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Contesting the Past in Nowa Huta, Poland

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Contesting the Past in Nowa Huta, Poland MODEL SOCIALIST TOWN, TWO DECADES LATER: CONTESTING THE PAST IN NOWA HUTA, POLAND (Spine title: Contesting the Past in Nowa Huta, Poland) (Thesis format: Monograph) by Kinga Pozniak Graduate Program in Anthropology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Kinga Pozniak 2011 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO SCHOOL OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners ______________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Randa Farah Dr. Kim Clark ______________________________ Dr. Dan Jorgensen ______________________________ Dr. Marta Dyczok ______________________________ Dr. Tanya Richardson The thesis by Kinga Pozniak entitled: Model Socialist Town, Two Decades Later: Contesting the Past in Nowa Huta, Poland is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date__________________________ _______________________________ Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii ABSTRACT This work examines people’s experiences of the postsocialist transformation in Poland through the lens of memory. Since socialism’s collapse over two decades ago, Poland has undergone dramatic political, economic and social changes. However, the past continues to enter into current politics, economic debates and social issues. This work examines the changes that have taken place by looking at how socialism is remembered two decades after its collapse in the Polish former “model socialist town” of Nowa Huta. It explores how ideas about the past are produced, reproduced and contested in different contexts: in Nowa Huta’s cityscape, in museums, commemorations, and the town’s steelworks (once the cornerstone of all social life in town), as well as in the personal accounts and recollections of Nowa Huta residents of different generations. Through this, it links together memory, place and generation in postsocialist East-Central Europe. This work shows that the process of remembering at times of major political, economic and social changes always entails contestation. It argues that the postsocialist period in Poland has been characterized by a complex and paradoxical relationship to the socialist past. On the one hand, there are attempts to delineate the socialist past as distinct and radically different from the present, and to set it aside in favour of present concerns. For example, a generational divide is perceived between people who have experienced life in socialist Poland and those who have not. On the other hand, the past is deployed to validate the political and economic reforms that ensued. Hegemonic accounts thus characterize the socialist period as a time of repression, resistance and inefficiency, although these representations do not go uncontested. iii Nowa Huta is a site that embodies these contradictions in memory and representation. In Nowa Huta, there are presently two major trends in representing the past: one seeing to downplay the town’s association with socialism by highlighting its legacy of resistance against the socialist system, the other enumerating its socialist-era accomplishments such as architecture, an industrial tradition, and a legacy of work. Keywords: memory, socialism and postsocialism, generation, East-Central Europe iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people on both sides of the Atlantic have helped me in the course of conducting research and writing this dissertation. First of all, this research would not have been possible without the help of people in Nowa Huta who shared with me various aspects of their lives. While every single Nowa Huta resident I met enriched my life and research, a few deserve special mention. I want to acknowledge the organizations Ośrodek Kultury im. Norwida, Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa Oddział Dzieje Nowej Huty, and Muzeum PRL-u, as well as their management – Wiesława Wykurz, Paweł Jagło, and Jadwiga Emilewicz, respectively - for allowing me to get involved in their organizations’ activities. The staff at Muzeum PRL-u – especially Natalia Brachowicz, Ewa Hajdasz, Joanna Komperda, Jakub Lubelski, Agnieszka Pelc and Irena Sośnicka - always made me feel welcome and incorporated me in their activities. The staff at Muzeum NH – particularly Kasia and Bożenka - always found time to offer me hot tea during the cold winter days. And the wonderful members of OKN’s “English conversation circle” - particularly Barbara Cygan, Kasia Danecka, Agata Dudkiewicz, Wiktoria Fedorowicz, Gosia Hajto, Joanna Kornas-Chmielarz, Marta Kurek and Agnieszka Smagowicz - were a regular source of chitchat and laughter. I also want to thank two amazing women, Danuta Szymońska and Krystyna Lenczowska, for taking an interest in my project, and for their insights, wisdom and help in procuring materials and contacts. I also want to thank my Nowa Huta family: Wujek Jasiu, Ciocia Marysia, Ciocia Lidka, Ola, Gosia and her family, for adopting me into their lives, and Ciocia Marysia in particular for the delicious dinners. Outside of Nowa Huta, I want to thank my Grandpa v for doing his best to give me a home and take care of me. I am also grateful to Ciocia Danusia and Teresa Grzybowska for “mothering” me during my stay. The Department of Anthropology at The University of Western Ontario has been a wonderful place to grow as a student and scholar. I am indebted to all my professors, for much of this dissertation was written with their voices in my head, and their intellectual fingerprints are all over the pages that follow. I want to thank especially my supervisor Randa Farah and my advisors Dan Jorgensen and Adriana Premat, for their time, dedication and generosity in providing feedback on various aspects of this project. I am also grateful to two wonderful mentors, Kim Clark and Marta Dyczok, for all their advice on research, writing, academia and life. In addition, I want to thank Andrew Walsh and members of the writing group for taking time to read and comment on early drafts of this work. A large component of this research was financially supported by the University of Western Ontario. The Faculty of Social Science Graduate Research Award supported the coursework phases. The Department of Anthropology Regna Darnell Award supported a preliminary research trip to Poland, while the fieldwork and the writing phase were funded by a grant by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship. The last set of thank-yous goes to family and friends. I am thankful to both sides of my family – the Pozniaks and the Shoebridges – for their love and support. My heartfelt thanks to Jenn Long for being my partner-in-crime throughout this entire process. And last but not least, I want to thank my husband J.J. for his love, understanding, patience, for seeing the “big picture”, and for the life that we are building together. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of examination...................................................................................................ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments................................................................................................................v Table of contents................................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1 Memory in Poland: Background ………………………………………………………….9 Methodology……………………………………………………………………………..23 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework………………………………………….28 Chapter Outline…………………………………………………………………………..47 CHAPTER 1: MEMORY SITS IN PLACES: MEMORY AND CHANGE IN NOWA HUTA’S CITYSCAPE .....................................................................................................51 1.1 Nowa Huta: a model socialist town…………………………………………...…54 1.2 Myths, stereotypes and controversies……………………………………………57 1.3 The steelworks in Nowa Huta’s life ......................................................................59 1.4 Nowa Huta: a site of resistance..............................................................................61 1.5 Nowa Huta after 1989............................................................................................64 i) Revitalization and reinvention............................................................................67 1.6 The past in Nowa Huta’s cityscape........................................................................71 i) Architecture and urban design…………………………………………………73 ii) Names and monuments……………………………………………………….78 iii) Churches……………………………………………………………………...83 1.7 Contesting memory in space……………………………………………………..84 i) Central Square or Reagan Square?.....................................................................85 ii) Ożański’s Square……………………………………………………………...86 iii) Kukliński’s monument…………………………………………………….…88 1.8 Nowa Huta: a palimpsest of temporalities……………………………………….90 1.9 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….92 CHAPTER 2: MEMORIES OF WORK AT THE STEELWORKS…………………….95 2.1 From Lenin Steelworks to Arcelor Mittal……………………………………….97 2.2 The steelworks in a steeltown: changing role of the steelworks in Nowa Huta’s life………………………………………………………………………………106 2.3 Memories of work………………………………………………………………111 2.4 From homo sovieticus to homo privaticus: on work, values and subjectivity….126
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