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Research Paper the Effect of Salinity Stress and Temperature Levels

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Research Paper the Effect of Salinity Stress and Temperature Levels Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants 9(6): 070-077, June 2021 DOI: 10.15413/ajmp.2021.0107 ISSN: 2315-7720 ©2021 Academia Publishing Research Paper The effect of salinity stress and temperature levels on germination characteristics of four medicinal plants seed Accepted 9th March, 2021 ABSTRACT Cultivation of medicinal plants has been economically beneficial for pharmacy and medicine. These plants are stores of active and valuable secondary metabolites that can be converted into various drugs, some of which are life-saving. However, it is difficult to start a large-scale and commercial cultivation of these plants because most of the arable land is used to produce strategically essential crops. Other uncultivable lands are often affected by various abiotic stresses, one of the most important of which is salinity. Germination of plants is one of the important stages during their growth period that is often affected by environmental stresses, especially salinity. In this study, the seeds of medicinal plants such as Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Scrophularia (Scrophularia striata) were subjected to salinity stress at 20, 25 and 30°C in order to determine the germination characteristics of their seeds. The results of this experiment generally showed that with increasing salinity stress at different temperatures, all germination characteristics including germination percentage, germination rate, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and seed vigor index decreased. It seemed that in order to Yousef Hakimi grow plants commercially, low salinity soil and water are needed to get the best yield. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University Key words: Medicinal plants, salt stress, seed treatment, germination, lavender of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. (Lavandula angustifolia), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), black cumin (Nigella sativa Email: [email protected] L.), Scrophularia (Scrophularia striata). INTRODUCTION Seed is the main factor for reproduction and preservation In addition to serving as a protective barrier during of plant hereditary reserves, which plays an important role embryogenesis, seeds also provide nourishment during in the distribution and establishment of plants in different both embryogenesis and early seedling development (Taiz areas, preservation and survival of plant generation in et al., 2015). adverse and long-term conditions (Bewley et al., 2013a). Approximately 20% of the world's cultivated areas and Seed germination is a physiological process in which the about half of the irrigated land are affected by salinity, and embryo emerges from the end of the enclosing coverings, its amount increases daily (Flowers, 2004). Salinity is the which can include the endosperm, perisperm, testa, and presence of excessive soluble salts and minerals in the soil pericarp. Germination begins with the absorption of water and water environment in which plants are not able to by the seed and ends with the exit of the embryonic axis, absorb enough water, which disrupts the metabolism and including the root and stem, through the surrounding physiological activities of plants, lack of absorption of structures (Bewley et al., 2013b). The ability of seeds to nutrients and disorders of photosystems 1 and 2 (PSI and delay germination through the dormant mechanism is one PSII), reduce leaf development as well as plant growth, of the most important ways to maintain survival in plants. development and yield (Munns and Tester, 2008). Usually Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Hakimi. 071 the highest sensitivity to salinity is observed in the life cycle Cl− during salt stress have resulted in decreased levels of N, of plants during germination and at the beginning of P, K+ , Ca2+ and Mg2+ in fennel, Trachyspermum ammi, seedling growth (Kermode, 1990). The study of the effects peppermint, lemon verbena, Matricaria recutita, Achillea of salinity on germination rate and germination percentage fragratissima (Abd EL-Azim and Ahmed, 2009; Abd El- as well as root and shoot growth in many plants has shown Wahab, 2006; Oueslati et al., 2010). Ali et al. (2013) showed that salinity stress at the germination stage is a reliable test that the N, P and K+ percentages were influenced by in assessing stress tolerance in many species as salinity different salt concentrations in the leaves of Simmondsia reduces the percentage and speed of germination and also chinensis (jojoba). Salt concentration over 17.2 mM reduces the root and shoot length (Ghoulam and Fares, drastically lowered the three elements. Similar decrease 2001). was reported for the Ca2+ content in the salt stressed During the early stages of salinity stress, due to osmotic leaves. In the literature, it has been shown that when stress which results due to high accumulation of salt in soil sowing seeds in soils with high salt content, germination in and plants, the water uptake capacity of root systems is Ocimum basilicum, Eruca sativa, Petroselinum hortense, reduced and water loss from leaves is accelerated, hence chamomile, sweet marjoram and Thymus maroccanus is salinity stress is also considered as hyperosmotic stress reduced and delayed (Ali et al., 2007; Belaqziz et al., 2009; (Munns, 2005). Plants increase ROS production in response Miceli et al., 2003; Ramin, 2006). The aim of this study was to salinity stress, such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, to investigate the effect of salinity stress on germination hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide (Ahmad, 2010; characteristics of seeds of Lavender (Lavandula Apel and Hirt, 2004; Mahajan and Tuteja, 2005). The angustifolia), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), black cumin formation of ROS due to salinity stress can lead to oxidative (Nigella sativa L.) and Scrophularia (Scrophularia striata). damage to various plant cell components such as lipids, proteins and DNA and disrupt the vital functions of plant cells (Gupta and Huang, 2014). Materials and methods In the last two decades, a great deal of research has been done to understand the molecular and physiological This study was carried out at the Department of mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Arabidoboxis (Zhang Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture and Natural and Shi, 2013). Salinity tolerance includes a set of Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587, Iran. Seeds of responses at the molecular, cellular, metabolic, medicinal plants from IPK Gatersleben Company were used physiological, and whole plant levels. Extensive research as seed material. The temperature regime used consisted of has been done through cellular, metabolic and physiological three levels (20, 25 and 30 °C). At each temperature, in analysis; the results of these studies have shown that order to create salinity stress, five levels of salinity among the various reactions related to salinity stress, ion potential including 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM bar were absorption control, osmotic regulation, hormone applied, which were prepared using sodium chloride salt metabolism, antioxidant metabolism and stress signaling with the required amounts. Also, distilled water was used mechanisms or strategies play an important role in plant to create zero stress level (control) in each experiment. adaptation to salinity stress (Gupta and Huang, 2014). Salinity directly inhibits plant growth by disrupting the nutrient uptake equilibrium maintained by the plant Seed treatment system. Nutrient availability, partitioning and transport are mostly affected. This is due to the competition of Na+ and 50 seeds were disinfected with 5% sodium hypochlorite − + 2+ − Cl ions with the nutrient ions like K , Ca and NO3 . Such solution for 30 sec and after rinsing with distilled water, ionic imbalances caused due to the abundance of Na+ and they were transferred to filter paper in petri dishes. Then, Cl− ions directly acts upon the biophysical and/or metabolic for salinity treatment, 10 ml of sodium chloride solution components of the plant system (Banerjee and was added to each petri dish and after applying the Roychoudhury, 2016). treatments at the time of sowing, the petri dishes were Medicinal and aromatic plants are valuable products; the placed in a germinator with a relative humidity of 80% and natural products of these plants are small volume but very after applying the treatments at the time of sowing the valuable and have many applications in various industries seeds, the petri dishes were placed in a germinator with a such as food, beverages, food supplements, perfumery, relative humidity of 80% and temperatures of 20, 25 and cosmetics and medicine (Novak and Blüthner, 2020). 30°C, 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness. Salinity stress has been reported as a major inhibitor of plant growth in case of medicinal plants like Majorana hortensis, peppermint, pennyroyal, apple mint, Aloe vera, Germination tests Matricaria recutita, Thymus maroccanus, geranium, Thymus vulgaris, sweet fennel, sage and Mentha pulegium (Aziz et The criterion for seed germination was 2 mm root al., 2008; Said-Al Ahl and Omer, 2011). Increases in Na+ and emergence. Petri dishes were inspected at a specific time Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants; Hakimi. 072 and the number of germinated seeds was counted to was obtained in the treatment of non-stress and determine the germination rate daily up to 14 days after temperature of 25°C and the lowest amount except for planting and to add water or salt solution as necessary to treatments
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