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UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund WORLD BANK S T U D Y P R O J E C T Prepared by: Prof. D-r. Divna Lakinska-Popovska T N C S D National Centre for Training in Social Development Institute for Social Work and Social Policy Faculty of Philosophy - Skopje Skopje, September 2000 ________________________________________________________________________ 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper is a fruit of a long collective labour with a large group of professionals and colleagues. The primary gratitude goes to all of those who cooperated in the research. The implementation of this study was made possible through UNICEF and the funds generously provided by the World Bank. Their valuable contributions are gratefully acknowledged. The author of this report wishes to thank Ms. Elena Bogdanska (Assistant of the UNICEF's Chief of the Office) for reviewing the project step by step and guiding us with her unique advice, comments and support. Particular thanks goes to the teaching staff of the Institute for Social Work and Social Policy for the many stimulating discussions and warm encouragement in our undertaking. Herein the author would also like to thank representatives from the state institutions, non-governmental organisations active on the territory of the municipality, the municipal architects, local ambulance, primary schools and all the other consulted parties whose expertise in research implementation and identification of the main areas of concern was found indispensable. Finally, the author acknowledges all Roma families in the municipality of Shuto Orizari who expressed willingness and readiness to become involved in the research, and without whose cooperation this paper would not have been possible. 3 CONTENTS LIST 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 2. SUBJECT OF THE STUDY 3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 4. TARGET GROUPS 5. METHODOLOGY USED 5.1. Preparatory phase 5.2. Research implementation 5.3. Data procession CHAPTER I VULNERABILITY OF ROMA FAMILIES INTRODUCTION 1. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS 2. HOUSING AND COMMUNAL CONDITIONS 2.1. The quality of the housing 2.2. Families living in a shared house 2.3. Housing space in m2 per member 2.4. Number of living quarters used by the family 2.5. Sanitary facilities 2.6. Sewerage condition 2.7. Water supply and its regularity 2.8. Quality of the streets and streetlights 2.9. Housing and communal conditions in the most endangered regions 2.10. Summary of important findings 3. HEALTH-HYGENIC CONDITIONS IN THE FAMILY 3.1. Health insurance in the family 3.2. Hygienic conditions in the families 3.3. Mortality with parents 3.4. Summary of important findings 4. EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE FAMILY 4.1. Educational status of parents 4.2. Educational status of children aged over 18 4.3. Children's school attendance (7-18 years) 4.4. Most common impediments for school attendance and accomplishments 4.5. Summary of important findings 5. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE FAMILY 5.1. Occupation of the head of the family 5.2. Sources of existence 4 5.3. Incomes in the family generated by children 5.4. Average monthly financial budget of the family 5.5. Most common family expenditures 5.6. Cooking and consummation of hot meals 5.7. Summary of important findings 6. SOCIAL ENDANGEREMENT AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE FAMILIES 6.1. Social assistance in the family (cash benefits) 6.2. Begging in the family 6.3. Alcoholism and drug addiction in the family 6.4. Summary of important findings 7. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FINDINGS 8. RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER II VULNERABILITY OF THE ROMA MOTHER INTRODUCTION 1. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS 2. THE AGE OF HAVING THE FIRST-BORN CHILD 3. HEALTH INSURANCE OF MOTHERS 4. EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF MOTHERS 5. ECONOMIC STATUS (WORKING ENGAGEMENT) 6. BREAST-FEEDING WITH MOTHERS 7. COOKING AMONG ROMA MOTHERS 8. SINGLE MOTHERS 9. MOTHERS WHO BEG 10. DRUG AND ALCOHOL ADDICTION AMONG MOTHERS 11. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FINDINGS 12. RECCOMENDATIONS CHAPTER III VULNERABILITY OF THE ROMA CHILDREN INTRODUCTION 1. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS 1.1. Children in the families in the most endangered regions (I, V and VI) 1.2. Summary of important findings 2. HOUSING-COMMUNAL CONDITIONS 2.1. Quality of the housing 2.2. Housing space per family member 2.3. Summary of important findings 2.4. Reccomendations 5 3. HEALTH AND HYGIENIC VULNERABILITY OF ROMA CHILDREN 3.1. Hygienic conditions 3.2. Bath and haircutting 3.3. Health insurance 3.4. Immunisation and vaccination 3.5. Most common diseases with children 3.6. Mortality of children 3.7. Disability 3.8. Mental disabilities with children 3.9. Summary of important findings 3.10. Recommendations 4. EDUCATIONAL STATUS 4.1. Children's attendance in pre-school institutions 4.2. Children's school attendance 4.3. Most common impediments for school attendance and accomplishments 4.4. Educational status of children over 18 years of age 4.5. Summary of important findings 4.6. Recommendations 5. BREAST-FEEDING AND NUTRITION OF CHILDREN 5.1. Breast-feeding 5.2. Consummation of cooked meal 5.3. Summary of important findings 5.4. Recommendations 6. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITY OF ROMA CHILDREN 6.1. Economic vulnerability of Roma children 6.2. Children engaged by parents 6.3. Children who beg 6.4. Delinquency and substance abuse among Roma children 6.5. Children with deceased or absent parent 6.6. Children under guardianship and foster family care 6.7. Children placed in social institutions 6.8. Summary of important findings 6.9. Recommendations 7. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS APPENDICES Appendix 1. Sample questionnaire (English version) Appendix 2. Sample questionnaire (Macedonian version) Appendix 3. Additional overviews and tables Appendix 4. Map of the municipality of Shuto Orizari 6 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY After the adoption of the new Law on Local Self-government, Skopje, the capital of the Republic of Macedonia, was divided onto seven municipalities. One of them is the municipality of Shuto Orizari. This community was build up after the Skopje earthquake in 1963. According to the 1994 census on the territory of Shuto Orizari there were 16.907 inhabitants, of whom majority were Roma, as follows: 11.308 Roma, 1.698 Albanians, 1.016 Macedonians, 60 Turks, 37 Serbs and others. Shuto Orizari is the largest community inhabited by Roma people not only in the Balkans but also in Europe. The experience from the investigations carried out so far, indicates that majority of the population is socially endangered, which causes increased liability to social problems. The 1994 census revealed only 1.549 employed persons. As we suppose, the socio-economic crisis after 1994 has already contributed to the rise in the number of unemployed persons. From the data accessible at the community level we may conclude that population is extremely uneducated. During the census in 1994, 3.956 adult illiterate persons were evidenced. Low educational level of the adults presents important obstacle that makes it impossible for them to register in the Employment Bureau for effectuation of their basic rights. Furthermore, we have also received information that despite the presence of two primary schools on the territory of the municipality, there are significant retractions from the schools and lack of motivation and conditions to enroll secondary schools and higher educational institutions. On the other hand, contrary to the presented situation, for a longer period of time (8-10 years) on the territory of Shuto Orizari many projects and programmes for betterment of the quality of live, health protection, support to education of the population are being implemented by non- governmental humanitarian organisations and municipal authorities (UNICEF, CARITAS, SOROS). Still and all, up to today no systematic sondage study, which will make detailed diagnosis of these conditions, has been conducted. In the course of study preparation we had been making consultations with certain relevant factors in the municipality, the municipal architect, representatives from primary schools and the local ambulance, as well as with the representatives from non-governmental associations active on this territory. We had also become familiarised with the contents of the projects and programmes being so far organised or are in the course of realisation, and consulted representatives from the state institutions and foundations that had already had experience in researches of this type. We have obtained support for implementation of this survey from all consulted parties, as well as from 7 the foundations which within their programmes plan future financial assistance to projects and programmes for the Roma population. The research was planed, organised and carried out by Prof. D-r. Divna Lakinska-Popovska from the National Centre for Training in Social Development and postgraduate students from the Institute for Social Work and Social Policy - Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje. Further, in the research, representatives from the municipality of Shuto Orizari and non-governmental associations, which professionally and voluntarily are active on the territory of the municipality, were also engaged. Throught all the research stages the National Centre for Training in Social Development was in constant collaboration with the Assistant of the Chief of the UNICEF's Office in Skopje Ms. Elena Bogdanska, who has devotedly provided support to the implementation of this Project. List of state officials and representatives of non-governmental organisations engaged in survey implementation Institutions and organisations Persons engaged 1. Faculty of Philosophy 10 2. Mayor's office 1 3. Centre for Social Initiatives "Hope" 2 4. Caritas Essen 1 5. Youth Centre 7 6. Macedonian Caritas 1 TOTAL: 22 The above brought ups were the basis and the motive to commence research study in mid 1999, initiated by UNICEF and financed by the World Bank, with a purpose of studying the living conditions and the quality of life in general of Roma children. 2. SUBJECT OF THE STUDY The study presents an attempt for comprehensive and thorough insight into the five basic segment of the life in this municipality, to obtain information and knowledge about conditions and needs of Roma families, first of all of the Roma mother and her children.
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