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Seloto Na Ahmeti I S E L O T O N A A H M E T I POLITI^KATA EKONOMIJA NA ME\UETNI^KITE ODNOSI VO MAKEDONIJA Bezbednosen proekt na ESI vo Makedonija pomognat od Ministerstvoto za nadvore{ni raboti na [vajcarija Skopje i Berlin 1-vi oktomvri 2002 Seloto na Ahmeti I IZVR[NO REZIME Izve{tajot ja istra`uva politi~kata ekonomija na etni~kite odnosi vo Makedonija - "poinakviot konflikt" vrzan za namaluvaweto na resursite i za opa|aweto na stilot na `ivotot {to tolku ~esto pominuva nezabele`ano. Vnimanieto e naso~eno kon region {to e naselen so 52.000 lu|e vo Zapadna Makedonija, od koi 50 nasto se etni~ki Albanci i 40 nasto etni~ki Makedonci. Kako i vo pove}eto drugi delovi na Makedonija, Ki~evo (na albanski: Ker~ova) ima dlaboko vkoreneta tradicija na etni~ki so`ivot. So decenii vo op{tinata nema slu~ai na nasilstvo me|u zaednicite, a situacijata ostana smirena duri i vo vrvot na minatogodi{nite borbi. Sepak, i ovdeka me|u etni~kite zaednici se poka`uvaat razli~ni ekonomski i socijalni znaci koi{to se ~inat programirani da proizvedat me|uetni~ki somnevawa i strav. Zajas, "seloto na Ahmeti", e selska zaednica od desetina iljadi lu|e vo Ki~evskiot region. Toa e domot na gerilskiot voda~ preobraten vo partiski politi~ar, Ali Ahmeti, koj go predvode{e vostanieto {to ja dovede zemjata do rab na gra|anska vojna vo 2001 godina. Makedonskata dr`ava glavno e otsutna od sekojdnevieto na lu|eto od Zajas i vo drugite albanski selski podra~ja. Vo tie mesta re~isi i da nema oficijalna vrabotenost i postojat malku infrstrukturni objekti. Lokalnata ekonomija vo celost e pottiknata odnadvor. Spored nekoi vozdr`ani procenki, etni~kite albanski iselenici od Ki~evo koi rabotat vo SAD i niz Evropa godi{no doma pra}aat pove}e od 16 milioni evra - pove}e od vkupnata suma koja{to kako plati ja dobivaat etni~kite Makedonci vraboteni vo javnite slu`bi i nekoga{nite socijalisti~ki pretprijatija vo Ki~evo. Mnozinskoto naselenie vo gradot Ki~evo se etni~ki Makedonci. Nivnite `ivoti se vodeni od krizata na industriskoto op{testvo sozdadeno od jugoslovenskiot socijalizam. @ivotniot standard kaj makedonskite doma}instva do`ivea kolaps vo poslednite dve decenii. Lokalnite industriski kapaciteti odamna ve}e ne vrabotuvaat nikogo, a javnata administracija e pod pritisok i na generalnoto namaluvawe na nejziniot broj, no i na otvoraweto pogolem prostor za vrabotuvawe na pretstavnici od malcinstvata. Re~isi i da nema nov privaten sektor vo etni~ki makedonskite delovi na Ki~evo, so isklu~ok na nekolku mali grade`ni firmi, prodavnici i kafuliwa. Krizata so nevrabotenosta najverojatno }e se prodlabo~i i so sekoe is~eznuvawe na rabotnite mesta se turka u{te edno doma}instvo vo siroma{tija. Me|uetni~kite odnosi vo Ki~evo se vrameni vo ovoj paradoks. Kako glavni dobitnici od ~etirideceniskiot industriski razvoj, etni~kite Makedonci sega se ostaveni na vetrometinata na brzata propast. Isklu~uvaweto na Albancite od socijalisti~kiot sektor i od negovata dobrobit gi prinudi da baraat drugi ekonomski strategii, glavno rabotno emigriraj}i ili razvivaj}i mali po obem trgovski aktivnosti, {to na podobar na~in gi podgotvi da go pre`iveat kolapsot na socijalisti~kiot sistem. Sepak, slabosta na makedonskata dr`ava e ograni~uva~ki faktor kolku za albanskata, tolku i za makedonskata zaednica. Dijasporata nosi bogata potro{uva~ka aktivnost i trgovija vo Ki~evo, no mnogu malku zna~i produktivna investicija. Golemi delovi na albanskata zaednica ostanuvaat zarobeni vo krugot na nerazvienosta, osobeno vo selskite podra~ja. Seloto na Ahmeti II Vakvite razli~ni iskustva go objasnuvaat razli~noto poimawe me|u dvete zaednici za toa na koj na~in potfrluva makedonskata dr`ava i koj ja pla}a cenata za nejzinoto nefunkcionirawe. I pokraj nivniot relativen prosperitet, albanskiot pogled e oboen so `ivotno iskustvo na isklu~enost. Albancite se borat da dojdat do sistemot na dr`avno-sponzoriranite beneficii koi{to se u{te postojat. [to se odnesuva do Makedoncite, tie se ~uvstvuvaat kako da se pod opsada, i socijalno i ekonomski, i gi ~uvstvuvaat albanskite barawa kako direktna zakana za sopstvenata pozicija. Vo vakvi okolnosti, borbata za kontrola vrz namalenite javni resursi lesno biduva etni~ki oboena, davaj}i i na makedonskata politi~ka ekonomija eksplozivna priroda. Privle~no e da se misli deka pote{kiot del od postignuvaweto na odr`liviot mir vo Makedonija ve}e e postignat. No, analizata {to ja sodr`i ovoj izve{taj sugerira sprotiven stav. I makedonskata politi~ka elita i me|unarodnata zaednica }e moraat da se osvrnat na mnogu od najte{kite pra{awa vo vremeto {to e pred nas. Glavnite odredbi od Ramkovniot dogovor od avgust 2001 (Ohridskiot dogovor) - ramnopravna zastapenost na malcinstvata vo javnata administracija, jazi~nite prava i zasiluvaweto na lokalnata samouprava - }e baraat ambiciozna programa za reforma na instituciite i za preraspredelba na javnite dobra. Bidej}i Makedonija e pod pritisok da ja namali javnata potro{uva~ka, vakvite nastojuvawa bezdrugo }e bidat do`iveani kako zakana od strana na makedonskata etni~ka zaednica, osobeno koga }e se dojde do podelbata na vrabotuvaweto vo javniot sektor. Za raste~kata evropska nadvore{na i odbranbena politika Makedonija be{e model za toa kako usoglasenata intervencija mo`e da go spre~i konfliktot i da ja svrti krizata vo diplomatski uspeh. Za takviot razvoj na nastanite da se iskoristi i ponatamu, Evropskata unija, sepak, }e mora da razvie edna dobra programa ne samo za primena na odredbite od Ohridskiot dogovor, tuku i za re{avawe na strukturnite pri~ini za etni~kiot konflikt. Samo edna seriozna zalo`ba za evropska pomo{ koja{to }e go stavi na dneven red problemot na industriskiot pad i na selskata nerazvienost }e bide vo sostojba da ja vramnote`i opasnata dinamika {to vo momentov go obrazuva makedonskoto op{testvo. Bitkata za stabilnost vo Makedonija e daleku od dobiena. Tokmu vo mesta kakvi {to se Ki~evo i Zajas implementacijata na Ohridskiot dogovor mora da po~ne da pridonesuva za podobruvawe na `ivotot na lu|eto. Seloto na Ahmeti - Sodr`ina - I. VOVED..............................................................................................................................1 II. KONTEKST.......................................................................................................................3 III. RASTOT I PADOT NA INDUSTRISKOTO OP[TESTVO...........................................7 A. Tranzicijata i vrabotenosta ........................................................................................7 B. Privatizacijata i nejzinite posledici......................................................................9 V. Etni~kite Makedonci i idninata na privatniot sektor........................................14 G. Politikata na ograni~eno vrabotuvawe...................................................................15 IV. VNATRE[NATA MIGRACIJA I RAZVOJ....................................................................17 V. GLOBALIZACIJATA NA KI^EVSKITE ALBANCI ...................................................20 VI. ZAJAS I OTSUTNATA DR@AVA..................................................................................25 VII. SPROVEDUVAWE NA OHRIDSKIOT DOGOVOR VO KI^EVO.................................29 A. Albancite kako javni slu`benici .............................................................................31 B. Albanskiot kako oficijalen jazik ............................................................................33 V. Lokalna samouprava.....................................................................................................33 G. Zaklu~oci: nadminuvawe na politikata na sî ili ni{to? ....................................36 Za ESI .........................................................................................................................................40 - Lista na tabeli - Tabela 1: Demogarfskiot i etni~kiot sostav na ki~evskiot region..................................3 Tabela 2: Istra`uvawe na javnoto mislewe na UNDP, dekemvri 2000 ..............................8 Tabela 3: Prijavena nevrabotenost vo Ki~evo, Drugovo, Oslomej, Vrane{tica i Zajas ...8 Tabela 4: Vrabotenosta vo biv{ite socijalisti~ki i javni pretprijatija........................9 Tabela 5: Sega{nite delovni aktivnosti na A.D. Tajmi{te, najgolemata Ki~evska privatizirana firma .....................................................................................11 Tabela 6: 13-te privatizirani firmi vo Ki~evo ................................................................12 Tabela 7: 10-te javni pretprijatija vo Ki~evo .....................................................................13 Tabela 8: Vrabotenost od strana na vladata vo podra~jeto na Ki~evo............................16 Tabela 9: Promena na naselenieto vo 78 sela vo Ki~evskiot region od 1948-1994 godina.................................................................................................................................18 Tabela 10: Sega{ni podatoci za albanskite, makedonskite i turskite u~enici od u~ebnata 1989/1990 od gimnazijata "Mirko Mileski", Ki~evo...................................22 Tabela 11: Zavr{ni smetki za prihodite na Ki~evo, Drugovo i Oslomej vo 2000 godina...................................................................................................................26 Tabela 12: Dodeleni sredstva od Programata za vodovod i kanalizacii i od Fondot za nacionalni i regionalni pati{ta na Ki~evskiot region, 1997-2001 godina ......27 Tabela 13: Procenka na vrabotenosta vo javniot sektor vo Ki~evo, Drugovo, Oslomej, Vrane{tica i Zajas ..........................................................................................................32
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