DOCSLIB.ORG

Mitochondrial DNA of Protohistoric Remains of an Arikara Population from South Dakota: Implications for the Macro- Siouan Language Hypothesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mitochondrial DNA of Protohistoric Remains of an Arikara Population from South Dakota: Implications for the Macro- Siouan Language Hypothesis Mitochondrial DNA of Protohistoric Remains of an Arikara Population from South Dakota: Implications for the Macro- Siouan Language Hypothesis Diana M. Lawrence,1 Brian M. Kemp,2 Jason Eshleman,3 Richard L. Jantz,4 Meradeth Snow,3 Debra George,3 and David Glenn Smith3 Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from skeletal re- mains excavated from three Arikara sites in South Dakota occupied between AD 1600 and 1832. The diagnostic markers of four mtDNA haplogroups to which most Native Americans belong (A, B, C, and D) were successfully identified in the extracts of 55 (87%) of the 63 samples studied. The frequen- cies of the four haplogroups were 42%, 29%, 22%, and 7%, respectively, and principal coordinates analysis and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted to compare these haplogroup frequencies with those from other populations. Both analyses showed closer similarity among the Mohawk, Arikara, and Sioux populations than between any of these three and any other of the com- parison populations. Portions of the first hypervariable segment (HVSI) of the mitochondrial genome were successfully amplified and sequenced for 42 of these 55 samples, and haplotype networks were constructed for two of the four haplogroups. The sharing of highly derived lineages suggests that some recent admixture of the Arikara with Algonquian-speaking and Siouan- speaking groups has occurred. The Arikara shared more ancient lineages with both Siouan and Cherokee populations than with any other population, con- sistent with the Macro-Siouan language hypothesis that Iroquoian, Siouan, and Caddoan languages share a relatively recent common ancestry. The popular concept of Plains Indians is dominated by the equestrian nomads, such as the Dakota, most recently popularized in the film Dances with Wolves. However, before the 19th century, semisedentary tribes living in earth lodge vil- lages were the primary inhabitants of the Great Plains. The Arikara, or Sahnish, 1Forensic Analytical Sciences, Hayward, CA 94545. 2Department of Anthropology and the School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. 3Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. 4Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. Human Biology, April 2010, v. 82, no. 2, pp. 157–178. Copyright © 2010 Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1309 key words: mtDNA haplogroup, HVSI haplotype, ancient DNA, migra- tion, admixture, Arikara, Mohawk, Sioux, Chippewa, Cherokee, Ojibwa, Pawnee, Algonquian groups, South Dakota. 158 / lawrence et al. living along the banks of the Missouri River in South Dakota, were one of the most populous and powerful tribes to emerge into the historic period. They grew corn, beans, and squash in the fertile soils along the Missouri floodplain while continuing to follow a seasonal hunter-gatherer lifestyle collecting wild plants and hunting bison (Blakeslee 1994). This subsistence pattern was unique in North America in its heavy reliance on hunting. Lehmer and Wood (1977) have likened it to the mixed horticultural and pastoral economies of the Old World. Arikara is a Caddoan language, closely related to Pawnee (Parks 1979), from which it split between 1450 and 1650 (Parks 1979). Linguistic relatives far- ther south include Wichita, Kitsai, and Caddo proper (Parks 1979). The sites in South Dakota attributed to the Arikara represent the northernmost extension of the Caddoan languages until the group moved into North Dakota after leaving the Leavenworth site in 1832. Because the focus of our study is the relationship of the language spoken by the Sahnish to other languages, we have chosen to use Arikara to refer to the Sahnish throughout this paper. Archaeological complexes usually regarded as directly ancestral to the his- toric Arikara include the Extended Coalescent Variant (ca. AD 1400/1450–1650), the Postcontact Coalescent (ca. 1650–1785) (Johnson 1998), and the Disorganized Coalescent (1785–1862) (Lehmer 1971). Arikara connections to early archaeologi- cal complexes, such as the Initial Coalescent (1300–1600) or the earlier Central Plains Tradition (900–1450) in Kansas and Nebraska, have not been established, al- though some sort of relationship has been widely assumed. If there is a connection, it likely predates the emergence of the Arikara as an ethnic entity. Exposure of the Arikara to Europeans resulted in dramatic changes, which affected their health and well-being as well as their population structure. Initial European contact may have happened as early as 1700 but is not documented before about 1706 (Jantz and Owsley 1994). Initially, European contact was bene- ficial to the Arikara. Acquisition of the horse increased bison hunting efficiency, and the Arikara eventually established themselves as middlemen in trade rela- tions, which initially brought a wave of prosperity but ultimately resulted in al- most complete cultural collapse as epidemics of European diseases decimated their numbers. During the early postcontact period, the Arikara population was estimated to be about 30,000 individuals (Holder 1970: 30). By the early 19th century this number had been reduced to the approximately 2,000 individuals living in the vil- lages along the Grand River in South Dakota, now known as the Leavenworth site. Shortly after leaving the Grand River villages, the Arikara moved their village to Ft. Clark, North Dakota, where their numbers were further reduced by a par- ticularly virulent epidemic sweeping Plains tribes in 1837–1838 (Trimble 1994). In 1862 the Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa were moved to the Fort Berthold In- dian Reservation, where they now live as the Three Affiliated Tribes. The Arikara population nadir was 380 individuals, reported by the 1904 census, but by 2005 they had increased to 3,400, as reported by the Indian Health Service. Today the Three Affiliated Tribes lead lives much like those of many other Native American mtDNA of Protohistoric Arikara / 159 tribes. They operate a casino, encourage tourism, and are attempting to develop the natural resources on their lands, particularly oil and gas. Chafe (1976) proposed that Caddoan together with the Iroquoian and Siouan languages belongs to a larger language family that he called Macro-Siouan, whose origin was in the Southeast. Previous studies have indicated that populations liv- ing in the same geographic area or closely related to each other often exhibit similar mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup frequencies as a result of either common ancestry and/or admixture (Bolnick and Smith 2003). Although the speakers of related languages themselves need not be closely genetically related to each other, they often are when vertical transmission of language predominates, and thus relationships between languages provide testable genetic hypotheses. To date, comparative studies of the mtDNA of the Caddoan, Iroquoian, and Siouan groups have not been conducted. The Iroquoian languages are divided into two major branches: Northern Iroquoian, which includes Mohawk, and Southern Iroquoian, which includes Cherokee (Chafe 1976). The Northern Iroquoian peoples split from their south- ern counterparts and moved north sometime between 3,500 and 4,000 years ago (Snow 1994). Subsequent admixture with Algonquian tribes in neighboring areas might make their genetic structure resemble a hypothetical admixture between ex- tant Cherokee and Algonquian tribes. If historic Plains tribes, such as the Arikara and the Sioux, also admixed with neighboring Algonquian tribes after migrating from their hypothetical southeastern homeland, then the genetic structures of the Arikara, Mohawk, and Sioux might resemble each other but differ from those of Cherokee groups. The ancestors of all three tribes might have more closely resembled the Cherokee before migrating northward, where they encountered and may have mixed with Algonquian groups. The identification of defining mtDNA markers, using restriction analysis or sequencing, makes it possible to assign individuals in populations to their hap- logroups or subhaplogroups. Additional markers or DNA sequences can further subdivide members of each haplogroup, or subhaplogroup, into different haplo- types, each defined by a unique set of genetic markers or nucleotide sequences. Comparisons of numbers of nucleotide differences between all paired sequences in a lineage or population provide an estimate of the extent of diversity among in- dividuals within that lineage or population. Because most nonbasal (i.e., derived) mtDNA haplotypes are tribe specific or nearly so (Malhi et al. 2002), the sharing of the same or similar haplotypes reflects either shared ancestry or admixture among different populations that are geographically proximate (Schurr 2004). The frequency distributions of haplogroups can be used to genetically characterize populations. These distributions usually exhibit geographic struc- ture, because the probability that mating occurs between members of any two different human populations is inversely correlated with the geographic distance separating them. Thus the pattern of genetic diversity within and between human populations is sometimes consistent with a model of isolation by distance. The mtDNA of modern Native Americans has been shown to fall into one of at least 160 / lawrence et al. five haplogroups: A, B, C, D, and X (Kaestle and Smith 2001; Malhi et al. 2001, 2002). These haplogroups are defined by diagnostic mutations (O’Rourke et
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany
    Kindscher, L. Yellow Bird, M. Yellow Bird & Sutton Yellow M. Bird, Yellow L. Kindscher, Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany This book describes the traditional use of wild plants among the Arikara (Sahnish) for food, medicine, craft, and other uses. The Arikara grew corn, hunted and foraged, and traded with other tribes in the northern Great Plains. Their villages were located along the Sahnish (Arikara) Missouri River in northern South Dakota and North Dakota. Today, many of them live at Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, as part of the MHA (Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara) Ethnobotany Nation. We document the use of 106 species from 31 plant families, based primarily on the work of Melvin Gilmore, who recorded Arikara ethnobotany from 1916 to 1935. Gilmore interviewed elders for their stories and accounts of traditional plant use, collected material goods, and wrote a draft manuscript, but was not able to complete it due to debilitating illness. Fortunately, his field notes, manuscripts, and papers were archived and form the core of the present volume. Gilmore’s detailed description is augmented here with historical accounts of the Arikara gleaned from the journals of Great Plains explorers—Lewis and Clark, John Bradbury, Pierre Tabeau, and others. Additional plant uses and nomenclature is based on the field notes of linguist Douglas R. Parks, who carried out detailed documentation of the Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany tribe’s language from 1970–2001. Although based on these historical sources, the present volume features updated modern botanical nomenclature, contemporary spelling and interpretation of Arikara plant names, and color photographs and range maps of each species.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2003 We Proceeded on ! 1 Letters Reflections on Charlottesville Kickoff
    Contents Letters: Charlottesville; astronaut; fuzzy math; bears; novel 2 From the Directors: Old words, new challenge 4 From the Bicentennial Council: L&C as a lens on history 5 Eagle Feather Goes to Washington 10 The Arikara’s journey and his untimely demise had long-term consequences for U.S.-Indian relations By Mark Chalkley Charlottesville Journal 13 A cold but inspiring kickoff for the L&C Bicentennial Photo Essay by Taylor Haynes Washington, p. 11 On the Rivers with Lewis and Clark 17 The Corps of Discovery rowed, towed, paddled, poled and sailed more than 9,000 miles By Verne Huser Meriwether Lewis’s Ingenious Iron Boat 25 “The Experiment,” whose design owed much to the bark canoe, was a brilliant concept but a practical failure By Mark W. Jordan Reviews 36 Exploring Lewis and Clark; Brian Hall’s novel; Moore and Haynes; Slosberg CD. In Brief: Fincastle; L&C glossary; Hamilton’s Charlottesville, p. 15 six-volume set; Sierra Club trail guide; two new cookbooks L&C Roundup 46 Olson moves on; extending the L&C Trail; Cathlapotle project; L&C in other publications; for the record Passages 48 LCTHF co-founder Bill Sherman On the cover We chose Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia, painted in 1905 by Charles M. Russell, for the cover because of its obvious tie-in with “On the Rivers with Lewis and Clark,” Verne Huser’s article about the Corps of Discovery’s watercraft, which begins on page 17. (Painting courtesy the Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas.) Russell’s depiction of the explorers’ encounter with Pacific Coast Indians is full of drama but contains errors of fact and historical interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Language Revitalization in Montana: Perspectives from Four Nations
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2003 Indigenous language revitalization in Montana: Perspectives from four nations Mary Groom-Hall The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Groom-Hall, Mary, "Indigenous language revitalization in Montana: Perspectives from four nations" (2003). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9458. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/9458 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University o f MONTANA Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that tin's material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. ** Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature ** Yes, I grant permission ^ No, I do not grant permission _____ Author's Signature Date S)2-V o3> Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION IN MONTANA PERSPECTIVES FROM FOUR NATIONS Mary Groom Hall B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Model for Indigenous Language Revival
    A Model for Indigenous Language Revival Brad Montgomery-Anderson 1. Introduction If present trends continue, the majority of Native American languages will no longer be spoken by the end of this century. The process of extinction often happens so subtly and rapidly that the community is unaware of the imminent danger of language death. A language is endangered when children no longer learn it and is dead when the last elderly speaker passes away. Faced with this irreparable loss, some communities are determined to bring back their languages. Language Revival is the creation of a living language community where such a community has ceased to exist. Over the past two decades, language revitalization has become increasingly visible to the public eye as many communities try to reverse the steady erosion of their heritage language. Linguists and language activists, however, have not paid as much attention to the idea of bringing back a language after the language has already died. The data on language endangerment indicates that many Native American languages are moving from a language revitalization scenario to a language revival scenario. It is therefore time to discuss the distinct methods and processes involved in language revival. This paper will offer such a model. In the first section, I will establish the differences between revitalization and revival, and in the second section, I will use the features unique to moribund and dead languages to outline a three-step model for reviving such languages. 23 24 Brad Montgomery-Anderson 2. Typology of Language Viability In order to determine what exactly revival means, it is first necessary to define the terms living language and dead language.
    [Show full text]
  • [.35 **Natural Language Processing Class Here Computational Linguistics See Manual at 006.35 Vs
    006 006 006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification006 006 [.35 **Natural language processing Class here computational linguistics See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285 *Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 [400 [400 *‡Language Class here interdisciplinary works on language and literature For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specific discipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., language of science 501.4 (Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, class in 410, where full instructions appear (Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language, place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appear under 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimali400Classification Language 400 SUMMARY [401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism [410 Linguistics [420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [430 German and related languages [440 French and related Romance languages [450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican [460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician [470 Latin and related Italic languages [480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages [490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [401 *‡Philosophy and theory See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimali401Classification Language 401 [.3 *‡International languages Class here universal languages; general
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalizing Indigenous Languages
    Revitalizing Indigenous Languages edited by Jon Reyhner Gina Cantoni Robert N. St. Clair Evangeline Parsons Yazzie Flagstaff, Arizona 1999 Revitalizing Indigenous Languages is a compilation of papers presented at the Fifth Annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium on May 15 and 16, 1998, at the Galt House East in Louisville, Kentucky. Symposium Advisory Board Robert N. St. Clair, Co-chair Evangeline Parsons Yazzie, Co-chair Gina Cantoni Barbara Burnaby Jon Reyhner Symposium Staff Tyra R. Beasley Sarah Becker Yesenia Blackwood Trish Burns Emil Dobrescu Peter Matallana Rosemarie Maum Jack Ramey Tina Rose Mike Sorendo Nancy Stone B. Joanne Webb Copyright © 1999 by Northern Arizona University ISBN 0-9670554-0-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-70356 Second Printing, 2005 Additional copies can be obtained from College of Education, Northern Ari- zona University, Box 5774, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011-5774. Phone 520 523 5342. Reprinting and copying on a nonprofit basis is hereby allowed with proper identification of the source except for Richard Littlebear’s poem on page iv, which can only be reproduced with his permission. Publication information can be found at http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL.html ii Contents Repatriated Bones, Unrepatriated Spirits iv Richard Littlebear Introduction: Some Basics of Language Revitalization v Jon Reyhner Obstacles and Opportunities for Language Revitalization 1. Some Rare and Radical Ideas for Keeping Indigenous Languages Alive 1 Richard Littlebear 2. Running the Gauntlet of an Indigenous Language Program 6 Steve Greymorning Language Revitalization Efforts and Approaches 3. Sm’algyax Language Renewal: Prospects and Options 17 Daniel S. Rubin 4. Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak’wala Be Revived 33 Stan J.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Apps and Indigenous Language Learning: New Developments in the Field of Indigenous Language Revitalization
    Mobile Apps and Indigenous Language Learning: New Developments in the Field of Indigenous Language Revitalization Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Begay, Winoka Rose Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 04:06:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293746 MOBILE APPS AND INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE LEARNING: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION by Winoka Rose Begay ____________________________ Copyright © Winoka Rose Begay 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Winoka Rose Begay APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ________________________ ____________ Sheilah E. Nicholas Date Assistant Professor of Teaching, Learning and Sociocultural Studies 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all my committee members, friends, and family for their continued support and encouragement throughout these last three years of graduate school.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 467 733 FL 027 421 AUTHOR Cahill, Michael, Ed. TITLE Notes on Linguistics, 2001. INSTITUTION SIL International, Dallas, TX. ISSN ISSN-0736-0673 PUB DATE 2001-00-00 NOTE 265p.; Published quarterly. AVAILABLE FROM International Academic Bookstore, 7500 West Camp WisdomRoad, Dallas, TX 75236 ($3 per issue; $20.95 per year; $23.95per year outside U.S.). Tel: 972-708-7404; e-mail: [email protected]. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Notes on Linguistics; v4 n1-4 2001 EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MFO1 /PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS American Indians; Archives; Athapascan Languages; Bantu Languages; Bilingualism; *Contrastive Linguistics; Dictionaries; Foreign Countries; German; Grammar; Language Processing; Lexicography; Mandarin Chinese; Mexicans; Morphology (Languages); Phonology; Second Language Instruction; Semantics; Syntax; Turkish; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; World Wide Web IDENTIFIERS Amazonian Languages; Balkan Languages; Bilingual Dictionaries; Central African Republic; Endangered Languages; Papua New Guinea; Southeast Asians ABSTRACT These four volumes of the journal present articles, review articles, abstracts, dissertation abstracts, and reports. Articles include the following: "The Linguist's Role in Archiving Linguistic Data Sources" (Joan Spanne); "The SIL Language and Culture Archive: An Interview with Joan Spanne" (Eugene Loos); "The Value of Comparative Linguistics" (Joseph E. Grimes); "Historical Linguistics in Southeast Asian Language Programs" (Paulette Hopple); "Comparative-Historical MesoAmerican Reconstruction and SIL Personnel: Accomplishments and Problems" (Robert E. Longacre); "The Impact of Bilingual Dictionaries in Mexican Indian Languages" (Doris Bartholomew); "Lexicography and Mass Production" (Ronald Moe); "Lexicography in the Field: Methods and Results of the MUNA Dictionary Project" (Rene van den Berg); and "Global Language Viability: Causes, Symptoms and Cures for Endangered Languages" (Barbara F.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohoyo Ikhana: a Bibliography of American Indian-Alaska Native Curriculum Materials
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 227 999 RC 013 957 AUTHOR Nelson, Margaret F., Comp.; Walton, M. Frances, 'Camp. IgTLE Ohoyo Ikhana: A Bibliography of American Indian-Alaska Native Curriculum Materials. INSTITUTION OHOYO Resource Center, ,Wichita Falls, TX. SPONS AGENCY Women's Educational Equity Act Program (ED), Washington, D. PUB DATE 82 GRANT G008006076 NOTE 264p. PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Alaska Natives; American Indian Education; American Indian Historyv*American Indian Literature; *American Indians; Annotated Bibliographies; Audiovisual Aids; *Cultural Education; *Curriculum Development; Elementary Secondary Education; Females; Human Resources; Ihstructional Materials; Program Descriptions; *Resource Materials; Tribes IDENTIFIERS Journal Articles ABSTRACT The 1200-item annotated bibliography on American Indian and Alaska Native resources is presented in foursections: curriculum materials, resource materials, bibliographies, and periodical articles. The first three sections are listed alphabetically by souece showing the vait amount of materialsbeing developed by Indian tribal groups and organizations. Eachnotation includes the title of the resource, author(s), year ofpublication - (1970-1982), brief description, language written in (ifapplicable), number of pages, and grade level. For easier referencing,the _contents of the bibliography are indexedin three ways: regional, audio/visual, 'and bibliography. The regional index lists printed materials contained in the'curriculum, resource and periodical sections alphabetically by title, noting page number, gradelevel, and subject area (arts/crafts, bilingual, careereducation, extra curricular,.language arts, math/science, social studies) or resource applicability (curriculum development aid, resource reference, reversing stereotyping/bias in textbooks). Theaudio/visual index provides a title listing of cassette taPes, records, films,slides and videotapes available and appropriate for classroom use.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting and Maintaining Native American Languages for the 21St Century: the Indiana University Model
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 428 928 RC 021 961 AUTHOR Parks, Douglas R.; Kushner, Julia; Hooper, Wallace; Flavin, Francis; Yellow Bird, Delilah; Ditmar, Selena TITLE Documenting and Maintaining Native American Languages for the 21st Century: The Indiana University Model. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 26p.; Chapter 6 in: "Revitalizing Indigenous Languages. Papers presented at the Annual Stabilizing Indigenous Languages Symposium (5th, Louisville, KY, May 15-16, 1998)"; see RC 021 955. AVAILABLE FROM Web site: http://jan.ucc.nau.edurjar/RIL_Contents.html PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) -- Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS American Indian Education; *American Indian Languages; Dictionaries; Elementary Secondary Education; Higher Education; *Language Maintenance; *Material Development; *Multimedia Materials; Program Development; *Second Language Instruction IDENTIFIERS Arikara; Assiniboine; *Endangered Languages; Native Americans; Pawnee ABSTRACT This document compiles five short papers that describe the history and implementation of the Arikara Language Project and the Nakoda Language Project, the development of computer tools for language documentation, and the creation of curriculum materials for these and other projects. These papers are: "Genesis of the Project" (Douglas R. Parks); "The White Shield Arikara Language Program" (Delilah Yellow Bird); "Nakoda Language Program at Fort Belknap College" (Selena Ditmar); "The Development of Linguistic Tools at the American Indian Studies Research Institute" (Wallace Hooper, Francis Flavin); and "Tradition and Innovation: Multimedia Language Preservation" (Julia Kushner). The papers describe a multimedia dictionary database program and multimedia language lessons developed for the Arikara, Assiniboine, and Pawnee languages, and the issues involved in developing computerized language lessons for an endangered or moribund language. The multimedia dictionary database was designed to develop "talking" dictionaries that incorporate sound recordings of words in dictionaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Senate Education Sb 2281
    2013 SENATE EDUCATION SB 2281 2013 SENATE STANDING COMMITTEE MINUTES Senate Education Committee Missouri River Room, State Capitol SB 2281 2-6-13 18350 D Conference Committee Committee Clerk Signature J Explanation or reason for introduction of bill/re Relating to membership of the American Indian language preservation committee; and to provide an appropriation Minutes: You may make reference to "attached testimony." Chairman Flakoll opened the hearing on SB 2281 Senator Marcellais: I wish to introduce SB 2281 (Written Testimony #1 attached) (3:15) Chairman Flakoll: In the 2005 session we did $18,000 for a similar program. What happened with that? Senator Marcellais: They developed a dictionary at the Turtle Mountain Community College. The Michif course is available at the high school. Chairman Flakoll: Did they preserve any of it digitally whether it is video or audio? Senator Marcellais: Not to my knowledge. Chairman Flakoll: How are the languages within certain dialects? What distinguishes it? Senator Marcellais: There is an overlap. The Michif is a combination of French, Korean, and Chippewa. My parents listened to Canadian radio and understood so there is an overlap. Vice Chairman Schaible: How do we determine what the official language we preserve and document? Senator Marcellais: I believe each nation has their own language and each nation has to decide which to preserve. Vice Chairman Schaible: My understanding is the Sioux have a language but a lot of varieties. How do we decide which to preserve? Senate Education Committee SB 2281 2-6-13 Page 2 Senator Marcellais: The Nations themselves decide. Chairman Flakoll: Is the appropriation to defray the cost of meetings and do what is necessary whether it is books, tapes, and digitalization? Senator Marcellais: Yes.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Language Endangerment
    Bibliography of Language Endangerment Introduction As you will appreciate the amount of literature on this subject is vast. So to help we have compiled a list of websites and also included bibliographys on Lanuguage Endangerment. To those that are interested in this field they will find them very useful. We have also included brief background information on the individuals or organizations that have compiled the bibiliographies. Dr Peter Keegan Peter Keegan ( Waikato-Maniapoto, Ngati Porou) is a lecturer in Te Aratiatia (Mori Education) in the Faculty of Education at the University of Auckland. He graduated with his phD in Applied Linguistics at Victoria University of Wellington in 2003. He has worked as a reseacher for NZCER. Research interests include Mori word formation, Mori language and education. Te Puni Kokiri Is the New Zealand Governments principal adviser on Mori issues, there work aims to improve outcomes for Mori and ensure the quality of government services delivered to Mori. Since Te Puni Kokiri’s inception in 1992 they have expanded into areas of service delivery and state sector leadership. Today they contribute to accelerating Mori Development in: • Providing advice to Government • Work with Mori to establish development targets • Monitor and audit programmes delivered by Mori and mainstream agencies. • Work with Government departments and agencies to improve outcomes for Mori. Tasaku Tsunoda Is a professor in the Graduate school of Humanities and Sociology at the University of Tokyo. He is a world authority on Australian aboriginal lingustics and researchers widely in the areas of language endangerment and language typology. Dr Tsunoda is also the author of UNESCO’s Comprehensive Bibliograpy Language Endangerment.
    [Show full text]