao), 284–85 Jiang, Zemin, 267

Index 361

Joffe, Adolph, 51 , 88 literature/arts Jowitt, Kenneth, 193 popularization of, 182–85 rising standards/elevation of, 185–87 Kang, Keqing, 211–12 , 216 “Little Red Book.” See Quotations from Kang, Sheng, 87 , 91 , 126 Chairman Mao Zedong Kang, Youwei, 33–34 , 37–38 Liu, Baiyu, 191–92 Kauffman, Stuart, 111 Liu, Bang, 251–53 Khmer Rouge, 300–04 Liu, Binyan, 137 , 142 , 153 Khrushchev, Nikita, 10–11 , 107 , 271 , Liu, Chunhua, 236 285–86 Liu, Hulan, 189 Kissinger, Henry, 325 Liu, Kang, 182–83 Knight, Nick, 27 , 194 Liu, Shaoqi Korean War, 10 , 16 , 103–04 on bourgeois intellectuals, 124 “correct” mass line, 194 labor organization/campaigns, 73 , 209 “Four Cleanups” and, 122 Lan, Ping. See Jiang, Qing Gao Gang affair, 135–36 Land Investigation Movement, 81–82 Great Leap policies, 140–41 land reform/redistribution, 14 , 178–79 , Mao’s criticism of, 144 205 , 207–08 Mao’s image and, 226–27 Langton, Christopher, 111 in Moscow, 89 law of avoidance, 37 Politburo reelection, 145–46 leader cult, 228–29 , 234–35 . portrait of, 236 See also Mao, Zedong, as icon in Revolution history, 6–7 Lee, Ching Kwan, 23 in Secretariat, 94 Lei, Feng, 234 Zhou Enlai and, 145 Lenin, Vladimir, 6 , 314–15 Liu-Wang, Liming, 207 , 211–12 Leninist politics, rise of, 47–50 living standards, 209 Leys, Simon, 246 , 254–56 , 271 Lo, Mai. See Li, Weihan Li, Da, 6–7 Long March, 56 , 83 Li, Dazhao, 43 , 44 , 49–50 Lu, Xun, 222 Li, Jie, 156 , 276 Lu Xun Arts Academy, 186 , 225 . Li, Lisan, 179 See also literature/arts Li, Min, 202 Luce, Henry, 319–20 , 321 Li, Na, 202 Luo, Ruiqing, 189 Li, Pirui, 266 Lushan conference, 138 , 139–41 , 257 Li, Rui, 277–78 Lynch, Michael, 17 Li, Weihan, 98–99 Li, Xiannian, 145–46 Ma, Yinchu, 101–02 Li, Yinqiao, 112–13 MacFarquhar, Roderick, 121 , 123 Li, Zhisui, 3 , 5–6 , 231–32 , 329–30 Malraux, André, 324 Li, Zicheng, 92 , 253–54 Manchu warriors, 31–32 Liang, Qichao, 31 , 33–34 , 37–38 , 39 , 198 Mandate of Heaven, 247–48 Liao, Jun, 120–21 Mao, Anying, 231 , 266–67 liberal developmentalism, 326–27 Mao, Dun, 101–02 liberal intellectuals, 22–23 . “Mao Studies: Retrospect and Prospect” See also intellectuals (Schram), 27 liberalism, opposition to, 190–91 Mao: The Unknown Story (Chang and Liberal school perspective, 277–80 . Halliday), 245 , 330–31 See also scholarship, on Mao Mao, Yuanxin, 151 , 231 Life and Death in Shanghai (Cheng), in Xiang River Review, 70–71 328 Maoism, formulation of, 82–85 Lin, Biao, 113 , 146 , 261–62 , 293–94 , 297 Maoism, in the Third World. See Third Lin, Liguo, 146 , 261 World Maoism

362 Index

Maoist experiment, 326–27 administration/governance, 80–82 Maoist path military leadership/tactics, 78–80 economic condition assessment, as survival paradigm, 77–78 292–93 Mao, Zedong (from 1937 to 1956) people’s war, 293–95 Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy, 108–09 revolution, continuing of, 295–96 modernity, path to, 87–88 Mao Memorial Hall, 266 PRC, establishment of Mao, Zedong Communist/Nationalist friction, biographical information, 4–5 , 7 , 12 101 biographies of, 17 , 329 cultural change, 103 books read by, 340 Five Anti Campaign, 105 CCP leadership, 8 , 10 fl ag/anthem choice, 101–02 as controversial/distorted fi gure, 5–6 industrial investment/development, daily interactions of, 232–33 105–06 declining health, 149 Savings Campaign, 104 entombment/funeral, 264–66 social/economic order, 102–03 family relationships, 230–31 Soviet Union relationship, 102 , “Group One” relationships, 231–32 106–07 international images of, 16–18 Three Anti Campaign, 104–05 leadership positions/posts of, 222–23 Rectifi cation Movement as revolutionary leader, 5 artists and, 99 self-confi dence, 341–42 Chinese distinctiveness and, 96–97 , signifi cance of, 4 , 5–6 100 stories about, 3–4 , 16 as Chinese revolutionary path, 95–96 women, relationships with, 201–03 , counterrevolutionaries and, 100 216–17 institutional foundation of, 98–99 working conventions/style, 232 interpretation of CCP’s past, Mao, Zedong (from 1920s to 1937) 97–98 development as political actor, 61–62 Mao’s drive for power and, 94–95 “Maoism,” formulation of, 82–85 pragmatic side of, 97 before Marxism resistance to, 99 hero, praise for the, 70 Wang, Ming, power struggle with, 87 , Hunan self-government, promotion 91–93 of, 71–72 Mao, Zedong (from 1957 to 1976). individualism, 67–70 See also Cultural Revolution ; Great intellectual consciousness/develop- Leap Forward ment, 62–63 change and epistemology, 125–28 May Fourth Movement, 70–71 change, desire for, 110–11 order, concern for, 66–67 changing reality, 114–16 Paulsen’s infl uence on, 67–69 cleanliness, 121–22 personal experiences, 63–64 famine/food poisoning, 116–21 physical education emphasis, 67 staffer memoirs, 112–14 , 128 practical experimentalism, 64 system purges, 123–25 rural roots, 64 Mao, Zedong, as icon school activities/study societies, art/politics relationship, 223–24 65–66 as controversial/distorted fi gure, 5–6 populism of, 85–86 leader cult, 228–29 , 234–35 revolutionary party activity loyalty expressions, 235–36 communism, conversion to, 72–73 man vs. myth, 237–39 mass mobilization, 76–77 personality, revelations of, 233–34 peasant movement emphasis, 74–76 political imagery, 220–21 provincial leadership, 73–74 pop stardom, 324 rural revolution popular rhetoric, 227

Index 363

portraits/photographs, 219–20 , 222 , national myth, 155 229–30 , 236–37 prestige with peasants, 154 public image control, 239 monitoring of Mao’s health, 149 romanticized image, 219 party leadership Western images of, 18 party unity, 132–33 Mao, Zedong, “emperor” status potential followers, 134 apotheosis, 258–63 rectifi cation process, 133–34 autocratic rule, 269 revolutionary strategies, 131–32 collective leadership, 135–36 scope/variation of groups, 130 contested legacy/contradictory shifting policies, 149–52 evaluations, 244–45 , 268–69 Mao, Zedong, gender policies cooperativization, 136 birth control/planning, 200–01 core goals, 134 before the Cultural Revolution, court, colleagues as a, 245 207–10 dynastic past/politics, 246–47 during the Cultural Revolution, “dynastic stability,” 266–67 210–15 “easy years,” 137 love/marriage/divorce, 196–200 entombment/funeral, 264–66 before the PRC, 204–07 “founding emperor complex,” 268 women’s rights, 196 , 203–04 , 217 historical perspective, 270–71 Mao, Zedong, legacy of “imperial pretensions,” 269–70 in academic/intellectual circles, language/rhetoric, use of, 270 20–23 as metaphorical emperor, 253–58 in biographies, 329 as non-dynastic founding emperor, CCP orthodoxy, 20 245–46 expatriate memoirs, 327–31 “papacy complex,” 278–79 fi nal judgments/conclusions, 332–33 poetic expression, 248–53 Internet/web sites, 23–24 popular support, 137–38 man vs. myth, 237–39 posthumous judgment, 263–64 , Mao Zedong Thought, 338–39 267–68 , 271–72 nationalism, 19 Mao, Zedong, followers/colleagues of negative contributions, 15 absolute authority acceptance, 152–54 peasant movement/liberation, 333–37 during Cultural Revolution pluralization (duoyuanhua ), 18–19 class rank cleansing, 143–44 political meaning of, 25–26 disillusionment/cynicism, 148–49 in popular books, 21–22 meaning/implications for leaders, in popular culture, 24–25 144–45 as religious fi gure, 25 personnel devastation, 145–46 results achieved, 340–41 , 342–43 protective networks, 146–47 self-characterization, 337–38 Red Guard student groups, 147–48 workers/farmers and, 23 societal impacts, 147 Mao, Zedong, scholarship on enthusiasm levels, 130 controversies in, 287 , 327 during Great Leap Forward Historical school, 284–87 class struggle, 141 Liberal school, 277–80 intellectuals, suffering of, 141–42 New Left scholars, 280–84 Lushan conference, 138 , 139–41 official ideology, 273–76 Nanning conference, 139 Mao Zedong Thought. See also party criticism, 138–39 anti-elitist elitism peasant reaction, 141–42 beginning of, 85 loyalty explanations as leader cult, 225–26 belief/fear/moral authority, 154–55 as Mao’s legacy, 338–39 Chinese political culture, 155–56 9th National Congress transcripts, Mao’s achievements, 157 126–28

364 Index

Mao Zedong Thought (Cont.) “Reconstruction of our Studies, The,” in official ideology, 273–76 189–90 party leadership and, 131–32 “Report on an Investigation of the popular ditties/sayings, 3 , 25 Peasant Movement in Hunan,” revolutionary ideology/praxis, 13–15 31 , 199 , 315 , 334 staffer memoirs and, 112–14 “Snow, to the Tune of Spring in Mao Tse-tung Unrehearsed (Schram), 27 Qinyuan,” 249–51 Mao, Zedong, Western meanings of “Strategy in Opposing Japanese in books/articles, 316–19 Imperialism,” 96 China Hands and, 319–21 “Study of Physical Education, A,” 67 during cold war, 320–23 “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on as cultural revolutionary, 324–25 Literature and Art,” 184 , 185 , 224 as diplomatic partner, 325–27 translation/interpretation, 26–27 “feudal” label, 315 “Where do Correct Ideas Come in 19th century Grand Story, 314 From?” 113 post Great War (1914–1918), 314–15 Women Unite , 200 roles cast in, 313 , 331 in Xiang River Review , 70–71 Mao, Zedong, writings of Mao’s Road to Power (Schram), 62 “Analysis of All the Classes in March of the Volunteers, The , 101–02 Chinese Society, An,” 188 Marco Polo Bridge incident, 83–84 “Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Mariátegui, José Carlos, 305 Communist Party, The,” 335 marriage/divorce laws, 196–200 , “On Contradiction,” 96–97 204–05 , 208–09 “On the Correct Handling of Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy Contradictions among the proletarian revolution theory, 293–94 People,” 11 Sinifi cation of, 4 , 8–9 , 108–09 , 322–23 “On Dialectical Materialism,” 114 mass line (qunzhong luxian ) “Energy of the Mind, The,” 68 as democratic centralism, 14 on gender issues, 196–201 as political administration, 9 “Great Union of the Masses, The,” May Fourth Movement 188 Mao’s leading part in, 70–71 “How Shang Yang Established in Mao’s writings, 188 Confi dence by the Moving of the students/intellectuals in, 7 , 43 Pole,” 66–67 transitory nature of, 46–47 “Hunan Report,” 75–77 , 176–77 , 184 medical reformers, 326 major stages of, 7–8 Meiji Restoration, 32–33 , 57–58 “Method of Leadership, The,” Meisner, Maurice, 17 181–82 Meng, Jinyun, 203 Naxalite movement and, 291–92 “Method of Leadership, The” (Mao), “On New Democracy,” 9–10 , 19 , 180 181–82 “On the New Stage,” 96 military modernization, 34–35 official editions, 27–30 Ming Tombs Reservoir Fantasy, The “Oppose Liberalism,” 190–91 (fi lm), 110 “On the People’s Democratic modernization, 324 Dictatorship,” 103 , 190 Moiseenko, Tatyana, 88–89 “On Practice,” 96 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 90–91 “Problems of Strategy in China’s monarchism, 243–44 , 247 . See also Mao, Revolutionary War,” 84 Zedong, “emperor” status “On Protracted Warfare,” 96 , 132 monkey/tiger characterizations, 337–38 “Question of Strategy in the Chinese Morning Sun (fi lm), 271 Revolutionary War, The,” 96 My Memoirs (Zhang), 334 Quotations from Chairman Mao myth creation. See Mao, Zedong, as Zedong , 11–12 , 125–28 icon

Index 365

Naked Lunch (Burroughs), 119–21 “Oppose Liberalism” (Mao), 190–91 Nanjing decade, 56–57 Oriental Despotism (Wittfogel), 322–23 Nanning conference, 139 Origins of the Cultural Revolution, The nationalism, 19 (MacFarquhar), 121 Nationalist Party (Guomindang) CCP as alternative to, 9 Pang, Xianzhi, 276 CCP growth with, 8 “papacy complex,” 278–79 defeat of CCP (1927), 53–54 parliamentary governance, 37 mass movement, organization of, Parmentier, Richard J., 111–12 51–52 Paulsen, Friedrich, 67–69 party army, 49 peasant movement unifying ideology, 48–49 anti-elitist elitism and, 175–79 United Front with CCP, 51 CCP and, 55–58 Naxalite Movement, 291–92 as Mao’s legacy, 333–37 Nepal. See Communist Party of Nepal Nationalist Party and, 51–52 (Maoist) (CPN-M) people’s war and, 289–90 New Culture movement, 43 , 45–46 , 90 rural issues, focus on, 14 New Democracy, 340 Peng, Dehuai, 55–56 , 138 , 140 , 145–46 , New Left scholars/intellectuals, 22–23 , 257 , 259–60 280–84 . See also scholarship, on Peng, Pai, 51–52 , 171–73 , 176 Mao Peng, Zhen, 121 , 140–41 New Life Movement, 56–57 People’s Liberation Army. See PLA New People’s Study Society (Xinmin (People’s Liberation Army) xueshe ), 44–45 , 65–66 , 69 , 72 , People’s Republic of China. See PRC 198–99 (People’s Republic of China) New Policies (Xinzheng ) people’s war, 289–90 , 293–95 , 307 economic modernization, 36 “persistent monarchism,” 247 . education reform, 35–36 See also Mao, Zedong, “emperor” military modernization, 34–35 status parliamentary governance, 37 personality cult. See Mao, Zedong, as New Youth (xin qingnian ), 45–46 , 49–50 icon Nie, Er, 101–02 Peru. See Communist Party of Peru Nie, Rongzhen, 229–30 (Shining Path) (CPP-SP) Nixon, Richard, 12 , 325 physical education/improvement, 67 Northern Expedition, 74–75 Pickowicz, Paul, 182–83 “Notes on ‘Project 571’ ” (Lin), 261 PLA (People’s Liberation Army), 102–03 , “Noulens Affair,” 88–89 104 , 321 pluralization (duoyuanhua ), 4 , 18–19 official ideology, 273–76 . See also Pol Pot, 300–02 , 303 scholarship, on Mao Polish crisis, 285–86 “On Contradiction” (Mao), 96–97 political commitment, anti-elitist elit- “On Dialectical Materialism” (Mao), ism and, 173–75 , 187–92 114 political instrumentality. See Mao, “On New Democracy” (Mao), 9–10 , 19 , Zedong, as icon 180 “political pilgrims,” 326–27 “On Practice” (Mao), 96–97 Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung, The “On Protracted Warfare” (Mao), 96 , 132 (Schram), 27 “On the Correct Handling of politicization/depoliticization, Contradictions among the People” 282–83 (Mao), 11 popularization, of literature/arts, “On the New Stage” (Mao), 96 182–85 “On the People’s Democratic Prachanda (Pushpa Kamal Dahal), Dictatorship” (Mao), 103 , 190 308–09 , 310–11

366 Index

PRC (People’s Republic of China) pragmatic side of, 97 Communist/Nationalist friction, 101 resistance to, 99 cultural change, 103 self- and-mutual criticism, 10–11 Five Anti Campaign, 105 Red Army fl ag/anthem choice, 101–02 divorce/morale in, 199–200 industrial investment/development, guerrilla warfare and, 84 105–06 in hinterland base areas, 55–56 Savings Campaign, 104 Long March and, 83 social/economic order, 102–03 strength/size of, 80–81 Soviet Union relationship, 102 , Red Guards 106–07 anti-elitist elitism and, 194 Three Anti Campaign, 104–05 Cultural Revolution and, 147–48 “Princelings” Faction, 267 women in, 328 Private Life of Chairman Mao, The youth gangs, 12 (Li), 3 Red Star Over China (Snow), 3 , 5–6 , “Problems of Strategy in China’s 221–22 , 316–18 Revolutionary War” (Mao), 84 religion, Mao’s legacy and, 25 public criticism/dissent, 11 religious reformation, Cultural public imagery. See Mao, Zedong, as Revolution as, 283–84 icon Ren, Bishi, 94 purges, 123 . See also Cultural Ren, Zhuoxuan, 92 Revolution “Report on an Investigation of the Pye, Lucian, 330 Peasant Movement in Hunan” (Mao), 31 , 199 , 315 , 334 Qi, Jun, 225 Rescue campaign, 100 Qin, Bangxian. See Bo, Gu Resistance Troupe, 186–87 . Qin, Shihuang, 260–62 See also literature/arts Qing Dynasty, 31–32 . See also New Resolution on Certain Questions in Policies (Xinzheng ) the History of our Party since the Qi, Qiubai, 90 , 182–83 Founding of the Nation (CCP), 238 “Question of Strategy in the Chinese “revolution is not a dinner party,” Revolutionary War, The” (Mao), 96 125–28 Quotations from Chairman Mao revolution making (in 20th c. China). Zedong , 11–12 , 125–28 See also Revolution of 1911 ; Revolution of 1920s “Reconstruction of Our Studies, The” in the hinterlands, 55–58 (Mao), 189–90 imperial system/dynasty collapse, Rectifi cation Movement (1942–44) 31–32 anti-elitist elitism and, 179–81 , Japanese imperialism/aggression, 189–92 57–58 artists and, 99 national resistance/social revolution, CCP Revolution, success of, 284–85 58–60 Chinese distinctiveness and, 96–97 , New Policies (Xinzheng ), 34–37 100 revolutionary movement, 37–40 as Chinese revolutionary path, 95–96 Sino-Japanese War, 32–33 counterrevolutionaries and, 100 students/intellectuals, 43–47 images of Mao in, 224–26 warlordism, 41–42 implementation of, 14 Western colonialism, 33–34 institutional foundation of, 98–99 Revolution of 1911, 40–41 , 46 interpretation of CCP’s past, 97–98 Revolution of 1920s Mao’s drive for power and, 94–95 CCP disputes/differences, 50–51 Mao’s writings and, 8–9 defeat of CCP (1927), 53–54 popular rhetoric, 227–28 peasant movement, 52

Index 367

Soviet assistance/support for, 47–50 , Sinicization of Marxism, 175 , 193 53–54 Sino-Albanian split, 298–99 study societies, 49–50 Sino-Japanese War, 32–33 , 83–84 United Front, 51 Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty, 102 working class, organization of, 51–52 Smedley, Agnes, 318 Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui ), Smith, Michael L., 306 39–40 Sneevliet, Henricus, 88 Revolutionary Army, The (Zou), 38–39 Snow, Edgar Revolutionary History of the Chinese accounts of Mao, 5–6 , 16 , 316–18 Nation, A (Fu), 251 1960s visits, 323 revolutionary ideology/praxis 1970s visits, 262–63 , 324–25 Mao as representative of, 4 , 6–7 portrait of Mao, 221–23 in Mao Zedong Thought, 13–15 Red Star Over China , 3 Rittenberg, Sidney, 132 , 133–34 , 154 “Snow, to the Tune of Spring in Rudnik, Yakov, 88–89 Qinyuan” (Mao), 249–51 rural issues/peasantry, 14 socialism “rural way,” 340–41 agricultural, 335–36 with Chinese characteristics, 274–75 Saich, Tony, 192 Song, Qingling, 207 Savings Campaign, 104 Sorge Spy Ring, 88–89 Scharping, Thomas, 21 Soviet Union, 10 , 11 , 12 , 47–50 , 53–54 Schoenhals, Michael, 7–8 Spence, Jonathan, 17 , 325 scholarship, on Mao Stalin, Joseph, 6 , 10 , 106–07 controversies in, 287 , 327 “Statesmen & Artists” (Wang), 219 Historical school, 284–87 “Strategy in Opposing Japanese Liberal school, 277–80 Imperialism” (Mao), 96 New Left scholars, 280–84 student/intellectual movement, 43–47 . official ideology, 273–76 See also intellectuals Schoppa, Keith, 171 “Study of Physical Education, A” Schram, Stuart, 15 , 17 , 27 , 62 (Mao), 67 Schwartz, Benjamin, 17 , 322–23 study societies, 49–50 , 65–66 Science for the People, 326 succession planning, 267 Scientifi c Outlook on Development, 275 Sun, Yat-sen Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao death of, 53 (MacFarquhar, Cheek, and Wu), 27 mausoleum of, 265 Selected Works of Mao Zedong (CCP presidency of, 41 official versions), 27–30 Revolutionary Alliance “sent down generation” ( zhiqing ), 25–26 (Tongmenghui ), 39–40 Service, John, 318 , 319 revolutionary legacy, 54 sexual equality, 205–07 . See also gender Soviet assistance of, 47 , 48 , 88 policies “Three Principles of the People,” 31 Shan, Shaojie, 277–78 United Front with CCP, 51 Shang, Yang, 66–67 Sun, Zi, 295 Shanghailand, 316 System der Ethik (Paulsen), 67–69 Shen, Dingyi, 170–71 , 176 system purges, 123 . See also Cultural Shen, Zhihua, 285 Revolution Shi, Jinxin, 266 Shi, Zhongquan, 274–75 “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Shimonoseki, Treaty of, 36 Literature and Art” (Mao), 184 , 185 , Shining Path, 304–07 224 Short, Philip, 17 , 329 Tan, Kah Kee, 101–02 Sihanouk, Norodom (Prince), 300 Tao, Lujia, 143 Sima, Qian, 190 Tao, Yi, 198–99

368 Index

Terrill, Ross, 17 , 329 in Moscow, 89 Theory of Socialism with Chinese in Rectifi cation Movement, 227–28 Characteristics, 274–75 return of, 91–93 , 131 , 223 “Theses on the Eastern Problem” War of Resistance and, 91 (Communist International), 52 Wang, Ruoshui, 278 Third World Maoism Wang, Shiwei, 9 , 98–99 , 219 , 233 in Cambodia, 300–04 Wang, Yunsheng, 250 emergence of, 288–90 War of Resistance, 91 , 92 in India, 291–96 warlordism, 41–42 in Nepal, 308–12 web site/Internet usage, 23–24 in Peru, 304–07 Western colonialism, 33–34 Three Worlds Theory, 296–99 Western imperialism, 62–63 “Thought of Comrade Mao Zedong” Whampoa Military Academy, 49 (Zhang), 225 What’s Wrong with China (Gilbert), 316 “Thoughts on March Eighth” (Ding), “When I Was in Xia Village” (Ding), 206 206–07 “Where do Correct Ideas Come From?” Three Anti Campaign, 104–05 (Mao), 113 “Three Principles of the People” (Sun), White Haired Girl, The (play), 186 31 White Terror, 54 , 55 Three Represents, 275 White, Theodore, 318 , 319 Three Worlds Theory, 296–99 Wild Swans (Chang), 328 Thunder Out of China (White and Wilson, Woodrow, 314–15 Jacoby), 319 Wittfogel, Karl August, 322–23 Tian, Han, 101–02 Womack, Brantly, 7–8 , 176 Tian, Jiaying, 144 Women Unite (Mao), 200 tiger/monkey characterizations, 337–38 Women’s Federation, 211–12 , 216 Tigers (Big Tigers/Little Tigers), 104–05 women’s rights, 196 , 203–04 , 210–11 . Time (magazine), 316 , 319–20 , 321 See also gender policies Treaty of Shimonoseki, 36 Woodside, Alexander, 244 workers/farmers, Mao’s legacy and, 23 United Front, 14 , 58–59 , 91 , 92 working class, organization of, 51–52 United States and China, The Wu, Guang, 251–53 (Fairbank), 320 Wu, Han, 144 , 259–60 U.S. State Department, 321 Wu, Lengxi, 286 Wu, Xianyou, 175 van de Ven, Hans J., 7–8 Wu, Zuxiang, 250–51 “Victory of Bolshevism, The” (Li), 49–50 Vietnam War, 16 , 300–01 Xi, Jinping, 267 , 275–76 violent revolution/armed struggle, Xian, Xinghai, 187 14–15 Xiang, Jingyu, 198–99 visual representations. See Mao, Xiang River Review , 70–71 Zedong, as icon Xiang, Ying, 92 Vladimirov, Peter, 87 , 91 Xiang, Yu, 251–53 Xiao, Gongqin, 280 Walder, Andrew, 130 , 329 Xiao, Yanzhong, 64 Wang, Chaowen, 225 Xiao, Zisheng, 72 Wang, Guansan, 171 Xin, Ziling, 277–78 Wang, Hongwen, 150 Xu, Beihong, 101–02 Wang, Hui, 282–83 Xu, Jingxian, 264–65 Wang, Jiaxiang, 93 Wang, Li, 152–53 Yan, Fu, 337 Wang, Ming Yan, Jiaqi, 243–44 Communist cosmopolitanism of, 87 Yang, Changji, 44 , 66

Index 369

Yang, Guobin, 24 Zhao, Ziyang, 267 Yang, Kaihui, 201 Zheng, Yanhuo, 120–21 Yang, Kuisong, 285 , 286–87 Zhou, Enlai Yang, Li, 191–92 at Bandung Conference, 288–89 Yang, Song, 90 CCP membership, 92 Yang, Xiguang, 142 , 149 , 156 diplomatic relations, 298 Yang, Zhihua, 173 efforts to protect leaders, 145 Yao, Wenyuan, 125 , 143–44 Gao Gang affair, 135–36 Yaqian intellectuals/radicals, 170–73 . loyalty to Mao, 150 See also anti-elitist elitism Mao’s criticism of, 139 Ye, Jianying, 145–46 Politburo reelection, 145–46 Yellow River Cantata (Xian), 187 PRC, establishment of, 101–02 Yu, Luoke, 259–60 staffer memoirs, 113–14 Yuan, Shikai, 41 , 250 in Whampoa Military Academy, 51 Zarrow, Peter, 328 Zhou, Lingzhao, 229–30 Zhang, Guotao, 55 , 223 , 334 Zhou, Rongxin, 152 Zhang, Ruxin, 90 , 225 Zhou, Yang, 90 Zhang, Taiyan, 44 Zhu, De, 55–56 , 78 , 222 Zhang, Wentian, 89 , 92 , 140 , 228 Zhu, Ming, 191 Zhang, Xueliang, 83–84 Zhu, Yuanzhang, 254–55 Zhang, Yufeng, 203 Zou, Rong, 38–39 Zhang, Zhenshi, 229–30 Zunyi conference, 131