Soli, Diplomaţi Şi Călători Chinezi În Spaţiul Eurasiatic

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Soli, Diplomaţi Şi Călători Chinezi În Spaţiul Eurasiatic SOLI, DIPLOMAŢI ŞI CĂLĂTORI CHINEZI ÎN SPAŢIUL EURASIATIC. Scurtă privire istorică ANNA EVA BUDURA Spaţiul eurasiatic a oferit datorită reliefului şi cursurilor sale de ape condiţii favorabile formării rutelor de deplasare a locuitorilor săi încă din preistorie. Confirmarea acestui fapt istoric se găseşte cu prisosinţă în bogatul inventar al siturilor arheologice descoperite de-a lungul traiectoriilor acestor mişcări permanente de populaţii din est spre vest şi dinspre vest spre est, din sud spre nord şi nord spre sud. Centrele de cultură create de-a lungul acestora constituie repere de referinţă în istoria civilizaţiei umane, centre unde s-a realizat acea întrepătrundere a civilizaţiilor chineze şi indiene cu cele greco-romane şi arabe într-una ce poate să caracterizeze civilizaţia noastră eurasiatică, unde se simt urmele forfotei neamurilor fără astâmpăr, urmele sciţilor, yuezhilor, wusunilor, ale hunilor, turcilor şi mongolilor în avântata lor pornire, ba paşnică, ba războinică, spre vest, centre ce constituie moştenirea spirituală a tuturor seminţiilor de pe întregul continent eurasiatic şi a întregii omeniri. Una dintre aceste culturi, care s-a impus ca una din centrele de civilizaţie din estul Eurasiei, a fost creată de neamul huaxia care s-a format pe marele platou de loes, apoi s-a extins spre est, de-a lungul cursului mediu şi inferior al Râului Galben spre centrul Chinei şi spre China de nord. Aici cu 6 000-5 000 de ani în urmă a luat naştere cultura Yangshao a cărei ceramică colorată poate fi considerată primul mesager al civilizaţiei huaxia care a ajuns până în Europa centrală şi a găsit condiţii de înflorire maximă la Cucuteni, pe plaiurile României. Uimitoarea asemănare a celor două culturi, apropiate în unele cazuri până la confundare a fost semnalată de unii istorici francezi încă de la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea, dar constatărilor lor nu li s-a acordat importanţă. Am înţeles că, în prezent, fenomenul constituie o temă de cercetare nu doar a specialiştilor din România şi China, ci pe plan mondial, cercetare care urmează să lămurească întrebarea obsedantă: avem de-a face cu două centre între care a existat o comunicare, neexplicabilă încă, una fiind emanaţia experienţei, alta – receptarea acesteia sau avem de-a face cu două centre în care întâmplător, datorită afinităţii sufleteşti, s-a ajuns la producerea şi decorarea identică a pieselor de ceramică colorată. De-a lungul acestor traiectorii de comunicare eurasiatică, acolo unde pe vremuri treceau neamuri după neamuri din est spre vest şi soseau seminţii din vest, nord şi sud, într-o regiune întinsă din nordul şi nord-vestul Republicii Populare Chineze mărginită de Munţii Altai şi Munţii Cerului, acolo unde stepa Anna Eva Budura se îngemănează cu deşertul, scrutează orizontul Oamenii de piatră - Paznicii stepelor, mesagerii nenumăratelor seminţii, neamuri şi popoare ale Eurasiei. Înalţi de 2-3 m, dăltuiţi dintr-un singur bloc de gresie sau granit, asemenea menhirilor, au relieful sculptat cu reprezentări ale unor personalităţi. Până în prezent, au fost descoperite şi studiate peste 200 asemenea blocuri sculptate. Arheologii au constatat că istoria lor se circumscrie între secolele XII î.e.n. şi XI e.n. Analizându-le cu atenţie, specialiştii au putut constata caracteristicile diferitelor neamuri care în epoci diferite au locuit în acea zonă sau au trecut pe acolo. Unele au fruntea lată, ochi rotunzi, sprâncene încruntate şi nasul mare – caracteristici ale populaţiilor albe, probabil ale wusunilor. În altele au putut distinge trăsăturile carcteristice ale fizionomiei mongoloide: ochi mijiţi, pomeţii obrajilor ridicaţi, nas mic şi mustăcioară lăsată în jos. În privinţa rosturilor acestori blocuri sculptate, arheologii au ajuns la concluzia că acestea erau plasate în faţa unor morminte sau în incinta unor necropole. Cu mici excepţii, toate reprezintă demnitari militari, ostaşi pătrunşi de importanţa rolului lor de paznici, care poartă pocale de ofrandă şi îşi odihnesc mâna pe mânerul unei săbii. Doar câteva piese sculptate în granit, recent descoperite, reprezintă personaje de sex feminin, lipsite de veşminte. Ele poartă în mână o lopată, simbolul unei îndeletniciri sedentare. Aceste blocuri de piatră, aceşti paznici ai stepei constituie piese valoroase nu doar din punct de vedere artistic, ci şi istoric. Studierea lor va putea oferi informaţii cu privire la viaţa socială şi cea spirituală, culturală şi religioasă ale popoarelor ce au trăit în aceea zonă timp de 1000 de ani, iar rezultatele cercetărilor vor putea impune o reconsiderare a rolului acestor neamuri în realizarea contactelor între estul şi vestul continentului eurasiatic. Până atunci, Paznicii stepelor, învăluiţi de mister, scrutează cu ochii lor rotunzi sau oblici zările ce se întind spre est şi vest. * * * Spaţiul civilizaţiei huaxia devine centru de emanaţie culturală pe măsura închegării neamului huaxia – chineză, formării, începând din secolul al XVI-lea î.e.n., a organizării sale statale, elaborării legilor şi riturilor ce-l guvernează şi, pe această bază, a propriei ei culturi. În acest proces, se conturează normele în ce priveşte relaţiile cu seminţiile din jurul său, în mare parte nomade. Aceste norme puneau pe primul plan promovarea înţelegerilor, cumpărarea liniştii şi păcii, recurgându-se, în acest scop, la toate mijloacele materiale disponibile; s-a instituit un sistem de relaţii care impunea respectarea păcii şi liniştii la fruntrariile dinastiei Shang (1600-1046 î.e.n.) În timpul acestei dinastii, găsim primele însemnări cu privire la existenţa instituţiei bin (semnificând a ospăta, a cinsti pe cineva) în frunte cu un înalt demnitar şi încadrat cu maeştrii de 240 Soli, diplomaţi şi călători chinezi în spaţiul eurasiatic. Scurtă privire istorică ceremonie şi traducători. Această instituăţie se ocupa atât de treburile legate de relaţiile externe ale statului cât şi de administrarea relaţiilor cu diferite seminţii şi neamuri care trăiau în interiorul teritoriului controlat de dinastia Shang. Ulterior, odată cu evoluţia societăţii şi lărgirea contactelor cu alte state, importanţa acestui sector de activitate al statului creşte, iar în spiritul acestor norme, în cadrul activităţii diplomatice, un rol important vor avea soliile şi solii, diplomaţii şi călătorii. După realizarea, în anul 221 î.e.n., a actului istoric de creere a primului stat autocratic centralizat al Chinei, în politica externă s-au îmbinat mijloacele militare de mare anvergură cu cele paşnice. Astfel, după mari campanii militare împotriva xiongnu (presupuşii strămoşi ai hunilor) din nord şi neamului yue la sud de Changjiang (Yangzi), dând expresie sentimentului defensiv al neamului huaxia chineză statornicit încă de la începutul existenţei sale ca populaţie sedentară, Qin Shihuang, primul împărat ctitor al dinastiei Qin a conceput un sistem de apărare al noului stat centralizat. Simbolul concepţiei sale defensive a fost Marele Zid, al cărui construire l-a ordonat în anul 214 î.e.n.. Acesta s-a realizat prin legarea zidurilor de apărare ale fostelor state Qin, Zhao şi Yan şi extinderea acestora, spre răsărit, până la provincia Liaodong, iar, spre vest, până la provincia Gansu, pe o lungime de 10 000 li (5 000 km). Măreaţa construcţie, rod al muncii şi sacrificiilor a peste o jumătate de milion de oameni, restaurată, lărgită şi adaptată la nevoile fiecărei epoci istorice a rămas un simbol al unităţii şi forţei naţiunii chineze, al luptei sale pentru supravieţuire şi al dorinţei sale de a desfăşura o muncă paşnică şi creatoare. Concomitent, împăratul a lansat acţiuni conştiente pentru afirmarea statului centralizat huaxia ca centru de emanaţie culturală dincolo de frontrarile imperiului său. În 210 î.e.n., a supravegheat personal plecarea unei flote de jonci oceanice ce avea la bord 3000 de tineri şi tinere, purtători ai civilizaţiei chineze, unelte şi produse agricole şi meşteşugăreşti ale imperiului Qin. Comanda flotei a încredinţat-o lui Xu Fu, o personalitate cu vaste cunoştinţe şi versat în ştiinţa navigaţiei. Flota a navigat spre sudul peninsulei coreene, apoi spre insulele nipone. Xu Fu a rămas în însemnări istorice şi în memoria popoarelor chinez, coreean şi japonez ca un mesager venerat al civilizaţiei chineze, ca un deschizător de drumuri în relaţiile lor de prietenie, a diseminării realizărilor spiritualităţii şi vieţii materiale chineze. Lui i se atribuie introducerea în Coreea şi Japonia a cultivării orezului, artei olaritului, a ţesăturilor, a cunoştinţelor de medicină, fiind venerat ca zeul protector al agriculturii, al pescuitului, al ţesătorilor, al navigaţiei şi al medicinii. Memoria lui este păstrată în temple şi monumente ce marchează locul unde a debarcat în Japonia şi unde se află mormântul său. În secolele ce au urmat, în condiţiile înfloririi imperiului dinastiei Han (206 î.e.n.-220 e.n.), statul chinez, în relaţiile sale cu popoarele nomade, a 241 Anna Eva Budura adoptat o politică externă ce îmbina mijloacele militare cu cele paşnice. În ce priveşte neamurile xiongnu din nord şi nanyue din sud a adoptat o politică fermă şi a folosit mijloace militare pentru a le îndepărta de regiunile de graniţă ale Chinei sau a le supune puterii centrale. Concomitent, a conceput o serie de măsuri pe plan diplomatic în vederea încheierii unor alianţe cât mai largi împotriva xiongnu care împiedicau stabilirea de contacte comerciale şi culturale cu popoarele din Apusul Îndepărtat. În jurul anului 170 î.e.n., puterea xiongnu a pătruns în regiunea Xiyu - Teritoriile vestice, (în sens restrâns, Regiunea Autonomă Uigură Xinjiang de azi din Republica Populară Chineză şi, în sens larg, Asia Centrală şi de Vest, Europa Răsăriteanu şi Nordul Africii ) a subjugat pe rând cele 36 state-oază de-a lungul drumului de acces la nordul şi sudul Munţilor Tian Shan (Muntele Cerului) şi nordul Munţilor Kunlun, impunându-le plata unor tributuri grele. Ca urmare s-a produs o deplasare, în lanţ, ale seminţiilor şi popoarelor care locuiau în această zonă: sciţii au fost izgoniţi de yuezhi, aceştia la rândul lor de wusuni. În timpul domniei împăratului Wu (140-86 î.e.n.), valea râului Ili era locuită de acest puternic neam, despre care cronicile chineze ne spun că „aveau ochi albaştri şi părul roşu”.
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