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Redalyc.Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They?
Desarrollo y Sociedad ISSN: 0120-3584 [email protected] Universidad de Los Andes Colombia Zegarra, Luis Felipe Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Desarrollo y Sociedad, núm. 68, diciembre, 2011, pp. 213-259 Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=169122461007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista 68 213 Desarrollo y Sociedad II semestre 2011 Railroads in Peru: How Important Were They? Ferrocarriles en el Perú: ¿Qué tan importantes fueron? Luis Felipe Zegarra* Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution and main features of the railway system of Peru in the 19th and early 20th centuries. From mid-19th century railroads were considered a promise for achieving progress. Several railroads were then built in Peru, especially in 1850-75 and in 1910-30. With the construction of railroads, Peruvians saved time in travelling and carrying freight. The faster service of railroads did not necessarily come at the cost of higher passenger fares and freight rates. Fares and rates were lower for railroads than for mules, especially for long distances. However, for some routes (especially for short distances with many curves), the traditional system of llamas remained as the lowest pecuniary cost (but also slowest) mode of transportation. Key words: Transportation, railroads, Peru, Latin America. JEL classification: N70, N76, R40. * Luis Felipe Zegarra is PhD in Economics of University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). -
THE-POLISH-TRACE-Ebook.Pdf
8 THE POLISH TRACE COMPOSED FROM COMMONLY AVAILABLE SOURCES BY LECH POLKOWSKI FOR IJCRS2017 FOREWORD It is a desire of many participants of conferences to learn as much as possible about the history and culture of he visited country and place and organizers try to satisfy this desire by providing excursions into attractive places and sites. IJCRS2017 also tries to take participants to historic sites of Warmia and Mazury and to show elements of local culture. As an innovation, we propose a booklet showing some achievements of Polish scientists and cryptographers, no doubt many of them are known universally, but some probably not. What bounds all personages described here is that they all suffered due to world wars, th efirst and the second. These wars ruined their homes, made them refugees and exiles, destroyed their archives and libraries, they lost many colleagues, friends and students but were lucky enough to save lives and in some cases to begin the career overseas. We begin with the person of Jan Czochralski, world famous metallurgist, discoverer of the technique of producing metal monocrystals `the Czochralski methode’ and inventor of duraluminum and the `bahnalloy’ who started his career and obtained its heights in Germany, later returned to Poland, became a professor at the Warsaw Polytechnical, played an important role in cultural life of Warsaw, lived in Warsaw through the second world war and the Warsaw Uprising of August-September 1944 and after the war was accused of cooperating ith occupying German forces and though judged innocent was literally erased from the public life and any information about him obliterated. -
Mapping Domeyko: a Visual Arts Project Inspired by the Expeditions of Ignacy Domeyko Ignacio Acosta (University of Brighton, U
Mapping Domeyko: A visual arts project inspired by the expeditions of Ignacy Domeyko Ignacio Acosta (University of Brighton, U. K.), Jakub Bojczuk (London, U. K.) Chile, with its rocky cordillera, overflowing with mineral wealth, holds the largest reserves of copper on the planet Earth. This mineral kingdom was yet to be discovered in 1838 when Domeyko reached Chile, as his arrival coincided with a remarkable phase of development in copper and silver mining in Chile. The country presented itself as an intriguing and exciting land, full of new discoveries and adventures. While main purpose of Domeyko’s work in Chile was to take up a teaching position in Coquimbo, which he carried out with care and dedication, he took full advantage of every opportunity that presented itself in order to explore the Andes mountains. This helped him collect educational material for his students but also satisfied his thirst for knowledge. As Paz Domeyko notes ‘from the moment of his arrival, the nearby mountains and the mines they contained had beckoned to his avid curiosity. No sooner was the school year over than Ignacio left on his first long-awaited excursion to explore them’1. In his numerous field expeditions, particularly frequent during his time teaching in Coquimbo between 1838 and 1847, Domeyko visited, amongst others: the silver mine in Arqueros (1838), the Carrizal copper mine (1840), the Chañarcillo silver mine (1840), the San Pedro Nolasco silver mines (1841), the El Teniente and El Volcano mines (1842) and smaller mines found during his journey to Araucania (1844–1845). These journeys, together with other trips to the Andes carried out less frequently after his relocation to Santiago, resulted in many detailed scientific analysis and publications. -
63 OBITUARY Farewell to Professor Algirdas Juozapas Gaigalas (1933
OBITUARY Farewell to Professor Algirdas Juozapas Gaigalas (1933–2009) Encyclopaedia, international journal “Geochronometria” and “Mokslas ir gyvenimas” (Science and life), a patron of the topics about nature discussed in the publications of publishing house “Versmės”, and a tutor and scientific supervisor of the famous Vaclovas Intas’ stone museum in Mosėdis (Skuodas District). At the Vilnius University, Professor Gaigalas lectured on the Quaternary geology of East Baltic States, and Geomorphology and Quaternary geology, conducted the training field practice for students, and participated in training bachelors, masters, and doctors and habilitated doctors of geology. Prof. Gaigalas’ scientific works are devoted to Quater- nary deposits in Lithuania and some other countries (Po- land, Belarus, Russia, Karelia, and Yakut). He developed a petrographic method for moraine investigations and methods for glaciosedimentary research and determined Algirdas Juozapas Gaigalas. the glaciosedimentation cycles of Lithuanian Pleistocene Family archive, 2007. and lithostratigraphic attributes of moraine structures. Doctor Habilitus Algirdas Juozapas Gaigalas, an eminent Gaigalas was one of the first to study the Baltic Sea bot- Lithuanian scientist and public figure, long-term Professor tom moraines and buried palaeovalleys; he described the of Vilnius University, died on June 4 after a serious typical boulders found on the sea bottom. In attempt to illness. He was one of the best modern Quaternary solve the complicated problems related with stratigraphic sedimentologists, a skilled field geologist who with his classification of Quaternary, Professor did his best to penetrating eye and mind investigated the composition introduce the modern lithological, geochemical, palaeo- and structures of clastic deposits and interpreted them botanical, palaeomagnetic Quaternary research methods within a wide context. -
“There Is No Future Without the Past. Science on the Interface of 19Th– 21St Centuries”
“THERE IS NO FUTURE WITHOUT THE PAST. SCIENCE ON THE INTERFACE OF 19TH– 21ST CENTURIES” Purpose of the Conference This international conference is dedicated to the 215th birth anniversary of a famous geologist, mineralogist, ethnologist, Rector of the University of Chile in Santiago, an outstanding scientist, a member of the November 1830 Uprising, a spokesperson for Lithuania, Poland and France Ignacy Domeyko (1802- 1889). I. Domeyko moved to Vilnius in 1816 and lived on the Pilies street. Being only fourteen years old I. Domeyko started studying at the Department of Mathematics and Physics of Vilnius University. The conference is divided into the following sections ● Life and Works of I. Domeyko ● The History of Science ● Higher Education and its Reforms ● Chemistry and Geosciences The Scientific Programme of the Conference Presentations (approx. 20 minutes each) of the invited speakers will be presented in the plenary meeting; oral presentations (approx. 10 minutes each) and poster sessions will be held separately for different sections. The Organizers Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Vilnius University, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Lithuanian Society of Ignacy Domeyko. Conference Date and Location The conference will be held from the 28th to the 30th of July, 2017 at Vilnius University and Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Registration of the participants begins on the 28th of July at 9 am. Opening ceremony of the conference is on the 28th of July at 10 am. Contacts of Organizing Committee Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania. Phone number: (+370 5) 2193110. E-mail: [email protected] Language Official languages of the conference are English and Lithuanian Conference Fee Conference registration fee is 100 euros; 50 euros for students and seniors. -
Vilniaus Universiteto Teisės Fakulteto
“THERE IS NO FUTURE WITHOUT THE PAST. SCIENCE ON THE INTERFACE OF 19TH– 21ST CENTURIES” Purpose of the Conference Ignacy Domeyko This international conference is dedicated to the 215th birth anniversary of a famous geologist, mineralogist, ethnologist, Rector of the University of Chile in Santiago, an outstanding scientist, a member of the November 1830 Uprising, a spokesperson for Lithuania, Poland and France Ignacy Domeyko (1802-1889). I. Domeyko moved to Vilnius in 1816 and lived on the Pilies street. Being only fourteen years old I. Domeyko started studying at the Department of Mathematics and Physics of Vilnius University. The conference is divided into the following sections ● Life and Works of I. Domeyko ● The History of Science ● Higher Education and its Reforms ● Chemistry and Geosciences The Scientific Programme of the Conference Presentations (approx. 20 minutes each) of the invited speakers will be presented in the plenary meeting; oral presentations (approx. 10 minutes each) and poster sessions will be held separately for different sections. The Organizers Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Vilnius University, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Lithuanian Society of Ignacy Domeyko. Conference Date and Location The conference will be held from the 28th to the 30th of July, 2017 at Vilnius University and Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Registration of the participants begins on the 28th of July at 9 am. Opening ceremony of the conference is on the 28th of July at 10 am. Contacts of Organizing Committee Vilnius University, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania. Phone number: (+370 5) 2193110. E-mail: [email protected] Language Official languages of the conference are English and Lithuanian Conference Fee Conference registration fee is 100 euros; 50 euros for students and seniors. -
Intelligent Cybersecurity
CORPORATE OVERVIEW Intelligent Cybersecurity Innovation. Every Day. [email protected] | www.kudelskisecurity.com Your Trusted Cybersecurity Partner Kudelski Security is an innovative and independent provider of cybersecurity solutions, with offices in Switzerland and across the United States. Our mission is to help large enterprise and public-sector clients build, deploy and manage effective security programs aligned to their business objectives. Our global reach and cyber solutions focus are reinforced by key international partnerships. These include alliances with the world’s leading security technologies as well as specialized services experts, ensuring we can offer clients the resources needed to meet their cybersecurity goals. Timeline 1951 1952 1960 1969 1989 1995 Stefan Kudelski A NAGRA recorder Used to record And taken into space First TV encryption First digital TV access launches NAGRA I, is taken up Mount Marilyn Monroe... on the Apollo Mission systems adopted by solutions launched the first portable Everest... the market audio recorder We work with you to understand your business and security objectives, and deliver solutions from across our four business pillars to help you reach your goals. Research and Development Get new answers to complex challenges through the research and development of custom solutions that make your organization more efficient and secure. IoT Security Cryptography Proprietary Solutions Technology Services Ensure your security architecture is optimally designed, deployed and managed, to reduce risk, drive efficiencies and enable business. Technology Assessments & Architecture & Design Solution Implementation Rationalization Automation & Orchestration Security Tuning & Optimization Innovation is in Our DNA Purposeful innovation is key to creating successful cybersecurity solutions. For Kudelski Security, innovation permeates the organization. -
Fall 2001 Issue
Polish Heritage Published Quarterly by the American Council for Polish Culture Fall 2001 Vol. LII, No. 3 53rd Annual Convention–A Success! by Jo Louise and Marion Winters elegates to the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Council for Polish Cul- Youngsters ture enjoyed a grand reception on their in Polish D folk dress firstD night. A remarkable quartet of Gorale (High- greet the landers) stirred the hearts and souls of everyone. Of convention course, the delicious hors d’oeuvres catered by wait- participants ers and the endless flow of fine wines, added up to a with song and dance very happy evening. The quartet loved us, too – said they will play for us next year in Poland, if we like! Scarcely had the musicians left the room, when the very talented Jaroslaw Golembiowski sat down at the piano and an impromptu choir of delegates formed around and soon the room reverberated to the sounds of happy Polish songs. The opening ceremonies began the next day with a stirring presentation of colors, singing of the Polish and American Anthems, and concluding with a very lively dance exhibition by a group of charming children dressed in colorful folk costumes representing various regions Goral Folk Quartet entertains the convention participants of Poland. Dr. Vivian Walkosz and Robert Maycan, at a reception on the first night of the convention Convention Co-Chairs, welcomed the delegates and Mar- (left to right) ion Winters, ACPC President, officially opened the Dr. Vivian 53rd Annual Convention. Spontaneous applause fol- Walkosz, Paz Presentation of wreath at the lowed the keynote address by the Polish Consulate Domeyko, Copernicus Monument (left to Robert right) Dr. -
February / March 2013 Newsletter
February / March 2013 Innovation, Technology, When You're in Philadelphia's Skilled Workers & Customers! Historic District Visit The Polish American Cultural Center by Michael Blichasz Museum Exhibit Hall Every day more Americans are uniting 308 Walnut Street behind efforts to support American workers representing small and large Featuring Polish History and Culture businesses, non-union and union, and Open 10 AM to 4 PM the self-employed. Although our campaign FREE ADMISSION continues to gain momentum, we have a long way to go to restore jobs in the January through April U.S.A. Our efforts continue to make a Monday to Friday difference and without the growing number of people involved in May through December the Buy American Made Campaign more jobs in America would Polish American Monday to Saturday have been lost. As we continue our campaign, I ask that you Cultural Center promote the following points: Gift Shop is Open During 308 Walnut Street Regular Exhibit Hall Hours 1. Innovation: For more than two centuries tens-of-thousands of Philadelphia, PA 19106 products were invented and manufactured in America. Today, (215) 922-1700 Closed on Holidays America’s private sector businesses have the power to restore tens- of-millions of jobs so it time for national elected and business Internet: PolishAmericanCenter.orgPolishAmericanCenter.com leaders to show us what can be accomplished when all levels of leadership work together. Museum Exhibit Hall Schedule Winter & Early Spring 2. Technology: There is no reason why Americans can’t produce December 29, 2012 through April 27, 2013 competitive products of every type and help restore America’s Monday through Friday 10 A.M. -
KUDELSKI Group 2011 Annual Report Worldreginfo - F556f6c8-B0a9-420C-Aeb0-4Ec972423f05 Key Figures
KUDELSKI GROUP 2011 ANNUAL REPORT WorldReginfo - f556f6c8-b0a9-420c-aeb0-4ec972423f05 KEY FiguRes MACROECONOMICS IMPACTING PROFITABILITY TURNAROUND PROGRAM ON TRACK The significant fall of USD and EUR rates affected the Group’s 2011 financial results with a negative impact of CHF 121.7 million on full-year revenues and CHF 46.5 million on operating income. Operating income for the year amounts to CHF 25.4 million compared to a CHF 110 million in 2010. Net of restructuring costs, the Group’s 2011 operating income was CHF 35.3 million. 2011 cash flow generation was strong, with an operating cash flow for the year at CHF 86.7 million. 2011 KEY FiguRES In million CHF 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Total revenues and other operating income 896.6 1 069.3 1 060.8 1 037.0 942.5 OIBDA 1) 91.0* 173.0 137.8 92.2 137.2 Operating income 35.3* 110.0 73.3 18.5 87.6 Net income/loss -17.7* 66.7 51.1 -7.0 67.5 * Ex-restructuring costs 1) OIBDA: Operating income before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization REVENue BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR In CHF '000 2011 4% 2 555 543 Digital TV Middleware & Advertising 107 018 Public Access 211 302 873 863 Total 873 863 % 2 % 1 4 6 EMPLOYEE BREAKDOWN BY ACTIVITY % 61% 1 Digital TV* 2 Middleware & Advertising 18% Public Access 21% Total 100% 2 999 % % 8 1 * Includes Nagra Audio employees (22) 1 6 Total employees at 31.12.2011: 2999 EMPLOYEE BREAKDOWN B Y REGION % 16 Europe 70% Americas 14% % 4 Asia & Oceania 16% 1 2 999 Total 100% % 0 7 WorldReginfo - f556f6c8-b0a9-420c-aeb0-4ec972423f05 TOTAL REVENues AND OTHER OPERATING -
Kudelski Group Annual Report 2004 1 Kudelski Group Annual Report 2004 2 3
Kudelski Group Annual report 2004 1 Kudelski Group Annual report 2004 2 3 Kudelski Group Annual report 2004 Contents 10 Message from the President _ An excellent year with record growth 12 A record year for the Kudelski Group 14 Digital TV for Kudelski 30 Nagra Public Access 40 Nagra Audio 44 Corporate governance 66 Historical overview _ Global leader in conditional access 68 Group companies 70 Addresses for digital TV _ Strong penetration in telecoms and DSL networks _ Conquering Europe’s digital terrestrial television segment _ New development sector: security solutions for mobile phones _ Success of alternative business models: pre-paid/time-limited cards _ Successful integration of Nagra France 4 5 Europe The Group tripled its digital TV revenues in Europe now enjoying major presence across all European market segments. Kudelski Group Annual report 2004 On Paris rooftops, Canal+ uplink satellite dishes France is an important and historic market for the Kudelski Group. The Canal+ Group has been using Kudelski technologies for 15 years. Today, Nagravision deploys its security solutions in the new broadband DSL market segments. 6 7 Americas The Kudelski Group’s digital TV revenues increased 90% on the American market; an exclusively organic growth. Kudelski Group Annual report 2004 EchoStar’s uplink facility The long-standing cooperation with the American satellite operator EchoStar reflects the Group’s philosophy to constantly innovate, anticipate the needs of its clients and help them generate new sources of revenues. 8 9 Asia Asia/Pacific markets are progressively migrating to digital, creating new opportunities for the Kudelski Group. -
Kolej Transandyjska W Peru Lokomotywy Serii GE C30-7 Nr 1008 + 1009 Z Pociągiem Towarowym Na Wiadukcie Infernillo (Tzw
Systemy transportowe Marek Graff Kolej Transandyjska w Peru Lokomotywy serii GE C30-7 nr 1008 + 1009 z pociągiem towarowym na wiadukcie Infernillo (tzw. małe piekło) na odcinku pomiędzy Mateo i Rio Blanco (km 134, 3506 m n.p.m.) (16.07.2013 r.) fot. Kabelleger / D. Gubler Zbudowana pod koniec XIX w. Kolej Transandyjska w Peru powsta- długości 10,8 km, 55/58 mostów o długości całkowitej 1,8 km plus ła z udziałem kapitału zagranicznego oraz obcej myśli technicznej. 6 podwójnych zmian kierunku jazdy (tzw. zygzaków, ew. nawrotów), Motywem budowy linii kolejowej był zamiar eksploatacji bogatych zbudowanych w celu zachowania maksymalnego dopuszczalnego złóż miedzi, a także srebra i złota. Zastosowane rozwiązania tech- pochylenia na szlaku, wynoszącego 29-37‰ na odcinku 100 km, niczne nawet dzisiaj budzą podziw, w szczególności tzw. nawroty pomiędzy stacjami San Bartolomé (km. 76, 1513 m n.p.m.) i Ticlio (zygzaki), które pozwoliły poprowadzić linię kolejową po niedo- (km 171, 4758 m n.p.m.), gdy pociąg pokonuje różnicę wzniesień stępnych terenach górskich pasma Andów, jak to określił główny 3245 m (tab. 1.), przy czym maksymalnie pochylenie jest równe aż inwestor, Henry Meiggs, amerykański przedsiębiorca: tam gdzie 96,5‰ pomiędzy stacjami Tambo i Jauja (występuje jednostkowo, dojdzie lama, może dojechać pociąg. Głównym inżynierem, który a na ww. odcinku nie ma zmiany kierunku). zaprojektował linię kolejową oraz nadzorował wykonawstwo, był Jest to linia jednotorowa, niezelektryfikowana, o rozstawie Ernest Malinowski, polski specjalista, zasłużony dla Peru podczas szyn 1435 mm, zaprojektowana przez polskiego inżyniera Erne- wojny z Hiszpanią w 1866 r., ogłoszony przez mieszkańców tego sta Malinowskiego, zbudowana w latach 70.