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The Effects of Zinc Application and Cutting on Growth, Herb, Essential Oil and Flavonoids in Three Medicinal Lamiaceae Plants

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The Effects of Zinc Application and Cutting on Growth, Herb, Essential Oil and Flavonoids in Three Medicinal Lamiaceae Plants European Journal of Medicinal Plants 12(3): 1-12, 2016, Article no.EJMP.23589 ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org The Effects of Zinc Application and Cutting on Growth, Herb, Essential Oil and Flavonoids in Three Medicinal Lamiaceae Plants Mona H. Hegazy 1, Fahad M. A. Alzuaibr 2, Abeer A. Mahmoud 3, Hanaa F. Y. Mohamed 3 and Hussein A. H. Said-Al Ahl 1* 1Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622,33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O.Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia. 3Department of Botany (Plant Physiology Section), Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors HAHSAA, AAM, HFYM and FMAA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors MHH and HAHSAA managed the analyses of the study and the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2016/23589 Editor(s): (1) Marcello Iriti, Professor of Plant Biology and Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Saad Farouk Mohamed Hussien Gadalla, Mansoura University, Egypt. (2) Arun Kumar, Hindu Post Graduate College, Zamania, India. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/13126 Received 9th December 2015 Accepted 2nd January 2016 Original Research Article th Published 30 January 2016 ABSTRACT Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc on growth, fresh herb, essential oil and flavonoids content of Dracocephalum moldavica, Hyssopus officinalis and Salvia officinalis plants at two successive cuttings before flowering stage. Study Design: Our study consisted of three experiments. Each study contained 4 treatments, two time of cuttings (90 and 180 days after transplanting) in each plant and two levels of foliar application treatments of Zn EDTA [(Z1) = 0, tap water; (Z2) = 200 ppm)], which was sprayed directly on the plants 4 times at monthly intervals, starting 30 days after transplanting. The design of each experiment was factorial and planned in a complete randomized block _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Hegazy et al.; EJMP, 12(3): 1-12, 2016; Article no.EJMP.23589 with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was carried out during two successive seasons, 2014 and 2015 at the Agricultural Research and Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. Methodology: Dracocephalum moldavica, Hyssopus officinalis and Salvia officinalis seeds were sown in the nursery in 25 th November, of 2013 and 2014. On February 1, 2014 and 2015 seasons, seedlings were transplanted into the field. Foliar applications of zinc EDTA was sprayed 4 times at monthly intervals. Growth characters and chemical constituent's determinations were carried out at the first and second cuts after 90 and 180 days from transplanting, respectively before flowering. Plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, herb fresh weight (g/plant) was recorded. The content of total flavonoids % was determined in the fresh herb. Essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation and essential oil % was expressed as ml 100 g -1 fresh herb. Chemical composition of the essential oil was studied using GC-MS and compounds were identified based on their mass spectra and literature. Results: Zinc spraying gave the best results of plant height, number of branches, herb fresh weight, essential oil % and total flavonoids % in the vegetative stage than control treatments in the three plants. Also, the second cut gave the best values from these characters in all plants under study compared to the first one. The main compounds of Dracocephalum moldavica essential oil was neral (19.93-20.56%), geranial (22.57-24.56%), geraniol (15.69-17.91%) and geranyl acetate (28.85-29.60%). β-pinene (23.43-24.99%), trans-pinocamphone (16.78-17.97%) and trans- pinocamphone (29.49-29.95%) were found to be the main compounds in Hyssopus officinalis oil. Moreover, α-thujone (13.82-13.92%), 1,8 cineol (17.45-18.83%) and camphor (26.38-27.51%) were considered as major compounds in Salvia officinalis oil. Conclusion: Zinc foliar spray stimulative affect in fresh biomass, essential oil and flavonoids % were observed. It can be concluded that cutting moldavian balm, hyssop and sage plants in the second cut is essential for maximizing the production of fresh herb, essential oil and flavonoids %. These changes could be relevant to the quality of essential oil and its use in certain food, medicinal uses and cosmetic applications. Keywords: Moldavian balm; hyssop; sage; zinc; foliar spraying; growth; essential oil; flavonoids; GC-MS. 1. INTRODUCTION branching plant investigated primarily for essential oil composition, native to central Asia Medical and aromatic herbs have been essential and is naturalized in eastern and central Europe components of healthcare throughout human [5]. It is frequently consumed as a food additive history [1]. Recently, there has been a general or as an infusion for its organoleptic properties. opinion that synthetic materials that are As an herbal drug, it is used in stomach and liver commonly used in food and drug industry cause disorders, headache and congestion [6]. Herb many diseases, such as cancer. This has led to extract has been used for its antitumer [7], increased global demand for natural and organic antioxidant [8], and antimutagentic properties [9]. forms of medication. The Lamiaceae is one of It is traditionally used as a heart tonic, the most diverse and widespread plant families in reconstituent, sedative, flatulence, vermifuge, terms of ethnomedicine and its medicinal value is diaphoretic, for snakes bites and stings, nausea, based on the volatile oils concentration [2]. The gastroenteritis and as gargle for stomatitis and Lamiaceae plant family is one of the largest fungal infections [10]. In clinical tests, it has been families among the dicotyledons, many species found that a decoction of this herb is effective in belonging to the family being highly aromatic, curing children's pyelonephritis [11]. due to the presence of external glandular structures that produce volatile oil [3]. This oil is Hyssop ( Hyssopus officinalis L.) is an important important in pesticide, pharmaceutical, perennial medicinal plant with small, linear flavouring, perfumery, fragrance and cosmetic leaves and purplish-blue flowers native to central industries [4]. and Southern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa [12]. It is commonly used in folk medicine. Dragonhead or moldavian balm ( Dracocephalum Hyssop oil may be found as flavour ingredient in moldavica L.) is an annual herb, erect, bushy, many food products, cosmetics and perfumes 2 Hegazy et al.; EJMP, 12(3): 1-12, 2016; Article no.EJMP.23589 [13]. Hyssop oil has been used as a healing herb their constituents as well as total flavonoids of to alleviate digestive disorders, cure laryngitis, or dragonhead, hyssop and sage plants and time of accelerate wound healing in Turkish folk cuttings for better plant growth and chemical medicine. It relaxes peripheral blood vessels and composition for each plant. promotes sweating. It is also used as an expectorant, carminative, anti-inflammatory, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS anticatarrhal, and antispasmodic [14]. As a medicinal herb, hyssop is used in viral infections 2.1 Plant Material and Optimization of such as colds, coughs, sore throats, bronchitis Growing Conditions and asthma, nervous disorders and toothache [13]. The oil is antimicrobial, antifungal, Our study consisted of three experiments were antiseptic, antioxidant mildly spasmolytic, conducted in 2014 and 2015 at the Agricultural antiviral, antiprotozoal and anticancer [15-18]. Research and Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, to estimate Sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) is a perennial, the effect of foliar applications of zinc on evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish dragonhead, hyssop and sage plants. The leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is native to design of each experiment was factorial and the Mediterranean region, being currently planned in a complete randomized block with cultivated in various countries [19,20]. It is one of three replications. Each study contained 4 the oldest medicinal plants and also has been treatments, two time of cuttings (90 and 180 days used for a long time in folk medicine as after transplanting) in each plant and two levels medication against fever, rheumatism, of foliar application treatments of Zn EDTA [(Z1) perspiration, sexual debility, and in the treatment = 0, tap water; (Z2) = 200 ppm)], which was of chronic bronchitis, as well as mental and sprayed directly on the plants 4 times at monthly nervous diseases [21]. Sage is largely used as a intervals, starting 30 days after transplanting. savory food flavoring either as dried leaves or essential oil [22]. Sage leaves and its essential Seeds of the three plants were sown in the oil possess carminative, antispasmodic, th antiseptic, astringent, and antihidrotic properties nursery on 25 November, of 2013 and 2014. [20]. Essential oil is externally used
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