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Appendix: Paul’s Journeys | 513

APPENDIX: PAUL’S JOURNEYS

Letters Written by Paul, in Order of Writing Date Themes of Letters Written by Paul, in Biblical Order Paul’s Traveling Companions Major Archaeological Finds: Roman Emperors During the Biblical Period Timeline of Paul’s Life and Journeys Biblical References to Places in Greece, and Suggested Resources: Paul’s Journeys Map: Paul’s First Missionary Journey Map: Paul’s Second Missionary Journey Map: Paul’s Third Missionary Journey Map: Paul’s Trip to

Letters Written by Paul, in Order of Writing Date Letter/ Key To Where Written When Message Verses Gal. Church in in 48–55 AD Freedom in Christ versus 5:22–23 Legalism; Paul’s Authority 1 Thess. 5:16–23 Church in Corinth 49–54 AD New Christians, Commit to God Until Christ Returns 2 Thess. 3:4–6 Church in Corinth 50–54 AD Persevere Until Christ Thessaloniki Returns 1 Cor. 13:4–5 Church in Corinth 56 AD Addresses Division and Immorality in the Church 2 Cor.12:9 Church in Corinth 56 AD Paul’s Authority Against False Teachers Romans 12:1–2 Church in Rome Corinth 57 AD Law, Faith, Salvation, Righteousness Eph. 2:8–9 Church in Ephesus Rome (prison) 60–64 AD Living in Christ Col. Church in Rome (prison) 60–64 AD Heretical Teachings; Christ is 2:9–10 Enough 514 | DEFINING MOMENTS Appendix: Paul’s Journeys | 515

Phil. 17–19 Philemon, a friend in Rome (prison) 60–61 AD Brothers in Christ, Forgive Philippians This letter is simply about joy and that we have it because we are united Colossae Slave (Onesimus) with Christ, because we have fellowship with each other, and because Phil. Church in Philippi Rome (prison) 60–64 AD Paul’s Love for Philippians; we know our “Citizenship is in Heaven.” 2:14–15 Joy; Humility Paul emphasized Christ’s supremacy here, that He is one with God and 1 Timothy Timothy, leader of Rome 62–64 AD False Teachings; Church Colossians Creation, Head of the Church. Because our sins are forgiven and the 4:12–13 Church in Ephesus Leadership Law is fulfilled in Him, whatever“ you do, whether in word or deed, do Titus 3:4–7 Titus, leader of Rome 63–64 AD Living in Faith; Good Works it all in the name of the Lord ”(Colossians 3:17). Church in Crete 1 Thessalonians Persecution by man and spiritual attack by the enemy are to be 2 Timothy Timothy, leader of Rome (prison) 65–67 AD Paul’s Last Words, expected because of our faith that opposes the world’s ways. We are to 3:15–17 Church in Ephesus Encouraging Timothy stay the course, knowing that one day He will return to end suffering and death forever for us. Themes of Letters Written by Paul, in Biblical Order 2 Thessalonians Continuing the theme of Christ’s return, Paul says to replace anxiety with hope and encouragement, to trust Christ’s protection from all Romans Paul shares his insights into his understanding of the faith as he harmful forces. addresses the two different types of house-churches: those primarily Jewish and the larger with those primarily Gentile. 1 Timothy Paul continued to instruct his young protégé in the faith. Just as Paul In Romans 1, he states: “I am not ashamed of the Gospel . . . for in the was his example of being grounded in sound doctrine that guided his Gospel the righteousness of God is revealed . . . the righteous will heart and mind, he wants Timothy to be such an example. live by faith.” Whether Jew or Gentile, “all have sinned and fall short.” 2 Timothy Paul’s last letter is a plea for Timothy—and us—to remain strong and to Salvation is offered to all, not because of merit or ethnicity. preach the Word, so that we may endure inevitable hardships and be 1 Corinthians Paul reminds the quarreling Corinthians that, through Christ’s equipped for good works. Resurrection, they have new life now, one that is to be characterized by Titus Titus served the longest with Paul: twenty years! He later became the love, not by division among believers. first bishop on the island of Crete, where he instructed the elders to be Christians in community cannot have immorality, lawsuits, disharmony, examples, above reproach. Paul encourages his friend that one of our and insensitivity to needs within. highest callings is to “devote ourselves to doing what is good.” 2 Corinthians Just as we are ambassadors, representatives of our homeland, Philemon Philemon’s slave, Onesimus, had run away and then accepted Christ. Paul relates that, as Christians, we are Christ’s ambassadors, As all relationships are transformed in Christ, Paul personally asks representatives of our God. Philemon to accept Onesimus as a brother in the Lord. Paul challenged them and us to aim for perfection, being of one mind and living in peace. Paul’s Traveling Companions The Galatians had fallen for the trap we also conveniently do at times: check off a “Do and Don’t” list to feel we are good enough. Joseph, a Levite from Cyprus, was called Barnabas (“Encourager”) He reminds them they are a new creation by saying: “I am astonished by the apostles. Paul and Barnabas shared their First Missionary that you . . . are turning to a different gospel—which is really no Journey to Minor, before they went separate ways over Mark, each Gospel at all” (Galatians 6:7). It is about transformation, not about powerfully spreading the Word to the world. following rules. The early church met in his mother’s home; the place Peter first visited Ephesians Paul’s message to his beloved church in Ephesus is to live a unified life after his release from jail. When he departed the First Missionary worthy of the calling. He famously proclaims: “It is by grace you have Journey with Paul and Barnabas early, he caused them to split, and been saved, through faith . . . it is the gift of God, not by works” joined Barnabas on his subsequent travels. He later reconciled with Paul (Ephesians 2:8–9). and joined Peter in Rome. 516 | DEFINING MOMENTS Appendix: Paul’s Journeys | 517

Luke A Greek physician prior to conversion, Luke joined Paul in Troas on the Cult dining rooms (in Asclepius and Corinth 1 Cor 8:10 Second Missionary Journey, and went by ship with him to Rome after Demeter ) the Third Missionary Journey and Paul’s imprisonment. He wrote the Court (bema) Corinth :12 Gospel of Luke and The after Paul died. Marketplace (bema) Philippi :19 Priscilla and Expelled from Rome in 49 AD by emperor Claudius, they ended up in Aquila Corinth as fellow tent makers, where they extended hospitality to Paul. Starting gate for races Isthmia 1 Cor 9:24,26 They later joined him during his years in Ephesus. Gallio inscription Delphi Acts 18:12 Silas He traveled with Paul for three years on the Second Missionary Journey, Egnatian Way Kavalia (), Philippi, Acts 16:11–12, 17:1 ministered in Corinth after Paul departed to Ephesus, and later joined , Thessalonia Peter in Rome. Politarch inscription Thessalonia :6 Timothy This young man from in Asia Minor (Greek father, Jewish mother) accompanied Paul and Silas on the Second Missionary Journey. Paul Roman Emperors During the Biblical Period wrote 1 and 2 Timothy to his protégé. 27 BC–14 AD Vitellius 69 Titus He traveled with Paul for twenty years. As he was born a Gentile and uncircumcised, Christians wanted him to be circumcised. Tiberius 14–37 AD Vespasian 69–79 Paul vehemently defended Titus’s right to remain uncircumcised. Titus Gaius Caligula 37–41 Titus 79–81 later became the first bishop on the island of Crete and received Paul’s Claudius 41–54 Domitian 81–96 personal letter describing the qualities of a church leader. Nero 54–68 Nerva 96–98 Galba 68–69 Trajan 98–117 Major Archaeological Finds: New Testament Otho 69 Hadrian 117–138 Site or Artifact Location Related Scripture TURKEY/ASIA MINOR Inscription Kerti Huyuk :20 Timeline of Paul’s Life and Journeys inscription Antioch in :6–7 Activity Approximate Date AD Altar of Zeus (Some call it Satan’s Pergamum Revelation 2:13 Paul is called (conversion experience) 32–33 throne) Preaching in Arabia and Damascus 33–36 Fourth Century BC walls :13–14 First visit to Jerusalem 36 Artemis and altar Ephesus, Turkey :27–28 Mission to Syria, , and Galatia; return to Antioch 36–49 Ephesian theater Ephesus Acts 19:29 Second visit to Jerusalem; Jerusalem Council 49 Silversmith shops Ephesus Acts 19:24 Mission to Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Achaia, (including Corinth) Artemis statues Ephesus Acts 19:35 Paul in Corinth 50–52 GREECE Writes 1 Thessalonians 50 Erastus inscription Corinth Romans 16:23 Returns to Antioch 52 Synagogue inscription Corinth Acts 18:4 Mission to Galatia, Ephesus, Macedonia, and Corinth 53–56 Meat market inscription Corinth 1 Cor 10:25 Paul in Ephesus 53–55 518 | DEFINING MOMENTS Appendix: Paul’s Journeys | 519

Writes Galatians 53 Macedonia Acts 16:9, 10, 12, 18:5; 19:21–22; 20:1,3; Romans 15:26; 1 Corinthians Writes 1 Corinthians and portions of 2 Corinthians 54–55 16:5; 2 Corinthians 1:16, 2:13, 7:5, 8:1, 11:9; Philippians 4:15; 1 Thessalonians 1:7–8, 4:10; 1 Timothy 1:3; see also Acts 19:29, 27:2; 2 Perhaps writes Philippians and Philemon 55 Corinthians 9:2,4 Travels to Macedonia 56 Mitylene Acts 20:14 Writes remainder of 2 Corinthians 56 Neapolis Acts 16:11 Travels to Corinth 56 Titus 3:12 Writes Romans 56 Patmos Revelation 1:9 Third visit to Jerusalem; arrested and sent to as a 59 Philippi Acts 16:12, 20:6; Philippians 1:1; 1 Thessalonians 2:2; see also prisoner Philippians 4:15 Imprisonment in Rome (house arrest) 60–62 :1; likely the meaning if “Rodanim” in Genesis 10:4 and 1 Perhaps writes Philippians and Philemon 60–62 Chronicles 1:7 Acts 20:15 Biblical References to Places in Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus Acts 16:11 Greece Thessaloniki Acts 17:1, 11, 13; Philippians 4:16; 2 Timothy 4:10; see also Acts 20:4, Greece Daniel 8:21; 10:20; 11:2; Zechariah 9:13; Acts 20:2; see also Joel 3:6 27:2; 1 Thessalonians 1:1; 2 Thessalonians 1:1 Achaia Acts 18:12,27,19:21; Romans 15:26; 1 Corinthians 16:15; 2 Corinthians Turkey 1:1; 9:2, 11:10; 1 Thessalonians 1:7,8 :2 Acts 17:1 Acts 13:14, 14:19,21; 2 Timothy 3:11 Apollonia Acts 17:1 Antioch of Syria :5, 11:19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 13:1, 14:26, 15:22, 23, 30, 35, 18:22; Acts 17:15,16, 18:1; 1 Thessalonians 3:1; see also Acts 17:22 Galatians 2:11 Berea Acts 17:10,13, 20:4 Ararat Gen 8:4; 2 Kings 19:37; Isaiah 37:38; Jeremiah 51:27 Cauda Acts 27:16 Asia (province) :9, 6–9; 19:10, 22, 26–27; 20:16, 18, 21:27, 24:19, 27:2; Romans Cenchreae Acts 18:18; Romans 16:1 16:5; 1 Corinthians 16:19; 2 Corinthians 1:8; 2 Timothy 1:15; 1 Peter 1:1; Acts 20:15 Revelation 1:4,11; see also Acts 20:4 Corinth Acts 18:1, 19:1; 1 Corinthians 1:2; 2 Corinthians 1:1, 23; 2 Timothy 4:20; Assos Acts 20:13,14 see also Acts 18:8; 2 Corinthians 6:11 Attalia Acts 14:25 Acts 21:1 Bithynia Acts 16:7; 1 Peter 1:1 Crete Acts 27:7, 12, 13, 21; Titus 1:5; see also Acts 2:11; Titus 1:12; possibly Acts 2:9; 1 Peter 1:1 the meaning of “Caphtorim” in Genesis 10:14; Deuteronomy 2:23; 1 2 Chronicles 35:20; Isaiah 10:9; Jeremiah 46:2 Chronicles 1:12; and “Caphtor” in Jeremiah 47:4; 9:7 Cilicia 1 Kings 10:28 (called Kue); Acts 6:9, 15:23, 41, 21:39, 22:3, 23:34, 27:5; Fair Havens Acts 27:8 Galatians 1:21 Lasea Acts 27:8 Cnidus Acts 27:7 Acts 27:12 Colossae Colossians 1:2 Salmone Acts 27:7 520 | DEFINING MOMENTS Appendix: Paul’s Journeys | 521

Derbe Acts 14:6,20, 16:1, 20:4 Troas Acts 16:8, 11, 20:5–6; 2 Corinthians 2:12; 2 Timothy 4:13 Ephesus Acts 18:19, 21, 24; 19:1, 17, 26, 35; 20:16, 17; 1 Corinthians 15:32, 16:8, Trogyllium Mentioned in some ancient manuscripts of Acts 20:15 1 Timothy 1:3; 2 Timothy 1:18; 4:12; Revelation 1:11, 2:1; mentioned in Cyprus some ancient manuscripts of Ephesians 1:1; see also Acts 19:28 Cyprus :36, 11:19–20, 13:4, 15:39, 21:3, 16, 27:4; likely the meaning of Galatia Acts 16:6, 18:23; 1 Corinthians 16:1; Galatians 1:2; 2 Timothy 4:10; 1 “Kittim” in Genesis 10:4 and 1 Chronicles 1:7; possibly the meaning of Peter 1:1; see also Galatians 3:1 Elishah in Genesis 10:4; 1 Chronicles 1:7; and Ezekiel 27:7 Haran Genesis 11:31–32, 12:4–5, 27:43, 28:10, 29:4; 2 Kings 19:12; Isaiah Acts 13:6, 13 37:12; Ezekiel 27:23; :2, 4 Salamis Acts 13:5 Colossians 4:13 Iconium Acts 13:51, 14:1, 19, 21, 16:2; 2 Timothy 3:11 Laodicea Colossians 2:1; 4:13, 15–16; Revelation 1:11; 3:14 Lycaonia Acts 14:6; see also Acts 14:11 Lycia Acts 27:5 Possibly identified with some or all references to “Lud” or Ludim” in Genesis 10:13, 22; 1 Chronicles 1:11, 17; Isaiah 66:19; Ezekiel 27:10; 30:5 Lystra Acts 14:6, 8, 21; 16:1–2; 2 Timothy 3:11 Acts 20:15, 17; 2 Timothy 4:20 Acts 27:5; mentioned in some ancient manuscripts of Acts 21:1 Acts 16:7 Acts 2:10, 13:13, 14:24, 15:38, 27:5 Acts 21:1 Acts 13:13, 14, 14:25 Pergamum Revelation 1:11; 2:12 Revelation 1:11; 3:7 Acts 2:10, 16:6, 18:23 Pisidia Acts 13:14; 14:24 Pontus Acts 2:9, 18:2; 1 Peter 1:1 Revelation 1:11, 3:1, 4; in Obadiah 20, “Sepharad” may be a reference to Sardis Pieria Acts 13:4 Revelation 1:11, 2:8 :11, 30, 11:25, 21:39, 22:3 Acts 16:14; Revelation 1:11; 2:18, 24 522 | DEFINING MOMENTS Suggested Resources: Paul’s Journeys | 523

SUGGESTED RESOURCES: PAUL’S JOURNEYS Videos: St. Paul in Greece ©2013, Blue Sky Productions St. John in Exile © 1996, DJ Productions Apostle Paul and the Earliest Churches ©2004, B and N Productions Odyssey of St. Paul Paul L. Maier, © 2003, Tobias Communications Books: Ancient Greece, a Concise History, Peter Green, © 1979, Thames and Hudson Ancient Turkey, a Traveler’s History, Seton Lloyd, © 1999, Thames and Hudson Archaeology and the New Testament, John McRay, © 1991, Baker Books Faith Lessons in the Dust: Becoming a Disciple, Ray Vander Laan, © 2006, That the World May Know Faith Lessons of the Early Church: Conquering the Gates of Hell, Ray Vander Laan, © 2000, That the World May Know A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey, Clyde E. Fant and Mitchell G. Reddish, © 2003, Oxford University Press In the Steps of St. Paul, H.V. Morton, © 2002, Da Capo Press The Journal Time of Paul, David Sparks, © 1998, Footsteps Ministries Paul, Apostle of the Heart Set Free, Frederick Fyvie Bruce, © 2000, Eerdmans Paul, the Jewish Theologian, Brad Young, ©1997, Hendrickson Paul, a Man of Grace and Grit, Charles R. Swindoll, © 2002, The W Publishing Group Paul for Everyone (Commentary on 1 Corinthians), N.T. Wright, ©2004, Westminster John Knox Press Paul, a Novel, Walter Wangerin Jr. , © 2000, Zondervan Publishing House The Pillars of Hercules, Paul Theroux. © 1995, Cape Cod Scriveners Company, Fawcett/Random House To Live is Christ, Embracing the Passion of Paul, Beth Moore, © 2001, Broadman and Holman

Tracts: “The Life of the Apostle Paul,” ©2006, Rose Publishing 524 | DEFINING MOMENTS Suggested Resources: Paul’s Journeys | 525

Map: Paul’s First Missionary Journey Map: Paul’s Second Missionary Journey 526 | DEFINING MOMENTS Suggested Resources: Paul’s Journeys | 527

Map: Paul’s Third Missionary Journey Map: Paul’s Trip to Rome