DOCSLIB.ORG

An Empirical Account of Defamation Litigation in China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2006 Innovation through Intimidation: An Empirical Account of Defamation Litigation in China Benjamin L. Liebman Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Torts Commons Recommended Citation Benjamin L. Liebman, Innovation through Intimidation: An Empirical Account of Defamation Litigation in China, 47 HARV. INT'L L. J. 33 (2006). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/554 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VOLUME 47, NUMBER 1, WINTER 2006 Innovation Through Intimidation: An Empirical Account of Defamation Litigation in China Benjamin L. Liebman* INTRODUCTION Consider two recent defamation cases in Chinese courts. In 2004, Zhang Xide, a former county-level Communist Party boss, sued the authors of a best selling book, An Investigation into China's Peasants. The book exposed official malfeasance on Zhang's watch and the resultant peasant hardships. Zhang demanded an apology from the book's authors and publisher, excision of the offending chapter, 200,000 yuan (approximately U.S.$25,000)' for emotional damages, and a share of profits from sales of the book. Zhang sued 2 in a local court on which, not coincidentally, his son sat as a judge. * Associate Professor of Law and Director, Center for Chinese Legal Studies, Columbia Law School. Many thanks for helpful comments to Kenneth Abraham, William Alford, Chen Xi, Ashley Esarey, Philip Hamburger, Hilary Josephs, Perry Keller, Thomas Lee, Neysun Mahboubi, Henry Monaghan, Gerald Neuman, Randle Peerenboom, Katharina Pistor, Alex Raskolnikov, Frank Upham, Richard Winfield, and to participants in the Columbia Law School Faculty Workshop, Columbia University Weatherhead East Asian Institute Research Lunch, the Conference in Honor of Stanley Lubman at Co- lumbia Law School, and seminars at Northwest China University of Law and Politics, the Institute of Law of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and China University of Law and Politics Publishing House. Thanks also to Chen Rong, Cheng Xiaofeng, Chen Xugang, Orianne Dutka, Eric Fronman, Terry Liu, Brian Murphy, Peng Lingyan, Yang Fuhao, Yu Bate, Yu Xiaohong, Zhang Lan, Zhang Yi, and Zhou Qianwei for outstanding research and editorial assistance. I am also grateful to Jonathan Shih, Christina Von der Ahe, and the staff of the HarvardInternational Law Journalfor their tireless work on this Article. 1. During the period covered by this Article, the exchange rate between the Chinese renminbi, or yuan, and the U.S. dollar was US$1 = 8.3 yuan. 2. See infra Appendix B, Case 180; Philip Pan, In China, Turning the Law into the People's Protector, WASH. POST, Dec. 28, 2004, at Al. Zhang's request that the authors cease publication was unnecessary: In March 2004, while the case was underway, the Communist Party's Central Propaganda Department banned the book. The Propaganda Department also banned media coverage of the case, although reports and discussion continued on the Internet, and a few media outlets covered the court hearings. As of August 2005, the first-instance court had yet to decide the case. See infra Appendix B, Case 180. In a statement submitted to the intermediate court on July 11, 2005, the defendants' lawyer, Pu Zhiqiang, criticized the court for violating procedural requirements in its handling of the case, argued that the delay in resolving the case demonstrated that external forces were influencing the court's handling of the dispute, and ques- tioned the pressure being placed on defendants by the court to settle the case. Id.; see also Bentai Dujia Huode "Zhongguo Nongmin Diaocha" An Bianhu Liishi Pu Zhiqiang Zhi Shenpanzhang Yi Xin [Exclusive: Letter to the ChiefJudgefrom Pu Zhiqiang, Lawyer for the Defendants in the "Investigation into China's Peasants" Case], RA- DOioFREE ASIA, July 11, 2005, http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shenrubaodao/2005/07/1 1/ puzhiqiang/. HarvardInternational LawJournal / Vol. 47 In 2000, Song Dianwen, a peasant, sued the Heilongiiang Daily, the official paper of the Communist Party, in his home province for defamation after it published an article reporting that, during a village disturbance, Song had lit a fire that killed two people. He won a judgment from a local court, affirmed 3 on appeal, for 3,500 yuan (approximately U.S.$430) in emotional damages. The cases exemplify two different tracks of defamation litigation in pre- sent-day China. Track-one cases, like Zhang's, are brought by local public offi- cials, government and Communist Party entities, or corporations to punish and control the increasingly aggressive Chinese media. In these cases, courts serve as state institutions at the local, as opposed to central, level to restrict and retaliate against the media and to block central oversight. On the second track, persons without power or Party-state ties sue the media, which, de- spite widespread commercialization, virtually all continue to be linked to the Chinese Party-state. Many such cases are brought by ordinary persons against Communist Party mouthpiece newspapers. Track-two cases thus represent a deployment of the courts by ordinary citizens against state entities. Empiri- cal evidence from 223 defamation cases studied in this Article indicates that 4 the media lose the overwhelming majority of cases on both tracks. The conventional wisdom, taking track-one powerful plaintiff suits as the paradigm, perceives defamation litigation in local Chinese courts as yet an- 5 other lever of state control over the increasingly autonomous Chinese media. Track-one developments in China correspond to experiences in other con- temporary single-party states,6 where libel laws often serve to restrict individual rights, and to the use of defamation law to preserve state authority in West- ern legal history. By neglecting track-two cases, however, this popular view shortchanges the extent to which defamation litigation in China also serves a countervailing function: the use of courts by ordinary persons to challenge state authority. The conventional wisdom also overlooks the degree to which defamation litigation reflects growing use of the formal legal system by local authorities to resist central Party-state control. The development of defamation litigation, on both tracks, illustrates the complex and evolving roles of courts, media, and civil litigation in China. Analysis of the claims and outcomes in 223 defamation cases suggests that 3. The court found that the report was false. See infra Appendix B, Case 68. 4. The empirical evidence is set out in full in the Appendices to this Article. Appendix A, infra, de- tails the parties and other relevant information for each case analyzed for this Article. Appendix B, infra, includes citations to the sources relied on for each case. 5. See, e.g., Committee to Protect Journalists, China (including Hong Kong), in ATTACKS ON THE PRESS IN 2004 101, 103 (Bill Sweeney ed., Committee to Protect Journalists 2005) (noting the use of libel suits in China "to bring [journalists] to heel"); H. L. Fu & Richard Cullen, Defamation Law in the People's Repub- lic of China, 11 TRANSNAT'L LAW. 1, 20 (1998) (arguing that "[the use of the civil law of defamation by citizens is encouraged by the authorities to help tighten media control, thus supplementing the existing criminal, administrative, bureaucratic and political control systems"); cf.Freedom House, China, in FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2005: A GLOBAL SURVEY OF MEDIA INDEPENDENCE 57, 57 (2005) (noting the tight control of the Chinese media by Communist Party authorities). 6. See infra note 384. 2006 / Innovation Through Intimidation use of defamation litigation by track-one plaintiffs for repressive purposes is encouraging both ordinary persons to use such cases to protect their own inter- ests and courts to become increasingly important arbiters of individual rights. Through these processes, instrumental use of the courts to protect local interests is legitimizing the role of courts in Chinese society. Defamation litigation serves to intimidate and restrain the Chinese media, but in a system in which the media are not free of state control, such cases may also increase state account- ability. This story is not as simple as commonly believed, but, better under- stood, it adds significant insight into the nature of legal innovation and in- stitutional development both in China and in other developing legal systems. In prior work I have shown how close Party-state ties give the media ex- tensive power both to influence the courts and to resolve disputes, power that has increased even as the media have become increasingly commercialized and have begun to assert new autonomy.7 A high rate of media defeats in defamation cases does not alter that conclusion. The fundamental fact is that the media often have far more real authority and power in the Chinese legal system than the courts. China's courts remain institutionally weak and sub- ject to extensive external influence, particularly from the local Party-state.8 The media continue to exert influence across a range of cases, and the total number of defamation cases brought against the media is relatively small when compared to the total volume of civil litigation in China. Still, defamation cases are worthy of independent study. These cases repre- sent an area in which the media frequently are a weak party, in particular when sued by courts, judges, and other local officials and state entities. Such cases suggest that courts are increasingly able to challenge the media's broader authority and influence. Understanding the media's strong position in the Chinese system helps explain why courts and other local officials and state entities have turned to litigation to combat media oversight: They possess few other tools to challenge media verdicts.
Recommended publications
  • Knowledge Control and Social Contestation in China's

    Knowledge Control and Social Contestation in China's

    Science in Movements This book analyzes and compares the origins, evolutionary patterns and consequences of different science and technology controversies in China, including hydropower resistance, disputes surrounding genetically modified organisms and the nuclear power debate. The examination combines social movement theories, communication studies, and science and technology studies. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the book provides an insight into the interwoven relationship between social and political controls and knowledge monopoly, and looks into a central issue neglected by previous science communication studies: why have different con- troversies shown divergent patterns despite similar social and political contexts? It is revealed that the media environment, political opportunity structures, knowledge-control regimes and activists’ strategies have jointly triggered, nur- tured and sustained these controversies and led to the development of different patterns. Based on these observations, the author also discusses the significance of science communication studies in promoting China’ssocialtransformation and further explores the feasible approach to a more generic framework to understand science controversies across the world. The book will be of value to academics of science communication, science and technology studies, political science studies and sociology, as well as general readers interested in China’s science controversies and social movements. Hepeng Jia is a professor of communication at Soochow University, Suzhou, China. He has worked as a leading science journalist for 20 years and is also a pioneering researcher in the field of science journalism and communication in China. Chinese Perspectives on Journalism and Communication Series Editor: Wenshan Jia is a professor of communication at Shandong University and Chapman University. With the increasing impact of China on global affairs, Chinese perspectives on journalism and communication are on the growing global demand.
  • Download (2.08

    Download (2.08

    Mothering in a Polluted, Developing China: Class, Risk perception, and Environmentalist Motherhood BY JIALIN LI B.A., East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2003 M.A., East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2007 THESIS Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Chicago, 2019 Chicago, Illinois Defense Committee: Claire L. Decoteau, Chair and Advisor Paul-Brian McInerney Anthony Orum Crystal Patil, College of Nursing Amy Hanser, University of British Columbia This thesis is dedicated to all the mothers whose stories are told here. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On a sunny spring afternoon, I was preparing for my lecture about Diane Bates’ book Superstorm Sandy: The Inevitable Destruction and Reconstruction of the Jersey Shore in the library of the College of New Jersey. It was my second time to lecture this book. But I was still mesmerized by the section where Diane detailed all the pop culture (e.g., songs, TV dramas) that people use to construct their symbolic identity of being a New Jerseyan. I am particularly interested in Bruce Springsteen’s song My Hometown, a song which was first recorded in 1983 when Bruce was only 35. The entire song beautifully describes Bruce’s attachment to New Jersey, as a child in the 1950s, as a teenage in the 1960s, and as an adult in the 1980s. In its third verse, Bruce detailed a deteriorating New Jersey where textile mills were being closed and jobs were disappearing. The lyrics immediately reminded me of my childhood as my parents were textile factory workers for decades before they retired.
  • Introduction

    Introduction

    Introduction seething debate over genetically modified (GM; genetically engi- neered, genetically altered, bioengineered, or transgenic [zhuan- A jiyin]) crops and foods has been unfolding in China. On March 1, 2014, Cui Yongyuan, a former anchor of China Central Television (CCTV, China’s predominant state television broadcaster) and then on the faculty of the Communication University of China, uploaded a documentary on his fact-finding mission on GM foods in the United States for free view- ing on China’s three main internet portals—Sina, Tencent, and Sohu. Using one million renminbi (RMB) ($163,000) of his own money,1 Cui shot the sixty-eight-minute film over a period of ten days, December 8–18, 2013, in Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago, Springfield (Illinois), Seattle, and Davis (California). He visited supermarkets and farmers’ markets and interviewed some thirty government officials, academics, campaigners in nongovern- mental organizations (NGOs), and consumers to learn about the produc- tion of GM crops and consumption of GM foods in the United States. The documentary, which received millions of hits in a matter of days, was criticized as purportedly misleading by supporters of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), most notably Fang Zhouzi, a biochemist turned science writer who had been embroiled in a dispute with Cui over the issue since September 2013.2 The release of the documentary coincided with annual sessions (lianghui) of the National People’s Congress (NPC), China’s legislature, and the Chinese [ xv ] People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a political advisory body, both of which convene in early March. As so often happens, Cui was a CPPCC member who later submitted several anti-GMO proposals at the meeting.
  • 28. Rights Defense and New Citizen's Movement

    28. Rights Defense and New Citizen's Movement

    JOBNAME: EE10 Biddulph PAGE: 1 SESS: 3 OUTPUT: Fri May 10 14:09:18 2019 28. Rights defense and new citizen’s movement Teng Biao 28.1 THE RISE OF THE RIGHTS DEFENSE MOVEMENT The ‘Rights Defense Movement’ (weiquan yundong) emerged in the early 2000s as a new focus of the Chinese democracy movement, succeeding the Xidan Democracy Wall movement of the late 1970s and the Tiananmen Democracy movement of 1989. It is a social movement ‘involving all social strata throughout the country and covering every aspect of human rights’ (Feng Chongyi 2009, p. 151), one in which Chinese citizens assert their constitutional and legal rights through lawful means and within the legal framework of the country. As Benney (2013, p. 12) notes, the term ‘weiquan’is used by different people to refer to different things in different contexts. Although Chinese rights defense lawyers have played a key role in defining and providing leadership to this emerging weiquan movement (Carnes 2006; Pils 2016), numerous non-lawyer activists and organizations are also involved in it. The discourse and activities of ‘rights defense’ (weiquan) originated in the 1990s, when some citizens began using the law to defend consumer rights. The 1990s also saw the early development of rural anti-tax movements, labor rights campaigns, women’s rights campaigns and an environmental movement. However, in a narrow sense as well as from a historical perspective, the term weiquan movement only refers to the rights campaigns that emerged after the Sun Zhigang incident in 2003 (Zhu Han 2016, pp. 55, 60). The Sun Zhigang incident not only marks the beginning of the rights defense movement; it also can be seen as one of its few successes.
  • Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present

    Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present

    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
  • Inscriptional Records of the Western Zhou

    Inscriptional Records of the Western Zhou

    INSCRIPTIONAL RECORDS OF THE WESTERN ZHOU Robert Eno Fall 2012 Note to Readers The translations in these pages cannot be considered scholarly. They were originally prepared in early 1988, under stringent time pressures, specifically for teaching use that term. Although I modified them sporadically between that time and 2012, my final year of teaching, their purpose as course materials, used in a week-long classroom exercise for undergraduate students in an early China history survey, did not warrant the type of robust academic apparatus that a scholarly edition would have required. Since no broad anthology of translations of bronze inscriptions was generally available, I have, since the late 1990s, made updated versions of this resource available online for use by teachers and students generally. As freely available materials, they may still be of use. However, as specialists have been aware all along, there are many imperfections in these translations, and I want to make sure that readers are aware that there is now a scholarly alternative, published last month: A Source Book of Ancient Chinese Bronze Inscriptions, edited by Constance Cook and Paul Goldin (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, 2016). The “Source Book” includes translations of over one hundred inscriptions, prepared by ten contributors. I have chosen not to revise the materials here in light of this new resource, even in the case of a few items in the “Source Book” that were contributed by me, because a piecemeal revision seemed unhelpful, and I am now too distant from research on Western Zhou bronzes to undertake a more extensive one.
  • Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-Ting Huang a Dissertation

    Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-Ting Huang a Dissertation

    Remaking Chinese Planning as a Profession: Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-ting Huang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Daniel B Abramson, Chair Jeffrey Hou, Chair Kam Wing Chan Susan H. Whiting Program Authorized to Offer Degree: College of Built Environments University of Washington Abstract Remaking Chinese Planning as a Profession: Growing Demand and Challenges Kuang-ting Huang Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Daniel B. Abramson Department of Urban Design and Planning Associate Professor Jeffrey Hou Department of Landscape Architecture Since China initiated its pro-market reform in 1978, the way Chinese cities are governed has undergone a profound change. Central to such change is the fundamental revival of urban land as economic assets, because of which making plans for future land use has become an increasingly important government function and therefore the practice of urban planning (chengshi guihua) has begun to expand and take shape as a profession. However, with the expansion and professionalization of Chinese planning, there is also a growing criticism against the way urban planning has been developed into a development- and profit-driven profession. This dissertation thus aims to examine the evolutionary process of Chinese planning, through which the key factors causing such contradictory development are identified: First, since the 1994 tax sharing reform, the government at the local level has been put under intense pressure to increase its reliance on land transfer revenue and pursue land development. Increasingly, the role of urban planning has been limited to serving as a tool to facilitate the process, leaving other concerns largely unaddressed.
  • 52023-001: Henan Dengzhou Integrated River Restoration and Ecological Protection Project

    52023-001: Henan Dengzhou Integrated River Restoration and Ecological Protection Project

    Initial Environmental Examination (DRAFT) Project Number: 52023-001 June 2019 People’s Republic of China: Henan Dengzhou Integrated River Restoration and Ecological Protection Project Prepared by Dengzhou City Government for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 13 June 2019) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1446 $1.00 = CNY6.9178 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank LAR - Land Acquisition and Resettlement BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation CNY - Chinese Yuan MOF - Ministry of Finance COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand MOU - Memorandum of Understanding DCG - Dengzhou City Government NPS - Non-Point Source DI - Design Institute PLG - Project Leading Group EA - Executing Agency PMO - Project Management Office EMP - Environmental Management Plan PRC - People’s Republic of China EPA - Environmental Protection Agency SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement EPB - Environmental Protection Bureau SS - Suspended Solid FSR - Feasibility Study Report TN - Total Nitrogen GCM - General Circulation Model TP - Total Phosphorus GIS - Geographic Information System TrTA - Transactional Technical Assistance GPS - Global Positioning System WRB - Water Resource Bureau HPG - Henan Provincial Government WSP - Water Supply Plant IAs - Implementing Agencies WWTS - Wastewater Treatment Station IEE Initial Environmental Examination WWTP - Wastewater Treatment Plant IWRM - Integrated Water Resources Management YREB - Yangtze River Economic Belt WEIGHTS AND MEASURES o 2 /oo – part per thousand m – square meter oC – degree
  • Freedom on the Net 2016

    Freedom on the Net 2016

    FREEDOM ON THE NET 2016 China 2015 2016 Population: 1.371 billion Not Not Internet Freedom Status Internet Penetration 2015 (ITU): 50 percent Free Free Social Media/ICT Apps Blocked: Yes Obstacles to Access (0-25) 18 18 Political/Social Content Blocked: Yes Limits on Content (0-35) 30 30 Bloggers/ICT Users Arrested: Yes Violations of User Rights (0-40) 40 40 TOTAL* (0-100) 88 88 Press Freedom 2016 Status: Not Free * 0=most free, 100=least free Key Developments: June 2015 – May 2016 • A draft cybersecurity law could step up requirements for internet companies to store data in China, censor information, and shut down services for security reasons, under the aus- pices of the Cyberspace Administration of China (see Legal Environment). • An antiterrorism law passed in December 2015 requires technology companies to cooperate with authorities to decrypt data, and introduced content restrictions that could suppress legitimate speech (see Content Removal and Surveillance, Privacy, and Anonymity). • A criminal law amendment effective since November 2015 introduced penalties of up to seven years in prison for posting misinformation on social media (see Legal Environment). • Real-name registration requirements were tightened for internet users, with unregistered mobile phone accounts closed in September 2015, and app providers instructed to regis- ter and store user data in 2016 (see Surveillance, Privacy, and Anonymity). • Websites operated by the South China Morning Post, The Economist and Time magazine were among those newly blocked for reporting perceived as critical of President Xi Jin- ping (see Blocking and Filtering). www.freedomonthenet.org FREEDOM CHINA ON THE NET 2016 Introduction China was the world’s worst abuser of internet freedom in the 2016 Freedom on the Net survey for the second consecutive year.
  • Chinese Literature in the Second Half of a Modern Century: a Critical Survey

    Chinese Literature in the Second Half of a Modern Century: a Critical Survey

    CHINESE LITERATURE IN THE SECOND HALF OF A MODERN CENTURY A CRITICAL SURVEY Edited by PANG-YUAN CHI and DAVID DER-WEI WANG INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS • BLOOMINGTON AND INDIANAPOLIS William Tay’s “Colonialism, the Cold War Era, and Marginal Space: The Existential Condition of Five Decades of Hong Kong Literature,” Li Tuo’s “Resistance to Modernity: Reflections on Mainland Chinese Literary Criticism in the 1980s,” and Michelle Yeh’s “Death of the Poet: Poetry and Society in Contemporary China and Taiwan” first ap- peared in the special issue “Contemporary Chinese Literature: Crossing the Bound- aries” (edited by Yvonne Chang) of Literature East and West (1995). Jeffrey Kinkley’s “A Bibliographic Survey of Publications on Chinese Literature in Translation from 1949 to 1999” first appeared in Choice (April 1994; copyright by the American Library Associ- ation). All of the essays have been revised for this volume. This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://www.indiana.edu/~iupress Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] © 2000 by David D. W. Wang All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences— Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
  • Ordinary Mind As the Way This Page Intentionally Left Blank Ordinary Mind As the Way

    Ordinary Mind As the Way This Page Intentionally Left Blank Ordinary Mind As the Way

    Ordinary Mind as the Way This page intentionally left blank Ordinary Mind as the Way The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism Mario Poceski 2007 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2007 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Poceski, Mario. Ordinary mind as the way: the Hongzhou school and the growth of Chan Buddhism / Mario Poceski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978‐0‐19‐531996‐5 1. Hongzhou (Sect)—History. 2. Zen Buddhism—China—History. I. Title. BQ9550.H652P63 2007 294.3′927—dc22 2006021028 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid‐free paper Acknowledgments The origins of this book go back about two decades, to my early monastic years in East Asia. The recorded sayings of Mazu, Huangbo, and other medieval Chan monks were among the first Chinese texts I ever read.
  • THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Dean's List AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016 Australia Data As of January 19, 2017 Sorted by Zip Code, City and Last Name

    THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Dean's List AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016 Australia Data As of January 19, 2017 Sorted by Zip Code, City and Last Name

    THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Dean's List AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016 Australia Data as of January 19, 2017 Sorted by Zip Code, City and Last Name Student Name (Last, First, Middle) City State Zip Bailey, Meg Elizabeth Merewether 2291 Caudle, Emily May Canberra 2609 Davis, Sarah Kate Canberra 2615 Thek, Hannah Louise Surrey Hills 3127 Engel, Rachel Olivia Glen Iris 3146 Taig, Darcy Lachlan Melbourne 3166 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Enrollment Services - Analysis and Reporting January 19, 2017 Page 1 of 119 Contact: [email protected] THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Dean's List AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016 Bangladesh Data as of January 19, 2017 Sorted by Zip Code, City and Last Name Student Name (Last, First, Middle) City State Zip Bari, Rizvi Dhaka 1215 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Enrollment Services - Analysis and Reporting January 19, 2017 Page 2 of 119 Contact: [email protected] THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Dean's List AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016 Brazil Data as of January 19, 2017 Sorted by Zip Code, City and Last Name Student Name (Last, First, Middle) City State Zip Rodrigues Franklin, Ana Beatriz Rio de Janeiro 22241 Gomes Pereira Painhas, Henrique Curitiba 80240 Sprintzin, Leonardo Curitiba 80240 Missell, Daniel Caxias do Sul 95020 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Enrollment Services - Analysis and Reporting January 19, 2017 Page 3 of 119 Contact: [email protected] THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Dean's List AUTUMN SEMESTER 2016 Canada Data as of January 19, 2017 Sorted by Zip Code, City and Last Name Student Name (Last, First, Middle) City State Zip Lu, George Shizhou Vancouver