52023-001: Henan Dengzhou Integrated River Restoration and Ecological Protection Project

Initial Environmental Examination (DRAFT)

Project Number: 52023-001 June 2019

People’s Republic of China: Henan Dengzhou Integrated River Restoration and Ecological Protection Project

Prepared by Dengzhou City Government for the Asian Development Bank

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 13 June 2019) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1446 $1.00 = CNY6.9178

ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank LAR - Land Acquisition and Resettlement BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation CNY - Chinese Yuan MOF - Ministry of Finance COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand MOU - Memorandum of Understanding DCG - Dengzhou City Government NPS - Non-Point Source DI - Design Institute PLG - Project Leading Group EA - Executing Agency PMO - Project Management Office EMP - Environmental Management Plan PRC - People’s Republic of China EPA - Environmental Protection Agency SPS - Safeguard Policy Statement EPB - Environmental Protection Bureau SS - Suspended Solid FSR - Feasibility Study Report TN - Total Nitrogen GCM - General Circulation Model TP - Total Phosphorus GIS - Geographic Information System TrTA - Transactional Technical Assistance GPS - Global Positioning System WRB - Water Resource Bureau HPG - Henan Provincial Government WSP - Water Supply Plant IAs - Implementing Agencies WWTS - Wastewater Treatment Station IEE Initial Environmental Examination WWTP - Wastewater Treatment Plant IWRM - Integrated Water Resources Management YREB - Yangtze River Economic Belt

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES o 2 /oo – part per thousand m – square meter oC – degree centigrade m3 – cubic meter cm – centimeter m/s – meter per second dB – decibel mg – milligram dB(A) – A-weighted sound pressure level (decibel) mg/L – milligram per liter g – gram mg/m3 – milligram per cubic meter g/kg – gram per kilogram mm – millimeter h – hour mm/y – millimeter per year ha – hectare mu – 666.67 square meters kg – kilogram mT – milli–Tesla Kg/d – kilogram per day no./L – number of individuals per liter kg/m3 – kilogram per cubic meter t – metric ton km – kilometer t/a – metric ton per annum km/h – kilometer per hour t/d – metric ton per day kV – kilo–volt µ – micron or micrometer kV/m – kilo–volt per meter µg – microgram kw – kilo-watt µg/m3 – microgram per cubic meter L – liter µT – micro–Tesla L/d – liter per day V/m – volt per meter m – meter

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

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Table of Contents I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 A. Introduction 1 B. The Project 1 C. Project Benefits and Features 2 D. Baseline Environment 3 E. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4 F. Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism 5 G. Climate Change 5 H. Environmental Management Plan 6 I. Risks and Assurances 6 II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 7 A. Policy and Planning Context 7 B. Domestic Legislative Framework for Environment Impact Assessment 9 C. International Agreements 10 D. Applicable Domestic and ADB Safeguard Policies and Categories 10 E. Assessment Standards 11 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 20 A. Rationale 20 B. Impact and Outcome 25 C. Outputs 25 D. Detailed Subproject Description 31 E. Due Diligence for Associated and Existing Facilities 57 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE) 60 A. Overview and Physical Setting 60 B. Environmental Quality 63 C. Ecological Resources 70 D. Social and Economic Conditions 79 E. Physical Cultural Resources 80 V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 81 A. Project Area of Influence and Sensitive Receptors 81 B. Anticipated Project Benefits and Positive Impacts 91 C. Pre-Construction Phase 93 D. Construction Phase 93 E. Operational Phase 110 F. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 148 G. Indirect, Induced, and Cumulative Impacts 151 VI. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS 153 A. No Project Alternative 153 B. Water Supply 153 C. Embankment Design 153 D. Dredging Methods 154 E. Sewer Pipe Material 155 F. Wastewater Treatment Plants 155 G. Solid Waste Treatment 156 H. Constructed Wetland 157 VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 159 A. Information Disclosure 159

B. First Round of Consultation 161 C. Second Round of Consultation 179 D. Future Consultation 181 VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 182 IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 183 X. PROJECT ASSURANCES 183 XI. CONCLUSIONS 184 APPENDIX 1: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 185 A. Objectives 185 B. Institutional Responsibilities 185 C. Summary of Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures 188 D. Environmental Monitoring, Inspection and Reporting 209 E. Training and Capacity Building 213 F. Grievance Redress Mechanism 214 G. Public Consultation and Awareness Raising 217 H. Cost Estimates 217 I. Mechanisms for Feedback and Adjustment 218 APPENDIX 2. ASSESSMENT LEVELS FOR SEDIMENTS 219 APPENDIX 3: DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENT POSITIONS 222 A. PMO Environment Officer 222 B. Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant 223

Map 1: Project Locations and Proposed Scope of Works in Dengzhou Municipality, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China

Map 2: Tuan River Watershed in Dengzhou City 1

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Introduction

1. The Dengzhou City Government (DCG) of Henan Province, People’s Republic of China (PRC) has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide investment and technical assistance support for the Henan Dengzhou Integrated River Restoration and Ecological Protection (the project). Based on ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) the project is required the preparation of a project initial environmental examination (IEE).

2. This IEE has been prepared in accordance with ADB’s SPS requirements and PRC environmental laws, regulations and standards. It is based on information and data from: (i) domestic tabulated EIAs (TEIAs) prepared by the Henan Zhengde Environmental Technology Ltd; (ii) feasibility study reports (FSRs) prepared by the Northern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute; (iii) environmental and social assessments conducted between November 2018 and March 2019 by the consultants for the project transaction technical assistance (TrTA), in cooperation with the FSR institute, DEIA institute, and DCG.

B. The Project

3. The project area encompasses urban and rural regions of Dengzhou City, a prefecture- level city in southwestern Henan Province. The project aims to improve the quality of life for residents in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The project will have the following outcome: water security and environmental sustainability in Dengzhou City improved. The key components of the project comprise wastewater management, construction of water supply systems to rural areas, solid waste management in a rural township (Rangdong), natural drainage regulation in a new development district (Tuanbei New District), control of non-point source pollution, wetland development along Tuan River (a tributary of the Han River), and institutional capacity strengthening in integrated water resources management (IWRM) for relevant agencies of Dengzou City. The project will have three outputs, as follows.

4. Output 1. Urban and rural water infrastructure in Dengzhou City improved. This output will include: (i) wastewater management including (a) installation of distributed wastewater treatment facilities in rural areas, (b) construction of a centralized wastewater treatment plant in urban area, and (c) construction of wastewater collection networks; (ii) rural water supply system including (a) construction of water intake and treatment facilities, (b) installation of distribution network, and (c) installation of advance monitoring and evaluation system; (iii) solid waste management in rural towns including (a) solid waste separation and recycling facilities, and (b) establishment of solid waste collection and transport facilities; and (iv) flood risk management including construction of (a) ecological dike at critical locations, and (b) stormwater drainage

5. Output 2. Ecological zones in Tuan River restored. This output will implement (i) river corridor improvement including (a) removal of wastes from Tuan River by using ecological dredging method, (b) construction of Tuanbei cultural park, and (c) greening and gardening along the river banks in city area; (ii) soil and water conservation including (a) river bank protection with eco-friendly measures and (b) plantation of bio-shield and construction of runoff interceptors to control nutrients and top-soil leaching from the farm lands, and (c) afforestation on hill slopes in the watershed of Danjiangkou Reservoir; and (iii) wetland restoration including (a) construction of artificial wetlands, (b) restoration of small creeks to enhance the natural drainage system.

6. Output 3: Water resources management capacity enhanced. This output will develop (i) Environmental research and education center for Tuan River watershed including (a) construction of building and research laboratories, (b) installation of research equipment, 2 and (c) cooperation with local academic and research institutes; (ii) river health monitoring of lower Tuan River, including the (a) installation of real-time hydrological and water quality monitoring stations, (b) establishment of research park in lower Tuan River, and (c) connection of monitoring stations to Dengzhou Digital Center; and (iii) institutional and local capacity building including (a) establishment of innovative asset management and decision support system, (b) community based watershed management including solid waste management, (c) promotion of community entrepreneurship on ecosystem such as promotion of community nursery and agroforestry, and (d) training programs on water and environment for local governments and communities.

C. Project Benefits and Features

7. The project will contribute as part of the effort to meet targets for environmental and social improvement, as follows.

8. Improved water quality. The project will help to meet the following targets in the Henan Provincial 3-year Pollution Control Action Plan (2019-2021): water quality in the Tuan River mainstream improved from Class 4 to Class 3 and for tributaries from Class 4 to Class 3. The project designs to contribute to these targets include: (i) construction of 26.895 km sewer pipelines along the river and tributaries for improved wastewater interception, which is estimated to increase the rate of wastewater collection from 65% to 95% for Tuanbei New Town, from 60% to 90% for Rangdong Town, and 50% to 90% for Jitan Town, respectively; (ii) dredging of lower Tuan River channel to remove 207,000 m3 of polluted sediment, with a dredging depth of 0.2 m; and (iii) establishment of about 117.2 ha of vegetated green belts along the Tuan River, comprising (a) “ecological buffer belts” (planted vegetation belts 20 m wide, strategically located between settlements, farmlands, and the river channels, to intercept non-point source pollution in runoff (about 55 ha), (b) construction of one wetland and plantation along the banks of the Tuan River, mainly at the confluence of three small tributaries with the mainstream, to improve water filtration of polluted waters entering the mainstream, and (c) green landscaping in all project sites (about 220 ha), to improve public amenities. Based on the application of national published rates for pollution reduction through natural methods, these revegetation and greening measures are estimated to capture about 50% to 60 of non-point pollutants of the runoff intercepted by the new green belts.

9. Improved flood control and reduced siltation in Tuan River and Han River. The project will contribute to the following targets in the Flood Control Master Plan: (i) enhance the flood protection standard of the Tuan River mainstream from the current less than 1 in 20 years to 1 in 20 years; and (ii) increase flood retention capacity in the Tuan River basin by about 10%. These measures are expected to avoid a property loss of about 142.91 million yuan per year in flood damages. The project designs to contribute to these targets include: (i) the rehabilitation of 3.7 km of embankments along the lower Tuan River; (ii) improved water retention and filtration capacity through the greenbelts to be established along the river; and (iii) improved water resources management, including new flood forecasting and water quality monitoring for Tuan River. These benefits will help reduce flood risks to downstream populations along Tuan River and Han River.

10. Improved water security and supply of clean water. The water supply subprojects will increase the water security for rural communities in 10 townships and counties. About 611,806 rural residents will receive treated drinking water for the first time, including about 13,500 poor and vulnerable residents. The current decentralized groundwater wells will be replaced by centralized drinking water sourced from the South-North Water Transfer canal.

11. Improved solid waste management. The project will support a trial for the separation and recovery of household dry and wet wastes in a small town (Rangdong; 54,000 people) with a limited solid waste management system. The trial will focus on an agricultural market 3 which produces about 4 tons of perishable wastes per day comprising vegetables, fruits, and meat. Under the trial, dry garbage will be sent to the incineration plant of eco-industrial park and wet waste will be treated with anaerobic fermentation for fertilizer.

12. Social and economic benefits. In 2018, the total population of Dengzhou City was 1.78 million. The project will directly benefit about 746,000 residents in 11 townships, including 661,000 (89%) rural residents, 149,000 (20%) low-income residents [of which 13,137 (1.8%) are below the PRC poverty line; defined as annual net income per capita of CNY2,300 in 2010], and 356,000 (47.7%) are female. These benefits comprise: (i) reduced flood risks, resulting in reduced annual loss of life and damage to land and property; (ii) improved sanitation, due to the improved systems for wastewater and solid waste collection and disposal, which will contribute to improved health and reduced medical costs. The project facilities are public services and will have equitable social and gender benefits.

13. Value added during the project preparation. In addition to these benefits, the ADB- funded support for the project preparation resulted in the following design improvements: (i) a watershed hydrological model, a water quality model and a hydraulic flood model were developed by the TA consultant to assist the DCG agencies in forming a broader picture of Tuan river basin’s hydrology with respect to water budgeting, integrated water resources management, spatial development, land-use change and climate change impact for water resources management in their daily work and to determine the best mix of project interventions; (ii) a solid waste management subproject was designed as a trial to demonstrate good practices of solid waste management at source; and (iii) a second round of sediment sampling was conducted to test the presence of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the section of Tuan River to be dredged. The testing of these substances is not a standard procedure under domestic regulations and provided a higher confidence in the risk assessment for the dredging and safe disposal of the dredged sediment.

D. Baseline Environment

14. Baseline environment was accessed through the following methods: (i) sampling of ambient air, noise, water, soil, and sediment quality conditions; (ii) two rounds of sediment sampling in Tuan River; (iii) site visits and desktop review to assess ecological values; and (iv) measurement and modeling of the hydrological, water quality and hydraulic conditions of the Tuan River, to compare current baseline conditions with future scenarios and assess the effectiveness of the project interventions. Assessment sites comprised the Tuan River (planned sites for embankments and dredging and sites for construction of water supply pipelines, WSPs, Tuanbei WWTP, and two township wastewater treatment stations (WWTS). The initial round of sediment sampling focused on heavy metals and nutrient loads (per national requirements) due to the agricultural nature of the landscape. A second round of sediment sampling, focusing on agricultural chemicals, was requested to assess the risk that dredging might release hazardous chemicals and to promote the safe disposal of the dredged sediments. The presence of two pesticides (Lindane and DDT) and one industrial persistent organic pollutant [benzo(a)pyrene] was sampled. Supplementary third round sediment test on the most common farming chemicals used in the project area will be conducted during detailed design stage to further assess the potential risk to human health and environment.

15. The project area is comprised of modified landscapes consisting of a large urban center surrounded by numerous small rural townships and villages. Virtually all lands in the project area are cleared and utilized for urban or rural development and agriculture and have been subject to long-term habitation. The sections of Tuan River within and downstream of the urban city center (including the lower reaches planned for selected dredging and embankment under the project) have been incised. Eroded banks have been subject to extensive embankments, and the flow of the river channel itself is modified by small barrages and earthworks and contains abundant solid waste. The lower sections of the Tuan River (the 4 location of the project works) are less developed than the upper sections located in the center of the urban area.

16. For Tuan River, sampling of the lower reaches of the river indicated that: (i) for the Jitan section, except for total phosphorus, concentrations of COD, BOD5 and ammonia do not meet the requirements for the Class III water quality. The exceedance rates were 58%, 17% and 33% respectively; (ii) for the G207 Bridge section, COD and BOD5 concentrations comply with the standard; however, the ammonia and total phosphorus concentrations exceed the Class III standards with exceedance rates of 92% and 58%, respectively. The results indicate that high nutrient loads (from runoff, domestic waste discharged into the river, and agricultural activities) are the major pollutant sources to the river. The second round of sediment sampling indicated that low levels of Lindane, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene occur in the river sediments, reflecting the agricultural nature of much of the prefecture, and, proximity of the river to the urban area of Dengzhou City, which emits benzo(a)pyrene to the river from its industrial activities. The levels of these three chemicals were compared against the “ecological investigation levels” established by the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation and were below the safety thresholds.

17. Ecological baseline assessments include the documentation of habitats, vegetation communities, and fauna along the Tuan River. Most habitats are highly modified. Small, scattered patches of modified habitat occur in parts of the project area, mainly comprising riverbank stands of trees and shrubs up to 20 m wide. There are no habitats in the project area defined as critical or natural habitat per ADB’s SPS; and there are no protected areas, reserves, and/or rare, threatened, or protected flora or fauna species.

18. The project includes one physical cultural resource: a cenotaph of Huo Qubing, located in Guanjun Village, Zhang Town. Based on site visits desktop review, and discussions with the Dengzhou cultural resources bureau, there are no other known cultural heritage or archaeological sites documented from within the project sites.

E. Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

19. Construction phase. Key issues anticipated from the project activities include: (i) short-term damage to aquatic habitats in the river channels due to the dredging and embankment works; (ii) limited removal of trees and shrubs along short sections of the Tuan River for the construction of embankments; (iii) short-term alteration of river flow from the temporary installation of diversion weirs during construction; and (iv) odor from the dredged sediments. Other temporary impacts include: dust and gaseous dispersion; noise; construction wastewaters; temporary traffic diversion; soil erosion; worker and community health and safety. For the cenotaph of Huo Qubing, planned works are to rehabilitate the supporting structure around the monument and do not involve the removal or damage of the monument itself. Rehabilitation works were planned in consultation with the Dengzhou cultural resources bureau and a local school.

20. The severity of these potential impacts was assessed in relation to the baseline environment and sensitive receptors. The construction activities will not impact critical habitats, rare, threatened, or protected flora or fauna, or physical cultural resources. The short-term impacts of construction dust, noise, erosion, local disruption to traffic and communities, and odor from dredge spoil, will be temporary and manageable. The sediment sampling results confirm that the dredging will not result in the release of significantly high levels of hazardous chemicals (which might impact downstream communities or aquatic values) but confirm the need for safe handling of the sediment. Mitigation measures for avoidance of construction related impacts through design and site management have been identified for each impact and are listed in the project EMP.

21. Operational phase. Potential operational impacts relate to altered hydrology and/or flow regime of the Tuan River (due to the embankments and dredging); reduced effectiveness of the project works (due to inadequate O&M of the embankments, and/or inadequate irrigation water supply for the greenbelts and landscaped areas); inadequate water supply for the project channels and canals; and/or unregulated disposal of WWTP sludge. Potential changes in hydrology of the Tuan River was assessed as part of the project hydrological modeling. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that: (i) the project will result in only small velocity increases to mean annual flood velocities; (ii) the river’s channel gradient will not be changed by the construction; and (iii) the “green” designs for the embankments will contribute to water retention and reducing flow speeds. For continued effectiveness of the project embankments, O&M responsibilities have been confirmed and will be under the Dengzhou Water Resources Bureau

22. Wastewater at the Tuanbei WWTP will be treated to a domestic “Class 1A” standard and discharged to Tuan River. This treatment standard complies with the nationally common WWTP effluent discharge standard and will reduce the volume of untreated wastewater currently entering the river. To minimize the risk of odor emissions to residents, a minimum distance of 100 m between the WWTP and settlements is defined. Waste from the WWTP will comprise: (i) large particles which are filtered out from the pre-treated wastewater, through coarse and fine sieve mesh; (ii) domestic garbage from the WWTP staff and operations; and (iii) sludge generated during the treatment process. The volume of particles to be filtered out prior to treatment is estimated to be about 328.5 t/a; the domestic garbage amount is estimated to be about 5.47 t/a; and the sludge about 1,750 t/a. The particles and domestic garbage will be transported to the Dengzhou waste-to-energy incineration plant. The sludge (water content <70%) will be collected and transported to the Dengzhou sludge treatment plant for further treatment and disposal.

F. Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism

23. Two rounds of information disclosure and public consultation were conducted. Feedback from residents included support for the project components, and requests to clarify the extent of potential construction noise, soil erosion, dust, and odor from dredged sediments. Measures to address these concerns have been incorporated in the project environment management plan (Appendix 1). Public consultation will be performed throughout the project construction and operation for early resolution of any grievances. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed to address environmental, health, safety, and social concerns associated with the project. The GRM was introduced to residents during the design phase and will be implemented throughout project implementation.

G. Climate Change

24. A climate risk vulnerability assessment (CRVA) was conducted by the TrTA consultant to identify the risk of climate changes that are relevant to the project viability, assuming a design life of 30-40 years. The annual mean temperature has increased by 0.18°C/10a in the Tuan River basin during 1961-2012, which was lower than the warming rate for the PRC average (about 0.22℃/10a). Modeling (RCP4.5) indicates that mean annual temperatures will increase by 1.28°C from 2021-2050. In the Tuan River basin, the rainfall intensity will be changed due to climate change. The frequency analysis suggests that the maximum daily rainfall of 50 years return period will be increased by approximately 10% during the period of 2021-2050. Variability in precipitation will increase, and storm severity may increase. Increasing flood volumes could exceed the flow capacity of embankments, channels, pipelines, and pump stations. To accommodate this, all structures will be constructed to a flood protection standard of once in 20 years, and embankments have been designed to be porous for improved infiltration. Overall, the existing project design, which is focused on water conservation and management, is oriented to achieve resilience to climate impacts. Increased 6 storm water retention and improved water monitoring and allocation will strengthen water security; channel rehabilitation will improve water flows and reduce flood risk; and, training in natural disaster (flood) reduction and water resource management will be provided.

25. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions will be generated through operations of the WWTPs, WWTSs, and WTPs. These emissions will be offset by the amount of GHG absorbed by greenbelts and tree plantation that will be established by the project. The project will generate annual net GHG emissions of about 74,530.61 tons CO2e. This is below ADB’s threshold of concern (100,000 tons CO2e per year).

H. Environmental Management Plan

26. As part of this IEE, a project environmental management plan (EMP) has been developed (Appendix 1). This describes the project requirements and methods for environmental mitigation measures, monitoring, reporting, roles and responsibilities, budget, and the GRM. The EMP will be the key guiding document for environmental-related issues for project construction and operation.

I. Risks and Assurances

27. The agencies of the DCG do not have previous experience in ADB safeguard requirements and have low institutional capacity for environmental management. This may result in limited implementation of the project EMP and/or inadequate operation of the project facilities. These risks have been minimized as follows: (i) appointment of a full-time environment officer in the project management office (PMO) and one officer respectively in each of the implementing agencies; (ii) the inclusion of a loan implementation environment consultant in the loan consulting services; (iii) definition of clear roles and responsibilities of all relevant agencies for the EMP implementation, including contractors and construction supervision companies; (iv) capacity building for the EMP implementation; and (v) recruitment of an independent agency to conduct the external environmental monitoring described in the EMP. Environmental assurances (Section X) have been agreed upon and are included in the loan and project agreements.

II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. Policy and Planning Context

28. The State Council of the PRC disclosed a policy on rural vitalization as a driver for PRC’s modernization goals and building a moderately prosperous society. The policy targets the establishment of institutional framework, modernization of rural areas and beautification of countryside by 2020, 2035 and 2050 respectively. In September 2018, the five-year national rural vitalization plan was disclosed by the State Council of PRC. The plan will be implemented by the local governments including DCG during 2018-2022 period with the overall objective of building rural areas with thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social inclusiveness, effective governance, and prosperity.

29. ADB’s country partnership strategy for the PRC (2016-2020) supports the PRC’s realizing an ‘ecological civilization’ through: environmental sustainability, pollution control, and climate change adaptation measures; achieving greenhouse gas emissions commitments ahead of its 2030 target; and, the overarching strategic goal of building a well-off society by focusing on the three strategic pillars of inclusive growth, environmentally sustainable development, and urban-rural integration. The project will contribute to ADB’s commitment to support the PRC government to realize the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) plan and Rural Vitalization Plan, for which ADB and PRC government have agreed to work under the framework approach. The project will particularly focus on (i) integrated urban-rural development; (ii) improving provision of public services in rural areas; (iii) management of solid waste and wastewater in rural areas as a priority to build eco -friendly and livable rural village by improving rural environment, and (iv) capacity development of the local governments. Specifically, the project will contribute to implementation of the Dengzhou City Urban Master Plan (2015-2030) and Dengzhou City Detailed Plan for Integrated Urban-Rural Development Experimental Zone (2015-2030).

30. In the Dengzhou City urban master planning (Figure II-1), the spatial structures of the entire city are to be: One belt – Tuan River landscape corridor, which is the core of the city ecosystem; Three axis – Three major road (Tuanjie Road, Rangcheng Road and Beijing Road) to connect each city cluster. Three city cluster – Old Town city cluster, Tuanbei New Town and Chengdong New Town. 8

Figure II-1: Dengzhou City Urban Master Plan (2015-2030)

31. Indicated in Figure II-2, the major land uses in Dengzhou Integrated Urban-Rural Development Experimental Zone (Tuanbei New District) are residential and commercial. The Project is aimed to improve the ecosystems as well as living conditions in the experimental zone.

Figure II-2: Urban Master Planning of Tuanbei New District (Experimental Zone)

B. Domestic Legislative Framework for Environment Impact Assessment

32. The PRC has a range of laws, regulations, technical guidelines and standards that govern the way in which environmental protection and environmental impact assessment for projects to be implemented, including for pollution prevention and control on air, noise, water, ecology and solid waste, and technical guidelines on assessing ambient air, noise, surface water, groundwater, and ecological impacts. The domestic environmental assessments upon which this project IEE is largely based were prepared in accordance with the PRC Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (2016 revision); Management Regulation on EIA Categories of Construction Projects (MEP, 2017); Guidelines on Public Participation in EIA (MEP, 2006); and, Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2-93). The primary national laws and regulations that governed the domestic EIA of the proposed project are provided in Table II-1 and Table II-2, respectively.

Table II-1: Applicable Environmental Laws No. Title of the Law Year 1 Environmental Protection Law 2015 2 Urban and Rural Planning Law 2008 3 Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2016 4 Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2018 5 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2016 6 Noise Pollution Prevention and Control Law 2018 7 Environmental Impact Assessment Law 2018 8 Land Administration Law 2004 9 Wild Animal Protection Law 2017 10 Water and Soil Conservation Law 2011 11 Water Law 2016 12 Flood Control and Prevention Law 2016 13 Cultural Relics Protection Law 2017

Table II-2: Applicable National and Local Administrative Regulations No. Regulation Year National 1 Decision of the State Council on Amending the Regulations on Environmental 2017 Protection Management for Construction Project 2 Industrial Structure Adjustment Directory 2013 3 Opinions of the State Council on Strengthening the Key Work of Environmental 2012 Protection 4 Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan 2015 5 Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan 2013 6 Interim Measures for Environmental Completion Acceptance of Construction Project 2017 7 Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment 2019 8 Directory of Environmental Impact Assessment Classification for Construction Project 2018 9 General Code for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts 10 Code for Design of Urban Bridges 11 Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Bridges and Culverts Local 10 Henan Provincial Regulation on Air Pollution Prevention and Control 2018 11 Henan Provincial Regulation of Reduction of Pollutant Emissions 2014 12 Henan Provincial Regulation on Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control 2012 13 Water Functional Zoning of Henan Province 2006

33. The implementation of environmental laws and regulations is supported by associated management and technical guidelines (Table II-3).

Table II-3: Applicable Technical Guidelines for Environment 10

No. Technical Guideline Code 1 Technical Guideline on EIA-Outline HJ 2.1-2016 2 Technical Guideline on EIA Regarding Surface Water HJ/T 2.3-93 3 Technical Guideline on EIA Regarding Atmospheric Environment HJ 2.2-2018 4 Technical Guideline on EIA Regarding Acoustic Environment HJ 2.4-2009 5 Technical Guideline on EIA Regarding Ecological Environment HJ 19-2011 6 Technical Specification on Water and Soil Conservation Plan GB 50433-2008 7 Technical Guideline on Environmental Risk Assessment for HJ/T 169-2004 Construction Project 8 Technical Specification for Urban Dust Prevention HJ/T 393-2007 9 Technical Guideline for Construction of Sponge City Jiancheng [2014]275

C. International Agreements

The PRC is a signatory to international agreements relevant to environment protection, including: (i) Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterflow Habitat, December 21,1975, to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the wetlands’ ecological functions and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational values; (ii) Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, January 1, 1989, protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions of substances that deplete it; (iii) Conservation on Biological Diversity, December 29, 1993, to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; (iv) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 23 February 2005. To further reduced greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries; (v) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 21 March 1994, to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; (vi) UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1985. This convention integrates the practice of heritage conservation in the PRC with that being done around the world.

D. Applicable Domestic and ADB Safeguard Policies and Categories

34. In accordance with the PRC Guideline on EIA Classification for Construction Projects (2018 updated), the engineering components (1-3) are classified as PRC Category B, requiring preparation of EIA Tables (TEIAs). Three separate TEIAs were prepared by a local certificated EIA institute and will be approved by the Dengzhou City Environmental Protection Bureau (Dengzhou EPB).

35. Projects funded by ADB must comply with the Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009). The purpose of the SPS is to establish an environmental review process to ensure that projects undertaken as part of programs funded under ADB loans are environmentally sound, are designed to operate in line with applicable regulatory requirements and are not likely to cause significant environment, health, or safety hazards. The project is classified as environmental ‘Category B’ under the SPS, requiring the preparation of an IEE, including an EMP. The IEE is based on information in the individual feasibility study reports (FSRs) and TEIA for each component, TrTA assessment reports, and site visits to the components by the TrTA environment team.

E. Assessment Standards

36. The environmental standard system that supports the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations in the PRC can be classified by function- ambient environmental quality standards, and by pollutant emission and/or discharge standards. ADB’s SPS requires projects to apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international practices such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety. Guidelines (EHS). 1 For this assessment, where EHS standards exist for parameters and are relevant, they are used in parallel with PRC standards.

1. Environmental Quality Evaluation Standards

37. The Dengzhou EPB has designated the environmental quality classes that apply to each component of the Project (Table II-4).

Table II-4: Environmental Quality Classes in the Project Area Variable Function Classes Air quality Class II of GB3095-2012 Acoustic environment Class II of GB383-2008 Surface water quality Category IIII of GB 3096-2008 Groundwater quality Class III of GB/T14848-2017 Soil quality Soil Quality Standard-Soil Pollution Risk Control for Construction Land Use (trial) (GB36600-2018); Soil Quality Standard-Soil Pollution Risk Control for Agricultural Use (trial) (GB15618-2018);

38. Surface water. For water quality assessment, the determining standard is PRC’s Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002). It defines five water quality categories for different environmental functions. Category I is the best, suitable for head waters and National Nature Reserves. Category II is suitable for drinking water sources in Class I protection areas, habitats for rare aquatic organisms, breeding grounds for fish and crustaceans and feeding grounds for juvenile fish. Category III is suitable for drinking water sources in Class II protection areas, wintering grounds for fish and crustaceans, migration. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) standards for some of the parameters are also listed in Table II-5 for reference.

1 World Bank Group. 2007. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines General EHS Guidelines. Washington: World Bank. 12

Table II-5: Surface Water Ambient Quality Standard (unit: mg/L, pH is dimensionless) GB 3838-2002 UNEP standard Category Category Parameter High Integrity Extreme I II III IV V (Category 1) Impairment (Category 4) pH 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6 ~ 9 6.5 ~ 9.0 <5 90% Dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation or ≥6 ≥5 ≥3 ≥2 7.3-10.9 3 or >13.6 [mg/L] ≥7.5

Permanganate index (IMn) ≤2 ≤4 ≤6 ≤10 ≤15 - - [mg/L] Chemical oxygen demand ≤15 ≤15 ≤20 ≤30 ≤40 - - (COD) [mg/L] 5-day Biochemical oxygen ≤3 ≤3 ≤4 ≤6 ≤10 -- >10 demand (BOD5) [mg/L]

Ammonia nitrogen (NH3- ≤0.15 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 0.015 0.1 N) [mg/L] Total phosphorus (as P) ≤0.02 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.4 <0.02 >0.190 [mg/L] Lakes & reservoirs ≤0.01 ≤0.025 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 <0.01 >0.125 Total nitrogen (lakes, ≤0.2 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤2.0 <0.5 >2.5 reservoirs, as N) [mg/L] Copper (Cu) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 0.001 0.0025 Zinc (Zn) [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤2.0 ≤2.0 0.008 0.05 Fluoride (as F-) [mg/L] ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 ≤1.5 - - Selenium (Se) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.02 ≤0.02 - - Arsenic (As) [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 0.01 0.15 Mercury (Hg) [mg/L] ≤0.0005 ≤0.0005 ≤0.0001 ≤0.001 ≤0.001 0.00005 0.001 Cadmium (Cd) [mg/L] ≤0.001 ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 0.00008 0.001 Chromium (Cr, ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 0.001 0.04 hexavalent) [mg/L] Lead (Pb) [mg/L] ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 0.002 0.005 Cyanide (CN) [mg/L] ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 - - Volatile phenol [mg/L] ≤0.002 ≤0.002 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.1 - - Total petroleum ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 - - hydrocarbon (TPH) [mg/L] Anionic surfactant [mg/L] ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤0.3 - - Sulfide [mg/L] ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 - - Fecal coliform bacteria ≤200 ≤2000 ≤10000 ≤20000 ≤40000 - - [number/L]

39. Air Quality. The PRC ranks air quality into two classes according to its Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012). The World Bank Group adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for its EHS standards for air quality.2

40. The WHO set up air quality guideline (AQG) standards for various air quality parameters to protect public health. Understanding that progressive actions are needed to achieve these standards and the limitations of financial and technological resources for certain countries, especially in developing countries, the WHO also established interim targets as intermediate milestones towards achieving the AQG. Table II-6 compares the PRC’s GB 3095-2012 Class II standards with the World Bank Group’s EHS standards.

2 World Health Organization. 2005. WHO air quality guidelines global update 2005. Report on a Working Group meeting, Bonn, Germany, 18-20 October 2005.

Table II-6: Comparison of the PRC’s GB 3095-2012 and World Bank Group EHS Ambient Air Quality Standards Averaging GB 3095-2012 World Bank Group EHS No. Item Period Class II Interim Targets AQG 1-year 0.06 n/a n/a 1 SO2 24-hour 0.15 0.050-0.125 0.020 1-hour 0.50 n/a n/a 1-year 0.10 0.030-0.070 0.020 2 PM10 24-hour 0.15 0.075-0.150 0.050 1-year n/a 0.015-0.035 0.010 3 PM2.5 24-hour 0.15 0.0375-0.075 0.025 1-hour 0.35 n/a n/a 1-year 0.04 n/a 0.040 4 NO2 24-hour 0.08 n/a n/a 1-hour 0.20 n/a 0.200 24-hour 4.0 n/a n/a 5 CO 1-hour 10.0 n/a n/a Daily maximum 8- 0.1 n/a n/a 6 O3 hour average 1-hour 0.16 n/a n/a 1-year 0.2 n/a n/a 7 TSP 24-hour 0.3 n/a n/a

41. Longer averaging period such as 1-year as shown in Table II-6 is more applicable to assess impacts from multiple as well as regional sources; while shorter averaging periods such as 24-hour and 1-hour are more applicable to assess short term impacts from project related activities, such as from peak hour traffic or daily or peak construction activities.

3 3 42. Class II standards of 24-hour SO2 (0.15 mg/m ) and PM2.5 (0.15 mg/m ) are higher than the upper limit of the World Bank Group’s interim standards (0.125 mg/m3 and 0.075 mg/m3 3 3 respectively); while 24-hour PM10 (0.15 mg/m ) and 1-hour NO2 (0.20 mg/m ) are the same as the upper limit of the World Bank Group’s upper limit of interim standard and guideline standard, respectively.

43. Acoustic Environment. According to the Technical Specifications to Determine the Suitable Areas for Environmental Noise of Urban Area (GB/T 15190-94), the area within 200 m on both sides of road or road junction should comply with the corresponding provisions in Acoustic Environment Quality Standard (GB 3096-2008).

44. GB 3096-2008 categorizes five functional areas based on their tolerance to noise pollution: from Class 0 to Class 4. Class 0 is for areas with convalescent facilities that are the least tolerant to noisy environments and therefore have the most stringent day and night time noise standards. Class 1 is for areas predominated by residential areas, hospitals and clinics, educational institutions and research centers. Class 2 is for areas with mixed residential and commercial functions. Class 3 is for areas with industrial production and storage and logistics functions. Class 4 is for regions adjacent to traffic noise sources such as major roads and highways and is subdivided into 4a and 4b with the former applicable to road and marine traffic noise and the latter applicable to rail noise. Standards for various functional area categories and are compared with the World Bank Group’s EHS guidelines as listed in Table II-7. This shows that the World Bank Group has lower noise limits for residential, commercial and industrial mixed areas but higher noise limits for industrial areas and night time noise near trunk roads.

Table II-7: Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (Equivalent Sound Level: LAeq: dB) GB 3096- World Bank Noise Functional Applicable Area 2008 Group EHS3 Area Category Day Night Day Night Areas needing extreme quiet, such as 0 50 40 convalescence areas Area mainly for residence, cultural and 55 45 1 55 45 educational institutions 2 Residential, commercial and industrial mixed area 60 50 3 Industrial area 65 55 70 70 4a Area on both sides of urban road traffic trunk line 70 55 Note: Functional Area 4 is divided into 4a for trunk roads and 4b for railway lines.

45. Soil and river sediment quality. In 2018, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) released two standards for soil contamination risk management based on usage in 2018. The GB 15618-2018 replaced the previous GB15618-1995 that setting threshold to safeguard agroforestry production. The PRC does not have quality standards for sediments in waterways such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the sea. However, it is common practice to adopt the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge from Agricultural Use (GB 4284-84) to assess sediment quality. The rationale being that the physical nature of river sediment is similar to sludge. Table II-8 presents both GB 15618-2018 (soil) and GB 4284-84 (sludge for agricultural use) standards.

46. The WBG does not have EHS standards for soil and sediment quality. The Contaminated Sites Management Series-Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water4 of Western Australia is referred as a recognized international standard. These guidelines list generic assessment levels adopted by the Western Australia Department of Environment and Conservation and provides guidance on the application of assessment levels to determine whether a site is potentially contaminated and whether further investigation is required. The guidelines contain health investigation levels and ecological investigation levels as screening assessment levels. If the screening assessment levels are exceeded, further risk assessment is required to determine whether the levels present are likely to pose an actual risk in the site- specific setting. For this project, both the PRC standard GB 15618-2018 and Western Australian guidelines are applied, as the maximum allowable concentrations are higher for some parameters in one standard than the other and vice versa (Table II-8).

Table II-8: List of Sediment Standard Limits Maximum Allowable Concentration (mg/kg dry weight) Western GB 4284-84 (Sludge for Australia Parameter GB 15618-2018 (trail) Agricultural Use) (EIL) Soil pH <5.5 5.5~6.5 6.5-7.5 >7.5 <6.5 ≥6.5 Paddy 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 3 Cadmium (Cd) 5 20 Others 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 Paddy 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1 Mercury (Hg) 5 15 Others 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.4 Paddy 30 30 25 20 20 Arsenic (As) 75 75 Others 40 40 30 25 Orchard 150 150 200 200 100 Copper (Cu) 250 500 Others 50 50 100 100 Paddy 80 100 140 240 300 1000 600 Lead (Pb) Others 70 90 120 170 Chromium (Cr VI) Paddy 250 250 300 350 600 1000 400

3 World Bank Group 2007, ibid. 4 Department of Environment and Conservation. 2010. https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your- environment/contaminated-sites/guidelines/2009641_-_assessment_levels_for_soil_sediment_and_water_- _web.pdf

Maximum Allowable Concentration (mg/kg dry weight) Western GB 4284-84 (Sludge for Australia Parameter GB 15618-2018 (trail) Agricultural Use) (EIL) Soil pH <5.5 5.5~6.5 6.5-7.5 >7.5 <6.5 ≥6.5 Others 150 150 200 250 Zinc (Zn) 200 200 250 300 500 1000 200 Nickel (Ni) 60 70 100 190 100 200 60 Boron (B, soluble) ------150 150 DDT 0.1 ------0.5 666 (Lindane) 0.1 ------0.5 Mineral oil ------3000 3000 Benzo(a)pyrene 0.55 3 3 1

2. Discharge Standards for Construction and Operation Activities

47. Air quality. Fugitive emission of particulate matter (such as dust from construction sites) is regulated under PRC ‘s Air Pollutant Integrated Emission Standard (GB 16297-1996), which sets 120 mg/m3 as the maximum allowable emission concentration and ≤ 1.0 mg/m3 as the concentration limit at the boundary of construction sites, with no specification on the particular matter’s particle diameter. Odor from the wastewater treatment stations and solid waste transfer stations should follow the Malodorous Pollutant Emission Standard (GB 14554- 93). The maximum allowable concentrations at the boundary of the sites for NH3, H2S and odor are 1.5 mg/m3, 0.06 mg/m3, and “20” (dimensionless). There are no equivalent EHS targets.

48. Wastewater. Discharge of wastewater from construction sites is regulated under the PRC Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-1996). Class I standards apply to discharge into Category III water bodies under GB 3838-2002. Class II standards apply to discharge into Categories IV and V water bodies. Class III standards apply to discharge into municipal sewers going to municipal WWTPs with secondary treatment.

Table II-9: Integrated Wastewater Discharge Parameter Class I Class II Class III For discharge into For discharge into For discharge into Category III water Category IV and V water municipal sewer body bodies pH 6–9 6–9 6–9 SS mg/L 70 150 400 BOD5 mg/L 20 30 300 COD mg/L 100 150 500 TPH mg/L 5 10 20 Volatile phenol mg/L 0.5 0.5 2.0 NH3-N mg/L 15 25 --- 2- PO4 (as P) mg/L 0.5 1.0 --- LAS (= anionic 5.0 10 20 surfactant) mg/L

49. The proposed Tuanbei WWTP, Jitan Wastewater Treatment Station (WWTS) and Rangdong WWTS is designed based on Class 1A of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).

Table II-10: Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (Class 1A) GB18918-2002 Parameter Unit Class 1A COD mg/L 50 BOD5 mg/L 10 SS mg/L 10 16

Ammonia mg/L 5 (8) TN mg/L 15 TP mg/L 0.5 Petroleum mg/L 1

50. The project includes construction of the Jiulong Water Supply Plant (WSP) and Sangzhuang WSP. Operation of the WSP and quality of the treated water to be supplied to residents will require compliance with the PRC Drinking Water Quality Standard (GB5749- 2006), in which 106 parameters must be met (Table II-11).

Table II-11: Drinking Water Quality Standards (GB5749-2006) No. Parameter Standard Routine Parameter of Drinking Water Quality Microbiological parameter5 1 Total coliform (MPN/100ml or CFU/100ml) LD 2 Thermotoletant coliform (MPN/100ml or CFU/100ml) LD 3 Escherichia Coli (MPN/100ml or CFU/100ml) 4 Total plant count (CFU/ml) 100 Toxicological parameter 5 Arsenic (As, mg/L) 0.01 6 Cadmium (Cd, mg/L) 0.005 7 Chromium Hexavalent (Cr 6+, mg/L) 0.05 8 Lead (Pb, mg/L) 0.01 9 Mercury (Hg, mg/L) 0.001 10 Selenium (Se, mg/L) 0.01 11 Cyanide (CN-, mg/L) 0.05 12 Fluoride (mg/L) 1.0 13 Nitrate (mg/L) 10 14 Trichloromethane (mg/L) 0.06 15 Carbon tetrachloride (mg/L) 0.002 16 Bromate (when O3 is applied) (mg/L) 0.01 17 Formaldehyde (when O3 is applied) (mg/L) 0.9 18 Chlorite (when ClO2 is applied) (mg/L) 0.7 19 Chlorate (when compound chlorine dioxide is applied) (mg/L) 0.7 Sensory Properties and General Chemical Parameter 20 Chromaticity (Unit of platinum cobalt color) 15 21 Turbidity (diffusing turbidity unit) NTU 1 22 Odor and Taste No odor, no taste 23 Appearance None 24 pH 6.5≤X<8.5 25 Aluminum (Al, mg/L) 0.2 26 Iron (Fe, mg/L) 0.3 27 Manganese (Mn, mg/L) 0.1 28 Copper (Cu, mg/L) 1.0 29 Zinc (Zn, mg/L) 1.0 30 Chloride (Cl-, mg/L) 250 31 Sulfate (SO4- mg/L) 250 32 TDS (mg/L) 1000

33 Total Hardness (CaCO3) (mg/L) 450

34 CODMn (mg/L) 3 35 Volatile phenols (phenol) (mg/L) 0.002 36 LAS (mg/L) 0.3 Radioactivity Parameter6 37 Total α radioactivity (Bq/L) 0.5

5 MPN= Most Probable Number; CFU: Colony forming unit. 6 Radionuclide phase analysis is conducted if radioactivity value exceeds limits, to determine if the water is drinkable.

No. Parameter Standard 38 Total β radioactivity (Bq/L) 1 Non-Routine Parameter Microbial indicators 39 Giardia cysts (count/10L) <1 40 Cryptosporidium oocysts (count/10L) <1 Toxicological parameter (mg/L) 41 Antimonium (Sb, mg/L) 0.005 42 Barium (Ba, mg/L 0.7 43 Beryllium (Be, mg/L) 0.002 44 Boron (B, mg/L) 0.5 45 Molybdenum (Mo, mg/L) 0.07 46 Nickel (Ni, mg/L) 0.02 47 Silver (Ag, mg/L) 0.05 48 Thallium (Ti, mg/L) 0.0001 49 Cyan chloride (CN- mg/L) 0.07 50 Chlorodibromomethane (mg/L) 0.1 51 Bromodichloromethane (mg/L) 0.06 52 Dichloroacetic acid (mg/L) 0.05 53 1,2-dichloroethane (mg/L) 0.03 54 Dichloromethane (mg/L) 0.02 55 THMs 1 56 1,1,1 - trichloroethane (mg/L) 2 57 Trichloroacetic acid (mg/L) 0.1 58 Trichloroaldehyde (mg/L) 0.01 59 2,4,6- trichlorophenol (mg/L) 0.2 60 Bromoform (mg/L) 0.1 61 Heptachlor (mg/L) 0.0004 62 Malathion (mg/L) 0.25 63 PCP (mg/L) 0.009 64 HCH (total amount, mg/L) 0.005 65 Hexachlorobenzene (mg/L) 0.001 66 Dimethoate (mg/L) 0.08 67 Parathion (mg/L) 0.003 68 Bentazone (mg/L) 0.3 69 Parathion-methyl (mg/L) 0.02 70 Chlorothalonil (mg/L) 0.01 71 Carbofuran (mg/L) 0.007 72 Lindane (mg/L) 0.002 73 Chlopyrifos (mg/L) 0.03 74 Glyphosate (mg/L) 0.7 75 DDVP (mg/L) 0.001 76 Arazine (mg/L) 0.002 77 Deltamethrin (mg/L) 0.02 78 2, 4 - dichlorobenzene oxygen ethanoic acid (mg/L) 0.03 79 Dichloro-diphenyl-dichlorothane (mg/L) 0.001 80 Ethylbenzene (mg/L) 0.3 81 Dimethylbenzene (mg/L) 0.5 82 1,1- dichloroethylene(mg/L) 0.03 83 1,2- dichloroethylene(mg/L) 0.05 84 1,2- dichlorobenzene(mg/L) 1 85 1,4- dichlorobenzene(mg/L) 0.3 86 Trichloroethylene(mg/L) 0.07 87 Trichlorobenzene(mg/L) 0.02 18

No. Parameter Standard 88 Hexachlorobutadiene(mg/L) 0.0006 89 Acrylamide (mg/L) 0.0005 90 Tetrachloroethylene (mg/L) 0.04 91 Toluene (mg/L) 0.7 92 DEHP (mg/L) 0.008 93 ECH (mg/L) 0.0004 94 Benzene (mg/L) 0.01 95 Styrene (mg/L) 0.02 96 Benzopyrene (mg/L) 0.00001 97 Chloroethylene(mg/L) 0.005 98 Chlorobenzene(mg/L) 0.3 99 Microcystin-LR(mg/L) 0.001 Physical Properties and General Chemical parameters (mg/L)

100 Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N, mg/L) 0.5 101 Sulfide (S, mg/L) 0.02 102 Sodium (Na, mg/L) 200

Table II-12: General Parameters and Requirements for Drinking Water Disinfectant Exposure duration Limit in water Residue in water Residues in network No. Disinfectant with Water supplied (mg/L) supplied (mg/L) end (mg/L) Chlorine and free 103 ≥30 min 4 ≥0.3 ≥0.05 chlorine (mg/L) Monochloramine (total 104 ≥120 min 3 ≥0.5 ≥0.05 chlorine, mg/L) 0.02/ ≥0.05 if chlorine 105 Ozone (O3, mg/L) ≥12 min 0.3 - is added Chlorine Dioxide 106 ≥30 min 0.8 ≥0.1 ≥0.02 (ClO2, mg/L)

51. Groundwater Quality. The Category III standard of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93) is applicable for the project region (Table II-13).

Table II-13: Groundwater Ambient Quality Standard for Category III (unit: mg/L, pH is dimensionless) No. Item Category III No. Item Category III 1 pH 6.5-8.5 15 Nitrate≤ 20 2 Total Hardness ≤ 450 16 Nitrite≤ 0.02 3 KMnO4 Index≤ 3.0 17 NH4≤ 0.2 4 Sulfate≤ 250 18 Fluoride≤ 0.05 5 Chloride≤ 250 19 Hg≤ 0.001 6 Fe 0.3 20 Se≤ 0.01 7 Mn 0.1 21 As≤ 0.05 8 Cu 1.0 22 Cd≤ 0.01 9 Zn 1.0 23 Cr6+≤ 0.05 10 Mo 0.1 24 Fecal coliform (a/L) ≤ 3.0 11 Co 0.05 12 Volatile Phenol 0.002 13 Anionic surfactant≤ 0.3

52. Construction noise will be assessed against the standards in Emission Standards of Ambient Noise for Boundary of Site Noise (GB 12523-2011) and Class II of Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB 12348-2008), which are set out in Table II-14. There are no EHS targets of guidelines for transient construction noise.

Table II-14: Construction Site Noise Limits. Unit: Leq [Db (A)] Noise Limit Major Noise Source Period Day Night Bulldozer, excavators and loader; pile driving machines; 70 55 Construction concrete mixer, vibrator and electric saw; hoist and lifter Operation Pumps 60 50

53. Vibration. Construction activities are likely to cause vibration impact and should comply with the Standard for Urban Area Environmental Vibration (GB 10070-88). The details are shown in Table II-15. The project works are located on villages and communities, where standard 2 applies.

Table II-15: Vertical Vibration Standard Value for Various Urban Areas (Unit: dB) Scope of applicable area Day Night Special residential area 65 65 Residential, cultural and educational area 70 67 Mixed area and commercial center 75 72 Industrial centralized area 75 72 Both sides of traffic trunk line 75 72 Both sides of railway main line 80 80

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

54. The project will help the Dengzhou City Government (DCG) maintain environmental sustainability, leading to improved living conditions in the Tuan River basin through the implementation of an integrated approach, that is managing the water environment, water supply and ecology collectively with a well-balanced mix of structural and non-structural interventions in Dengzhou City, including capacity building.

A. Rationale

55. Dengzhou City is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Henan Province (Figure III-1). It is situated partly within the catchment area of Danjiangkou Reservoir and partly within the Tuan River watershed, which is within the Han River Basin in Henan Province. Danjiangkou Reservoir is a water source of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) of the PRC. The source water from the Danjiangkou Reservoir is conveyed in the SNWDP via a 1,400-kilometer long canal to over 30 cities in the water-deprived and drought- prone northern region of China, including Beijing, Tianjin, and the provinces of Hebei and Henan. Environmental conditions of Dengzhou City will have a contributing impact to the overall water management of the Han River Basin and Danjiangkou Reservoir.

56. Environmental degradation in the Tuan River watershed. Dengzhou City in the agriculture dominated region of the PRC is suffering from several environmental problems such as environmental degradation, pollution from wastewater and solid waste, non-point source pollution from agriculture, inadequate surface water supply to rural areas, flood hazards, etc. Rapid urbanization, combined with point and non-point source pollution, have led to deteriorated environmental conditions along the Tuan River. Various economic and urbanization activities have resulted in watershed hydrological alteration, habitat loss, deforestation, over water extraction, non-point source pollution, over-burdened solid waste disposal sites and degraded water environment in the Dengzhou urban-rural areas of the Tuan River basin. Vegetation, wetlands, and water quality have declined along the Tuan River.

57. Pollution from wastewater and solid waste. Surface water quality of the mainstream of lower Tuan River is highly polluted and is below the Class IV water quality standard.7 Inadequate facilities for wastewater treatment have resulted in poor water quality as the two existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that service the project areas of Dengzhou City do not have adequate capacity to accommodate the increasing volumes of wastewater. The city sewage pipeline collection network currently does not cover all the urban and rural areas of Dengzhou City, and there are untreated wastewaters being discharged directly to the Tuan River mainstream and tributaries.

58. Non-point source pollution from agriculture. Due to the lack of sewerage collection in rural areas, some domestic wastewaters are discharged into streams directly. There are many solid wastes such as municipal solid wastes and straw that are accumulated over the rural land areas. The waste of livestock manure and the usage of chemical fertilizer have also increased over the years as more agricultural and economic activities are present in the project areas. Non-point pollutants enter the Tuan River and tributaries in runoff after rainfall, leading to the degrading quality of water environment in the Tuan River and its corridor areas.

59. Inadequate water supply to rural areas. With the improvement of living standards, the demand for water supply has been increasing in rural areas of the Dengzhou City. Nonetheless, the rural areas do not have access to the tap water supply and the required amount of clean water supply is rarely available, leading to the use of highly polluted shallow ground water for the drinking purpose that has already caused sever health hazards of the

7 Dengzhou EPB. 2018. Overall Implementation Plan of Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Dengzhou City.

21 rural residents in the city area. The excessive extraction of the ground water imposes a risk to the protection and sustainable use of groundwater resources in the long run.

60. Poor cross-sectoral capacity and coordination mechanisms for integrated river basin and water resource management. Several agencies are involved in the management of Tuan River, yet there has been relatively limited cross-sectoral coordination for integrated water resources management (IWRM), due to lack of mechanisms for information sharing and monitoring capacity. Local regulations for integrated water resources management in Dengzhou City are not yet comprehensive to regulate and supervise social water activities effectively. There are still deficiencies in technical standard setting for integrated water management. Continued capacity building will be essential for promoting the IWRM for the integrated Dengzhou urban and rural areas.

61. To tackle these challenges, the DCG has been making efforts on environmental improvement and ecological conservation in the Tuan River basin, including developing rural water supply systems, constructing wastewater collection and treatment facilities, introducing solid waste management programs, improving drainage conditions, and rehabilitating water environments. The DCG has prepared various plans, including the Overall Implementation Plan for Water Pollution Control Project of Tuan River and Diao River Basin in Dengzhou City for 2019–2023 and the Overall Implementation Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Dengzhou City for 2018–20208. The proposed project for the ADB loan is part of DCG’s efforts towards achieving its environmental improvement targets for the urban and rural areas of Dengzhou City. Being one of the poorest cities in the Yangtze River basin, Dengzhou City urgently needs the improvement in its water resources and environmental management programs as a driver for socioeconomic growth and alignment with the national ecological civilization objectives as set forth in the PRC’s Thirteenth Five Year Plan.

62. The project will protect ecological environment, enhance water security, promote sustainable and integrated water resources management in the Tuan River basin and the Danjiangkou Reservoir watershed. It will help improve the livelihoods of urban and rural residents of Dengzhou City through the following major project interventions.

63. Protection of Tuan River water quality. The Tuanbei New Town District of Dengzhou City currently has a population of 20,000 but does not yet have a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The population is projected to grow to 180,000 by 2030 and 200,000 by 2040. The proposed three WWTPs to be constructed under the project in the Tuanbei and adjacent rural areas will cope with needs for wastewater treatment in rapidly urbanizing areas and rural areas and help improve the Tuan River eco-systems. Based on the simulated results of the Tuan River water quality model (WASP) developed in the TrTA, the proposed Tuanbei WWTP will result in significant improvement to the Tuan River quality by reducing 20% total phosphorus (TP), 19.7% total nitrogen (TN), 37% ammonia nitrogen and 16% carbonaceous organics (BOD). In the national context, construction of the WWTPs in the project is in line with the PRC’s Thirteenth Five Year Plan, which stipulates that wastewater treatment facilities and collection systems be enhanced to mitigate harmful effects from wastewaters.

64. Improvement to Drinking Water Quality and Reduction of Groundwater Exploitation in Rural Areas of Dengzhou City. There are no centralized water supply plants in rural areas of Dengzhou City. Due to the lack of proper clean water sources and the reliable water supply system, the rural area relies on highly polluted ground water for drinking purpose leading to poor basic water services including wastewater collection and treatment facilities. Ground water is polluted by non-point source pollution from agricultural activities. According to the Report on Investigation and Evaluation of Rural Drinking Water Status in Dengzhou, the

8 Dengzhou City Government. 2018. Overall Implementation Plan of Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Dengzhou City for 2018–2020. Dengzhou: Environment Protection Bureau. 22 maximum fluorine and salt content of shallow groundwater is over 4 mg/L and 6 g/L, respectively, which is several times higher than the normal values of sanitary water. There is an urgent need for water supply plants and affiliated pipelines to provide drinking water of good quality to rural residents in Dengzhou. The two proposed rural water supply plants (WSPs) at Sangzhuang and Jiulong under this project, utilizing the water from south-to-north water transfer project will service a total of 450,000 rural residents of Dengzhou City. The project will improve the quality of potable water in rural areas, and meanwhile also help reduce the excessive groundwater exploitation. The construction of the proposed water supply plants in this project meets the requirements of the overall urban and rural development plan of the Dengzhou City (2015-2030).

65. Ecological Dredging. The 13.8 km section of Tuan River downstream from Dengzhou City is highly silted from natural sedimentation and accumulation of construction wastes from the urban areas, polluted, and eutrophic. Repeated sediment testing (in August 2018 and March 2019) indicated low concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides but high concentrations of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus in the Tuan River sediment. This indicates the prevalence of the discharge from domestic sewage and non-point source runoff from agricultural activities. The proposed ecological dredging in this project at selected sections of the 13.8-km river section will help (i) remove excessive siltation and old earthen bunds (the remains of previous activities) in the river to improve the natural flow, which was modeled using a hydraulic model developed in the TrTA to improve the river conveyance capacity by 5-10%; and (ii) remove about 207,000 m3 of polluted sediment with a density of 1.15g/ml (80% moisture content). Based on the simulated results of the Tuan River water quality model (WASP) developed in the TrTA for this project, the proposed ecological dredging will result in improvement to the Tuan River quality, showing a 12.9% reduction in ammonia nitrogen, 8.1% reduction in BOD and a 2.3% increase in dissolved oxygen of the water column in the river. The modelling results reveal that the proposed dredging activities are beneficial for water quality rehabilitation in the Tuan River. Enhanced water quality justifies the rationale of the ADB project to improve environmental conditions in lower Tuan River.

66. Embankment. The proposed levee construction will include ecological slope protection and heightening of selected sections of embankment. Most bank sections of the Tuan River downstream from Dengzhou City are modified and cleared by human activities and natural river bank slopes become highly unstable and prone to landslides or river erosion. The project will strengthen the banks through “ecological” embankment. This will comprise ecological gabion stone cages for river bank protection and repair works at seven locations, with a cumulative length of 3.7 km. It will also include levee heightening works to meet the 1 in 20-year flood protection standard. Based on the results of a hydraulic modelling analysis indicate that the heightening works in the project will help protect about 1,361 houses and 16,166 mu of farmland from being flooded under a 20 year flood and will prevent a property loss of approximately 142.91 million yuan, achieving significant reduction of affected farmland and property loss as opposed to the existing conditions without the project. The project intervention of the levee bank construction is beneficial to the lower Tuan River region, reducing the possible negative effects to local households and farmlands under various flood events.

67. Drainage improvement. Residents of the Tuanbei New District are vulnerable to waterlogging or flooding as the stormwater drainage network is incomplete. The project will support the completion of a drainage network, including a water diversion canal and two drainage channels to reduce the risk of flooding, improve safety for residents and improve the effective drainage to Tuan River, achieving an efficient urban-rural water linkage in Tuan River Basin. In addition, most of the current Tuanbei District is farmland and undeveloped land, with a small portion of low-density residential villages. Without an efficient drainage network, stormwater, especially the first flush, flows quickly across the farmland, picking up pollutants along the way, then enters ditches or storm drains, and finally flows into Tuan River without

23 any interception and treatment. Upon improvement of the drainage system by the project, the chance for storm water running across farmland can be decreased, reducing the issue of non- point source pollution to a large extent.

68. Stormwater quality improvement. In communities of Tuanbei New Town District that rely on ditches and drains to divert runoff to Tuan River, waterlogging or flooding can occur when large volumes of stormwater enter surface waters quickly. The proposed Dengzhou Green Corridor Park and Tuan River Shoreline Landscape Park located in the Tuanbei New Town District will implement the approach of Sponge City design and Low Impact Development (LID) in the engineering design. A variety of LID practices and facilities that preserve the natural drainage processes will be adopted in the parks for effective stormwater retention and treatment, such as rain garden, vegetated swale, sunken grass, etc. The LID designs will help attenuate the rainwater to reduce the risk of flooding by reducing the volume and speed of stormwater runoff. In addition, the LID designs with more pervious ground surfaces will promote the seepage of stormwater into the ground and thus play a positive role in recharging the groundwater aquifers in the Tuan River basin as the groundwater in the project areas is over exploited. The LID practices in the urban areas of Dengzhou City will help reduce pollutant-laden storm water reaching Tuan River, which will be beneficial to the improvement water quality of lower Tuan River by reducing the sediment, particulate organics and sediment-absorbed contaminant loading in stormwater runoff before it enters to receiving waters. Better water quality increases property values and lowers government clean-up costs

69. Public Education. Management of water environment should depend not only on the government, but also on public participation. Public awareness of environmental protection should be raised via awareness campaign, training and guiding to promote public initiatives to reduce pollution and protect the environment, establishing a long-term mechanism of water environmental protection. Currently, with limited access to the knowledge and information about Tuan River and adjacent tributaries, the public environment awareness of residents in Dengzhou is weak. The proposed Environmental Research and Education Center with affiliated operating and monitoring equipment serves as a superb mean for improving the environmental awareness of locals and providing training for local universities or researchers. The establishment of the Education Center is to meet the need for the current social environmental protection and will play a significant role in developing the future environmental protection and ecological civilization in Dengzhou City.

70. Solid waste management. Currently, there are six temporary rural landfills, servicing the rural residents of Dengzhou City. These rural landfills are being operated in their near full capacities. These landfill sites are surrounded by farmlands that are used to grow wheat and vegetables. Leachate from these temporary rural landfills may contaminate the soil and groundwater of these farmlands, imposing health risks to the farmers and urban residents who consume the vegetable and crop products from these farmlands. The proposed solid waste management component in this project will help reduce the volume of disposed solid waste at the source to be disposed of at these temporary landfills and, therefore, help reduce the chance of leachate contamination to soil and groundwater.

71. Reduction of Carbon Emission. The trees planted in the Xingshan subproject will contribute to the commitment by the PRC on carbon emission reductions. The project is supportive to fulfilment of the Paris Agreement that the PRC signed in 2015 and is aligned with China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reach its carbon emissions by 2030. The project components for tree plantings and rehabilitation will contribute to this. The project is a demonstration of: i) implementing proactive strategies on climate change (e.g., integration of climate change related objectives into the national economic and social development plans); ii) increasing carbon sinks (e.g., to strengthen the protection and restoration of forest and to increase carbon storage capacity of forest); vi) enhancing climate resilience (e.g., to take full consideration of climate change in the planning, engineering and 24 construction of the distribution of productive forces, infrastructures and major projects); and vii) innovating low-carbon development growth pattern (e.g., to advance low-carbon pilots in provinces and cities).

72. Strategic fit. In February 2018, the State Council of the PRC disclosed a policy on rural vitalization as a driver for PRCs modernization goals and building a moderately prosperous society. The policy targets the establishment of institutional framework, modernization of rural areas, and beautification of countryside by 2020, 2035 and 2050 respectively. In September 2018, the five-year national rural vitalization plan has been disclosed by the PRCs State Council. The plan will be implemented by the local governments including DCG during 2018-2022 period with the overall objective of building rural areas with thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social inclusiveness, effective governance, and prosperity. The DCG has formulated its 13th Five-Year development plan for 2016 to 2020 to aim at improving public services, and environmental protection in rural areas, which is consistent with (i) the national 13th 5-year plan, (ii) guidelines on the Yangtze River Basin economic development issued by the State Council in 2014, (iii) YREB Master Plan 2016- 2030 issued by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2016, and (iv) the River Chief System issued by PRC’s State Council in 2016.

73. The proposed project will protect ecological environment, enhance water security, promote sustainable and integrated water resources management in the Tuan River watershed and improve the livelihoods of urban and rural residents of Dengzhou City. It complies with the requirements of the Notice of the State Council on the Issuance of Action Plan for Water Pollution Control in 2015 and offers support on water environment protection in Dengzhou, which is included in government special funding of Measures for the Administration of Special Funds for the Prevention and Treatment of Water Pollution published by Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The Project is also included in ADB’s country operations 2018–2020 business plan. The project is consistent with (i) the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of the PRC, 2016-2020, which aims to realize “ecological civilization” and includes the emphasis on water pollution control in YREB; (ii) ADB’s country partnership strategy for the PRC, 2016–2020, which aims to improve environment and manage climate change with support to inclusive economic development;9 (iii) ADB’s Strategy 2030, which promotes environmentally sustainable growth and (iv) ADB’s Water Operational Plan, 2011–2020, which emphasizes integrated water resources management (IWRM) for increasing the efficiency and productivity in the delivery of water services.10

74. Lessons. The project design has incorporated the lessons learned from ADB’s previous projects and policy-oriented studies on IWRM, environmental and ecosystem improvement, wetland and lake management and restoration, and urban-rural integration in the PRC and other developing member countries. These lessons include the need in the project design for (i) an integrated approach, including structural and nonstructural measures; (ii) strong leadership and governance in environmental management; (iii) adequate consultation and better communication with affected people; (iv) promotion of activities that encourage community participation, and (v) application of international best practices for integrated water resources management. The lessons also include the need for strengthening the nature-based solutions and community engagement, considering operation and maintenance (O&M) in financing planning, improving the data collection and information management for IWRM decision-making, reforming institutional and financial management structures contributing to sustainable water resources management, strengthening capacity for project implementation and O&M, and developing effective project monitoring and evaluation systems.

9 ADB. 2016. Transforming Partnership: People's Republic of China and Asian Development Bank, 2016–2020. Manila. 10 ADB. 2011. Water Operational Plan, 2011 ̶ 2020. Manila.

75. The project will particularly focus on (i) urban-rural integration and development, (ii) improving provision of public services in rural areas, (iii) management of solid waste and wastewater in rural areas as a priority to build ecologically-friendly and livable rural village, and (iv) capacity development of the DCG.

Figure III-1: Geographic Location of Dengzhou City in Henan Province

B. Impact and Outcome

76. The project is aligned with the following impact: living standards in the Yangtze River Economic Belt improved. The project will have the following outcome: water security and environmental sustainability in Dengzhou City improved.

C. Outputs

77. Output 1: Urban and rural water infrastructure in Dengzhou City improved. This output will include: (i) wastewater management including (a) installation of distributed wastewater treatment facilities in rural areas, (b) construction of a centralized wastewater treatment plant in urban area, and (c) construction of wastewater collection networks; (ii) rural water supply system including (a) construction of water intake and treatment facilities, (b) installation of distribution network, and (c) installation of advance monitoring and evaluation system; (iii) solid waste management in rural towns including (a) solid waste separation and recycling facilities, and (b) establishment of solid waste collection and transport facilities; and (iv) flood risk management including construction of (a) ecological dike at critical locations, and (b) stormwater drainage.

78. Output 2: Ecological zones in Tuan River restored. This output will implement (i) river corridor improvement including (a) removal of wastes from Tuan River by using ecological dredging method, (b) construction of Tuanbei cultural park, and (c) greening and gardening along the river banks in city area; (ii) soil and water conservation including (a) river bank 26 protection with eco-friendly measures and (b) plantation of bio-shield and construction of runoff interceptors to control nutrients and top-soil leaching from the farm lands, and (c) afforestation on hill slopes in the watershed of Danjiangkou Reservoir; and (iii) wetland restoration including (a) construction of artificial wetlands, (b) restoration of small creeks to enhance the natural drainage system.

79. Output 3: Water resources management capacity enhanced. This output will develop (i) Environmental research and education center for Tuan River watershed including (a) construction of building and research laboratories, (b) installation of research equipment, and (c) cooperation with local academic and research institutes; (ii) river health monitoring of lower Tuan River, including the (a) installation of real-time hydrological and water quality monitoring stations, (b) establishment of research park in lower Tuan River, and (c) connection of monitoring stations to Dengzhou Digital Center; and (iii) institutional and local capacity building including (a) establishment of innovative asset management and decision support system, (b) community based watershed management including solid waste management, (c) promotion of community entrepreneurship on ecosystem such as promotion of community nursery and agroforestry, and (d) training programs on water and environment for local governments and communities.

80. The subproject locations are shown in the Error! Reference source not found.. The d etails of each output and component are summarized in Error! Reference source not found.. Summary of construction works is shown in Table III-2.

Table III-1: Summary of Project Subcomponents Output Output/Component Major contents Output 1: Urban and rural water infrastructure in Dengzhou City improved 1.1 Wastewater management in both rural and urban areas Tuanbei Waste Water 1.1.1 Treatment Plant WWTP (30,000 t/d). (WWTP) Affiliated Sewer Pipe 1.1.2 Network to Tuanbei Sewer network (17.09 km) WWTP Rangdong Township 1.1.3 Wastewater Treatment WWTP -phase I (2,000 m3/d; sewer network (3.52 km). Plants Jitan Township WWTP (1500 m3/d); sewer network (12.3 km) 1.1.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant 1.2 Construction of rural water supply systems Sangzhuang Water WSP (30,000 m3/d); 305 km water distribution pipe network; 1 booster Supply Plant (WSP) pump station; 1 chlorination station; 750 m water source diversion pipe. 1.2.1 and Affiliated Pipe Network Jiulong Water Supply WSP (30,000 m3/d); 310 km water distribution pipe network; 3 booster 1.2.2 Plant (WSP) and pump stations; 1.2 km water source diversion pipe. Affiliated Pipe Network Cultural heritage Upgrading of Huo Qubing's cenotaph in Guanjun Village in Zhang Town; 1.2.3 protection educational boards, monuments and biographies. 1.3 Solid waste management in rural towns Solid waste treatment 1.3.1 Pilot biological treatment of organic solid waste from a farmer’s market in Rangdong Town (4t/d). 1.4 Natural drainage management 4.9 km construction works from Yesheng Road to the west to Huolong West to east diversion 1.4.1 Canal in Tuanbei New District. channel

North to south open 1.35 km construction works in Tuanbei New District. 1.4.2 channel Output 2: Ecological zones in Han River restored 2.1 River corridor improvement Ecological 13.8 km ecological dredging of lower Tuan River to remove 207,000 m3 of 2.1.1 Improvement Works at sediment Lower Tuan River (1). Ecological river bank protection and repair at 7 sections of the lower Embankment of Lower 2.1.2 Tuan River with a cumulative length of 3.7 km. (2) Levee heightening Tuan River works at a length of 1 km. A total area of 653,000 m2 ; including Weiming Channel (2.94 km); Tuanbei New Town 2.1.3 connecting roads (3.819 km). Green Corridor Park

394,500 m2 park; and 1 connecting bridge (245 m; 44 m wide). The bridge will be located on Dongfang Avenue and extend across the Tuan River Tuan River Shoreline (from Stake K0+420 to K1+045). It will link Tuanbei New District (north 2.1.4 Landscape Park side of Tuan River) to Dengzhou City. The bridge design complies with the (Phase 3) PRC bridge safety design standard, including flood protection to 100-year recurrence interval; seismic protection to grade 7; and adequate lightning. 2.2 Water and Soil Conservation Tuan River Green Green buffer zones along two shores of a 13.8km reach of lower Tuan 2.2.1 Buffer Belt River that covers an area of 1,170,000 m2. Development of a 15,000 m2 wetland in the Tuan River North Shore Green 2.2.2 Wetland Development Park (Phase III). 28

The location of the Xingshan plantation subproject is at Yu Hill, Hanying Village in the Xingshan Tourism Management Area, which is close to the 2.2.3 Xingshan Plantation canal head of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The total area of tree plantation is 800 mu. Output 3: Water resources management capacity enhanced. Environmental Research and Education Center with affiliated operating and monitoring equipment located at the north-west direction of the Environmental intersection of the Xingsheng Road and Zhi’er Road, covering an area of 3.1 Research and 25-mu, among which the area of the central building is 14,800 m2, the Education Center courtyard building area is 8000 m2, which is mainly used for propaganda and education, scientific research, training and environmental monitoring business. Installation of water quality monitoring stations along lower Tuan River and associated data management and reporting systems. There are 5 monitoring stations located at the bridge along 207 National Road crossing River health Tuan River, Yaodian, Xihou Bay, Jitan Bridge and Donghou Bay in Zhao 3.2 monitoring of lower River. The items of monitoring include PH, temperature, DO, turbidity, Tuan River conductivity, NHx, potassium permanganate index, total P, total N and CODr. It is 24 hr automatic monitoring. All the data would be collected automatically and transfer to data management system at proposed education center and Digital Center of DCG. A trial experiment on river ecological restoration at a 500 m reach of lower Trial experiment on Tuan River near the confluence with Zhao River in Jiaolin Village, Yaodian 3.3 river ecological Town along the South Bank of Tuan River (experiment covers an area of restoration 55817 m2) 1) Asset management program to manage daily performance status, Institutional operation and maintenance need/status, and decision support system. strengthening and 3.4 2) community based solid waste management including awareness capacity building of campaign, pilot household waste separation program, and waste DCG management. IWRM = integrated water resources management, GIS = geographic information system, km = kilometer, m = meter, m2 = square meter, M&E = monitoring and evaluation. Source: Asian Development Bank estimates.

Table III-2: Summary of Project Construction Works

Water Water Sewer Drainage Embankment Dredging supply delivery Green belt Wetland Roads No. Item pipeline channel Bridge (km) (km) pipeline pipeline (m2) (m2) (km) (km) (km) (km) (km) I Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) and Stations (WWTS) 1 Tuanbei WWTP 0 0 17.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Rangdong WWTS 0 0 3.52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Jitan WWTS 0 0 12.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 0 0 32.91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 II Water Supply Plant (WSP) 1 Sangzhuang WSP 0 0 0 305 0.75 0 0 0 0 0 2 Jiulong WSP 0 0 0 310 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 0 0 0 615 1.95 0 0 0 0 0 Tuanbei Comprehensive III Water Environmental 0 0 0 0 0 9.19 0 15,000 3.819 1 Improvement Ecological Restoration of IV 3.71 13.4 0 0 0 0 1,250,000 0 0 0 lower Tuan River Total 3.71 13.4 32.91 615 1.95 9.19 1,250,000 15,000 3.819 1 30

Figure III-2: Locations of Project Components

D. Detailed Subproject Description

81. Detailed descriptions of the project design for each subproject are presented below:

1. Subproject 1.1.1 and 1.1.2: Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant and Its Affiliated Sewer Network

a. Location of Subproject

82. The proposed Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and its affiliated sanitary sewer system are located at the northwestern side of the intersection of the Fusheng Road and the Shuangzhong Road in the Dengzhou City (Figure III-3).

Figure III-3: Project Location of the Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant

b. Objectives of Subproject

83. The proposed Tuanbei WWTP will be constructed for effective wastewater treatment collected in Tuanbei Pilot Area, which (1) avoids untreated wastewater discharging into Tuan River to protect Tuan River, (2) protects water resource and (3) is in line with Government Plans.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

84. This component comprises the construction of the Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) with a designed treatment capacity of 30,000 m3/day and its affiliated sewer network. The service area of the WWTP is the Tuanbei Pilot Area, which is comprised of approximately 20.12 km2.

d. Design Details

85. The layout of the proposed wastewater treatment facilities is shown in Figure III-4. 32

Figure III-4: Layout of the WWTP

86. The Tuanbei WWTP is designed to produce high quality treated effluent, since water quality target of Tuan River. The discharge quality will meet Class 1A of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).

87. The FSR has predicted the influent quality referring to the actual inflow of existing Dengzhou No.1 WWTP and No. 2 WWTP, and PRC’s Discharge Standard for Sewage into Urban Sewer System (GB/T 31962-2015). Table III-3 shows the design inflow and discharge parameters for the Tuanbei WWTP. Prior to commissioning of the WWTP, a series of tests will be conducted to ensure proper functioning of the WWTP. Compliance monitoring will be undertaken prior to and during WWTP operation to ensure that effluents meet Class 1A of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).

Table III-3: Design Parameters for Pollutant Reduction from Tuanbei WWTP Pollutant CODcr BOD5 SS TN NH3-N TP Design inflow quality (mg/L) 300 152 180 32 27 3 Design effluent quality (mg/L) ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤15 ≤5 ≤0.5 Pollution removal at WWTP (t/a) 83% 93% 94% 53% 81% 83% Total pollution load (t/d) 7.5 4.26 5.1 0.51 0.66 0.075 Total pollution load (t/a) 2737.5 1554.9 1861.5 186.15 240.9 27.375

88. Table III-3 also quantifies total pollution reduction through wastewater treatment. The wastewater treatment plant will remove some 2737.5 t/a of COD, 1554.9 t/a of BOD5, 186.15 t/a ammonia nitrogen and 27.375 t/d phosphorous respectively through effective operation.

89. Treatment procedures utilized for the WWTP are as follows: (i) Wastewater Treatment Procedure: Multi-stage, Multi-mode A/A/O + Magnetic Coagulation in Sedimentation Tanks + Deep Bed Denitrification Filters (ii) Wastewater Sludge Treatment Procedure: Mechanical Dewatering (iii) Deodorization procedure: Biological Deodorization (iv) Disinfection Procedure: Utilizing Sodium Hypochlorite

Figure III-5: Design of the Multi-Stage, Multi-Mode A/A/O Chambers

90. Innovative features were applied for design of the WWTP (Table III-4).

Table III-4: Comparison of Common Practice and Innovative Practice General Design, Design, Construction Subproject Construction and Innovation and Operation Operation Enhanced phosphorus Coagulation, Dosing, magnetic Tuanbei removal and suspended solids precipitation flocculation Wastewater removal processes Treatment Carbon source can be Deep bed Plant recycled and the efficiency of A/O process denitrification total nitrogen removal can be technology improved

91. The total length of the sewer pipe network is 17.09 km which includes network of pipes under three roadways: Tuanbin North Road, Fusheng Road and Pingan Avenue. After being lifted by pump stations, wastewater in the sewer pipes located underneath the three roadways mentioned above will be transported to the proposed WWTP. The diameter of the main pipes is DN1000-1200; the area of the west sewage subarea is 9.47 km2. The main sewer pipes with a diameter of DN400-800 lays from west to east along three main roads—Lingshan Road, Rangdeng Avenue and Tuanbin North Road. The sewage collected is discharged into main pipelines along the Rangdeng Road from north to south, and flows into the sewage pump station through the pipelines along the Rangdeng Street and the Beijing Avenue, discharging into the sewage pipe network after lifting. The area of the east sewage subarea is 10.66 km2. The main sewer pipeline is along the Dongfang Avenue and the Shandu Street. The sewer pipelines along Lingshan Road and Gongxun Road connect the main pipeline along Dongfang Avenue from east and west respectively, then the main pipeline along Dongfang Avenue from north to south connects the main sewer pipeline along Fusheng Road, flowing into Tuanbei WWTP finally. The layout of the sanitary sewer systems is shown in Figure III-6. 34

Figure III-6: Layout of Sanitary Sewer Systems

2. Subproject 1.1.3 and 1.1.4: Wastewater Treatment Stations in Rangdong and Jitan Counties

a. Rangdong Wastewater Treatment Station (2,000 m3/day)

i. Location of Subproject

92. The proposed Rangdong Wastewater Treatment Station is located at Jizhuang Group, Zhaizhuang Village, Rangdong Town (see Figure III-7).

ii. Objectives of Subproject

93. Rangdong County supports 54,000 residents yet does not have wastewater treatment facilities. The proposed Wastewater Treatment Station is to collect and treat sewage in Rangdong County, reducing the discharge of wastewater into Tuan River.

iii. Brief Description of Subproject

94. The treatment capacity of the proposed Rangdong wastewater treatment station (WWTS) (Stage 1) under ADB project plan is 2,000 m³/day. The length of affiliated sewer pipe network is approximately 3.52 km.

iv. Design Details

95. Considering the scale of the project, the membrane bioreactor process was selected as the main process of the project. Treated wastewater will discharge into existing natural river ditch in the east of the planning area. The sewage pipeline of Rangdong town is mainly equipped with sewage intercepting pipeline along the east side of Zhao River. The sewage of the county is discharged into the sewage treatment station along Hengliu Road from east to

west, then enters the Zhao River after reaching the Class IA standard for Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).

96. Rangdong WWTS is designed based on Class 1A discharge standard. The designed rates for pollutant removal for the wastewater treatment stations are presented in Table III-5.

Table III-5: Pollutant Reduction from the Proposed WWTS Reduction Capacity Influent (mg/L) Subproject (t/a) (m3/d) COD NH3-N TP BOD5 COD NH3-N TP BOD5 Rangdong WWTS 2000 300 27 3 152 219 19.71 2.19 159.87 Jitan WWTS 1500 300 27 3 152 164.25 14.78 1.64 83.22 Total pollution load (t/a) 383.25 34.49 3.83 243.09

97. The layout of Rangdong WWTS is shown in Figure III-7.

Figure III-7: Rangdong Sewage Treatment Station and Pipeline Network

b. Jitan Wastewater Treatment Station (1,500 m3/day)

i. Location of Subproject

98. The proposed Jitan Wastewater Treatment Station is located at Sunzhuang Village, Jitan Town (see Figure III-8). 36

Figure III-8: Locations of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Stations

ii. Objectives of Subproject

99. Jitan Town supports 20,000 residents yet does not have wastewater treatment facilities. The proposed Wastewater Treatment Station is to collect and treat the sewage in Jitan Town, reducing the discharge of wastewater into Tuan River directly.

iii. Brief Description of Subproject

100. Construction of a WWTS with the membrane bioreactor treatment method and a treatment capacity of 1500 m3/day. The treated effluent will meet Class 1A standard (GB18918-2002). Sewer pipes will be installed along the east side of the Tuan River, and runoff will flow into main sewer pipes (DN400 ~ 800) following the New Town Road from both north and south directions, and then into the WWTS.

iv. Design Details

101. Jitan WWTS is designed based on Class 1A discharge standard. The pollutant removed through effective operation of the wastewater treatment stations are presented in Table III-6.

Table III-6: Pollutant Reduction from the Proposed WWTSs Subproject Capacity Influent (mg/L) Reduction (t/a) 3 (m /d) COD NH3-N TP BOD5 COD NH3-N TP BOD5 Rangdong WWTS 2000 300 27 3 152 219 19.71 2.19 159.87 Jitan WWTS 1500 300 27 3 152 164.25 14.78 1.64 83.22 Total pollution load (t/a) 383.25 34.49 3.83 243.09

102. The layout of Rangdong WWTS is shown in Figure III-9.

Figure III-9: Jitan Sewage Treatment Station and Pipeline Network

3. Subproject 1.2.1 and 1.2.2: New Sangzhuang Water Supply Plant, New Jiulong Water Supply Plant and Affiliated Pipe Networks

a. New Sangzhuang Water Supply Plant and Affiliated Pipe Network

i. Location of Subproject

103. The proposed Water Supply Plant (WSP) will be located on the southwestern side of the intersection of the Sangliu Road and the Hengsan Road and will serve an estimated population of 296,000.

ii. Objectives of Subproject

104. Under this component, about 296,000 residents from three counties (Sangzhuang, Yaodian, Liuji) and one village (Yangying) will have fresh water for daily supply needs, including about 6,317 poor and vulnerable residents.

iii. Brief Description of Subproject

105. Dengzhou City receives an annual allocation of 82 million cubic meters of fresh water from the PRC’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP). The middle route of this national project extends north of Dengzhou City. Dengzhou City also encompasses Danjiangkou Reservoir, one of the main national water storage locations for the SNWDP. The middle route of SNWDP was built in 2014 to serve Henan Province, Hebei Province, Beijing, and Tianjin. The main canal is 1,277 m long with a service area of 155,000 m2. The SNWDP is managed by the central government.

106. The project will include a small new extension from the transfer channel that enters Dengzhou City, to transfer the water to the new WSP. The source water is already confirmed to meet the standards for inflow to the WWTS, since water from the central route of SNWDP is subject to regular national monitoring and is Class III or higher in quality.

iv. Design Details

107. This project will comprise: construction of Sangzhuang Water Treatment Plant, with a design capacity of 30,000 m3/day (Figure III-10); and (ii) 305 km of water distribution pipes (Figure III-11); and (iii) construction of Liuji Pump Station (Figure III-11).

Figure III-10: Location of the Sangzhuang Water Treatment Plant

Figure III-11: Pipe Network for the Sangzhuang Water Treatment Plant

108. In this project, Yaodian Town, Sangzhuang Town, Xiaoyangying Town and Jitan Town are determined to be directly supplied by Sangzhuang WSP, while Liuji Town would be equipped with a pump station for water supply. The detailed description of Liuji Pump Station is shown in Table III-7. And Liuji Pump Station was designed as non-negative pressure pressurization pump station (Figure III-12) which covered an area of 2103 m2.

Table III-7: Detailed Description of Liuji Pump Station Single Pump Size Capacity Power Location Capacity Lift (m) Remarks (m2) (m3/h) (kW) (m3/h) non-negative pressure Liuji Pump 2103 6500 150 25 18 water supply equipment; Station Four pumps

Figure III-12: Sketch Map of Liuji Pump Station

b. The Jiulong Water Supply Plant and Its Affiliated Pipe Network

i. Location of Subproject

109. The Jiulong WSP will be located adjacent to the Houwang Village in the Jiulong County and will serve an estimated population of 315,806.

ii. Objectives of Subproject

110. The Jiulong WSP will be constructed to satisfy the drinking water demand from local communities. A portion of the annual water supply to Dengzhou City from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project will be diverted to the WSP. The WSP will be located adjacent to the Houwang Village in the Jiulong County and will serve an estimated population of 315,806. Residents from four counties (Jiulong, Zhangcun, Gaoji, Pengqiao) and one village (Wenqu) will have fresh water for daily supply needs, including about 7,183 poor and vulnerable residents..

iii. Brief Description of Subproject

111. Construction of a drinking water diversion, treatment and distribution system at Jiulong Town with a capacity of 30,000 m3/d, servicing five towns of Jiulong, Wenqu, Zhangcun, Gaoji and Pengqiao. The affiliated facilities include a water distribution pipe network of 310 km in total; three booster pump stations; and pipes for water source diversion and water distribution 40 to the town areas. The allocated water source from the Gate #2 of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is 82 million m3 per year.

iv. Design Details

112. The project is comprised of two main components: (i) a WSP with a daily flow capacity of 30,000 m3/day (Figure III-13); (ii) water distribution pipes with a total length of 310 kilometers (Figure III-14); (iii) construction of three pump stations which located in Zhangcun Town, Gaoji Town and Pengqiao Town, respectively (Figure III-14).

Figure III-13: Location of the Jiulong Water Treatment Plant

Figure III-14: Pipe Network of the Jiulong Water Treatment Plant

113. In this project, Jiulong Town, Wenqu Town are determined to be directly supplied by Jiulong WSP, while Zhangcun Town, Gaoji Town and Pengqiao Town would be equipped with pump stations for water supply. The detail descriptions of Zhangcun Pump Station, Gaoji Pump Station and Pengqiao Pump Station are shown in Table III-8. And these pump stations were also designed as non-negative pressure pressurization pump station.

Table III-8: Detailed Descriptions of Pump Stations in Zhangcun Town, Gaoji Town and Pengqiao Town Single Pump Size Capacity Power Location Capacity Lift (m) Remarks (m2) (m3/h) (kW) (m3/h) Zhangcun non-negative pressure Pump 1387 7500 150 45 20 water supply equipment; Station Four pumps Gaoji non-negative pressure Pump 1628 11500 260 45 40 water supply equipment; Station Four pumps Pengqiao non-negative pressure Pump 1589 4800 110 50 20 water supply equipment; Station Four pumps

114. Comparisons between different technical designs and analysis of their innovation features are shown in the Table III-9. 42

Table III-9: Comparisons of Design and Implementation Innovations General design, Sub- Design, construction and construction and Project innovation component operation of this project operation Traditional water 1. Consider the combination of water consumption supply daily load map; Water The combination of water prediction 2. Consider water consumption units consumption supply daily load maps method: Quota and their water consumption habits method and appliances Comparison of process economy (In current process, the one-time investment cost of the backflow of Process plan Single plan backwash water in filtration tank is -- compared with the direct discharge charge after the precipitation of back wash water) 1. Multi-point chlorination; 2. Consider economic operation during pressure control (electricity and Simulation of Designed as a Consider variations within 24h: water operating expenses) pipe network single condition volume, pressure, chlorine residual (equilibrium optimization of the design total cost of one-time investment in pipe network and operating and electricity expenses). 1. Complicate/simple pipe network monitoring design, DEM community Pipe network design; Reducing leakage rate, squib monitoring Not considered 2. Automatic control device: pressure diagnosis and early warning, design sensor, chlorine residual sensor, pressure monitoring. leakage rate monitoring, scientific maintenance. Measures to mitigate the 1. Consider climate change factors; effects of climate change: Climate 2. Climate change mitigation for the 1. preserve the original multi- Change Not considered water treatment plant (coefficient of water source; Adaptation seasonal variations). 2. Enlarge the clean-water reservoir (within 10%) to increase the water storage.

115. After evaluating different alternatives for the water supply system, the consulting team finalizes the preliminary design for the system. The technical design of the water supply system that is chosen has many advantages: adaptation of water volume, water pressure and chlorine residual changes throughout a day, mitigating effects from climate change, reducing leakage rate and installation of automatic control devices. Water loss detection system will also be included as a part of the project design. The procedures for water loss control are as follows:

Continuously monitoring activities in water metering areas (DMA) – find and locate leaks in water supply areas (water supply sub-areas); Understand what the water lost is consisted of, especially when the leakage accounts for the majority of the water lost. Regular assessment and detection of leaks Leakage control and maintenance of pipelines Regular reviews and monitoring

Figure III-15: General Procedures of Leak Detection 116. The leak detection technology proposed in the project is the acoustic detection method. Leaks will be detected by analyzing data obtained from detection devices installed along pipelines. High frequency oscillations caused by fluid flowing out via leaks can be detected by sensors, and then the sizes and locations of leaks can be derived from recorded acoustical signals (Figure III-16). The pipeline data will be collected by sensors and transmitted to a pipeline control and management center. The smart pipeline network system is capable of monitoring water pressure and severity of water loss. Based on the information supplied by the control center, authorities can determine follow-up measures to appropriately handle specific situations.

Figure III-16: Schematic Diagram of Acoustic Technique

4. Subproject 1.3.1: Solid waste treatment in Rangdong Town

a. Location of Subproject

117. The proposed solid waste treatment in Rangdong Town include a pilot biological treatment of organic solid waste from a farmer’s market (4t/d) The project location is shown in Error! Reference source not found..

Figure III-17: Location of the Solid Waste Project

b. Objectives of Subproject

118. According to preliminary estimation, the output of organic waste from the Rangdong Town is approximately 20 tons/day. The main sources of organic wastes include leftovers from human consumption and food production, expired food and wastes from agricultural markets.

119. Rangdong Town is a major town in the lower reaches of Tuan River with a large population, which is the reason why it was chosen as the pilot town for the implementation of solid waste subproject. The purpose of this subproject is to control non-point source pollution in rural areas along Tuan River and further prevent groundwater contamination, reduce sediment in Tuan River and improve the ecological environment.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

120. The project component will apply Bio-Star micro-biological degradation technology for treating leftovers and perishable organic waste from agricultural markets. This advanced treatment method has many advantages including high maturity, low energy consumption, low cost, high degradation efficiency, minimum secondary pollution, reliable and user-friendly operation.

5. Subproject 1.4: Natural Drainage Management

a. Location of Subproject

121. Natural Drainage Management includes three channels: Water diversion canal, Open channel and Weiming Channel.

122. Water Diversion Canal in the Project extends from the Yesheng Road on the west to the Huolong Canal on the east; it is also situated on the north side of the Lingshan Road in Tuanbei New Town, with a total length of 4,900 meters and is parallel to the LingShan Road. The surface area of the flow inside the canal is 64,000 m2 and the designed bed slope is 1/10000.

123. Open Channel is situated on the west side of the Beijing Avenue with the total length of 1,470 m.

b. Objectives of Subproject

124. This component will improve drainage in Tuanbei New District (Figure III-18). The drainage channels will ensure efficient drainage of water from a new reservoir within Tuanbei New District (termed “Tuanbei Reservoir”) to the Tuan River.

Figure III-18: Tuanbei Comprehensive Water Environmental Improvement Project

c. Brief Description of Subproject

125. The reservoir is designed as a lake for landscaping and aesthetic purposes and to capture rainwater and floodwater from Tuanbei New Town before discharging into the Tuan River. Water will flow from water diversion canals into open drainage channels then into Weiming channel and finally to the river. This design will enhance the aesthetic features of Tuanbei New Town as well as contribute to improved flood management (Figure III-19).

Figure III-19: Locations of River Corridor Projects

d. Design Details

126. Water diversion canals. Regulations were put in place for water diversion canals so that these hydraulic structures could effectively divert water to designated locations.

127. Open channels. The detailed dimensions of the channel include the width of 70 m, the bottom width of 14 m and the side slope of 1:2. After performing survey, it is determined that the surface elevation of the canal are in the range of 108.60 m to 107.52 m. The water surface level proposed for the channel is 107.30 m. The open channel merges into the Tuan River at the end and has low elevations in the downstream part. A sluice gate will be placed in the end of the open channel with the height of 107.3 m. The front end is located at 400 m north of the diversion canal, with a bottom elevation at the starting end of 106.33 m, an elevation at the end of 106.18 m. The surface area of the flow inside the channel is 25,000 m2. It will have a designed bed slope of 1/10000.

128. The designed bottom widths for water diversion canals, open channels and unknown channels are 9 m, 14m and 10-20 m correspondently.

Figure III-20: Diagram of a Designed Cross-Section for a River

6. Subproject 2.1.1, 2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.2.2: Ecological Restoration in the Lower Reach of the Tuan River and Development of Constructed Wetlands

a. Location of Subproject

129. The project works will be undertaken along a 13.8 km-section of the Tuan River, beginning 200 m downstream of the SR207 Nanyang Highway Bridge (Stake # 58+400) and extending until Jitan Town (Stake # 72 +200). A 500 m pilot area for wetland works of 50,000 m2 is included in this subproject (Figure III-21). The project works for embankment and dredging target selected sections along this 13.8-km river section i.e. works do not involve the entire 13.8 km.

Figure III-21: Project Location of Ecological Restoration of Lower Tuan River

b. Objectives of Subproject

130. To ensure that the river meets the flood control standard, the river will be built into an ecological landscape watercourse to improve the ecological environment. Vegetation buffer belts will be built on both sides of the river to reduce agricultural non-point source pollution 48

entering the river. The implementation of ecological dredging and construction of wetlands help purify water to achieve the final goal of controlling the average annual concentration of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in Tuan River at 20 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L and 0.2 mg/L, respectively.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

131. Ecological dredging will be implemented in lower Tuan River. Other work includes: (1) ecological river bank protection and repair at 7 spots of the lower Tuan River with a cumulative length of 3.7 km; (2) levee heightening works with a cumulative length of 1 km along the river banks to meet the 20-year flood protection standard.

d. Design details

Dredging in Lower Tuan River

132. Cumulative dredging length of about 7 km over the 13.8-km river section will be undertaken. About 207,000 m3 of sediment will be removed. Dredging depth will vary in each section depending on specific substrate depth but in general will be about 0.2 m.

133. Dry and semi-dry dredging methods are selected for this project as they are most suited for small-scale projects and can be performed relatively easily due to the shallow character of the lower Tuan River (<1 m in most sections) during the dry season.

River Embankment in Lower Reaches of the Tuan River

134. The selected method is embankment with grass vegetation which is the most cost- effective and is consistent with the principles of nature-based river design.

135. The concepts and techniques proposed in the FSR are compared in Table III-10. Some of them have innovation features in the design, implementation and O&M section.

Table III-10: Summary of Subproject Innovations Common design Design and Subproject and practice in practice in this Innovation regular projects project • Ecological dredging for lower Tuan River is an innovative environmental protection project to remove contaminated Water sediment from rivers, eliminate internal Dredging in Ecological lower Tuan conservancy sources of pollution and create dredging River dredging conditions for the establishment of subsequent river ecosystems. • Effective disposal of contaminated sediment • Ecological revetment effectively solves the problem of natural connection Traditional isolation and has a natural landscape River embankment: hard that is beneficial to the growth of river embankment structures such as Eco-embankment aquatic organisms, mosses and in lower reach of Tuan River concrete, mortar or vegetation dry block stone • Improve the self-purification ability of the river channel, maintaining water ecological environment and biodiversity.

7. Subproject 2.1.4: Tuanbei New Town Green Corridor Park

a. Location of Subproject

136. The park will be located north of Lingshan Road, west to Pingan Avenue, south to Fusheng Road and the Tuan River Landscape Belt (see Figure III-22).

Figure III-22: Location of Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park (Tuanbei New District Green Corridor Park)

b. Objectives of Subproject

137. The project will support the establishment of the Tuanbei New Town Green Corridor Park (Figure III-23).

Figure III-23: Layout Plan of Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park (Tuanbei New District Green Corridor Park)

c. Brief Description of Subproject

138. The park will comprise Weiming Channel, tree planting, sunken greenbelt rain garden and cultural leisure facilities, with a total area of 653,000 square meters, including low impact facilities such as permeable paving and sunken greenbelt rain garden. The park includes a waterscape area of 98,000 m2. The length of the Weiming Channel is 2,940 m.

d. Design Details

139. Ecological revetment. Ecological revetment will be applied for the open channel, water diversion canals and Weiming Channel, to maintain the stability of the river embankment and prevent soil erosion. The design of ecological revetment is shown in Figure III-24.

140. Vegetative zones will be installed along the banks of the Weiming Channel in the park. After performing survey, it is determined that the surface elevation of the channel is in the range of 109.66 to 166.1 m, which is large. The water surface levels proposed for the channel are 107.3 m and 105.1 m. Sluice gates will be placed in the middle and end points of the channel with the height of 107.3 m. The channel merges into the Tuan River at the end and has low elevation in the downstream part. The elevation of the starting point of the channel is 106.16 m, and the elevation at the end is 104.10 m. The section from station 0+000 to station 0+430 is designated as open channel with flat bottom. The designed bed slope for the section from station 0+430 to station 0+800 is 1/10000. A detention gate is located at station 0+800. The designed bed slope from station 0+800 to the estuary of the Tuan River is 1/10000. The surface area of the channel flow will be 98,000 m2, and the total volume of water inside the channel will be 103,000 m3.

Figure III-24: Design of Ecological Revetment

141. The park design includes: (i) ecological conservation zone; (ii) Shady grassland; (iii) Cultural leisure zone; (iv) Celebrity park; (v) Sports zone; (vi) Natural children’s park; (vii) Riverside Ecological Zone; (viii) Floating plank road. Environmental features include pervious pavement and green belts (Figure III-25).

Figure III-25: Low Impact Development Design Diagram

8. Subproject 2.1.5 and 2.2.2: Tuan River North Shore Green Park and Wetland Development

a. Location of Subproject

142. The location of Tuan River North Shore Green Park is shown in Figure III-26. The park will cover an area of 394,500 m2 (including the East Road Bridge across Tuan River), with boundaries of planned Ping 'an Avenue to the west, Fusheng Road to the north, Xinhua East Road to the south, and the G207 Xihai Highway to the east.

Figure III-26: Location of the Design

143. Constructed wetland. The development of 15,000 m2 wetland area in the east of the Tuan River North Shore Landscaping Park includes a constructed wetland area of 3,000 m2 with effluent discharged into the Tuan River.

b. Objectives of Subproject

144. The construction of wetland can: Improve water quality by non-point source pollution reduction. The wetland uses aquatic plants and microorganisms to purify river water and the discharge from WWTP. Aquatic plants absorb inorganic nutrients such as N, P and other toxic substances and heavy metals in river, and produce oxygen through plant photosynthesis, increasing dissolved oxygen in water and improving purification ability. Also, water of Tuan River can be purified through natural soil and microbial system. Upon the implementation of the constructed wetland, pollution load reduction can be anticipated. For instance, the projected pollution load reduction of COD is 21.9 ton/year. The Tuan River water quality and ecosystem will be improved under such pollution load reduction. Improve living standards and conditions for wetland ecology. Landscaped greenbelts will be established along the Tuan River in Tuanbei New Town. Based on the natural conditions of the river course, most of the old-growth forests will be reserved. Plant species will be native and selected for pollution filtration and absorption. Through the construction of ecological habitats, the survival of wetland animals and plants will be improved, and the ecosystem integrity and material circulation will be enhanced, creating a suitable place for nature and people and achieving a perfect combination of landscape, ecology, economy.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

145. As shown in Figure III-27, the design divides the park into three zones: low impact development exhibition, leisure entertainment zone and constructed wetland.

Figure III-27: The Layout of the Tuan River North Shore Green Park

d. Design Details

146. The water system of low impact development exhibition area is connected with the Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park (Tuanbei New Town Green Corridor Park), which help water treatment with related functional facilities before discharging into Tuan River. The water source of constructed wetland zone comes from the newly built Tuanbei WWTP (30,000 tons). Through wetland treatment (capacity of 3000 tons), water from WWTP will be further purified

then discharged into Tuan River. The content of the Tuan River North Shore Green Park subproject includes plantation, construction of low impact development facilities and constructed wetland.

147. The innovation of the proposed technique is shown in Table III-11.

Table III-11: Analysis and Comparison of the Constructed Wetlands Conventional Design, Design, Construction and Sub-project Innovation Construction and Operation& Maintenance Operation Tuanbei 1. Constructed 1. Horizontal and vertical flow 1. Horizontal and vertical Comprehensive wetlands are constructed wetlands are to be constructed wetlands with Water commonly used to designed and treat pollutants in various types Environmental treat wastewater with parallel in this subproject. macrophytes are Improvement aquatic plants integrated with WWTP in communities as less 2. Six layers of base with soil, Tuanbei Pilot Area to deal investment, easy different sizes of gravels, with pollution reduction. construction and low composite geomembrane will be costs for operation & serves as beds to achieve high 2. It is designed to maintenance. treatment efficiency. demonstrate the wetlands functions, which 2. Subsurface flow 3. Construction of civil works are accessible for raising constructed wetland and operation& maintenance will public awareness and is designed to cost high. And it needs technical have public better remove high loadings guidance from professionals. understand wetlands of pollutants but its values and services they costs in civil works deliver. and O& M are high.

9. Subproject 2.2.1: Green Buffer Belt for Non-Point Source Pollution Control

a. Location of Subproject

148. Green buffer belts will be installed along the banks in the Lower Tuan River.

b. Objectives of Subproject

149. Vegetative buffer zones are effective in controlling non-point source pollution.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

150. Those buffer belts are estimated to cover an area of 1,250,000 m2 for non-point source pollution retention and control. The main works include: • About 13 km long and 3 m wide shady walking paths on both sides of the river bank, covering an area of 78,000 m2; • Ecological interception zone of 13.8 km long and 20 m wide, with an area of 552,000 m2; • The ecological greening area on both sides of the river bank is 620,000 m2. • The planting area of aquatic plants in rivers is about 5000 m2.

d. Design Details

151. The design of green buffer belts intends to conserve natural features of the land. Existing vegetation will be retained and enhanced with supplemental planting to enhance 54 buffer benefits; native vegetation including trees, shrubs and turfs will be planted to increase overall vegetation coverage and to control erosion. Under the project plan, the area that extends from river banks to the boundaries of farmlands will be divided into three vegetative zones. The first zone is designed to have a width of 4-5 meters and is located next to river banks; native tree species will be planted in the zone to serve as shields against pollution. The second zone, situated adjacent to the first zone, is about 4-5 meters wide and is consisted of shrubs. The third zone is narrow grasslands close to the boundaries of farmlands; it functions to control erosion and sediments. The width of the third zone can be adjusted based on dimensions of land surface and other factors.

10. Subproject 2.2.3: Xingshan Plantation

a. Location of Subproject

152. The Xingshan plantation subproject is located at Yu Hill, Hanying Village (the first village of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Qushou), northwest of Xingshan Tourism Management Area, which is close to the canal head of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The subproject is 1 km from Qushou Tourism Area and the connection area of Qushou Tourism Area and Centre Town in Qushou (Figure III-28)

Figure III-28: Location of Xingshan Plantation Project

b. Objectives of Subproject

153. The Xingshan Tourist Zone was established by the Henan Provincial Government to help promote tourism in Dengzhou City. The tourist zone is bordered with the Pengqiao Town in the east, the He Kou City in the south, and the Danjiangkou Reservoir in the west. It is also located at the upper section of the central route of the North-to-South Water Diversion Project. The zone encompasses a land area of about 23,310 ha. The Xingshan Tourist Zone administers 5 villages and 48 smaller settlements, with a total population of 10,800. Agricultural land encompasses about 7,689 ha and mountainous land of 24,281 ha. The zone has the landscape of mountainous terrain and the highest mountain in the city, Zhu Liang Mountain.

154. The small watershed for the Xingshan Hill is located at remote region of the southwest side of the Dengzhou City, 42 km from the city center. It is bordered with the Hekou City in the south, the Danjinagkou Reservoir in the west, the upper section of the central route of North- to-South Water Diversion Project in the north and the Pengqiao Town in the east. Based on the investigation report regarding the sediment erosion situation, the small watershed for the

Xingshan Hill has lost 28,293 square meters of land area, which accounts for 52.91% of the watershed area. The major types of erosion are medium and severe erosion. Erosion mainly occurs on farmlands and land with low vegetation coverage.

155. The objectives of the subproject include: 1) soil erosion control of the Xingshan Hill area; 2) help improve the scenic view of the Xingshan Tourist Zone.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

156. The total area of Xingshan plantation subproject is 800 mu (about 53.3 ha). Ancillary works include irrigation system, the road to uphill and fire protection for forest etc. For irrigation system, it includes one maintenance office with relevant equipment, 50 t water tank without holder and 1,600 m of pipelines. For the road to uphill, it is two lines and 1,200 m length. For the fire protection, it includes fireproof fencing, fireproof equipment and fire tower trail.

11. Subproject 3.1.1: Environmental Research and Education Center

157. The Environmental Research and Education Center will be located at the north-west direction of the intersection of Xingsheng Road and Zhi’er Road, which is near the Tuanbei Reservoir, covering a 64.69-mu land area. The center will include halls with public exhibits on water resources and environmental management. The concept map of Environment Research and Education Center is shown in Figure III-29.

Figure III-29: Concept Map of Environmental Research and Education Center

12. Subproject 3.1.2: River Health Monitoring of Lower Tuan River

a. Location of Subproject

158. The river health monitoring stations will be located at the bridge along the 207 National Road crossing the Tuan River, Yaodian, Xihou Bay, Jitan Bridge, Donghou Bay and the Zhao River.

b. Objectives of Subproject

159. The real-time observation will enhance the application of river chief system in Dengzhou City, improve the water quality, control floods and further improve the livelihood of people in Dengzhou City.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

160. This project component will comprise the installation of five water quality monitoring stations along lower Tuan River, data management and construction of monitoring center. Water quality monitoring indicators to be established will include pH, temperature, DO, turbidity, conductivity, NHx, potassium permanganate index, TP, TN and CODr.

d. Design Details

161. The water quality monitoring system will have the following functions: automatic processing and transmission of data; automatic alarm when monitoring data is abnormal or system failure occurs; remote diagnosis and control support; automatic sample retention in the case of exceeding the standard; automatic quality control test. Data will be collected automatically and transferred to a data management system to be maintained by the Dengzhou EPB.

Figure III-30: Photo of Control Panel for Automatic Monitoring

13. Subproject 3.1.3: Protection of a cultural heritage site

a. Location of Subproject

162. A national monument (statue of Huo Qubing) is located in Guanjun Village, 27 km from Dengzhou City.

b. Objectives of Subproject

163. The project will support the stabilization of retaining walls and establishment of vegetative buffers zones. The works will be conducted in cooperation with the nearby Guanjun School, to support displays for public education.

c. Brief Description of Subproject

164. The monument is classified as a historical and cultural site. Huo Qubing was a military general of the Western Han dynasty. The total area of the structure is 5,841.33 m2. The site has been damaged through erosion and lack of protective structures.

E. Due Diligence for Associated and Existing Facilities

165. Associated facilities are those which are not funded by the project but whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose operation and services are essential for successful operation of the project (SPS 2009: 31). Existing facilities are those facilities which already exist or are under construction which the project may be involved or linked with in some way (SPS 2009: 67).

166. Associated facilities. There is one associated facility for the project, the Tuanbei Reservoir. This facility is under construction by the government. The reservoir will provide water to the water diversion channels to be developed under the ADB-funded project, and at the same time, the function of the reservoir, including the efficient discharge of water, will depend on the establishment of the channels. The design water level is 108.50 m with capacity of 0.922 million cubic meters. The reservoir does not have a dam wall, and instead comprises a shallow lake. The normal operating water level is below the surrounding ground level. There are no dam construction works. Operation is expected to commence in 2020. The site comprises a large, flat area of barren ground with secondary grass and shrubs and a single, small incised creek, on the northern edge of the Tuanbei New District, which was formerly agricultural land. The site has low ecological values, similiar to habitats elsewhere in the project area. The reservoir will be managed by the Henan Water Construction Group. The construction site was assessed as part of the current study. A domestic EIA for the reservoir has been completed and was approved by the Dengzhou Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) in December 2018 (No. [2018]71). Two reservoir safety documents have been prepared: (i) a flood protection and action plan (April 2019; by the Henan Water Construction Group); and (ii) a Tuanbei Reservoir Flood Protection and Emergency Response Plan (May 2019; XXX construction company). The plan was endorsed by the construction supervision company and approved by the Dengzhou City Water Resources Bureau.

167. Existing facilities. The sludge treatment facility of Dengzhou No.1 WWTP will receive the sludge produced from the proposed Tuanbei WWTP and is identified as an existing facility. The Dengzhou No.1 WWTP was constructed in 2012 and has a sludge treatment capacity of 20 t/d. The EIA was approved by Nanyang EPB in 2004. The environmental completion inspection acceptance was received in 2008.

168. The Dengzhou Sanitary Landfill Site will receive the domestic solid waste during project construction. The EIA was approved by Henan Provincial Environmental Protection Department in 2007. The Environmental completion inspection acceptance was received in 2012. The landfill is located in Gaoji Town and has a design capacity of 1.58 million m3. It was built in 2008 with a projected design life of 13 years (until about 2021). The design capacity is 280 t/d. The landfill currently receives about 470 t/d as the coverage of the landfill site expended from Dengzhou county urban area to all townships and is already close to full capacity.

169. During operation period, the domestic solid waste will be sent to the waste to energy incineration plant that is expected to be in operation in January 2021. The incineration plant is a part of Eco-Industry Park with an area of 300 mu. The location of Jingmai incineration plant is 0.6 km south of Guodanying Village, Taoying Town, and 1 km west of Xichenzhuang Village in Dengzhou City. The waste-to-energy incineration plant with capacity of 1,000 t/d will be built under a public-private partnership arrangement in Dengzhou Eco-industrial Park. The 58 second phase will be added with an incineration line of 500 tons per day with an annual operation time of not less than 8,000 hours. The FSR has already been completed, domestic approvals completed, and the contract awarded in February 2019 (to Shanghai SUS; with Henan Chengfa Environment Company and Luoyang Urban Design Institute).

170. The emission index of exhaust gas of the incineration plant is designed as follows.

Table III-12: Emission Index of Gas Pollutants GB 18485-2014 Design value Name of No. Unit Daily Hourly Daily Hourly pollutant average average average average 1 smoke dust mg/Nm3 20 30 20 30 2 HCl mg/Nm3 50 60 50 60 3 HF mg/Nm3 －－－－ 4 SOx mg/Nm3 80 100 80 100 5 NOx mg/Nm3 250 300 250 300 6 CO mg/Nm3 80 100 80 100 7 TOC mg/Nm3 －－－－ 8 Hg mg/Nm3 0.05 0.05 Cd －－ 9 mg/Nm3 Cd+T1 0.1 0.1 Pb －－ 10 Pb+Cr and mg/Nm3 other heavy 1.0 1.0 mental Smoke Ringelmann 11 1 1 blackness Class 12 Dioxins ngTEQ/Nm3 0.1 0.1

171. Further information on the associated and existing facilities is in Table III-13.

Table III-13: Due Diligence for Associated and Existing Facilities Link with Project EIA Date of Operational Operational Compliance Can meet Name Capacity Approval Function Construction Period Plan Issues? Physical Demand project Date demand? Associated Provide water Dengzhou New Tuanbei 0.922 To be for natural 2018 2020 2018 Development No 4478 m3/d Yes Reservoir million m3 prepared drainage Zone subproject Existing Receive Dengzhou sludge from Dengzhou Sludge wastewater 2015 2016 20 t/d 2004 Yes central urban No 5 t/d Yes Treatment treatment area Center facility of the project Receive Dengzhou domestic solid Sanitary 2008 2012 280 t/d 2007 Yes Dengzhou City No waste during 480 t/d No (see text) Landfill Site construction of the project Receive Dengzhou domestic solid To be Waste-to- Not yet Not yet 1000 t/d Not yet Dengzhou City No waste during 60 kg/d Yes prepared Energy Plant operation of the project South-North Provide water Water for the Transfer 63,000 2002 2014 / Yes Yes Dengzhou City No Sangzhuang Yes Canal m3/d WSP and (Deznghou Jiulong WSP part) 60

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE)

A. Overview and Physical Setting

172. Dengzhou City (N32°22’-32°59’; E111°37’-111°20’), being a part of the Yangtze River Basin, is a national key ecological function zone designated by the government. In 2018 the total population of Dengzhou City was 1.78 million. The GDP of Dengzhou city achieved CNY 38.13 billion in 2016, increased by 8.7% compared to that in 2015, with GDP per capita of CNY 26,663, lower than the national average (CNY 53,680).11

173. Dengzhou City receives an annual allocation of 82 million cubic meters of fresh water from the PRC’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), which is managed by the central government. The middle route of this national project extends north of Dengzhou City. Dengzhou City also encompasses Danjiangkou Reservoir, one of three main national water storage locations for the SNWDP. The middle route was built in 2014, to serve Henan Province, Hebei Province, Beijing, and Tianjin.

174. The landform of Dengzhou City is made up of mountains, hills and plains. The terrain is higher in the east and lower in the west, with a ground slope of 1:1000 to 1:1500. The urban terrain is mainly plain, with some hills and low mountains. The plains are distributed along Diao River, Tuan River, Yan River and Zhao River while the hills are distributed in the west, southwest, northwest and north edge of the city. The total area of the city is 2369 km2, composed by plain area of 1370.034 km2, hilly area of 951.53 km2 and low mountain area of 35 km2.

175. The soil in Dengzhou is mainly divided into three categories: i) yellow brown loam soil, distributed in the west and southwest of hilly area, accounting for 49% of the city’s arable land; ii) sandy black soil, mainly districted in the northeast and southeast of plain low-lying areas, accounting for 49% of the total arable area; iii) tidal soil only accounts for 2% of arable land. It is mainly distributed along Tuan River, Yanling River and Zhao River. The pH value normally ranges from 6.9 to 7.9, which is suitable for a variety of crop to grow.

176. The climate of Dengzhou City is dominated by humid subtropical climate. The annual mean temperature is about 15.8°C and there is a slight increasing trend by 0.68°C/Decade in annual mean temperature over 2009-2018. The annual mean precipitation for Dengzhou is about 685.5mm and shows no significant change over 2009-2018. The daily mean, maximum and minimum temperature are the highest in July and the lowest in January in Dengzhou. The daily precipitation at Dengzhou is higher from May to September than those of other months during 2009-2018 (Figure IV-1).

11 National Bureau of Statistics of China. http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01

(a) Daily mean temperature 17 16.8 y = 0.0679x - 120.93 16.6 16.4 16.2 16 15.8 15.6 15.4 15.2 15 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

(b) Daily maximum temperature 41 y = -0.0521x + 143.93 40.5 40 39.5 39 38.5 38 37.5 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

-8

-10

-12

-14 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Annual precipitation totals 850 y = -3.0006x + 6727.2 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Figure IV-1: Inter-annual Variability of Mean Daily Temperature, Daily Maximum Temperature, Daily Minimum Temperature, Annual Precipitation (2009-2018)

177. Hydrology. There are 29 rivers in Dengzhou City, which belong to Yangtze River basin. Major rivers include Tuan River, Diao River, Yanling River, Zhao River and Paizi River. In addition, there are 19 small and medium-sized reservoirs in the city, with a total storage capacity of 0.384 billion cubic meters. Tuan River and Diao River are the major rivers flow through Dengzhou City.

Table IV-1: Characteristics of Major Rivers in Dengzhou City Catchment Area Length in Total Catchment Total Length River in Dengzhou Dengzhou City Area (km2) (km) City (km2) (km) Tuan River 4263 621 141 72 Yanling River 743 158 59 33 Zhao River 1342 95 79 23 Diao River 765 340 71 62 Paizi River 450 382 47 15

178. Tuan River originated from the northwestern part of Funiu Mountain. After exiting Neixiang County, it flows into Luozhuang Township of Dengzhou, and then turns around Dengzhou City from north to southeast. It enters Bai River at Jitan Township to Xinye County. Tuan River has a length of 75.3 km in Dengzhou City and a drainage area of 621 km2. The average peak flow is 1421 m3/s. The maximum flow is 3620 m3/s during flood season and the minimum flow is 2.8 m3/s during dry season. Diao River originated from Gunzi Mountain of Neixiang County. It flows through Neixiang County, Luanchuan County, Dengzhou City and Xinye County. The total length is 133 km, of which 62 km is in Dengzhou. The total drainage area of Diao River is 10,062 km2.

Figure IV-2: Major River Distribution in Dengzhou City

B. Environmental Quality

179. Air Quality. To provide a baseline for air quality in the project area, one year of monitoring data from the Tuanbei New District Environmental Monitoring Station was compiled and reviewed 9Table IV-2). This data was considered adequate to characterize air quality in the project area, because: (i) most project works will be within Tuanbei New District; (ii) other sites which would characterize air quality in Dengzhou City are located some distance from the project area, including the Dengzhou landfill site (located 7–15 km from the Tuanbei New District to the downstream sections of the Tuan River planned for project works) or the planned incineration plant (20 km away). The applicable atmospheric air quality standard is Class II of Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB 3095-2012). Monitoring data is shown in Table IV-2.

Table IV-2: Tuanbei New District Air Quality Monitoring Results (2017) Monitoring Applicable Indicator Averaging Period Unit Compliance Results Standard 3 SO2 Yearly 16 60 μg/m Yes 3 NO2 Yearly 31 40 μg/m Yes CO 24-hourly 1.2 4 mg/m3 Yes Daily Maximum O 86 160 3 Yes 3 (8-hourly) μg/m 3 PM10 Yearly 99 70 μg/m No 3 PM2.5 Yearly 60 35 μg/m No

180. The data show that the concentration of SO2, NO2, CO and O3 of the project area meet Class II of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012). The annual concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were 0.41 and 0.71 times higher than the standards, respectively, reflecting the urbanized nature of the area including industrial and vehicle activity.

181. Surface Water Quality. Data on baseline surface water quality in the project area was collected from: (i) one year of existing monitoring data (2018) collected at two established environmental monitoring stations within the project area (Tables IV-3 and IV-4); and (ii) project-specific sampling, at the outfall location for the proposed Tuanbei WWTP, in April 2019. In addition, three years of water quality monitoring data (for three parameters: DO, COD, NH3- N) for the North-South water transfer pipeline (2016–2018) was reviewed. For the existing monitoring data, two sites, at Jitan Village (cross section at outlet of Dengzhou county) and G207 Bridge (cross section at outlet of Dengzhou downtown) are national level water quality control sites. Monthly water quality monitoring is conducted by certified environmental monitoring stations. The applicable standard is Category III of the Ambient Surface Water Quality Standard (GB3838-2002). Except for total phosphorus, the COD, BOD5 and ammonia of Jitan section cannot meet the requirements of Category III. The excess rates were 58%, 17% and 33% respectively. For G207 Bridge section, all tested indicators satisfy with the requirement of Category III.

Table IV-3: Surface Water Quality Sampling of Jitan Cross Section (2018) Location Sampling Date COD NH3-N TP BOD5 mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Jitan 2018.1.7 17 0.763 0.16 3.2 2018.2.5 19 0.818 0.15 3.5 2018.3.4 21 0.943 0.13 3.9 2018.4.6 23 1.03 0.16 4.1 2018.5.8 20 0.857 0.17 3.8 2018.6.6 18 0.794 0.15 3.6 2018.7.9 23 0.976 0.19 4.0 2018.8.12 18 0.905 0.14 3.7 2018.9.9 21 0.629 0.13 3.98 2018.10.10 23 0.973 0.17 4.37 2018.11.13 24 0.982 0.20 4.94 2018.12.8 25 1.15 0.18 5.29 Category III of Ambient Surface Water Quality ≤20 ≤1 ≤0.2 ≤4 Standard (GB3838-2002)

Table IV-4: Surface Water Quality Sampling of G207 Bridge Cross Section (2018) Location Sampling Date COD BOD5 NH3-N TP mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L G207 Bridge 2018.1.2 18.7 3.9 0.673 0.05 2018.2.1 17.6 3.4 0.122 0.02 2018.3.5 19.1 2.3 0.109 0.03 2018.4.9 19.3 3.0 0.296 0.06 2018.5.3 17.8 3.8 0.382 0.03 2018.6.1 19.6 3.9 0.301 0.10 2018.7.14 19.7 3.6 0.330 0.01 2018.8.1 17.6 1.3 0.133 0.06 2018.9.3 18.7 2.0 0.325 ＜0.01 2018.10.9 20.0 2.0 0.313 0.01 2018.11.6 19.6 2.2 0.864 0.08 2018.12.1 19.3 3.1 0.199 0.07 Category III of Ambient Surface Water ≤20 ≤4 ≤1 ≤0.2 Quality Standard (GB3838-2002)

182. For the project-specific sampling at the outfall location for the proposed Tuanbei WWTP, sampling was conducted in three locations: 500 m upstream of project sewage discharge point; 200 m downstream of project sewage discharge point; and, 1,000 m downstream of project sewage discharge point. The results are shown in Table IV-5. The major pollutant is TN that exceed the requirement of Category III. For the monitoring data for the North-South water transfer, the data confirmed that the water received by Dengzhou City from this national water transfer project is high quality (meets Category II standard). The project does not involve the discharge of water into the North-South water transfer pipeline.

Table IV-5: Supplementary Survey of Surface water Quality Monitoring Result and Evaluation Over Evaluation Maximum No. Section Name Item Value Unit Limited Value in Index Rate (%) Standard pH 7.06-7.15 - 0 0.075 6-9 COD 14-15 mg/L 0 0.75 20.00 500m BOD5 4.1-4.4 mg/L 100 1.1 4.00 upstream of NH4 0.728-0.961 mg/L 0 0.961 1.00 #1 project sewage SS 21-25.5 mg/L - - - discharge TN 1.16-1.5 mg/L 100 1.51 1.00 point TP 0.0559-0.0601 mg/L 0 0.33 0.20 Flow 3.35-3.48 m3/s - - - pH 7.08-7.15 - 0 0.075 6-9 COD 15-17 mg/L 0 0.85 20.00 200m BOD5 4.3-5.0 mg/L 100 1.25 4.00 downstream of NH4 0.755-0.774 mg/L 0 0.744 1.00 #2 project sewage SS 30-33.5 mg/L - - - discharge TN 1.66-1.86 mg/L 100 1.86 1.00 point TP 0.113-0.12 mg/L 0 0.6 0.20 Flow 3.44-3.76 m3/s - - - pH 7.04-7.16 - 0 0.08 6-9 COD 11-13 mg/L 0 0 20.00 1000m BOD5 3.2-3.9 mg/L 0 0 4.00 downstream of NH4 0.801-0.823 mg/L 0 0.823 1.00 #3 project sewage SS 23-28 mg/L - - - discharge TN 1.8-2.03 mg/L 100 2.03 1.00 point TP 0.0699-0.0783 mg/L 0 0.39 0.20 Flow 3.33-3.72 m3/s - - -

183. Non-point source pollution from agricultural is the primary source caused the non- compliance of lower Tuan River. Major pollution sources are presented in Table IV-6.

Table IV-6: Summary of Pollution Load Projection in Tuan River Basin Pollution Load COD (t/year) Ammonia (t/year) TP (t/year) TN (t/year) Industrial 934.6 583.3 / / Domestic 2993.4 290.9 37.6 582.2 Livestock 1440.4 70.0 9.4 133.7 Agriculture (NPS) 4283.2 836.6 104.6 1255.0 Total 9651.6 1780.9 151.6 1970.8 Source: FSR

184. Wastewater. A wastewater pump station has been built in Tuanbei New District, which is located at the southwest corner of the intersection of Rangdeng avenue and Beijing avenue. The capacity of the existing pump station is 15,000 m3/d. The monitoring results of Tuanbei New District existing wastewater pump station water inlet were shown in Table IV-7.

Table IV-7: Tuanbei New District Existing Wastewater Pump Station Water Inlet Monitoring Results Sampling Sampling pH COD BOD NH3-N SS TP TN Location Time (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) Tuanbei New 2019.4.1 7.72 215 138 38.6 40 0.94 70.3 District Exsiting Wastewater 2019.4.5 7.66 220 141 36.7 36 0.89 67.6 Pump Station Water Inlet 2019.4.10 7.45 224 146 38.8 35 0.87 70.7

185. Acoustic Environment. Noise monitoring was conducted during 18-19 November 2018 at 11 locations (Table IV-8). The methodology follows the national technical guidelines for monitoring (two consecutive days of sampling in the daytime and nighttime). This sampling does not fully characterize the general acoustic environment – which would require extended monitoring over all seasons and in many more locations – but is appropriate to the project scope and noise-related risks. The sampling encompassed all key project sites that will be subject to noise during construction and/or operation. Noise levels at all locations met both the PRC Ambient Acoustic Environment Standard (GB3096-2008)-Class I and the World Bank Group’s EHS guideline for day and nighttime.

Table IV-8: Noise Baseline Monitoring Results Component Subproject Monitoring Baseline dB (A) Locations Daytime Nighttime Wastewater Tuanbei WWTP East Boundary 51.2~52.3 39.8~41.2 management in South Boundary 50.7~52.5 41.7~42.8 both urban and rural West Boundary 52.2~53.4 41.1~43.2 areas North Boundary 51.5~52.2 42.5~43.3 Rangdong WWTS Boundary 51.3-53.7 / Jitan WWTS Boundary 52.8-54.5 / Construction of rural Jiulong Water Supply East Boundary 51.2-52.4 40.3-41.2 water supply Plant and affiliated South Boundary 50.7-51.9 41.7-42.8 systems pipe network West Boundary 50.2-51.4 40.2-41.4 North Boundary 52.5-53.2 41.8-42.9 Sangzhuang WSP East Boundary 52.2-52.4 40.1-41.2 South Boundary 51.7-52.9 41.7-42.8 West Boundary 51.2-52.4 40.2-41.4 North Boundary 50.5-51.2 41.5-42.2 Natural drainage Water diversion Houshi 52.2~52.4 40.1~41.2 management canal Beizhangpo Village 51.7~52.9 41.7~42.8 Gongjia Village 51.2~52.4 40.2~41.4 Drainage open Shejia Village 50.5~51.2 41.5~42.2 channel River corridor Qilidian 51.2~52.7 42.1~43.3 improvement Tuan River lower Right bank 52.6 / reach rehabilitation Left bank 53.4 / Capacity building Environmental Boundaries 52.9-55.3 / and institutional research and strengthening education center Class 2 of GB3096-2008 60 50 Class 1 od GB 3096-2008 & World Bank Group EHS 55 45 WWTP = wastewater treatment plant, WWTS = wastewater treatment station.

186. First round sediment samples were taken from Dengzhou Environmental Monitoring Station and Figure IV-3 showed the sampling locations of sediment survey. Sampling included the Jiangshi River (the tributary that drains the Tuanbei Reservoir site), at the intersection of the planned location for the project-funded water diversion channel and Tuanbei Reservoir.

This was to assess the presence of pollutants in the future reservoir area, and which might be released after reservoir establishment. The results are shown in Table IV-9, which indicates that the sediment qualities comply with the Class I of the Soil Quality Standard-Soil Pollution Risk Control for Agricultural Use (GB15618-2018) on 18th June 2018 every 1 km for the rehabilitation section of lower Tuan River.

Figure IV-3: First Round Sample Locations of Sediment Survey

187. Second round sediment sampling. This was conducted by Henan Antai Testing Company on 12 March 2019 at 21 locations, including 13 locations along every 1 km for Tuan River lower reach rehabilitation section, 100 m downstream at intersection of Huangqu River and Tuan River, 100 m downstream at the intersection of Zhao River and Tuan River, 2 locations at Jiangshi River, 2 locations at Chu River and 2 locations at Huolong Canal (Figure IV-4). The sampling depth was about 10 cm of river bed. Parameters tested covered heavy metals, pesticides, organic matters, total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN).

188. Table IV-10 revealed that the results of the sediment quality sampling conducted on 12th March 2019 comply with the Class I of the Soil Quality Standard-Soil Pollution Risk Control for Agricultural Use (GB15618-2018) every 1 km of the lower Tuan River rehabilitation section. 68

Table IV-9: Baseline of Sediment Quality-Tuan River Lower Reach (First Round) (Unit: mg/kg except pH) Organic Location pH As Zn Cd Cu Pb Hg Cr Ni 666 (Lindane) DDT Benzo(a)pyrene TP TN matter Tuan River 1# 7.34 16.5 72.2 0.14 27.6 27.3 0.07 58.1 4.74 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.44 1622 3834 Tuan River 2# 7.39 15.8 70.5 0.18 29.4 24.6 0.06 59.2 4.77 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.38 1634 3628 Tuan River 3# 7.32 15.9 67.7 0.15 29.7 27.0 0.07 61.4 4.82 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.43 1627 3543 Tuan River 4# 7.37 15.1 69.1 0.13 33.5 26.4 0.05 62.7 4.95 0.02 0.01 0.21 0.38 1594 3374 Tuan River 5# 7.41 14.9 66.8 0.18 35.7 23.3 0.04 59.8 5.08 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.49 1706 3499 Tuan River 6# 7.44 16.2 68.3 0.20 32.4 25.4 0.06 57.3 5.22 0.02 0.01 0.18 0.46 1793 3616 Tuan River 7# 7.42 16.0 67.2 0.16 30.8 22.9 0.04 60.1 5.19 0.02 0.01 0.19 0.38 1654 3854 Tuan River 8# 7.42 14.6 74.7 0.17 34.2 24.3 0.05 62.7 5.09 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.35 1467 3654 Tuan River 9# 7.40 15.3 82.2 0.14 33.7 26.7 0.07 58.3 4.84 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.42 1353 3477 Tuan River 10# 7.47 15.6 79.1 0.16 30.6 23.2 0.05 59.0 4.78 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.38 1562 3542 Tuan River 11# 7.43 16.0 74.4 0.18 32.2 22.3 0.09 61.6 5.05 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.45 1454 3629 Tuan River 12# 7.40 17.2 76.3 0.13 35.5 26.7 0.06 63.4 5.01 0.02 0.02 0.18 0.41 1388 3285 Tuan River 13# 7.38 16.9 69.8 0.16 29.1 26.1 0.07 59.2 4.92 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.44 1822 3651 100 m downstream at intersection of 7.32 16.4 71.7 0.14 33.4 24.2 0.06 55.7 5.27 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.56 1792 3852 Huangqu River and Tuan River 100 m downstream at intersection of 7.29 16.7 65.2 0.17 30.7 28.8 0.05 58.4 5.36 0.02 0.02 0.22 0.79 1663 3966 Zhao River and Tuan River Jiangshi River 1# 7.42 17.6 71.3 0.17 30.3 23.8 0.06 62.3 4.92 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.71 1513 3742 Jiangshi River 2# 7.34 18.2 68.8 0.22 31.6 26.4 0.08 60.8 5.11 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.72 1540 3854 Chu River 1# 7.26 16.5 70.3 0.14 30.7 22.5 0.06 59.4 4.74 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.68 1582 3671 Chu River 2# 7.29 16.9 72.2 0.18 29.4 24.4 0.07 58.7 4.99 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.65 1579 3764 Huolong Canal 1# 7.45 15.4 68.5 0.17 28.8 27.6 0.12 56.2 4.87 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.71 1767 3858 Huolong Canal 2# 7.42 16.1 69.1 0.20 32.2 25.1 0.11 60.6 4.63 0.01 0.01 0.21 0.68 1744 3962 Class I of GB15618-2018 6.5

Table IV-10: Baseline of Sediment Quality-Tuan River Lower Reach (Second Round) (Unit: mg/kg except pH) Serial No. pH As Zn Cd Cu Pb Hg Cr Ni 666(Lindane) DDT Benzo(a)pyrene Organic matter TP TN Tuan River 1# 7.34 16.5 72.2 0.14 27.6 27.3 0.07 58.1 4.74 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.44 1622 3834 Tuan River 2# 7.39 15.8 70.5 0.18 29.4 24.6 0.06 59.2 4.77 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.38 1634 3628 Tuan River 3# 7.32 15.9 67.7 0.15 29.7 27.0 0.07 61.4 4.82 0.02 0.01 0.17 0.43 1627 3543

12 Department of Environment and Conservation. 2010. Contaminated Sites Management Series. Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water. Perth. https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your-environment/contaminated-sites/guidelines/2009641_-_assessment_levels_for_soil_sediment_and_water_-_web.pdf

Serial No. pH As Zn Cd Cu Pb Hg Cr Ni 666(Lindane) DDT Benzo(a)pyrene Organic matter TP TN Tuan River 4# 7.37 15.1 69.1 0.13 33.5 26.4 0.05 62.7 4.95 0.02 0.01 0.21 0.38 1594 3374 Tuan River 5# 7.41 14.9 66.8 0.18 35.7 23.3 0.04 59.8 5.08 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.49 1706 3499 Tuan River 6# 7.44 16.2 68.3 0.20 32.4 25.4 0.06 57.3 5.22 0.02 0.01 0.18 0.46 1793 3616 Tuan River 7# 7.42 16.0 67.2 0.16 30.8 22.9 0.04 60.1 5.19 0.02 0.01 0.19 0.38 1654 3854 Tuan River 8# 7.42 14.6 74.7 0.17 34.2 24.3 0.05 62.7 5.09 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.35 1467 3654 Tuan River 9# 7.40 15.3 82.2 0.14 33.7 26.7 0.07 58.3 4.84 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.42 1353 3477 Tuan River 10# 7.47 15.6 79.1 0.16 30.6 23.2 0.05 59.0 4.78 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.38 1562 3542 Tuan River 11# 7.43 16.0 74.4 0.18 32.2 22.3 0.09 61.6 5.05 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.45 1454 3629 Tuan River 12# 7.40 17.2 76.3 0.13 35.5 26.7 0.06 63.4 5.01 0.02 0.02 0.18 0.41 1388 3285 Tuan River 13# 7.38 16.9 69.8 0.16 29.1 26.1 0.07 59.2 4.92 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.44 1822 3651 Class I of GB15618-2018 6.5

Figure IV-4: Second Round Sample Locations of Sediment Survey

C. Ecological Resources

189. Ecological assessment was conducted to assess for the presence of rare, threatened, restricted-range and/or protected species, protected areas, and critical and/or natural habitats. The assessment focused on flora and vertebrate fauna (birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians) and comprised: (i) regional land cover assessment in Tuan River basin conducted by the TrTA GIS specialist; (ii) desktop review of literature and consultations by the TrTA consultants with local experts in Zhengzhou Agriculture University and Nanyang Normal College; (ii) habitat and site assessments by the TrTA wetland specialist (January 2019) and environmental specialist (March 2019). This involved traversing the length of the river and recording the dominant vegetation, landcover type, riverbank form and riverbed for both riverbanks on data sheets; Notes on vegetation species were also made. These data sheets were then used as “ground truthing” for the mapping of the riverbanks via Google Earth imagery.

190. Land use and cover. The European Space Agency (ESA) GlobCover13 was used to derive an overview of land use in the Tuan River basin. This has a resolution of 300 m and data format of TIF. The raw data of GlobCover global land cover data are obtained from Envisat and captured by MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) sensor. The land cover map of the Tuan River basin was completed in ArcGIS by using the data of 2015 (Figure IV-5).

13 http://due.esrin.esa.int/page_globcover.php

Figure IV-5: Land use and land cover data of Tuan River Basin (2015)

191. The upper reach of Tuan River (north of the project area) is relatively well protected. The dominate land cover is broadleaved deciduous forest. The dominant land use from the middle to the lower each of the basin are dominated by agricultural land, with both rain-fed and irrigated crops. 72

192. Protected Areas in the Tuan River Basin. Tuan River basin contains one provincial wetland natural reserve for wetland and bird conservation and the Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve in Neixiang County. Neixiang County is about 40 km in the upstream to Dengzhou City. Neither are near the project area.

193. Flora in the project region. According to the Chinese Vegetation Zoning Map of China (1980) and Vegetation of Henan Province, Dengzhou is located in the subtropical eastern evergreen broad-leaved forest area. About 880 flora species have been documented in the Tuan River basin within the administrative area of Dengzhou City,14 including two PRC Class I protected species (Ginkgo biloba and Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and seven Class II protected species (Zelkova schneideriana, Myriophyllum ussuriense, Trapa incise, Glycine soja, Nelumbo nucifera, Fagopyrum dibotrys and Zoysia sinica). These species and their associated forest vegetation communities occur in the north of the project area, including mountain slopes of the protected catchment of Danjiangkou Reservoir (in the western region of Dengzhou City). The major vegetation types of Dengzhou City are summarized in Table IV-11.

Table IV-11: Major Vegetation Types of Tuan River Basin in Dengzhou City Vegetation Type Communities Trees Quercus variabilis, Quercus glandulifera, Quercus aliena, Platycarya strobilacea Sieb Shrubs Astragalus membranaceus, Vitex negundo, jujube, and the arborvitae community Herbs Miscanthus, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Arthraxon hispidus, Artemisia Linn. River beach and The river beach and shallow wetland swamps are distributed in the wetland vegetation community of Typha angustifolia, Phragmites australis, Mink community, water buckwheat community and sorrel. The waters are distributed with Myriophyllum spicatum community, Valerian community and Black algae community. Crops wheat, corn, peanut, sweet potato, beans, cotton, sesame, rape and other crops, as well as pear, peach, walnut, grape and other fruit trees

194. The project area supports highly modified and degraded habitats as a result of over 2,000 years of human settlement. Predominant land use in the project area is farming (wheat, corn, cotton, vegetables) and settlements. Based on the field work, a total of 53 flora species was recorded along Tuan River within the project area: none are rare, protected, or restricted- range species.

195. Fauna. About 255 species have been documented in the Tuan River basin within the administrative area of Dengzhou City (Table IV-12), of which there are two PRC Class I protected species (two bird species, Aquila chrysaetos and Aegypinus monachus) and 21 Class II protected species (20 bird species – Cygnus cygnus, C. columbianus, Aix galericulata, Pandion haliaetus, Accipiter gentillis, A. nisus, A. virgatus, Buteo hemilasius, B. buteo, Circus cyaneus, Falco vespertinus, Falco subbuteo, F. tinnunculus, Otus sunia, O. lettia, Bubu bubo, Athene noctua, Asio otus, A. flammeus, Glaucidium cuculoides; and one mammal, Martes flavigula). The project area does not support suitable foraging or breeding habitats for these species and it is unlikely they would regularly occur.

14 Henan Dengzhou Tuan River National Wetland Park Master Plan (2015-2020). Huadong Forestry Investigation and Planning Institute of State Forestry Bureau.

Table IV-12: Recorded Fauna of Tuan River Basin in Dengzhou City Class Order Family Species Fish 5 11 56 Amphibians 1 3 7 Reptilian 2 7 18 Bird 16 42 155 Mammalian 5 8 19

Figure IV-6: Ecological Resources Investigation at Project Site Specific Level

Table IV-13: Site Photos of Investigated Habitat Locations Habitat Type Site Photo

Cultivated land with wheat Jiulong WSP (30017.39 m2)

There is very limited riparian (in-stream and river bank) vegetation along the Tuan River in the urban area as the flood embankments are T1 positioned close to the river channel. Between the embankments, any vegetation that does establish, is regularly removed by channel works. 74

T2 &T3 (starting point of Modified habitats with the Weiming channel) landscaping plants

T4 (Starting point of Farmland with weeds water diversion channel)

In the section from Tuan River T5 (Starting point of Bridge (the starting point of Tuan River downstream Tuan River rehabilitation) to rehabilitation) Jitan Town (the ending point), riparian vegetation has established along parts of the T7 (end point of Tuan shoreline and on the islands, River downstream that have formed in the rehabilitation) channel. Poplar trees are planted to protect the farmland.

Cultivated land with wheat Sangzhuang WSP (2.83 ha)

Environment and Cultivated land Education Center

196. For the Xingshan tourism subcomponent, the current site is barren land with few common weed and poplar trees at foot of a hill.

Figure IV-7: Ecological Resources Investigation at Project Site Specific Level

197. The plant survey conducted by TrTA consultant on Jan 2019 indicated that most of the shrubs and grasses as well as aquatic plants are common species, which implies that no wild protected flora species are known from the project areas. It is assumed that long term farming practice along the Tuan river has altered plants and vegetation composition based on the species collected in the field, eg. Vicia cracca, Gossypium hirsutum and Coriandrum sativum.

Table IV-14: Dominant Vegetation Group, Type and Communities Type of Vegetation group Type of vegetation Community Shrub 1.Shrub grassland 1. Vitex 2. Cornus 3. Hamamelis 4. Ligustrum Meadow 2.Typical meadow Rhizomatous grasses 5. Cynodon 6.Imperata 7.Digitaria 8. Setaria Sod grasses 9. Geranium、Poa Weeds 10. Artemisia 11.Rumex & Polygonum Marsh and aquatic plants 1. Helophyte Reed marsh 2. Aquatic plant Emergent plants 12. Reed Submergent plants 13. Potamogeton 14. Ceratophyllum

Table IV-15: List of the Plants Surveyed by the Field Survey Family 种族 Genus 种类 Scientific name 名称

Euphorbiaceae 大戟科 Euphorbia 大戟属 Euphorbia helioscopia 泽漆 Compositae 菊科植物 Artemisia 蒿属 Artemisia argyi 艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulifolia 野艾蒿 Artemisia capillaris 茵陈蒿 Xanthium 苍耳属 Xanthium strumarium 苍耳 Cruciferae 十字花科 Capsella 荠属 Capsella bursapastoris 荠菜 Chenopodiaceae 藜科 Dysphania 土荆芥属 Dysphania ambrosioides 土荆芥 Gramineae 禾本科 Digitaria 马唐属 Digitaria sanguinalis 马唐 Eleusine 蟋蟀草属 Eleusine indica 牛顿草 Poa 早熟禾 Poa annua 早熟禾 76

Family 种族 Genus 种类 Scientific name 名称

Poa aratensis 阿拉木瓜 Imperata 白茅屬 Imperata cylindrica 白茅根 Echinochloa 稗属 Echinochloa crusgalli 稗草 Cortaderia 蒲苇属 Cortaderia selloana 蒲苇 Cynodon 狗牙根属 Cynodon dactylon 狗牙根 Bromus 雀麦属 Bromus japonicus 雀麦 Setaria 狗尾草属 Setaria faberi 大狗尾草 Setaria pumila 金色狗尾草 Setaria viridis 绿狗尾 Sporobulus 孢子囊 Sporobolus fertilis 鼠尾粟 Phragmites 芦苇 Phragmites communis 芦苇 Scrophulariaceae 玄参科 Veronica 维罗妮卡 Veronica persica 波斯婆婆纳 Veronica spicata 穗花婆婆纳 Mazus 通泉草属 Mazus pumilus 通泉草 Pedicularis 马先蒿属 Pedicularis resupinata 穗花马先蒿 Rosaceae 蔷薇科 Duchesnea 蛇莓 Duchesnea indica 全草 Amaranthacea 苋属 Amaranthus 苋菜属 Amaranthus tricolor 苋菜 Hamamelidaceae 金缕梅科 Hamamelis 金缕梅属 Hamamelis mollis 金缕梅 Polygonaceae 蓼科 Rumex 酸模属 Rumex acetosa 酸模 Polygonum 蓼属 Cyperaceae 莎草科 Carex 苔属 Carex dispalata 弯囊苔草 Lamiaceae 唇形科 Salvia 鼠尾草属 Saluia plebeia 萨卢亚草原 Ranunculaceae 毛莨科 Ranunculus 毛莨属 Ranunculus japonicus 毛莨 Lythraceae 千屈菜科 Lagerstroemia 紫薇属 Lagerstroemia indica 紫薇 Malvaceae 锦葵科 Gossypium 棉属 Gossypium hirsutum 陆地棉 Umbelliferae 伞形科 Hydrocotyle 天胡荽属 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides 天胡荽 Coriandrum 芫荽属 Coriandrum sativum 芫荽 Verbenaceae 马鞭草科 Vitex 荆 Vitex negundo 黃荊 Cornaceae 山茱萸科 Cornus 山茱萸 Cornus alba 红瑞木 Oleaceae 木犀科 Ligustrum 女贞属 Ligustrum lucidum 女贞子 Ligustrum vicaryi 金叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui Carr. 小叶女贞 Liliaceae 百合科 Ophiopogon 沿阶草属 Ophiopogon bodinieri 沿阶草 Geraniaceae 天竺葵科 Geranium 老鹳草 Geranium wilfordii 老鹳草 Rubiaceae 茜草科 Hedyotis 耳草属 Hedyotis auricularia 耳状幼体 Fabaceae 蝶形花科; Vicia 蚕豆属 Vicia cracca 野豌豆 Vicia sativa 大巢菜 Potemogetonaceae 球茎科 Potamogeton 眼子菜属 Potamogeton crispus 叶眼子菜 Potamogeton wrightii 竹叶眼子菜 Ceratophyllaceae 金鱼藻科 Ceratophyllum 金鱼藻属 Ceratophyllum demersum 金鱼藻 Zygnemataceae 双星藻科 Spirogyra 水绵属 Spirogyra intorta 绣线菊

Family 种族 Genus 种类 Scientific name 名称

Chenopodiaceae 藜科 Dysphania 土荆芥属 Dysphania ambrosioides 土荆芥 Gramineae 禾本科 Digitaria 马唐属 Digitaria sanguinalis 马唐 Eleusine 蟋蟀草属 Eleusine indica 牛顿草 Poa 早熟禾 Poa annua 早熟禾 Poa aratensis 阿拉木瓜 Imperata 白茅屬 Imperata cylindrica 白茅根 Echinochloa 稗属 Echinochloa crusgalli 稗草 Cortaderia 蒲苇属 Cortaderia selloana 蒲苇 Cynodon 狗牙根属 Cynodon dactylon 狗牙根 Bromus 雀麦属 Bromus japonicus 雀麦 Setaria 狗尾草属 Setaria faberi 大狗尾草 Setaria pumila 金色狗尾草 Setaria viridis 绿狗尾 Sporobulus 孢子囊 Sporobolus fertilis 鼠尾粟 Phragmites 芦苇 Phragmites communis 芦苇 Scrophulariaceae 玄参科 Veronica 维罗妮卡 Veronica persica 波斯婆婆纳 Veronica spicata 穗花婆婆纳 Mazus 通泉草属 Mazus pumilus 通泉草 Pedicularis 马先蒿属 Pedicularis resupinata 穗花马先蒿 Rosaceae 蔷薇科 Duchesnea 蛇莓 Duchesnea indica 全草 Amaranthacea 苋属 Amaranthus 苋菜属 Amaranthus tricolor 苋菜 Hamamelidaceae 金缕梅科 Hamamelis 金缕梅属 Hamamelis mollis 金缕梅 Polygonaceae 蓼科 Rumex 酸模属 Rumex acetosa 酸模 Polygonum 蓼属 Cyperaceae 莎草科 Carex 苔属 Carex dispalata 弯囊苔草 Lamiaceae 唇形科 Salvia 鼠尾草属 Saluia plebeia 萨卢亚草原 Ranunculaceae 毛莨科 Ranunculus 毛莨属 Ranunculus japonicus 毛莨 Lythraceae 千屈菜科 Lagerstroemia 紫薇属 Lagerstroemia indica 紫薇 Malvaceae 锦葵科 Gossypium 棉属 Gossypium hirsutum 陆地棉 Umbelliferae 伞形科 Hydrocotyle 天胡荽属 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides 天胡荽 Coriandrum 芫荽属 Coriandrum sativum 芫荽 Verbenaceae 马鞭草科 Vitex 荆 Vitex negundo 黃荊 Cornaceae 山茱萸科 Cornus 山茱萸 Cornus alba 红瑞木 Oleaceae 木犀科 Ligustrum 女贞属 Ligustrum lucidum 女贞子 Ligustrum vicaryi 金叶女贞 Ligustrum quihoui Carr. 小叶女贞 Liliaceae 百合科 Ophiopogon 沿阶草属 Ophiopogon bodinieri 沿阶草 Geraniaceae 天竺葵科 Geranium 老鹳草 Geranium wilfordii 老鹳草 Rubiaceae 茜草科 Hedyotis 耳草属 Hedyotis auricularia 耳状幼体 Fabaceae 蝶形花科; Vicia 蚕豆属 Vicia cracca 野豌豆 Vicia sativa 大巢菜 Potemogetonaceae 球茎科 Potamogeton 眼子菜属 Potamogeton crispus 叶眼子菜 Potamogeton wrightii 竹叶眼子菜 Ceratophyllaceae 金鱼藻科 Ceratophyllum 金鱼藻属 Ceratophyllum demersum 金鱼藻 Zygnemataceae 双星藻科 Spirogyra 水绵属 Spirogyra intorta 绣线菊

198. Birds. Many species of birds stay in the forests, which spread across the project area. For instance, fauna habitats are comprised of forest areas and riverine wetlands along the Tuan River. The wetland areas usually encompass 0-20 m wide belt of scattered trees and shrubs with an open, spare understory of grasses. 78

199. Fish resources in Tuan River. No site-specific data is available for the section of Tuan River in the project area, however, fish surveys have been conducted along the Tuan River in Neixiang County, north of Dengzhou City. The Tuan River flows from Neixiang County to Dengzhou City, and the results of the survey were assumed to represent the potential fish richness within the project area. A total of 43 fish species belonging to 7 orders, 10 families and 36 genera have been documented in Tuan River in Neixiang County.15 It demonstrates the fish species richness of the project area, but none of the species are protected or listed as threatened under national regulations or the IUCN Red List. Within the project area, the habitats of fishes are situated in the wetlands; abundant species of plants and aquatic animals exist in those wetalnds.

Table IV-16: Fish Species Recorded in Neixiang County Chinese Name Scientific Name Ecological Guilds Fish Fauna 鲫 Carassius auratus De V OM 1 C 鲤 Cyprinus carpio De V OM 1 C 鲢 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix U SP PH 3 A 鳙 Aristichthys nobilis U SP CA 3 A 马口鱼 Opsariichthys bidens U SP CA 2 A 宽鳍鱲 Zacco platypus U SP PH 2 A 兴凯鱊 Acanthorhodeus chankaensis U H OM 1 C 中华鳑鲏 Rhodeus sinensis U H OM 1 C 高体鳑鲏 Rhodeus ocellatus U H OM 1 C 刺鳑鲏 Acanthorhodeus chankaensis U H OM 1 C 麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora parva L H OM 1 B 棒花鱼 Abbottina rivularis De H OM 2 A 长棒花 Abbottina elongata De H OM 2 A 黑鳍鳈 Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis L SP OM 2 A 多纹颌须鮈 Gnathopogon polytaenia L H OM 2 A 点纹颌须鮈 Gnathopogon wolterstorffi L H OM 2 A 似鮈 Pseudogobio vaillanti L SP OM 2 A 似 Belligobio nummifer De V CA 2 A 唇 Hemibarbuslabeo De V CA 2 A 餐条 Hemiculter leucisclus U H OM 2 A 翘嘴鲌 Culter alburnus U V CA 2 A 红鳍鲌 Culter erythropterus U V CA 2 A 细鳞斜颌鲴 Xenocypris microlepis U SP OM 2 A 团头鲂 Megalobrama amblycephala De H PH 2 A 青鱼 Mylopharyngodon piceus De SP CA 3 A 草鱼 Ctenopharyngodon idellus L SP PH 3 A 鳡鱼 Elopichthys bambusa U H CA 3 E 拉氏鱥 Phoxinus lagowskii L V OM 2 D 赤眼鳟 Squaliobarbus curriculus U SP OM 1 A 多鳞铲颌鱼 Varicorhinus macrolepis De H OM 2 D 泥鳅 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus De H OM 1 C 花鳅 Cobitis sinensis De H OM 1 C 鲶 Silurus asotus L H CA 1 C

15 Current status of fishery resources in Neixiang County of Nanyang, Henan Aquatic Resources, 2017[2].

Chinese Name Scientific Name Ecological Guilds Fish Fauna 黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco De H OM 2 E 盎堂拟鲿 Pseudobagrus ondon De H OM 2 E 褐吻虾虎鱼 Rhinogobius brunneus De H CA 2 E 克氏虾虎鱼 Rhinogobius clifforpopei De H CA 2 E 花鳅 Cobitis taenia linnaeus De V OM 2 E 乌鳢 Ophiocephalus argus De P CA 1 E 黄鳝 Monopterus albus De H CA 1 E 刺鳅 Mastacembelus aculeatus De H CA 1 E 食蚊鱼 Gambusia affinis U V OM 1 D 大银鱼 Protosalanx hyalocranius U H CA 1 / 小银鱼 California grunion U H CA 1 / Note: H,Depositegg;V,Viscidegg; Pe,Pelagicegg;SP, Semi-lagicegg; CA,Carnivore; OM,Omnivore; PH, Herbivore; U,Upper, L,Lower; De,Demersal;1,Hydrostaticsettlement; 2, Ravine settlement; 3, Semi -migration; A, China Plain fish Fauna Complex; B,Fauna of the North Plains Complex; C, Neogene Early Fauna Com -plex; D, Department of the North Mountain Complex; E,Fauna of the South Plains Complex; /:unknown.

200. Introduced species and water-borne diseases. The project area contains introduced flora and fauna species. Non-native flora (e.g. Veronica persica, a small herb; and grasses) are abundant due to use for horticultural, ornamental, and/or agricultural purposes. At least one non-native freshwater turtle species (Red-eared Slider Trachemys scripta; from northern America) is sold in Dengzhou City as pets: it is likely that individuals are released, or escape, into local water bodies including the Tuan River. The fish species documented in the Tuan River upstream from Dengzhou City (Table IV-16) are all native species; yet it is likely that non-native species also occur, due to introductions or escapes of species kept for food or ornamental purposes. The risk of the project activities supporting the spread of mosquito vectors for water-borne diseases (dengue fever, malaria) was also considered. For dengue fever, there are few confirmed cases from Henan Province.16 Malaria is established in Henan Province, although the incidence of malarial outbreaks has decreased significantly and is now very low (2.96 persons per 100,000 people in 2004).17 The project presents a low risk to introducing or increasing the range of dengue fever, malaria, or non-native flora and fauna: (i) all project sites and waterbodies are already utilized for human activities and already connected by existing natural or artificial channels; and (ii) the project components for water channels and dredging of the Tuan River will improve water flow and do not involve the establishment of standing water bodies which may serve as breeding sites for mosquitos.

D. Social and Economic Conditions

201. Dengzhou City administrates 28 townships. The total registered population is 1,777.2 thousand (2016) and the resident population is 1,434.7 thousand, of which the urban population is more than 400 thousand. The urbanization rate has reached 36.62%. In 2016, Dengzhou City’s GDP reached 38.127 billion CNY, an increase of 8.7% over the previous year. The added values of the primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry were 10.25, 13.517 and 14.361 billion CNY respectively, with an increase of 4.4%, 12.1% and 7.1%, respectively. The contributions of tertiary industry surpassed the primary and secondary industries for the first time.

16 Du, Y.H. et al. 2018. Laboratory diagnosis and molecular tracing of dengue bordline cases in Henan Province, 2017. Zhongzhua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 6(52): 1164–1167. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30419702/ 17 Xu et al. 2006. Malaria Control in Henan Province, People’s Republic Of China. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74(4): 564–567. 80

E. Physical Cultural Resources

202. Dengzhou is located in the intersection of Chu and Han cultures. There are more than 90 cultural relics protection spots in the territory of Dengzhou, including the Wuli Mausoleum and the Baligang Site. The latter is an ancient tribal site of Neolithic Age, dating back 6,800 years. It is located at 3 km from the south bank of Tuan River, covering an area of nearly 90,000 square meters. It was discovered in 1957 and was announced by the State Council as one of the fifth batch of national level key cultural relics protection site. One physical cultural resource is included in the project scope: a cenotaph of Huo Qubing, located in Guanjun Village, Zhang Town (project subcomponent 1.2.3; Table III-1).

V. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Project Area of Influence and Sensitive Receptors

203. The assessment areas for air, noise, surface water and ecological impacts are defined by the technical guidelines for environmental impact assessment in the PRC, based on the environmental sensitivity of the project areas and vicinity as well as the nature of the project and its components.

Table V-1: PRC Evaluation Standards and Assessment Areas Adopted for This Project Type of Environmental Applicable PRC Standard Assessment Area Standard Media Environmental Ambient air Class II standards in Ambient Up to 200 m beyond the permanent and quality quality Air Quality Standard (GB3095- temporary project footprint 2012) Noise Environmental Quality Standard Up to 200 m beyond the permanent and for Noise (GB3096-2008) temporary project footprint or up to 200 m beyond the project road red line. Surface water Environmental Quality From 100 m upstream to 500 m quality Standards for Surface Water downstream of the project sections of (GB3838-2002) Tuan River. Categories III standards Ecology No applicable standard Permanent and temporary project footprint and adjacent areas. Soil quality Environmental Quality Standard Permanent and temporary project footprint. for Soils (GB15618-2018) River sediment Control Standards for Dredged sediment from the rivers quality Pollutants in Sludge from Agricultural Use (GB4284-84) and Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618- 2018) Physical cultural No applicable standard but Permanent and temporary project footprint. resources controlled under PRC’s Cultural Relics Protection Law Occupational No applicable standard but Construction sites within the “footprint” of health and safety controlled under PRC’s Labor the permanent and temporary engineering Law land take areas and within the WWTPs/WWTSs/WSPs during operation. Community No applicable standard Up to 200 m beyond the permanent and health and safety temporary project footprint Pollutant Air pollutant Air Pollutant Integrated Construction sites within the “footprint” of emission Emission Standard (GB16297- the permanent and temporary engineering 1996), Class II and fugitive land take areas. emission standards Up to 200 m from the boundaries of the WWTPs/WWTSs/WSPs; Noise Emission Standard of Construction sites within the permanent Environmental Noise for and temporary. Boundary of Construction Site (GB12523-2011) Industrial Enterprises Noise at At boundaries of the Boundary (GB13248-2008) for WWTPs/WWTSs/WSPs. noise functional area category 2. Wastewater Integrated Wastewater Construction sites within the permanent Discharge Standard (GB8978- and temporary. 1996), Class I standard (for 82

Type of Environmental Applicable PRC Standard Assessment Area Standard Media discharging into Category III water bodies) Discharge Standard of Treated effluent from Tuanbei WWTP, Pollutants for Municipal Jitan WWTS, Rangdong WWTS. Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002), Class 1(A) standard

204. The sensitive receptors comprise (i) villages, communities and/or public buildings (schools, offices) potentially subject to construction and/or operation noise, vibration, air pollution, altered water quality or supply, and/or environment-related social impacts; (ii) public service facilities vulnerable to disturbance or pollution; (iii) vegetation, fauna habitats, and agricultural lands within 200 m of the waterways targeted for construction works, including the Tuan River channel and riverbank habitats; and (iv) the Tuan River mainstream and riverbank habitats downstream of the project area e.g. in the event that downstream communities might be affected by changed flow regime as a result of the project. As pipe installation construction is linear activities, the sensitive receiver spots are not listed here.

205. Detailed descriptions of sensitive receptors of each subproject are summarized in Table V-2 to Table V-5 and corresponding sketch maps are shown in Figure V-1 to Figure V-12.

Table V-2: Sensitive Receptors-Components 1.1 and 1.2: Water Infrastructure Subproject Environmental Sensitive receptors Direction / distance Applicable aspects from the site boundary Standards Rangdong Air and noise Jizhuang Village NW/215 m Noise-Class I18 of WWTS Limeiyuan Village SW/272 m GB3096-2008 Air-Class II of GB3095-2012 Surface water Zhao River W/65 m Category III of GB 3838-2002 Jitan WWTS Air and noise Jitan Town W/405 m Noise-Class II of GB3096-2008 Air-Class II of GB3095-2012 Surface water Tuan River W/1609 m Category III of GB 3838-2002 Sangzhuang Air and noise Sangzhuang Town S/50 m; W/100 m Noise-Class I of WSP Sangzhuang Junior High SW/500 m GB3096-2008 School Air-Class II of Sangzhuang Primary SW/500 m GB3095-2012 School West Luying Village SW/530 m East Luying Village SE/800 m Surface water Xiaohongqu canal N/20 m Category IV of GB3838-2002 Liuji Pump Air and Noise Zhuhanying Village S/50m Noise-Class I of Station GB3096-2008 Air-Class II of GB3095-2012 Jiulong WSP Air and noise Houwang Village N/50 m; W/160 m Noise-Class I of Houwang Primary School W/170 m GB3096-2008 Wulou Village SW/230 m Air-Class II of Shangying Village EW/480 m GB3095-2012 Surface water Diao River W/4200 m Category IV of GB3838-2002

18 Class I is applicable for the residential area; Class II is applicable for the commercial and residential mixed areas.

Subproject Environmental Sensitive receptors Direction / distance Applicable aspects from the site boundary Standards Zhangcun Air and Noise Zhangcun Junior High SW/400 m Noise-Class I of Pump Station School GB3096-2008 Zhangcun Town E/50 m Air-Class II of GB3095-2012 Gaoji Pump Air and Noise Gaoji Town Around/50 m As above Station Pengqiao Air and Noise Pengqiao Kindergarden S/240 m As above Pump Station Pengqiao Middle School SE/250 m Tuanbei Air and noise Wangwuying Village E/680 m As above WWTP Dapengzhuang Village SW/443 m Xiaopengzhuang Village SW/776 m Dingwan Village SE/470 m Shuangshenghe Village W/510 m Zhangjia Village E/90 m Huanggang Village W/98 m Surface water Tuan River S/200 m Category III of GB 3838-2002 N=north; E=east; W=west; SW=south west; SE=south east; NW=north west

Figure V-1: Sensitive Receptors of Rangdong Wastewater Treatment Station

Figure V-2: Sensitive Receptors of Jitan Wastewater Treatment Station

Figure V-3: Sensitive Receptors of Sangzhuang Water Supply Plant

Figure V-4: Sensitive Receptors of Liuji Pump Station

Figure V-5: Sensitive Receptors of Jiulong Water Supply Plant

Figure V-6: Sensitive Receptors of Zhangcun Pump Station

Figure V-7: Sensitive Receptors of Gaoji Pump Station

Figure V-8: Sensitive Receptors of Pengqiao Pump Station

Figure V-9: Sensitive Receptors of Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant

Table V-3: Sensitive Receptors-Component 2.1 River Corridor Improvement Environmental Sensitive Receptors Distance/Location Protection Level Factor Air and Noise Houshi 106 m/south of water diversion canal Target: Class II of Beizhangpo Village 122 m/south of water diversion canal Ambient Acoustic Water diversion canal will cross the village Environment Jinzhang from the north side Standard Gongjia Village 70 m/south of water diversion canal (GB3096-2008); Xiaoding Village 159 m/west of drainage open channel Class II of Shejia 33 m/west of drainage open channel Ambient Air Chenlou Tuanbin North Road will cross the village Quality Standard Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park will cross (GB3095-2012) Qilidian the village Dazhuang Village Fusheng Road will cross the village Fusheng Road will cross the village Huanggang

Figure V-10: Sensitive Receptors of Water Environment Integrated Treatment Project in Tuanbei New Town District

Table V-4: Sensitive Receptors-Component 2.2: Water and Soil Conservation Environmental Sensitive Receptors Distance/direction Protection Level Factor Surface water Tuan River / Category III of GB3838- 2002 Groundwater Shallow groundwater / Class III of GB/T14848-93 Air and Noise Dingwan Village Left bank/60 m Air-Class II of GB3095- Xinzhuang Village Right bank/54 m 2012 Hewan Village Left Bank/30 m Noise-Class II of GB3096- Xinji Village Right Bank/185 m 2008 Xiaohebei Village Right bank/106 m Houhe Village Right bank/92 m Xuejia Village Left bank/75 m Gangmenzhai Village Left bank/16 m Tulou Village Left bank/12 m Houdukou Village Right bank/157 m Fanpeng Village Left bank/21 m Xiaozhangzhuang Village Right bank/179 m Jiaozhuang Village Left bank/20 m West Liulou Village Left bank/27 m East Liulou Village Left bank/16 m Shawa Village Right bank/110 m Houwan Village Left bank/35 m East Houwan Village Left bank/42 m Jitan Town Left bank/15 m 90

Figure V-11: Sensitive Receptors of Tuan River Ecological Restoration

Table V-5: Sensitive Receptors-Component 3: Capacity Building Subproject Environmental Sensitive Direction/distance Applicable aspects receptors Standards Environmental research Surface water Tuan River W/1609 m Category III of and education center GB3838-2002 Air and noise Jinzhang Village SE/248 Air-Class II of GB3095-2012 Noise-Class II of GB3096-2008

Figure V-12: Sensitive Receptors of Envrionmental Research and Education Center

B. Anticipated Project Benefits and Positive Impacts

206. The project will contribute to municipal targets for environmental and social improvement, as follows.

207. Improved water quality. The project will contribute to the following targets in the Henan Provincial 3-year Pollution Control Action Plan (2019-2021): water quality in the Tuan River mainstream improved from Class 4 to Class 3 and for tributaries from Class 4 to Class 3. The project designs to contribute to these targets include: (i) construction of 33 km sewer pipelines along the river and tributaries for improved wastewater interception, which is estimated to increase the rate of wastewater collection from 65% to 95% for Tuanbei New Town, from 60% to 90% for Rangdong Town, and 50% to 90% for Jitan Town; (ii) construction of the Tuanbei WWTP, whose discharge quality will meet Class 1A of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002).

208. As shown in Table V-6, the WWTP will remove about 2737.5 t/a of COD, 1554.9 t/a of BOD5, 186.15 t/a ammonia nitrogen and 27.375 t/d phosphorous respectively through effective operation; (iii) construction of Rangdong and Jitan water treatment stations, which will be designed to Class 1A discharge standard; (iv) dredging of the lower Tuan River reach, to remove 207,000 m3 of polluted sediment; and (v) establishment of about 117.2 ha of vegetated green belts along the Tuan River, comprising (a) “ecological buffer belts” (planted vegetation belts 20 m wide, strategically located between settlements, farmlands, and the river channels, 92 to intercept non-point source pollution in runoff (about 55 ha), (b) construction of one wetland and plantation along the banks of the Tuan River, mainly at the confluence of three small tributaries with the mainstream, to improve water filtration of polluted waters entering the mainstream, and (c) green landscaping in all project sites (about 220 ha), to improve public amenities. Based on the application of national published rates for pollution reduction through natural methods, these revegetation and greening measures are estimated to capture about 50% to 60% of non-point pollutants of the runoff intercepted by the new green belts. They are expected to reduce pollutant inputs to the Tuan River from non-point source runoff by about 1,341 t/a COD, 54 t/a TN, 2,236 t/a suspended solids and 3.6 t/a TP, respectively.

Table V-6: Pollutant Reduction from Tuanbei WWTP Pollutant CODcr BOD5 SS TN NH3-N TP Design inflow quality (mg/L) 300 152 180 32 27 3 Design effluent quality (mg/L) ≤50 ≤10 ≤10 ≤15 ≤5 ≤0.5 Pollution removal at WWTP (t/a) 83% 93% 94% 53% 81% 83% Total pollution load (t/d) 7.5 4.26 5.1 0.51 0.66 0.075 Total pollution load (t/a) 2737.5 1554.9 1861.5 186.15 240.9 27.375

Table V-7: Pollutant Reduction from the Proposed Wastewater Treatment Stations Subproject Capacity Influent (mg/L) Reduction (m3/d) (t/a) COD NH3-N TP BOD5 COD NH3-N TP BOD5 Rangdong WWTS 2000 300 27 3 152 219 19.71 2.19 159.87 Jitan WWTS 1500 300 27 3 152 164.25 14.78 1.64 83.22 Total pollution load (t/a) 383.25 34.49 3.83 243.09

209. Improved flood control and reduced siltation in Tuan River and Han River. The project will contribute to the following targets in the Flood Control Master Plan: (i) enhance the flood protection standard of the Tuan River mainstream from the current less than 1 in 20 years to 1 in 20 years; (ii) increase flood retention capacity in the Han River basin by about 10%. These measures are expected to avoid a property loss of about 142.91 million yuan per year in flood damages. The project designs to contribute to these targets include: (i) the repair of 3.7 km of embankments along the lower Tuan River; (ii) improved water retention and filtration capacity through the greenbelts to be established along the river; and (iii) improved water resources management, including new flood forecasting and water quality monitoring for Tuan River. These benefits will help reduce flood risks to downstream populations along Tuan River and Han River.

210. Improved water security and supply of clean water. The water supply subprojects will increase the water security for rural communities in 10 townships and counties. About 611,806 rural residents will receive treated drinking water for the first time, including about 13,500 poor and vulnerable residents. The current decentralized groundwater wells will be replaced by centralized drinking water sourced from the South-North Water Transfer canal.

211. Improved solid waste management. The project will support a pilot solid waste management propgram in a small town (Rangdong; 20,000 people) with a limited solid waste management system. The program will focus on an agricultural market that produces about 4 tons of perishable wastes per day comprising vegetables, fruits, and meat.

212. Social and economic benefits. In 2018, the total population of Dengzhou City was 1.78 million. The project will directly benefit about 746,000 residents in 11 townships, including 661,000 (89%) rural residents, 149,000 (20%) low-income residents [of which 13,137 (1.8%) are below the PRC poverty line; defined as annual net income per capita of CNY2,300 in 2010], and 356,000 (47.7%) are female. These benefits comprise: (i) reduced flood risks, resulting in reduced annual loss of life and damage to land and property; (ii) improved sanitation, due to

93 the improved systems for wastewater and solid waste collection and disposal, which will contribute to improved health and reduced medical costs. The project facilities are public services and will have equitable social and gender benefits.

C. Pre-Construction Phase

213. Prior to construction, the following measures will be implemented.

i) Third round of sediment sampling. During the detailed design stage, a third round of sediment sampling will be conducted, to test for the presence of selected chemicals [compounds in pesticides; and, persistent organic pollutants (POPs)] in the sections of the Tuan River to be dredged. If the presence of these pollutants in the sediments is confirmed, mitigation measures for the dredging subproject (as described in Section V.D.) will be reviewed and updated as needed to minimize the risk of water-borne dispersal of these pollutants. ii) Institutional strengthening. (a) The PMO and each implementing agency will assign at least one full-time, qualified environment officer to the project. The PMO officer will lead the coordination of the EMP; and (b) The PMO will hire a loan implementation environment specialist (LIEC) to provide external support under the loan consulting services. iii) EMP Updating. The EMP will be updated as needed, including mitigation measures and monitoring. This will be the responsibility of the PMO and LIEC. iv) Training on environmental management. The LIEC and personnel from Henan and Dengzhou environment protection agencies will give training on implementation and supervision of environmental mitigation measures to contractors and the construction supervision companies (CSCs). v) Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). The PMO will implement the project GRM at least two months before the start of construction, to ensure that the project communities and public services (e.g. schools and nursing homes) are well informed and provided the opportunity to discuss any concerns. This is further to the public consultations already conducted during project preparation (Section VII). vi) Preparation of bidding and contract documents. The project environment management plan (Appendix 1) will be included in the bidding documents and contracts for procurement of civil works, goods and services. All contractors and subcontractors will be required to comply with the EMP. vii) Contractor obligations. Contractors, in their bids, will respond to the environmental clauses in bidding documents for EMP requirements and loan assurances. This includes confirmation that no asbestos will be used in any project materials. Prior to construction, each contractor will develop a site EMP, based on the attached project EMP, and assign at least one person responsible for environment, health, and safety (EHS). The site EMP shall include the following: (a) surface water protection (especially, to avoid or minimize impacts to the Tuan River); (b) spill control and management; (c) site drainage and soil erosion protection; (d) health and safety; (e) temporary traffic management; (f) construction site access control; and (g) an emergency preparedness and response plan for construction emergencies. The site EMPs will be submitted to the environmental officer of each PMO for approval, with support from local EPBs.

D. Construction Phase

214. Impacts and mitigation measures for the construction phase of the project are discussed below. The mitigation measures are carried forward into the EMP in Appendix 1.

215. Contractor performance and site management. To ensure that construction contractors are able to implement the mitigation measures, the implementing agencies (IAs) will put in 94 place the following arrangements: (i)environmental specifications will be included in the bidding documents to contractors; (ii) an appropriate environment section describing standards and responsibilities will be included in the terms of reference for bidders; (iii) material haulage routes, and waste disposal arrangements will be defined in the construction tender documents as appropriate; and (iv) clauses referencing the EMP mitigation provisions and monitoring plans will be written into the construction contracts. Following the award of construction contracts, the successful head constructor will prepare a Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan, based on the project EMP, including a site environment, health and safety plan, for approval by each IA and CSC.

1. Earth Works and Soil Erosion

216. Earthworks. Earthmoving equipment will be used to configure and fill into embankments, landscaped amenity areas, excavation and land-forming sites for construction of the water and wastewater infrastructures. The total earthworks and surplus spoil from the different components are summarized in Table V-8. All spoil generated from the project works, and sediment dredging (Section V.D.2) will be used for the other project works, which will no result in the disposal of spoil to landfills or other site locations. The IAs will report to the Urban Administration Bureau about the estimated volume of surplus spoil based on the detailed engineering design and will apply for the approval of disposal plans. The Urban Administration Bureau will designate the locations of reuse to minimize the transportation distance and avoid the transportation routes crossing the urban area.

Table V-8: Cutting and Filling Earthworks Subproject Cut (m3) Fill (m3) Surplus Spoil (m3) Tuanbei WWTP and sewage collection 20130 11388 8742 pipes Sangzhuang WSP 250000 150000 100000 Jiulong WSP 250000 150000 100000 Water Diversion Canal 106439 9419 97020 Drainage Open Channel 41508 275 41233 Weiming Channel 102661 790 101871 Tuan River Corridor Park 158000 151000 0 Tuan River lower reach rehabilitation 164416 80664 83752 Connecting road and bridge to Tuanbei New 1795 900 895 District WSP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant, WWTS = wastewater treatment station.

217. Erosion. Soil erosion is expected during the construction phase when surface vegetation and soil are removed. The erosion rate is expected to increase during construction when the banks and sites nearby rivers are disturbed and surface vegetation and soil are damaged or disturbed. The most vulnerable soil erosion areas for the project are the embankments and sewer pipeline construction sites along the rivers, spoil sites, temporary construction roads, and other areas where surface soil is disturbed, especially on rainy days. Soil erosion can also occur after the completion of construction in areas where site restoration is inadequate.

218. The project design includes the dredging of 207,000 m3 of sediments from the lower reach of Tuan River, which will be reused soil amendment in greening and tree planting on the banks of the lower reach of Tuan River. Land taken by water supply plants and wastewater treatment plants with affiliated pipeline networks will cause vegetation damages and reduction of soil restoration capacity during construction. Upon completion, the impact of construction to the surrounding environment will be recovered as vegetation will be planted and soil will be refilled to recover the pipeline networks.

219. The areas that are most vulnerable to erosion include temporary construction sites, and other areas where surface soil will be disturbed. An effective measure for erosion control will be the use of interception drainages to protect disturbed surfaces from surface flows.

220. Mitigation Measures. Contractors will prepare Site Drainage and Soil Erosion Management Plans for their specific work sites in the pre-construction phase, avoiding soil erosion during the construction period. The plans will include the following measures: (i) Dredged sediment can be used as a soil conditioner for greening and tree planting. (ii) In the preliminary design phase, related mitigation plans should be prepared to recue soil erosion caused by runoff and flooding. (iii) During the embankment of lower Tuan River, workers should: (a) maintain slope stability at cut faces by implementing erosion protection measures such as terraces and silt barriers; (b) construct berms or drainage channels around the perimeter of Tuan River to capture soil runoff and to reduce direct rainwater away. (iv) Stabilize all earthwork disturbance areas of all sub-projects within 15 days after earthworks are completed. (v) Use appropriate compaction techniques for trench construction and minimize soil erosion impact. (vi) Strip and stockpile topsoil, and cover (by geotechnical cloth) or seed temporary soil stockpiles. (vii) Limit construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds.

221. Soil Contamination. There is an inevitable issue that waste and wastewater from machinery and constructors on site, which brings risks to pollute the soil. Site runoff from construction sites that are subject to excavation or earth works might lead to surface erosion and carry a high level of sediment into soils. Accidental spillage and illegal disposal of chemicals within the site area would also cause soil contamination, which could have potential impact to groundwater.

222. Mitigation Measures. To reduce the risk of soil and water contamination from construction sites, contractors will implement the following mitigation measures: (i) Accompany earthworks with measures to minimize sediment runoff into the water bodies, including sediment traps. Also, intercepting channels and drains shall be conducted to prevent runoff from entering the construction sites. (ii) Locate fuel storage, machinery maintenance workshop and vehicle cleaning areas at least 100 m from the Tuan River and subproject sites; ensure that storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials are located within secured areas on impermeable surfaces and provided with bunds and cleanup installations. (iii) Provide spill cleanup measures and equipment at each construction site. (iv) Remove all construction wastes from the site to approved waste disposal sites. (v) Collect construction wastewaters in sedimentation tanks, retention ponds, and filter tanks to remove silts and oil, such as install portable toilets and on-site wastewater pre-treatment systems at work sites, and ensure all sites for washing of construction equipment are equipped with water collection basins and sediment traps. (vi) Ensure that contractors’ fuel suppliers are properly licensed. They shall follow proper protocol for transferring fuel and the PRC standard of JT3145-91 (Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods. revised). (vii) Train contractors and crews in emergency spill response procedures.

2. Sediment Dredging

223. The proposed dredging works will be located along the 13.8 km section of lower Tuan River. Dredging will be conducted in discrete sections 0.3 to 0.5 km long and a depth of about 0.2 m, to achieve the project objectives for removal of polluted sediments. The total volume of 96 dredged sediments is estimated to be approximately 207,000 m3. The details of dredging works will be finalized during the detailed engineering design stage. Depending on the depth of substrate and channel morphology, the actual depth of dredging may vary from section to section. All dredged sediment will be mixed with topsoil and will be fully used for greening and tree planting on river banks along the dredged section of Tuan River.

224. Table V-9 compares different dredging methods and demonstrates that the dry dredging and semi-dry dredging methods are more suitable for small rivers with vast and sparsely populated sediments. The dredging will cause short-term, localized disturbance and exposure of sediments, which may: a) Create disturbance to aquatic ecosystems, often with such adverse impacts as the reduction or removal of habitats for fish, invertebrates, and others aquatic fauna; b) Increase the levels of nutrients and suspended solids temporarily, leading to increased sediment concentration and reduced water transparency in rivers downstream. The resulted consequence of lower light, reduced oxygen, and smothering or abrading by silt may reduce the plant growth and cause mortality of fish and sediment-dwelling (benthic) organisms in waters downstream of dredging sites; c) Dislodge chemicals residing in benthic substrates and injects them into the water column; and d) Release pollutants and/or odor (hydrogen sulfide and ammonia) from the dredged sediments.

Table V-9: Comparison of Dredging Methods Wet Dredging Dry Semi-dry Amphi- Mini-type Chain Item Mini-type Cutter Mini-type Pneumatic Dredging Dredging Backhoe Bucket Suction Fluidic Dredger Suction Dredger Suction Dredger Pump Dredger Dredger Dredger

Figure

Soil Adaptability Good Good Relevant Poor Relevant Poor Relevant Good Relevant Good Medium Relevant Good Shallow Water Good Good Relevant Good Relevant Good Relevant Good Relevant Good Relevant Poor Relevant Good Adaptability Implementation Low Low Relevant High Relevant High High High Medium Medium Efficiency Flatness of Poor Poor Relevant Poor Relevant Poor Relevant Good Poor Good Relevant Good Excavation Errors of Small Small Medium Small Small Small Small Small Excavation Positioning and pile, cable, No No cable, anchor pile, cable cable, anchor Self-shipping pile, cable Moving Mode anchor Loading and manual work / manual work / dredger dredger pontoon Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe Discharging digger digger pontoon dredger Equipped dredger pontoon, No No pontoon, Anchor boat Anchor boat No Anchor boat Shipping tugboat tugboat Construction High High Relevant High Relevant High Low Low Low Low Cost Maintain Cost Low Low Relevant Low Relevant High Relevant High Relevant High Relevant High Relevant Low Shipping Cost No No Relevant Low Relevant Low Relevant High Relevant High Relevant High Low Impacts on Large Large Relevant Small Relevant Large Small Small Small Small Environment Secondary Relevant Relevant Large Large Controllable Controllable Small Small Pollution Small Small Technology well- Technology not Other No No rounded refined Source: FSR 98

225. Mitigation Measures. The risks of dredging will be minimized by implementing the following mitigation measures.

i) Third round of sediment sampling. At the detailed design stage, a third round of sediment sampling will be conducted, specifically to test for the presence of the most commonly used farming chemicals in the project area. Antai Test Technology Limited Company is an agency that is nationally-certified to analyze sediment and soil quality including such parameters as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The PMO will engage Antai Antai Test Technology Limited Company to test sediment samples and produce a laboratory testing report to include: (a) analysis of historical uses of pesticides, herbicides and heavy metals in the Dengzhou City area; (b) a detailed map of sediment sampling sites; (c) a list of chemical compounds tested that are likely to be the most common in the sediments to impose potential risks to human health or the environment; and (d) description of the methods used for the sediment sampling and testing. ii) If the presence of these pollutants in the sediments is confirmed, the following procedures will be taken: (a) the level of risk to people and the environment will be re- assessed based on the level of toxicity and extent of contamination in the sections of the Tuan River to be dredged; (b) sediments that are tested positive for those pollutants listed as hazardous under the PRC regulations, World Health Organization guidelines, and/or World Bank’s EHS, will not be used as a soil conditioner for greening and tree planting, and will not be disposed of at landfills. Instead, these sediments will be disposed of properly at the Nanyang Kangwei Hazardous Waste Disposal Center, who is certified to transport, manage, and dispose hazardous materials;19 (c) for sediments that are tested positive for those pollutants that are not classified as hazardous, the volumes of remaining sediment for greening and landscaping will be revised, and the final locations for disposal will be assessed based the guidelines for Assessment Levels for Soil, Sediment and Water (2010) of Western Australia (Appendix 2 of this IEE). The guidelines provide a safe approach for the disposal of sediments for different land uses based on the testing results of sediment samples.20 iii) Planning. The design institutes that will prepare the detailed engineering designs will include a detailed dredging plan. iv) Prior to river works, the contractor, construction supervision company (CSC), PMO Environment Officer, and district/county EPB, will collectively re-confirm the planned construction schedule and site EMP actions v) The technical requirements and mitigation measures for dredging will be included in the bidding documents and construction contracts. The contractor will be required to develop a sound environmental management plan, including dredging machinery maintenance, dredged material dewatering site management, internal monitoring procedures, emergency preparedness and response mechanism. vi) Timing. There are two flood seasons in the Tuan River basin, spring flood and summer flood. Large floods usually occur during June to September. Dredging will only be conducted from October to March (dry season), when the water depth and flow are the lowest. Temporary flow diversions (dam height 2.0-2.5 m) will be used during dredging and will be designed to withstand a 1/5-year flood event. vii) Restricted extent of dredging at a time. Dredging will take place section-by-section and be limited to short (<300 m) sections of channel at a time to minimize the disturbance. viii) Dredging method. The “ecological dredging method” will be applied. This method

19 The Nanyang Kangwei Waste Disposal Center has an approved capacity for hazardous waste disposal of 30,000 tons/year. It has environmental completion inspection acceptace in 2015. 20 Department of Environment and Conservation. 2010. Contaminated Sites Management Series. Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water

employs a specialized ‘cutter head’, which sucks up sediment, limits dispersion and therefore reduce turbidity impacts. ix) At each dredge site, coffer dams and temporary diversion channels will be used where appropriate along the river to maintain continued water flow while works is conducted. The temporary silt traps and fences will be placed at the downstream end of each section being dredged, and along the nearby channel banks, to further reduce the risk of high silt loads being dispersed downstream. x) After removal from the channel, the top layer of sediment will be transferred to existing cleared land on the channel banks adjacent to the dredge sites, where it will be placed on top of a simple textile layer (to protect the ground) for dewatering and drying. Earth berms or drainage channels will be constructed around the perimeter of the dredge sediment storage and disposal sites to prevent washing away from rainfall. If necessary, flocculants will be applied to the sediment to speed up the dewatering process. This will reduce the sediment volume by up to 70%. A small temporary earth drain will be established around each drying site to drain the water into a small sedimentation pond, to further increase settling and sedimentation. This supernatant water will further be treated with flocculants to assist settling and to meet PRC Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-2015) prior to draining back into the channel. xi) On-site storage limited. Earth berms or drainage channels will be constructed around the perimeter of the dredge sediment storage and disposal sites to prevent washing away from rainfall. On-site storage will be limited to de-watering; the sediment will then be transported to the disposal sites. xii) Managing odor. About 10 villages are located within 200 m from that banks of the lower Tuan River. Potential odor impacts will be minimized by: (i) timely community consultations to ensure awareness of the issue prior to dredging; (ii) rapid on-site treatment of dredge spoil to minimize time near communities; (iii) transport in sealed containers to avoid odor; (iv) minimizing the release of odors by dredging in short sections (≤300 m) at any one time. Impacts will be temporary as odors are dispersed. xiii) Transport to disposal sites. Transport will be over short distances (<10 km) as the spoil will be used for establishment of the nearby green belts and embankments along the river. xiv) Safe disposal of the dredge spoil. Sediment sampling confirmed that levels of heavy metals and pesticides in the river sediment are low and below the national and international safety standards. The spoil will be utilized as soil amendment for planting of the green buffer belts along the banks of the Tuan River. The spoil will be mixed with top soil at the ratio of 9:1. xv) The final method of disposal of the dredged sediments will be pending the results of the third round of sediment sampling.

226. Overall, the environmental risks of the planned dredging are assessed to be low, due to: (i) the tested low concentrations of heavy metals and pesticides in sediments of lower Tuan River; and (ii) the safeguard measures to be implemented during dredging works.

3. Air Quality

227. Air pollution sources include: (i) dust and gaseous emissions from earth excavation, filling, loading, hauling, bare earth surfaces, uncovered construction areas, and vehicle movements on unpaved roads, especially in windy days; (ii) aggregate preparation and concrete-mixing; (iii) vehicle and machinery emissions (gaseous CO, CH and NO2); (iv) odor from dredging of sediments; (v) excavation and backfilling works may have the potential to generate fugitive dust, if appropriate and debris vegetation will be removed; and (vi) sludge in the existing septic tanks may be trucked off-site before demolition of the tanks and odor may be generated during the trucking of sludge. The components for sewer pipeline constructions and roads will involve asphalt heating and mixing and production of flue gas. Modern asphalt 100 mixing equipment used in the PRC releases typical flue gas emission concentrations of 30 mg/m3, which complies with discharge requirements of 80-150 mg/m3 of the PRC Atmospheric Pollutant Emission Standard (GB16297-1996) and PRC Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012), which limits the concentration of benzopyrene at 0.0025 µg/m3 (daily average, at 100 m downwind from the asphalt mixing station). These various sources of air pollution could affect nearby villages.

228. Excavation, pipe laying and backfilling are the major construction activities during the construction of rural water supply plants. According to site investigation, nearest households of Houwang Village are only 30m away from the proposed Jiulong Water Supply Plant, which shall need close environmental monitor during construction, because the dust caused by construction has an influence on downwind areas within 100m. If mitigation measures and construction management are inadequate, indigenes and environment will be affected by dust that causes air quality impact.

229. Odor from dredged sediments is another contributor of air pollution in this project. During the dredging process of Tuan River, H2S and NH3 concentration of the site may be increased due to the emission from sediment agitation and drying, which may have potential to cause air pollution to the environment.

230. Mitigation Measures. To reduce the impacts on air quality, the following measures will be implemented. (i) Spraying water on construction sites daily where fugitive dust is being generated. (ii) Following the Notice on Publishing and Issuing the Implementation Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control in Nanyang City in 2018 and Eight Special Implementation Programs issued by Nanyang Government to control potential emissions from non-road mobile machinery. (iii) Locating asphalt plants and mixers >500 m downwind from the nearest residential areas and other sensitive receptors. (iv) Dust suppression near sensitive receptors e.g. schools, hospitals, residential areas. (v) Storing petroleum or other harmful materials in appropriate places and covering to minimize fugitive dust and emission. (vi) Covering materials during truck transportation, in particular, fine material, to avoid spillage or dust generation. (vii) Ensuring that vehicle and machinery emissions comply with PRC standards of GB18352- 2005, GB17691-2005, GB11340-2005, and GB18285-2005. (viii) Setting up the fence along the dredging area with a height of 2.5m to 3m to prevent odor from diffusing to nearby villages. (ix) Prohibiting the storage of dredged sediment on construction sites for a long time without sealing. (x) Arranging dredging works to take place during the dry season when bacteria in sediment are less active and less odor is generated. (xi) Enclosing sludge tankers for sludge disposal if necessary during construction. (xii) Timely monitoring air quality during construction, as defined in the project EMP. (xiii) Carrying out regular site inspections to confirm that the mitigation and control measures are properly implemented and are working effectively to ensure construction dust, gaseous/odor emissions will be reduced/controlled to acceptable levels.

231. The potential impacts of disturbance related to air quality are assessed to be low, as (i) since January 2017, the PRC has implemented increased control on vehicle/machinery emissions, to protect ambient air quality: (ii) all vehicles and construction machinery must comply with the PRC Grade IV or higher emission standards; and (iii) the duration of project works is only temporary.

101

4. Acoustic Environment

232. Construction will involve excavators, bulldozers, scrapers, dredgers, concrete-mixer, trucks and other heavy machineries. Noise during pipeline construction will be generated by trench excavators, rollers and compaction machine. In this project, noise emissions will not include rock-crushing, as any rock materials will be purchased off-site by contractors and transported to the sites. Noise will be temporary and localized.

233. Construction equipment is a point sound source. The predictive model applied for the noise impact assessment in this project is:

푅 Where, Lp and Lp0 are equipment퐿푝 noise= 퐿푝0 sound− 20 log levels( ) at R and R0 respectively. 푅0 234. Noise levels at different distances were derived for different types of equipment as defined in Table V-10. The daytime noise level of 70 dB(A) is the threshold applied to this project in accordance with the PRC Emission Standard of Environment Noise for Boundary of Construction Site (GB12523－2011).

235. The predicted noise levels in Table V-10 were compared to the locations of sensitive receptors (Table V-11) to evaluate the communities that will be within 60 m of construction works, where noise levels are predicted to exceed the threshold of 70 dB(A). To be conservative, no attempt was made to distinguish between noise emissions from different types of construction activities, i.e. any works within 60 m of residences was assumed to potentially generate noise levels exceeding the threshold of 70 dB(A) and would require management for noise control.

Table V-10: Construction Equipment Noise Impact Distance Noise from the sound source attenuated by distance Equipment (dB(A)) 10 m 20 m 30 m 60 m 100 m 150 m 200 m Excavator 75.0 69.0 65.5 59.4 55.0 51.5 49.0 Bulldozer 74.0 68.0 64.5 58.4 54.0 50.5 48.0 Loader 75.0 69.0 65.5 59.4 55.0 51.5 49.0 Pile 67.5 59.0 55.5 49.4 45.5 41.5 39.0 Roller 67.5 59.0 55.5 49.4 45.5 41.5 39.0 Truck 67.5 59.0 55.5 49.4 45.5 41.5 39.0 Cumulated 81.6 75.2 71.7 69.2 60.0 57.5 49.6

Table V-11: Households Affected by Construction Works Sub-Project Location Direction Distance (m) Population Zhangjia Village East 120 38 Tuanbei Wastewater Huanggang Treatment Plant West 98 75 Village Houshi South 106 224 Beizhangpo South 122 266 Water Diversion Canal Village Jinzhang North 0 263 Gongjia Village South 70 282 Drainage Open Xiaoding Village West 159 278 Channel Shejia West 33 127 Chenlou Tuanbin North 0 489 Road 102

Tuan River Green Qilidian Green Corridor 0 1865 Corridor Park Park Tuanbei Integration Dazhuang Fusheng Road 0 183 Water Environment Village Management Huanggang Fusheng Road 0 236

236. A total of 5 communities (about 3036 people) situated within 10 m of construction sites will be affected by daily construction works with noise levels higher than 70 dB(A). Extended exposure to such noise levels could cause physical hearing injury to residents and workers, in addition to general stress and disturbance.

237. The green corridor and riverside park project sites will be located in populated areas. About 3,036 people currently reside within 200 m of the project sites, including communities in five villages (Dazhuang, Huanggang, Qilidian, Chenlou, Jinzhang; Figure V-10 and Table V-11). About 1,767 people are currently living within the boundaries of the proposed sites and will be resettled under the project. Of the remainder, about 252 people (84 households) are residing in locations that will be within 60 m of construction and subject to noise levels higher than 70 dB(A) without mitigation. Extended exposure to such noise levels could cause physical hearing injury to residents and workers, in addition to general stress and disturbance.

238. Mitigation Measures. The following measures will be implemented to comply with the PRC noise limits for construction sites and to protect sensitive receptors: (i) Ensure that noise levels from equipment and machineries conform to the PRC standard of GB12523-2011 (revised) and maintain construction vehicles and machineries properly to minimize noise. (ii) Apply noise reduction devices and methods for high noise equipment operating within 200 m of the sensitive sites e.g. schools, villages, residential areas. (iii) Locate high-noise activities (e.g. rock crushing, concrete-mixing) >1 km from sensitive areas. (iv) Prohibit the operation of high-noise machinery, and movement of heavy vehicles along urban and village roads, between 20:00 and 07:00. (v) Take special caution at construction sites that are close to such sensitive sites as schools and hospitals. When construction activities are unavoidable during the school seasons, the use of heavy equipment will be restricted to weekends and non-class hours. (vi) Place temporary hoardings or noise barriers around noise sources during construction. (vii) Monitor noise at sensitive areas at regular intervals. If noise standards are exceeded, equipment and construction conditions shall be checked, and mitigation measures shall be implemented to rectify the situation. (viii) Conduct regular interviews with residents/villagers adjacent to construction sites to identify noise disturbance. Community feedback will be used to adjust work hours of noisy machinery. (ix) For the 84 households residing within 60 m of the construction works, particular attention will be provided. This will include: (a) follow-up consultations with all of these households prior to the start of any works, to specify the exact planned dates and schedule of works, nature of works, equipment to be used, safety measures, and public access around the works during construction; (b) installation of noise barriers to reduce as much of the emissions as possible, and/or installation of additional layers on the windows of the affected homes, pending assessment of the most technically effective method and feedback from the community consultations; (c) agreement on the duration of daily works; and (d) provision of temporary housing if required.

239. Noise management will require close attention during the project implementation.

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5. Vibration

240. Vibration impacts are expected during constructions. On a construction site, mechanical vibration will occur at different levels with the progress of project schedule and the substitution of construction procedures. Vibration is sudden, impassive and discontinuous, which easily annoys people and even causes some vibration hazard. The main construction machineries in this project include vibratory road roller, land scraper, loader and spreading machines, among which vibratory road roller’s impact is higher. Table V-12 shows the levels of vibration caused by construction machinery from the Japanese Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment.

Table V-12: Vibration Levels of Construction Machinery (Unit: dB) Equipment At 5 m At 10 m At 20 m At 30 m Vibratory hammer 75 67 48 44 Roller 58 53 50 48 Diesel truck 62 58 54 51

241. Table V-12 shows that the areas vibration levels at a distance of greater than 10m from the vibration source will be lower than the threshold of 70 dB as specified in Environmental Vibration Standard for Urban Areas (GB10070-88).

242. Mitigation Measures. Mitigation measures during construction include: (i) To prohibit the pilling and compaction operations at night, which will effectively reduce the vibration impact; (ii) No sensitive receptor site is closer than 20 m from a construction area, although some residential areas are between 20 m and 100 m of construction areas; (iii) High noise activities, such as compaction operations will be prohibited at night; (iv) Communities will be consulted prior to large earthworks to ensure they are informed; (v) To avoid sensitive timing e.g. exams at nearby schools or festivals.

243. The World Bank Group’s EHS guideline also provides the guidance to mitigate vibration impacts caused by the operation of pile drivers, earth moving and excavation equipment, concrete mixers, cranes and the transportation of equipment, materials and people: Plan activities in consultation with local communities so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise and vibration are planned during periods of the day that will result in least disturbance.

244. Overall, vibration impacts during construction would be of short duration. Potential sensitive receptors will be exposed to short term, temporary and localized impacts. With the proposed mitigation measures in place, potential vibration impacts during construction would be reduced to acceptable levels.

6. Water Quality

245. Construction wastewater. Wastewater produced on construction sites, leakage of construction materials (i.e. concrete), and oil leaks from machineries, may enter the river and cause increases in suspended matter and pollution levels (Figure V-13).

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Figure V-13: Construction Site Sewage Generation Process

246. The major pollutant of construction wastewater is suspended solids (SS) with a concentration about 300 mg/L and petroleum with concentration about 20 mg/L. Construction wastewater will not be discharged onto the surrounding soil or into the river. Sedimentation tanks will be held on site and, after settling out of solids, the upper clear liquid will be recycled for spraying the construction site (dust control), and the waste residue in the tank will be cleared and transported to the construction spoil disposal sites. Oily wastewater will require the installation of oil-water separators before the sedimentation tank. After site treatment, construction wastewater will comply with the PRC Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). This standard provides the limit for pollutant concentrations and the total wastewater discharge allowed from industries and construction sites. The indicative pollution parameters are total SS and oil/petrochemical residues. These will be monitored as part of the EMP.

247. Domestic wastewater. Peak work forces are estimated to be 50-80 persons at each construction site. Daily domestic wastewater discharge is estimated to be 0.1 m3 per worker per day. The pollutant concentrations of CODcr, BOD5 and NH3-N in the domestic wastewaters from the construction workers are assumed to be 300 mg/L, 150 mg/L and 40 mg/L respectively. Most of the workers will live in rented apartments in the towns, therefore most domestic sewage will be disposed via the existing municipal sanitation systems. For the workers in worker camps, camp management will include waste disposal systems.

248. Tuan River Bridge. The bridge will extend across the Tuan River (Table III-1). Each end of the bridge will be located about 50 m inland from the riverbanks. Works have been designed to minimize impacts to the river flow (see below). 249. Mitigation Measures. Site planning, management and safeguards will be needed to prevent impacts to water quality: (i) Provide portable toilets and small package wastewater treatment plants and/or septic tanks on construction sites and construction camps for the workers. If there are nearby public sewers, install interim storage tanks and pipelines to convey wastewater to public sewers. (ii) Collect and treat site runoff from construction sites and construction camps with drainage provisions. (iii) Install and operate sedimentation tanks on construction sites and concrete batching station to treat process water (e.g. concrete batching) and muddy runoff with high concentrations of suspended solids. If necessary, use flocculants such as polyacryl amide (PAM) to facilitate sedimentation. (iv) Storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials shall be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces and provided with bunds and cleanup installations. (v) Vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water.

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(vi) Vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling shall be properly carried out so that spilled materials do not seep into the soil. (vii) Oil traps shall be provided for service areas and parking areas. (viii) Fuel storage and refilling areas will be located on the part of the construction site furthest from the river; and material stockpiles will be protected against wind and runoff waters which might transport them to the river. (ix) Clean up any chemical spills into drains and water bodies within 24 hours of the occurrence, with contaminated soils and water treated according to Technical guidelines for site soil remediation (HJ 25.4-2014). Records must be handed over without delay to the PMO and local EPB. (x) Tuan River Bridge. (i) A “hanging basket” technique (image below) will be used to control works in small, staged sections and to minimize the risk of construction debris entering the river; (ii) small, temporary coffer dams will be installed upstream of the bridge works to redirect flow; (iii) river banks will be protected by minimizing area of direct works and installing sediment curtains and traps along the banks to reduce soil runoff to the river; and (iv) machinery storage sites and spoil piles will be located at least 50 m from the river banks to avoid the risk of chemical or soil runoff.

7. Solid Waste

250. Solid waste generated during construction will comprise construction and demolition wastes and refuse generated by construction workers. Domestic solid waste production is estimated as 0.5 kg per worker per day (Table V-13). Most workers will be sourced from Dengzhou City, i.e. there will be limited new or additional solid waste generation (compared to if many external workers were recruited). Domestic solid waste of workers will be collected and disposed of through the existing city solid waste collection system.

Table V-13: Estimated Volumes of Solid Waste During Project Construction Number of Projected Recyclable solid Subproject to Be Disposal Workers During Solid Waste Waste (Plastic, Paper) Constructed (kg/d) Peak Season (kg/d) (kg/d) Tuanbei WWTP, pipelines, Rangdong WWTS, Jitan 80 40 4.8 35.2 WWTS Jiulong WSP 50 25 3 22 Sangzhuang WSP 50 25 3 22 Natural drainage management (three 60 30 3.6 26.4 drainage canals) River corridor improvement 60 30 3.6 26.4 Tuan River dredging, 60 30 3.6 26.4 embankmemnts Total 158.4 106

WSP = water supply plant, WWTS = wastewater treatment station, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant.

251. All solid waste will be disposed of at the Dengzhou Sanitary Landfill. The landfill is located in Gaoji Town and has a design capacity of 1.58 million m3. It was built in 2008 with a projected design life of 13 years (until about 2021). The design capacity is 280 t/d. The landfill currently receives about 470 t/d due to the lack of solid waste collection systems in nearby villages and is already close to its full capacity.

252. The risk that the landfill will not have adequate capacity to receive the project waste was assessed as follows: (i) the domestic solid waste to be generated by the project during construction will only represent about 0.06% of the total design capacity of the landfill. This is a very small amount; (ii) the DCG will build a waste-to-energy incineration plant with capacity of 1,000 t/d, under a public-private partnership arrangement. The incineration plant is expected to be operational in January 2021.

253. Mitigation Measures. For the construction sites, solid waste will be managed as follows. (i) Existing domestic waste containers will be used for domestic waste collection at work sites. Domestic waste will be collected on a regular basis by the local sanitation departments and transported for recycling, reuse, or disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant PRC regulations and requirements. (ii) A centralized waste collection point will be established at each project site. (iii) Construction waste dumpsters will be provided at all construction sites. Construction waste will be collected on a regular basis by a licensed waste collection company and transported for recycling, reuse, or disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant PRC regulations and requirements. (iv) Construction and demolition wastes will be recycled and reused, or, in the case of wood, concrete, or rock debris, used for filling and foundations of the project works. (v) Site borrow area and spoil disposal site for station construction at least 300 m from residential areas so as to reduce potential dust and noise impacts from these sites. (vi) Rehabilitate and vegetate spent borrow area and spoil disposal site within one month after closure to prevent soil erosion and dust generation. (vii) Contractors will be held responsible for proper removal and disposal of any significant residual materials, wastes, spoil, that remain on the site after construction.

8. Ecology

254. Typical construction impacts on flora and fauna include the removal of vegetation and the disruption of ecosystem during construction. If present, rare or endangered flora or fauna may also be impacted. However, the construction sites in Tuanbei NewTown District are mixed residential and commercial environments with little or no vegetation cover other than the recently established grasses and shrubs. Other sub-projects are located in rural areas that no wild protected species are known to be present in the project areas based on the site survey conducted during the project preparation (Table IV-13 to Table IV-16).

255. The Tuan River basin is moderate to high in its ecological importance. It supports the moderate ecological diversity and moderate to high abundance of flora and fauna. Impacts of construction may include: (i) clearance of small patches of modified vegetation for construction activities including the embankment along the Tuan River, water supply and wastewater treatment plant constructions, and park construction works in the Tuanbei New Town District; (ii) temporary noise and/or visual disturbance to fauna within and near the construction sites; (iii) water loss due to dredging in lower Tuan River would reduce the habitat size for aquatic plants and species as illustrated in the above sections on baseline conditions.

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256. It is unlikely there will be direct impacts on natural lands or ecological values from site developments in consideration of the following: (i) species richness is low and comprises widespread species; (ii) the areas for construction of the water supply plants and Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant to be cleared are relatively small; (iii) virtually all existing vegetation at the project sites are either farmland or secondary, planted, and/or degraded; (iv) there are no rare, threatened, or protected flora or fauna species, critical habitats, or protected areas, in or near the construction areas; and (v) the project will result in a net increase in vegetation, due to the planned development of greenbelts, construction of additional green parks, and ecological rehabilitation of lower Tuan River.

257. Mitigation Measures. To minimize the impacts of the project construction on flora and fauna, mitigation measures have been developed and will be implemented during the construction of project works. The proposed mitigation measures are summarized as follows. (i) Clearance of vegetation will be restricted to specific construction sites. (ii) Prior to construction, vegetation and habitats will be clearly demarcated as no-go zones for workers and machinery. (iii) To minimize the impacts on the existing wetlands and riverside habitats: a) prohibit construction activities at night; b) avoid water pollution from construction spoils and oil leakage; c) erect warning signs to prohibit horn blowing and garbage throwing from diverted traffic; and d) awareness building and training of construction workers. In all cases, the taking or harming of any wildlife by construction workers will be strictly prohibited. (iv) Cleared sites will be immediately re-vegetated afterward. All re-vegetation will use native plant species of local origin, to maintain genetic fitness and reduce the risk of introducing non-local and invasive species. (v) Since the noise disturbance may have negative impacts on bird breeding, noise and vibration reduction measures, including using low noise equipment near the sensitive areas, will be taken during construction. (vi) To reduce impacts of the construction work on the fauna, contractors and construction supervision companies will be required to follow strict supervision and management to minimize damage to the animal’s and fish’s habitats.

9. Social Issues

258. Most of the park and pipeline construction sites are located close to villages, residential communities and towns in Dengzhou City. The scope of the project works will create some social impacts. Construction may cause unexpected interruption to municipal services in case of unintended damage to pipelines or transmission lines for water, drainage, gas, and/or electricity. The affected traffic by construction would also have an impact on shipping of local agricultural produces and resources out to the urban centers.

259. To meet the needs for skilled and unskilled workers, the project construction will provide employment opportunities for local people, which can benefit the surrounding communities. Opportunities also arise for material supplies and small-scale businesses that cater for the new development.

260. Mitigation Measures. The potential social impacts will be managed as follows. (i) Frequent inspections of facilities during construction. (ii) Consultations with nearby communities before and during construction, as part of the ongoing consultation and information disclosure. Signage will be placed around the construction areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety advice and warnings. (iii) A traffic control and operation plan will be prepared by the contractor in consultation with the local traffic management authority prior to any construction. The plan will include: a) Selection of haulage routes to reduce disturbance to regular traffic; b) Trucks hauling 108

treated dredge spoil to landfill will have light loads (not exceeding 10 t per trip), and fully covered; and c) Divert or limit construction traffic at peak traffic hours. (iv) At all times during construction, safe and convenient passage must be given for community vehicles, pedestrians, and livestock to and from side roads. (v) Temporary and permanent land acquisition and house demolition, including resettlement, compensation, and public consultations, are described in the TrTA documents of land acquisition and resettlement plan (LAR) and poverty and social assessment report (PSAR). (vi) At the end of each day, all sites and equipment will be made secure (through fencing and/or lock-down of equipment) to prevent public access.

10. Community and Worker Health and Safety

261. Construction activities have the potential to cause community disturbance such as traffic congestion or delays, and public safety risks from heavy vehicles and machinery traffic and risk to kids trying to get onto construction sites. Due to its nature, the construction will cause physical hazards to workers from noise and vibration, dust, handling of heavy materials and equipment, falling objects, work on slippery surfaces, fire hazards, chemical hazards such as toxic fumes and vapors, and others. All of the feasibility designs, including for the embankments, drainage channels, parks, bridge, and environmental research and education center, comply with national safety standards for construction and operation, and such compliance is also a condition for approval of the feasibility study reports.

262. Mitigation Measures. Contractors will implement the following EMP measures to reduce risks to community health. (i) Traffic management. A traffic control and operation plan will be prepared by contractor, to be approved by the local traffic management administrations before construction. The plan will include provisions for diverting or scheduling construction traffic to avoid morning and afternoon peak traffic hours, regulating traffic at road crossings, selecting transport routes to reduce disturbance to regular traffic, reinstating roads, and opening them to traffic as soon as the construction is completed. (ii) Survey and protection underground facilities. Pipeline construction activities will be planned to minimize disturbances to utility services. (iii) Information disclosure. Villagers, residents and businesses will be informed in advance through media and information boards at construction sites of the construction activities, given the dates and duration of expected disruption. (iv) Construction site protection. Clear signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, informing people about the project GRM, and warning people against potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, and excavations, and raising awareness on safety issues. Heavy machinery will not be used at night. All sites will be secured, disabling access by the public through appropriate fencing whenever appropriate. (v) Constructor. Provide a clean and sufficient supply of fresh water for construction sites and camps. Provide adequate number of latrines at construction sites and work camps and ensure that they are cleaned and maintained in a hygienic state. (vi) Provide personal protection equipment to comply with the PRC regulations e.g. safety boots, helmets, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, ear plugs. (vii) Emergency preparedness and response plan for accidents and emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies associated with hazardous material spills and similar events. These plans will be submitted to the local EPBs for review and approval. Emergency phone link with hospitals in the project towns will be established. A fully equipped first-aid base in each construction camp will be organized. (viii) Occupational health and safety matters will be given a high degree of publicity to all work personnel and posters will be displayed prominently at construction sites. (ix) All workers will be given basic training in sanitation, general health and safety matters,

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and work hazards. An awareness program for HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases will be implemented for workers and the local communities. (x) Core labor standards will be implemented. Civil works contracts will stipulate priorities to: (i) employ local people for works; (ii) ensure equal opportunities for women and men; (iii) pay equal wages for work of equal value and pay women’s wages directly to them; and (iv) not employ child or forced labor. Specific targets for employment have been included in the project gender action plan. (xi) Guidelines for handling and disposal, including spill responses, are prepared and included in the SEMP. (xii) For residents, next to construction (especially loud noise), ensure residents are aware of the duration and nature of works, potential hazards, and offer to provide ear plugs/dust masks/other basic safety equipment. (xiii) Construct storage facilities (including fuel and oil storage), with bunds and clean-up equipment. (xiv) Fuel supplier is properly licensed and follows the proper protocol for transferring fuel, and complies with JT 3145-88 (Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods). (xv) Ensure sites and machinery are sealed or closed at night and off-limits to the general public. (xvi) During heavy rains / emergencies, suspend all work. (xvii) During the stage of detailed engineering designs, safety measures for operation of each facility will be confirmed and refined as required.

263. It is expected that the risks to community and health safety can be effectively managed through implementation of the EMP, including the mitigation measures, capacity building, inspection, supervision, and reporting.

11. Physical Cultural Resources

264. The project includes one physical cultural resource: a cenotaph of Huo Qubing, located in Guanjun Village, Zhang Town (project subcomponent 1.2.3; Table III-1). Based on site visits desktop review, and discussions with the Dengzhou cultural resources bureau, there are no other known cultural heritage or archaeological sites documented from within the project sites. The nearest known cultural resource is the “Baligang Site”, a national level cultural relics protection site. The site is dated to Neolithic Age, about 6,800 years. Its location is about 3 km from the south bank of Tuan River, covering an area of nearly 90,000 square meters. It is over 1 km away from the nearest planned construction works.

265. Most of the channel and drainage pipeline construction sites are close to villages, residential communities and towns, and the comprehensive scope of the project works will have some social impacts. Construction activities may have the potential to disturb unknown underground cultural relics.

266. Mitigation Measures. The EMP mitigation measures include immediate suspension of construction activities if any archaeological or other cultural relics are encountered. (i) For the cenotaph of Huo Qubing, planned works are to rehabilitate the supporting structure around the monument and do not involve the removal or damage of the monument itself. Rehabilitation works were planned in consultation with the Dengzhou cultural resources bureau and a local school. (ii) The local Cultural Heritage Bureau and PMO will be promptly notified. (iii) Construction will resume only after investigation and with the permission of the appropriate authority. (iv) The clause for protection of unknown underground cultural relics will be included in construction contracts, to ensure that contractors comply with the PRC's Cultural Relics 110

Protection Law and Cultural Relics Protection Law Implementation Regulations in the event cultural resources are discovered during construction. (v) If a cultural artefact is unearthed, construction works will be stopped immediately and the matter will be reported to the IAs, PMO and local Cultural Relics Preservation Bureau. The ADB SPS 2009 requirements as well as PRC laws and regulations will be followed.

E. Operational Phase

1. Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant

267. Air quality. The odor produced in the WWTP is mainly from coarse screen, influent pump room, fine screen, and sludge dewatering workshops. Emissions of odorous chemicals from WWTPs, such as NH3 and H2S, are regulated by the PRC Discharge Standard on Pollutants from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002). The Tuanbei WWTP will be required to comply with Class II odor emission standard, with the maximum allowable 3 3 concentrations of NH3 and H2S at the plant boundary being 1.5 mg/m and 0.06 mg/m respectively through biofilter deodorization device. Based on odor predictions, a buffer distance of 100 m downwind of the WWTP will be adequate to mitigate potential odor impact. There are no residential areas or sensitive receptors within 100 m of the planned locations for the Tuanbei WWTP.

268. To control the impact of nuisance odors emitted from the wastewater treatment plant, the following mitigation measures will be taken. ➢ The treatment units of the coarse grid and the inlet pump house, the fine grid, the aerated grit chamber, the biological pool and the second settling tank are all sealed. The odor is collected and sent to the biofilter treatment system for centralized treatment, and then discharged through the 15 m exhaust pipe. ➢ According to the prediction, after the completion of the project, the protection distance of the project's sanitation environment is 100 m, and environmentally sensitive receptors such as new residential areas, schools and hospitals shall not be planned within the control distance. ➢ Trees have the ability to absorb malodorous gases. In addition to the greening area of the plant to meet the requirements (>30%), it is recommended to plant tall tree isolation belt around the plant to reduce the impact of malodorous gases. ➢ The project site implements three-dimensional greening, and green isolation belts are provided between each structure. ➢ Some wastewater treatment facilities are prone to mosquito and fly problems in the summer. Without affecting the normal operation of the facilities, plant management personnel should regularly carry out tasks of killing mosquitoes and flies. ➢ Solid waste generated in the grid chamber and sludge dewatering facility should be treated in time to avoid accumulation. In the process of sludge transportation, covered or sealed vehicles should be used to avoid contamination and diffusion of odor vapors.

269. Noise. Noise pollution of this project mainly originates from pumps, dewatering machines, blowers and other equipment during operation. The noise source strength is generally 75-90dB (A). Noise can be reduced by 15~25dB (A) through basic damping, distance attenuation, and sound absorption.

270. To control the impact of noise, the following mitigation measures can be adopted. ➢ Motors with a power greater than 30 kW should be equipped with noise enclosures. ➢ The provision of acoustic louver at ventilation fans can provide significant reduction in noise levels. It is recommended that acoustic louvers be provided at the discharge point of ventilation fans with a minimum noise reduction of 10 dB(A).

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➢ The operation room which including ventilation fans and pump should be equipped with sound insulation room to reduce noise. ➢ Increasing the green area of the Tuanbei WWTP will help reduce noise.

271. Solid Waste. Solid waste generated during the operation phase of the Tuanbei WWTP mainly includes domestic garbage, pre-treatment filtered solid waste (“grid slag”) and grit and sludge. According to the engineering analysis, the grid slag production amount is 1095 t/a during the operation period, the grit amount is 328.5 t/a, the domestic garbage amount is 5.47 t/a, and sludge amount is 1800 t/a. The grid slag, grit and domestic garbage are transported to Dengzhou waste-to-energy incineration plant, the sludge (water content <70%) is collected and transported to Dengzhou sludge treatment plant. Compositing process is used to make use of sludge to produce fertilizer.

272. To minimize the environmental impacts of sludge stacking and transportation, the following mitigation measures are proposed: ➢ Sludge treatment and disposal should follow the principle of reduction, stabilization and harmlessness. The sludge treatment facilities should be planned, constructed and operated simultaneously with the sewage treatment facilities. ➢ Strengthen the daily management of the temporary storage of sludge to ensure that the moisture content of the stored sludge is below 70%, reduce the amount of sludge, and ensure that the sludge disposal rate reaches 100%. ➢ The ground of the sludge storage room needs to be hardened and covered with a cover plate to meet the requirements of no scattering or loss. Protective forest green belts should be set around the sludge dumping site to reduce the impact of foul odor on the surrounding environment. ➢ The sludge temporary storage yard should have perfect drainage facilities, and the wastewater should be sent to the sewage treatment plant for treatment and then discharged. ➢ Limit the stacking height of sludge and its temporary stacking time should not exceed 5 days and should be transported to Dengzhou City Garbage Disposal Site in time to prevent mosquito and fly breeding and malodorous gas generation. ➢ Units engaged in sludge transportation should have relevant road cargo operation qualifications. At the same time, sludge transport vehicles should adopt measures such as sealing, waterproofing, anti-leakage and anti-sagging. During transportation, monitoring and management should be carried out to prevent exposure and spillage.

273. Wastewater. The operational wastewater will be sent back to the grid tank. Domestic wastewater produced by working staff in Tuanbei WWTP is 2.88 m3/d assuming 30 staff will be hired and all staff will live in the dormitory. Domestic sewage will be collected and treated by the wastewater treatment plant.

274. Impacts of Effluent Discharge. To assess the impact of cumulative nutrient loading from the effluent discharge of the Tuanbei WWTP, dilution of two most significant water quality indicators, COD and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), was modeled using a 2D river dilution modelling method. The selected model is a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport simulation program that simulates non-steady flow and transport phenomena on a curvilinear fitted grid (Error! Reference source not found.). The bathymetry provided by LDI has been i ncluded in the 2D model.

275. For a conservative assessment purpose, the effluent dilution was simulated for the low river flow condition in a typical dry season to assume a worst-case scenario in which the treated effluent is only slowly diluted. The statistics of daily flow data at Jitan station indicated an average low flow of 3.54 m3/s during January. The simulated flow velocity is approximate 0.06 m/s at the low flow condition (Figure V-15). 112

276. Upon discharge into Tuan River, the pollutants from the effluent discharge are mixed, therefore a mixing zone will appear. The mixing zone is an area where the higher concentration (effluent discharge) is diluted to legal limits for water quality (ambient level). Outside the mixing zone, the pollutant levels shall meet water quality standards (ambient level). The required distance for effluent completely dilution will be quantified by the 2D plume modelling.

277. The latest supplementary water quality monitoring indicated an ambient level of COD and NH3 were 15 mg/L and 0.96 mg/L, respectively. The effluent discharge of COD and NH3 would be 50 mg/L and 5 mg/L, respectively. The required distance for COD level to be diluted from 50mg/l to 15 mg/L was simulated.

Figure V-14: Curvilinear Fitted 2-D Modeling Grid and Bathymetry

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Figure V-15: Simulated 2D Flow Velocity Under Typical Dry Season

278. The simulated downstream concentrations indicate that a 30 m distance is needed for complete dilution. For instance, the simulated COD at a distance of 30 m downstream of the WWTP outfall would be 26.8 mg/L, which is lower than ambient level of 31.6 mg/L. However, the actual distance required to achieve completely dilution is within 20 m to 30 m. This is because 10 m grid size was assigned in the 2D modelling. On the basis of these findings, the risk of the Tuanbei WWTP effluent discharge to local communities and aquatic ecology is insignificant. Table V-14: Simulated Downstream Concentrations (unit: mg/L) Category Concentration downstream Treated Ambient III Water Parameter effluent level Quality 10 m 20 m 30 m 50 m 70 m 100 m quality Standard COD 50.00 15.0 20.00 31.7 26.8 21.3 19.0 14.3 12.6 NH3-N 5.00 0.96 1.00 1.08 0.91 0.69 0.53 0.39 0.21

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Figure V-16: Simulated COD Concentration

Figure V-17: Simulated NH3 Concentration

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279. The pollution pathways that may affect the groundwater include: leakage of sewage treatment facilities and sludge disposal facilities, sewage seepage into groundwater; cracking or aging of sewage pipe network leading to dripping; infiltration after tail water discharge. Therefore, in order to ensure that the groundwater in this area is not contaminated by this project, the sewage pipeline should be regularly repaired and maintained to prevent accidental discharge, and the sewage treatment facilities and sludge disposal facilities should be treated with anti-seepage and anti-corrosion treatment. To carry out the zone prevention and control measures, the sludge pool and dewatering zone, and the sewage treatment zone are the key anti-seepage zones, and the other areas of the site are general anti-seepage zones.

280. Health and safety. WWTP staff are exposed to occupational risks of falls on wet floors or into treatment ponds, pits, clarifiers or vats, splashes of hazardous liquids, or cuts and contusions from equipment. They are exposed to hazards related to work in confined spaces. The following measures will be implemented to safeguard the safety and health of WWTP operators: (i) compulsory use of safety shoes or boots with non-slip soles, protective equipment, and chemical resistant clothing and safety goggles to avoid exposure of skin or eyes to corrosive and/or polluted solids, liquids, gases or vapors; (ii) posting of safety instructions in each workshop regarding the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals; the plant will utilize about 87.6 t/a of PAC, 5.48 t/a of PAM, 328.5 t/a of sodium acetate, and 328.5 t/a of sodium hypochlorite; (iii) check electrical equipment for safety before use; verify that all electric cables are properly insulated; take faulty or suspect electrical equipment to a qualified electricity technician for testing and repair; and (iv) adherence to safety instructions concerning entry into confined spaces. All workers will undergo periodic examinations by occupational physician to reveal early symptoms of possible chronic effects or allergies. Finally, health and safety will be incorporated into the regular staff training programs.

281. Emergency Response Plan. An emergency preparedness and response plan will be formulated and put in place by the WWTP operator before the WWTP becomes operational. The emergency preparedness and response plan will address, among other things, training, resources, responsibilities, communication, procedures, and other aspects required to respond effectively to emergencies associated with the risk of accidental discharges.

2. Water Supply Plants

282. Air quality. The exhaust gas mainly comes from the canteen of the water supply plants. The project is equipped with a staff canteen. The fumes are mainly oiling and fats that are volatilized during food cooking and processing, organic matter and their pyrolysis or cracking products. The amount of cooking fumes produced in this project is 16.8 kg/a. This part of the cooking fumes can be collected by the exhaust fan and then treated by the lampblack purifier and discharged through the special exhaust pipe. The exhaust fan runs for 3 hours a day, the fan air volume is 2000 m3/h, and the concentration of cooking fume is 7.7 mg/m3. The fume purification efficiency is 90%, so the fume emission concentration is 0.77 mg/m3, which can meet the requirements of the Fume Pollutant Emission Standard for Catering Industry (DB41/1604-2018).

283. Noise. Noise will be generated from the pumps and other equipment in the Jiulong WSP, Sangzhuang WSP and four pump stations during the operational phase. The equipment mainly includes pumps, sewage pumps, air compressors and centrifugal pumps. The projected noise level of these facilities range from 75 to 90 dB(A) at a distance of 1 m outside the boundary of the water supply plant. The nearest sensitive receptor is Houwang Village, which is about 50 m from the WSP. The noise level at the plant boundary and sensitive points meets the requirements of Class I Environmental Quality Standards on Noise (GB3096-2008).

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284. To minimize the impacts of noise on the external environment, it is recommended that the project take the following measures: ➢ All high noise equipment is installed indoors. All kinds of water pumps use shock- absorbing bases, flexible joints are used at the inlet and outlet pipes, and muffler is installed at the inlet and outlet of the fan. ➢ The use of various pumping facilities at the same time should be minimized to reduce the noise caused by resonance. ➢ The maintenance and repair of equipment during operational phase should be strengthened to avoid the effects of abnormal friction. ➢ The greening of the plant area should be strengthened, especially tree planting is needed in the areas north and west of the plants.

285. Solid waste. The solid waste generated from the project is mainly sludge, machine repair solid waste, domestic waste and laboratory waste liquid. Sludge, domestic waste and machine repair solid waste shall be uniformly cleared and transported by the local sanitation department, and the laboratory waste liquid shall be entrusted to qualified units for disposal. The solid wastes of this project are collected and properly disposed of and will have little impact on the environment.

286. Water quality. Certain production wastewater and domestic sewage will be produced during the operation of the water supply plants. The production wastewater is mainly sedimentation tank sludge water, filter backwash water and laboratory wastewater.

287. The amount of sludge water generated in the sedimentation tank is about 28 m3/d, and the amount of backwashing wastewater generated by the filter tank is about 720 m3/d. The two parts of the wastewater are to be discharged into the landscape pond (8400 m3). The supernatant is partially reused and partially used for greening. The rest are discharged to the ditches near the plant area, merged into the Paizi River, and finally enter the Diao River.

288. The volume of wastewater produced in the laboratory of water treatment plant is estimated to be 0.3 m3/day. Liquid wastes from the laboratory need to be neutralized before being discharged into septic tanks. Domestic waste and liquid wastes discharged into the septic tanks from the laboratory will be used as fertilizers for the areas adjacent to the treatment plant.

289. Hazardous materials. Operation of the Jiulong and Sangzhuang WSPs will require bleach (sodium hypochlorite) at a dose of 126.8 t/a in each plant for water disinfection. Hazards exist in preparing, transporting, storing and handling sodium hydrochloride used for chlorine dioxide generation. In the chlorination room of water purification plants, there is an environmental risk of hydrogen chloride and chlorine dioxide leakage. These risks will be mitigated as follows: (i) chemicals will be transported and managed in compliance with relevant state regulations on hazardous chemical substance management; (ii) all personnel involved in the transport, handling, and use of the chemicals will be certified as required under national regulations; (iii) chemicals will be stored in restricted-access rooms with certificates procured from the police department and fire authorities; (iv) the chlorination room and chemical storage area will be equipped with automatic alarms, which will be triggered by chlorine dioxide leakage; (v) the duty room will be equipped with gas masks, oxygen breathing apparatus and other rescue materials (in the event of gas leakage); (vi) an emergency response plan will be developed and implemented by the WSP management unit, and will include safety roles and responsibilities and procedures for emergency evacuation.

3. Tuanbei Comprehensive Water Environment Improvement Component

290. This project is a non-polluting project. Upon completion of the project, the constructed green belts and parks can beautify the surrounding environment and improve the local

117 landscape without adversely affecting the environment. The main environmental impacts during the operational phase are automobile exhaust generated by vehicles, traffic noise, wastewater generated by visitors and domestic waste.

291. Air quality. Car exhaust is identified as the primary source of air pollution in the project area. As a result of the combustion and volatilization processes, exhaust gases are emitted to the atmosphere through exhaust pipes of automobiles. The exhaust gases are mainly composed of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Carbon monoxide is produced because of incomplete combustion of fuel in the engine of an automobile; the amount of carbon monoxide produced depends on air-fuel ratio and uniformity of fuel distribution in cylinders. Excessive air in cylinders at elevated temperature leads to the formation of nitrogen dioxide, which is composed of nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Tetrahydrocannabinol is generated by the effects of the wall quench and incomplete combustion of the mixing cylinder. However, the project area has good air circulation, which stimulates the diffusion of pollutants and reduces air pollution impacts to the surrounding environment.

292. Noise. The noise during the operation phase of the project mainly comes from traffic noise. The project adopts mitigation measures such as using low-noise road surface, controlling vehicle speed, and prohibiting whistling near sensitive points, and has less impact on the surrounding environment after distance attenuation and green noise reduction.

293. Solid waste. The solid waste of the project is mainly the domestic waste generated by local residents and tourists. It is estimated that the amount of domestic waste is 1.04 t/d (379.6 t/a). After being collected by garbage bins, it will be disposed of by the sanitation department which has less impact on the surrounding environment.

294. Water quality. During the operation of the project, the number of tourists can be 1040 per day, the water consumption is 30 L/(d•person), and the pollution-producing coefficient is 0.8, so the domestic sewage production is 24.96 m3/d (9110.4 m3/a). The concentration of each pollutant in the sewage is 300 mg/L (COD), 180 mg/L (BOD5), 200mg/L (SS), 30mg/L (NH3-N), respectively. The sewage generated during the operation is treated through septic tanks and then enters the municipal sewer pipe network, which has less impact on the surrounding environment. In addition to tourism-related pollution, the risk that water from the Tuanbei Reservoir might be polluted and enter the project area was also assessed; especially, to assess whether pollutants in the soil of the reservoir site might be released after inundation, thereby flowing down into the project channels and Tuan River. Sampling confirmed that pollutant levels are below PRC and international standards (Section IV.B).

295. Ecology. Upon completion of this project, the greening areas on both sides of the river embankment will be significantly increased, which can improve the local ecological environment quality and enhance the landscape of the local areas. The reconstructed riverbank ecological environment will be improved compared to its current conditions. The project will improve the aquatic environment of the Tuan River, increase biomass and net production, increase biodiversity and heterogeneity, and enhance the ecosystem.

4. Tuan River Ecological Restoration Project

296. The river improvement subproject, non-point source control subproject, river dredging subproject and ecological restoration subproject of the overall project are non-polluting projects. The completed subprojects will beautify the surrounding environment, improve the local landscape, and have positive impacts on the environment. Therefore, the impact assessment is focused on the subprojects of the Rangdong WWTS, Jitan WWTS, and Environmental Research and Education Center. 118

297. Air quality. The exhaust gas generated by the Rangdong WWTS and Jitan WWTS mainly comes from the malodorous gas discharged from the grid, the regulating tank, Membrane bioreactor (MBR), and the sludge dewatering room, etc. The main pollutants are NH3, H2S.

298. In order to minimize the environmental impact of malodorous gases, the following mitigation measures are recommended: ➢ Trees have the ability to absorb malodorous gases. In addition to the greening area of the plant to meet the requirements (>30%), it is recommended to plant tall tree isolation belt around the plant to reduce the impact of malodorous gases. ➢ The project site implements three-dimensional greening, and green isolation belts are provided between each structure. ➢ Some sewage treatment facilities are prone to breeding mosquitoes and flies in the summer. Without affecting the normal operation of the facilities, the plant management personnel should regularly carry out the work of killing mosquitoes and flies. ➢ Solid waste generated in the grid chamber and sludge dewatering room should be treated in time to avoid accumulation. When transporting sludge, sealed and covered vehicles should be used to avoid stench and pollution. ➢ The sludge dewatering room should be sprayed with corresponding deodorizing measures such as biological deodorant. During the operation phase, the operating parameters should be adjusted in time according to the climate and water temperature conditions to reduce the generation of malodorous gases.

299. The exhaust gas generated during the operation of the Environmental Research and Education Center is mainly the organic waste gas in the experimental process, including gaseous pollutants such as acetone, methanol and ethanol.

300. The laboratories of the center are equipped with ventilation equipment, and the exhaust gas generated by the operation of gas chromatography, atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence and other instruments is collected through the universal collecting hood. All operations involving volatile materials should be carried out in the fume hood. The fume hood or the gas collecting hood can collect a small amount of volatile gas, transport it to the activated carbon adsorption purification device through the ventilation pipe, and then discharge it through the exhaust pipe set on the roof.

301. Noise. The noise generated during the operational phase of the Rangdong WWTS and Jitan WWTS comes from the mechanical noise generated by sewage pump, return water pump, sludge pump, blower, screw conveyor and high pressure sludge dewatering machine.

302. To control the impacts of noise pollution to the surrounding environment, low-noise working equipment should be implemented in the engineering design. Noise enclosures and shock absorbers should be added to the outside of the blowers to reduce noise. In addition, high-noise working equipment should be located indoors or underwater to reduce noise.

303. It is estimated that the noise contribution of the Rangdong WWTS to the plant boundary is 35.1 to 48.7 dB(A), and the noise contribution of the Jitan WWTS to the plant boundary is 33.5 to 47.3 dB(A). Both meet the requirements of Class 2 standards on Emisson Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise at Boundary (GB12348-2008). The equipment noise resulting from the operation of the Rangdong WWTS and Jitan WWTS will not have a significant impact on the acoustic environment in the areas near the plant boundary.

304. The noise during the operational period of the Environmental Research and Education Center is mainly the equipment noise generated by the laboratory testing equipment. The

119 noise value is about 65~75dB(A), which is intermittent. The project should select low-noise equipment for the fan, and the testing equipment should be located indoors and placed in the center of the laboratory and subjected to shock absorption. With the mitigation measures in place, the project equipment noise can be reduced by 10 to 15 dB(A). The noise of the center is mainly controlled through weakening noise sources and breaking noise propagation path to control the influence of noise on the center boundary.

305. Solid Waste. The solid wastes of the Rangdong WWTS and Jitan WWTS are mainly grid slag and grit, and the excess sludge produced by the MBR. And the total amount of solid wastes of the Rangdong WWTS and Jitan WWTS are 326.4 t/a and 245.5 t/a, respectively.

306. After the sludge is mechanically dehydrated, it should be transported together with the grid slag and grit to the Dengzhou City landfill for sanitary landfill treatment. Enterprises should set up a special management agency to be responsible for the storage and transportation of sludge. Semi-closed dump trucks should be used for solid waste transportation to avoid secondary pollution. Temporary storage yards for sludges shall be set up in the plant area. The temporary storage time shall not exceed one week. The ground shall be treated with anti- seepage treatment, and structures such as cofferdams and waterproof ditch shall be constructed around the dumping site to reduce the environmental impact.

307. Solid wastes generated from the Environmental Research and Education Center are mainly experimental waste and domestic waste. The amount of domestic waste generation is about 6 t/a, and the amount of experimental waste is about 0.15 t/a. Domestic waste is handled by municipal sanitation department, and experimental waste is collected and stored, and regularly disposed by qualified units.

308. Water quality. During the operational phase, the wastewater generated by the Rangdong WWTS and Jitan WWTS mainly includes the tail water treated by the sewage treatment station, the domestic sewage generated by working staff, and the wastewater generated by the sludge dehydration process.

309. The main pollutants of domestic sewage and sludge dewatering are COD and SS. The wastewater can be collected and discharged into the sump before the coarse grid through the sewage pipe in the plant and treated together with the urban sewage. Because the amount of wastewater discharged from the plant is small and the concentration is low, there is basically no impact on the influent concentration of the project.

310. The wastewater of the Environmental Research and Education Center during the operation period are mainly domestic sewage and laboratory wastewater. The amount of domestic sewage is 960 m3/a, and the amount of laboratory wastewater is 135 m3/a. Domestic sewage and experimental waste should be entered the septic tank for pretreatment and discharged into the municipal sewage pipe network after reaching the Class III standard of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996). All the sewage from the center would be discharged into the Denghzou No.1 sewage treatment plant and discharged into Tuan River after meeting the Class 1A standard of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002). Upon completion of the Tuanbei WWTP, the final wastewater of the Environmental Research and Education Center would be discharged into the Tuanbei WWTP via the urban sewage pipe network.

5. Environmental Research and Education Center and Tuan River Bridge

311. The designs for the environmental research and education center meet national safety standards for construction and operation. This includes the installation of water sprinklers and on-site fire extinguishers (in the event of fire), on-site first aid kit, and established fire exits. The designs for the bridge (Table III-1) comply with the PRC’s bridge safety design standard, 120 including flood protection to 100-year recurrence interval; seismic protection to grade 7; and adequate lightning.

6. Pilot Solid Waste Management in Rangdong Town

312. The pilot solid waste management subproject in Rangdong Town include the treatment of vegetable and fruit wastes generated in an agricultural market by a biological reactor. The liquid effluent from the bioreactor will be further treated in the Rangdong WWTS and the residues from the biological reactor will be disposed of as residual sludge.

313. All workers shall be equipped with necessary personnel protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and safety glasses and be properly trained and fitted for using the equipment.

7. Non-point Source Pollution

314. Shelterbelt forest in Xingshan, riverside greenbelt and green park will require intensive management during the establishment phase and sylvicultural management later. Possible operational impacts will arise from fertilizer and pesticide uses, resulting in nutrient rich or contaminated runoff water from irrigation.

315. The capacity building component has a sub-component to address this. The EMP programs for training will include sylvicultural and integrated pesticide management. The training will emphasize on techniques of low chemical use. In addition, under the project output 3, the institutional capacity building will include consultants to assist the DCG in developing riverside green land management planning. At a smaller scale, the application of fertilizers and pesticides for the project greenbelts will utilize only low-toxicity, biodegradable pesticide.21 Pesticides listed as hazardous or for restricted use will be prohibited.22

8. The Middle Route of SNWTP Impact to Hydrology in Tuan River Basin

316. On December 12, 2014, the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) was completed. A schematic of the Middle Route of the SNWTP in Dengzhou is shown in Figure V-18.

317. There are 600 million cubic meters of water diverted to the Dengzhou Yindan Irrigation District every year from the No.1 gate of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. The Yindan Irrigation District covers 16 townships in Dengzhou City, involving 88,200 hectares of irrigated area in Dengzhou City and 55% of cultivated land areas of Dengzhou City. This provides a good condition for water resources, agriculture and aquaculture uses in Dengzhou City. Due to the unbalanced water resource allocation, the water is mainly used for seasonal farmland irrigation while the rest is wasted and discharged to Hubei Province via Paizi River.

21 Pesticides recommended by Ministry of Agriculture: List of main varieties of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides used in crop production (2016). 22 http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/ZZYGLS/201709/t20170911_5810706.htm

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Figure V-18: Schematic Diagram of the Middle Route of the SNWTP

318. The current water allocation of the middle route of the SNWTP and its impact to the Tuan River Basin were assessed through the application of watershed model, Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)23 model, which was used to model the hydrological characteristics of the Tuan River Basin.

319. The SWAT is a small watershed to river basin-scale model used to simulate the quality and quantity of surface and ground water to predict the environmental impacts of land use, land management practices, and climate changes. SWAT is widely used in assessing soil erosion prevention and control, non-point source pollution control and regional management in watersheds. The purpose of SWAT watershed modelling is to develop a broader picture of Tuan river basins’ hydrology with respect to water budgeting, IWRM, spatial development, land-use change and climate change impact.

320. Figure V-19 shows the hydrological analysis methodology used in the SWAT model. The spatial heterogeneity of the study area is established by dividing the large-scale watershed into sub-basins. Each sub-basin is further discretized into a series of hydrologic response units (HRUs), which are unique in soil and land-use combinations. Soil water content, surface runoff, nutrient cycles, sediment yield, crop growth and management practices are simulated for each HRU and then aggregated for the sub-basin by a weighted average. Physical characteristics, such as slope, reach dimensions, and climatic data are considered for each sub-basin.

321. Having been calibrated, the SWAT model was used to evaluate water-yield and pollution-yield in the Tuan River Basin with the incorporation of pollution source and meteorological data for the period from 2007 to 2012. Several model runs were conducted, including 1) spatial distribution of water-yield flux in Tuan River Basin; 2) analysis of water balance in Tuan River Basin; 3) analysis of spatial runoff characteristics in Tuan River Basin; 4) the middle route of SNWTP impact to hydrology in Tuan River Basin; 5) sediment and

23 https://swat.tamu.edu/ 122 pollution flux in Tuan River Basin; 6) pollution reduction by the project interventions; 7) agricultural non-point source pollution under different fertilization scenarios; and 8) the impact of climate change and land use/cover change on water yield in Tuan River Basin.

322. To evaluate the impacts of the middle route of SNWTP to the hydrologic systems in the Tuan River Basin, three scenarios were set up for comparative analysis, including 1) Scenario 1: no SNWTP for the irrigation; 2) Scenario 2: with SNWTP for the irrigation; 3) Scenario 3: portions of SNWTP for the irrigation. The water flux maps and results of these scenarios are shown in Figure V-20 and Table V-15, respectively. Based on the current water conservancy facilities in Dengzhou City, the SNWTP has delivered water to Dengzhou City, which has a small impact on the water resources of the Tuan River Basin.

323. The quantity of water in the Tuan River Basin including surface water and groundwater is not increased significantly. A portion of water diverted by the SNWTP to the urban region of the Dengzhou city becomes groundwater. The level of groundwater will increase due to recharge by the water diversion from the SNWTP. .

Figure V-19: SWAT Model Input Data and Processing

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Figure V-20: Spatial Water Flux Map of The Tuan River Basin under Three Scenarios (The Amount of Change is based on The Amount of Water in Scenario 1)

Table V-15: Water Yield in The Tuan River Basin under Three Scenarios Scenes Water Yield /mm Average Flow Surface Water Yield/ mm Groundwater Yield/ mm Scenario 1 168.35 25.2 95.12 28.42 Scenario 2 182.39 29.9 105.43 32.21 Scenario 3 171.43 26.5 96.82 29.81 Change - - - - (based on the amount 8% 19% 11% 13% of water in 2% 5% 2% 5% Scenario 1)

9. Tuanbei New District Ecological Water Improvement Project

The project is located at Tuanbei New Town District on the north side of Tuan River in the central city of Dengzhou. Tuanbei reservoir is being built on the Jiangshi River in Tuanbei New Town District to supply water sources to the drainage systems in the Tuanbei New Town District. Three channels will be constructed under the project in 124

the Tuanbei New Town District, namely, Water Diversion Canal, Drainage Open Channel and Weiming Channel (located in the Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park, see Figure V-21). The estimated water demand of the three channels in Tuanbei New Town District is shown in

324. Table V-16. The total ecological water demand of the channel system is 1.634 million m3, and the annual runoff of the Tuanbei reservoir is 21.4 million m3, which meets the water supply demand.

325. Based on the simulation results of the SWAT model, the multi-year average water- yield, dry season (December to February) water-yield and wet season (June to September) water-yield in the Tuan River Basin from 2007 to 2012 were calculated and are shown in Figure V-22 to Figure V-24.

326. As shown in the figure of water flux, 80% of water flux in the Tuan River basin is from wet season, to which the Yangzhai basin and the Zhao River basin contribute, 41% and 31%, respectively. The ecological water demand of the constructed drainage channels in the Tuanbei New Town District under the project accounts for less than 1% of the total water resources in the Tuan river basin, which indicates that the project works has little impact on the overall water resources of the Tuan River basin.

Figure V-21: Layout of Water System in Tuanbei New District

Table V-16: Water Demand for Ecological Landscape of Water System Water Water Water Total water Evaporation Seepage Name surface area volume change volume (104 m3) (104 m3) (104 m2) (104 m3) (104 m3) (104 m3) Water Diversion Canal 6.4 5.5 4.2 1.4 60.5 72.4 Drainage Open Channel 2.5 2.3 1.6 0.5 25.3 30 Weiming Channel 5 4.7 3.25 1.1 51.7 61 Total 13.9 12.5 9 2.9 137.5 163.4

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Figure V-22: Schematic of Multi-years Average Water Flux

Figure V-23: Schematic of Dry Season (Dec-Feb) Water Flux

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Figure V-24: Schematic of Wet Season (Jun-Sep) Water Flux

10. Improvement of Tuan River Water Quality

327. Eutrophication and its associated ecological effects are increasing concerns in the Dengzhou City. A large amount of nutrient addition to the surface waters results in highly dynamic ecosystems, which can lead to undesired changes in aquatic systems and affect daily lives of citizens in the city. Therefore, a water quality model was developed to identify the drivers and contributors of potential water quality problems in the Tuan River.

328. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) is a modeling tool designed to simulate contaminate fate and transport in surface waters. As a reliable and tested model, WASP has been utilized in numerous studies in the past to predict the outcomes of excessive contaminates in the aquatic system. In this case, the objective of the model simulation is to evaluate the impacts of the point and nonpoint pollution upstream to the water quality downstream of the Tuan River.

329. To narrow down the scale of the project, the Tuan River was divided into five segments based on the entry points of tributaries and landmarks. The first segment starts from the YangZhai Station and ends at the entry point of ZhiYu River; the second segment includes the distance from the entry point of ZhiYu to the Highway S240; the third segment goes from the Highway S240 to the entry point of Chu River; the fourth segment incorporates the distance from the entry point of Chu River to the starting point of the Project; the fifth segment begins with the starting point of the Project and ends at the Jitan Station. The total distance from the YangZhai Station to the JiTan station is approximately 64,400 meters.

330. To apply the compartment modeling approach for the WASP modeling tool, each segment was divided into various small compartments with different section lengths of 500, 100 and 50 meters. As a result, the total number of compartments in the WASP setup procedure is 573. The water quality in those compartments with small section length was more closely monitored than those compartments with high section length during the modeling stage;

127 the small section length was utilized with the intention to amplify the change of concentration for contaminants in specified compartments.

331. The SWAT model was utilized to obtain hydraulic conditions associated the watershed in the DengZhou City. The outputs from SWAT — hydraulic parameters for the mainstream and tributaries— were entered into the hydrodynamic module of the WASP. The EUTRO sub- model of WASP contains kinetic routes to model nutrient dynamic, chemical dynamic and phytoplankton dynamic in surface waters. Used simultaneously with stand-alone hydrodynamic module, the basic EUTRO module simulates the movement and transformation of major environmental parameters: dissolved oxygen, BOD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and ammonia.

332. A wide range of inputs was entered into the EUTRO sub-model to simulate the environmental conditions in the mainstream — Tuan River. It is also known that some undefined inputs would not be used in the model calculation, while some undefined inputs would default to acceptable values.

333. After gathering and compiling environmental data from the PMO, the boundary conditions of tributaries and point source pollution were entered with regard to each parameter with the unit of mg/L. The flow rates for all the inflows of point pollution are assumed to 1000 m3/day, which referred to the data provided by local municipal officers. In addition, non-point pollution generated by various counties is also taken into consideration in the model.

334. During the model calibration and verification stage, modeled BOD measures produced by WRDB were compared primarily with BOD concentrations from the Ji Tuan Station. In the summer season, modeled results match observed values fairly well; the probability distribution from 5 to 95 percentiles of the data seems to be appropriate.

335. Existing Conditions. Simulated data was analyzed to access pollution levels in the river; the mean value of dissolved oxygen is 3.930 mg/L; the mean value of total BOD is 4.715 mg/L; the mean value of total phosphorus is 0.354 mg/L; the mean value of total nitrogen is 6.818 mg/L the mean value of ammonia is 0.259 mg/L.

336. Construction of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. The modelling results show that all the criteria of water quality in Tuan River will be improved significantly after the construction of the Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant and affiliated facilities, especially for the nutrient parameters. The percent of decrease for total phosphorus concentration is 19.9%, and that of total nitrogen concentration is 19.68%. The wastewater treatment by the Tuanbei WWTP was predicted to result in 15.5% decrease of BOD concentration in Tuan River at the JiTan cross section.

337. The modeling results justify the importance of constructing the Tuanbei WWTP. After treatment, the mean values of water quality parameters are as follows: 4.268 mg/L for dissolved oxygen, 3.982 mg/L for total BOD, 0.283 mg/L for total phosphorus; 5.476 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.164 mg/L for ammonia.

338. Results of Ecological Dredging. The water quality modelling results show that the proposed dredging in lower Tuan River will enhance water quality in the Tuan River to a certain degree. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the river was predicted to reduce by up to 12.89%, while BOD concentration can be reduced by 8.11%. The concentration of dissolved oxygen will also increase slightly by 2.30%.

339. The modeling results indicate that the proposed sediment dredging is beneficial for water quality improvement in the Tuan River. The predicted mean values for water quality parameters after removing the sediment are as follows: 4.042 mg/L for dissolved oxygen, 128

4.276 mg/L for total BOD, 0.353 mg/L for total phosphorus, 6.816 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.226 mg/L for ammonia.

340. Overall Performance of the project. It can be concluded that the project provides direct benefits to water quality improvement on a broad-scale. The overall percentage of reduction is 74.85% for BOD5, 45.15% for total phosphorus, 29.46% for total nitrogen concentration, and 59.40% for ammonia nitrogen concentration. The resultant mean concentrations are 4.417 mg/L for dissolved oxygen, 1.186 mg/L for total BOD, 0.194 mg/L for total phosphorus, 4.809 mg/L for total nitrogen and 0.105 mg/L for ammonia.

11. Flood Risk Assessment

341. The Tuan River is the largest river that flows through the urban area of Dengzhou City. The increasing exploitation of the river has given rise to a variety of issues, such as insufficient height of riverbanks, discontinuous levees and poor quality of existing levees. It is known that the majority of levees has sandy soil foundation, which can be vulnerable during extreme storm events. As a consequence, the concave banks of the river are scoured seriously, and the riverbanks are even cut vertically and collapsed partially after the flood. On the other hand, riverbeds and the front of rubber dams in some river sections are seriously silted, with a serious problem of disorder and excessive excavation in the river course by local masses, resulting in sand dunes and bunkers everywhere.

342. The flow capacity of the river and the flood control and disaster mitigation capacity of the river banks are reduced. Consequently, there are floods of varying degrees across the levees almost every year during flood season, causing flooding of residential houses and arable land, seriously threatening the safety of life and property of residents on both sides of the river. A hydraulic modelling (coupling of 1D and 2D model) was applied to simulate the flood levels in Tuan River and through flood mapping to assess the vulnerability under typical recurring floods.

343. Three modeling scenarios with the return periods of 1 in 20yr, 1 in 50yr, and 1 in 100yr were conducted through hydraulic modeling; the discharge rates in the upstream part of the river during flood events are 2,890 m3/s, 3,745 m3/sec and 4,297 m3/s correspondently. The upstream boundary condition is the flow rate associated with each return period (i.e., 1 in 20yr), while the downstream boundary condition is the surface water level for each return period. A series of annual maximum flood data were collected (from year 1952 to year 2017) to determine discharges rates for different return periods.

344. Simulated longitudinal flood levels along the river for flood events (1 in 20yr, 50yr, and 100yr) were compared with the elevations of existing levees to predict whether flooding/overflow would occur at specific locations of the river. Thus, with the results of longitudinal flood levels at each cross-section, a two-dimensional (2-D) planar map was generated to reveal the projected flooding extents under various flood return periods.

a. Current Flood Risk

345. 1 in 20yr flood. The existing levee banks of lower Tuan river cannot fully cater for the design flood with 1 in 20yr return period, with a large number of households and a large area of farmland affected. Since the levee banks along Tuan River are much higher than the elevation of the farmland areas outside the levee, overflows at any section of the levee bank section that cannot meet the flood control standard, will result in flooding to the whole riverside region.

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346. 1 in 50yr flood and 1 in 100yr flood. The lower Tuan River cannot comply with such design flood events, especially at the upper reach of the 13.8 km section of Tuan River. Both flood events will result in spills over the river banks to farmland areas and villages.

Figure V-25: Existing Flood Extents and Affected Household under 1 in 20yr, 50yr and 100yr Flood Events

b. Project Interventions to Alleviate Flood Risk

347. Upon completion of embankment reinforcement/heightening, the levee banks will have capacity to cater for all the 1 in 20yr flood events while still failing to contain more extreme events such as 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr flood events.

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Figure V-26: Comparison of Flood Extents and Affected Household between Existing condition and after Construction under 1 in 20yr Flood Event

c. Impact of Climate Change

348. With the effects of climate change, it was predicted through modelling that even after levee construction, Tuan River still cannot fully contain a 1 in 20yr flood, and flood spills were predicted to occur at the some sections of the lower Tuan River.

Figure V-27: Comparison of Flood Extents and Affected Household between Existing Condition and Climate Change under 1 in 20yr Flood Event

d. Vulnerability Assessment

349. With the impact of various flood events (1 in 20yr, 1 in 50yr, 1 in 100yr return periods) under various conditions (existing condition, project intervention and climate change) to the 13.8km section of Tuan River via generating flood mapping, the impact of floods to affected household, population, area of farmland and possible property losses was analyzed.

350. The affected population under various condition were calculated based on the number of affected households, with an assumption of the population per household to be 3.5. The property loss includes the loss caused by household damage and farmland damage. In terms of household property loss, it is assumed that the housing area of each household along Tuan River is 175 m2, and its structure is brick-cement structure, with a value of 600 Yuan/m2, so the property loss caused by household damage can be generated. In terms of farmland property loss, since the damage of farmland will affect the annual output of the farmland, it is assumed that the annual output value of the farmland to be 1,500 Yuan/mu, so that the property loss caused by crop failure can be estimated. All the unit price/loss were quoted from the Chongqing Longxi River Basin Integrated Flood and Environmental Risk Management Project.

351. Affected household, population, area of farmland and possible property losses for each condition under 1 in 20yr, 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr return periods are summarized as follow:

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➢ Current condition: the existing levee bank cannot fully cater for a 1 in 20yr flood event, resulting in 1,361 household, 4,764 population and 16,166 mu of farmland affected, leading to a property loss of 142.91 million yuan, which includes the property loss caused by both household damage and crop failure.

Flood events with 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr return period may cause 2,150 household and 2,692 household affected, respectively, with 7,525 and 9,422 people affected respectively. In addition to the damage of farmland, the total property loss under 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr flood events will be 264.15 and 340.43 million yuan in total, respectively.

➢ Post project intervention: since the levee bank after construction (spot embankment reinforcement and heightening) with a design standard of 1 in 20yr can cater for 1 in 20yr flood event, no overflow will occur under this situation, resulting in no household nor farmland damage. Hence, the construction of levee bank can help protect 1,361 houses and 16,166 mu of farmland, preventing a property loss of 142.91 million yuan, achieving 100% reduction to affected farmland and property loss.

On the other hand, the constructed levee banks will not meet the standards to cator for 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr flood events. A flood event with 1 in 50yr return period will cause 2,047 households, 7,165 people and 24,950 mu of farmland affected, with a property loss of 252.36 million yuan. For destructive flood event, such as 1 in 100yr, the constructed levee of Tuan river cannot meet the standard, during which 2,588 household, 9,058 people and 37,900 mu of farmland will be affected, accompanying with property loss of 328.59 million yuan.

➢ Climate change: With the climate change effect included, a flood event with 1 in 20yr return period will cause negative influence on the riverside region, with 2,015 households and 7,053 people affected and a property loss of 248.17 million yuan. With regards to 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr flood events, both will cause large impacts to the riverside region. For a 1 in 50yr flood event, 2,580 household, 9,030 people and 36,288 mu of farmland were predicted to be affected, with a property loss of 325.33 million yuan. For a 1 in 100yr event with climate change, the damage will be more severe, leading to a property loss of 419.49 million yuan.

Table V-17: Affected Household, Population, Area of Farmland and Property Loss for Each Condition under Each Occurring Flood Event 1 in 20yr flood 1 in 50yr flood 1 in 100yr flood Scenarios Affected items return period return period return period Household 1,361 2,150 2,692 Population 4,764 7,525 9,422 Existing condition Area of farmland (mu) 16,166 25,600 38,512 Property loss 142.91 264.15 340.43 (million yuan) Household 0 2,047 2,588 Population 0 7,165 9,058 After construction with 1 Area of farmland (mu) 0 24,950 37,900 in 20yr standard Property loss 0 252.36 328.59 (million yuan) Household 2,015 2,580 3,215 Climate change Population 7,053 9,030 11,253 (after construction) Area of farmland (mu) 24,399 36,288 54,613 132

1 in 20yr flood 1 in 50yr flood 1 in 100yr flood Scenarios Affected items return period return period return period Property loss 248.17 325.33 419.49 (million yuan) Note: 1. Assume the population per household to be 3.5. 2. Assume the housing area of each household along Tuan River to be 175 m2. 3. Assume the structure of households along Tuan River to be brick-cement structure, with a value of 600 Yuan/m2. 4. Assume the annual output value of the farmland to be 1,500 Yuan/mu 5. Property loss includes the loss from household damage and farmland damage.

352. Table V-18 shows the summary of reductions on affected household, population, area of farmland and property owing to levee construction with a 1 in 20yr standard. For a 1 in 20yr flood event, 100% reduction can be achieved to affected farmland and property loss since there is no overflow, which helps protect 16,166 mu of farmland and save 142.91 million yuan. For flood events with 1 in 50yr and 1 in 100yr return period, since the levee bank was planned to be constructed with a 1 in 20yr standard, the flood reduction effects are not obvious to such extreme events, but small reduction can still be detected to some extent.

Table V-18: Reduction of Affected Household, Population, Area of Farmland and Property Loss between Existing Condition and after Construction Flood return After construction Affected items Existing condition Reduction (%) period (1 in 20yr standard) Household 1,361 0 100.00 Population 4,764 0 100.00 1 in 20yr Area of farmland (mu) 16,166 0 100.00 Property loss 142.91 0 100.00 (million yuan) Household 2,150 2,047 4.79 Population 7,525 7,165 4.78 1 in 50yr Area of farmland (mu) 25,600 24,950 2.54 Property loss 264.15 252.36 4.46 (million yuan) Household 2,692 2,588 3.86 Population 9,422 9,058 3.86 1 in 100yr Area of farmland (mu) 38,512 37,900 1.59 Property loss 340.43 328.59 3.48 (million yuan) Note: 1. Assume the population per household to be 3.5. 2. Assume the housing area of each household along Tuan River to be 175 m2. 3. Assume the structure of households along Tuan River to be brick-cement structure, with a value of 600 Yuan/m2. 4. Assume the annual output value of the farmland to be 1,500 Yuan/mu 5. Property loss includes the loss from household damage and farmland damage.

e. Discussion

353. The key objective of these river works is to maintain or improve water quality and flood carrying capacity of Tuan River. The simulated results of hydraulic flood model reveal that the constructed levee banks can cater for all the 1 in 20yr flood events, which help protect 16,166 mu of farmland, preventing a property loss of 142.91 million yuan, upon completion of the embankment works.

354. In conclusion, the construction of levee banks of lower Tuan river is beneficial to the lower Tuan River region, reducing the possible negative effects to the local households and farmlands under various flood events.

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12. River Morphological Assessment

355. Erosion and silting trend of embankments at various reaches of Tuan River were investigated via comparing Google Earth images of different years. It is found that during the past few years, most of the concave banks show an erosion trend while most of the convex banks show a silting trend.

356. Figure V-28 reveals the erosion trend of concave bank at upper reach of Tuan River by comparing the Google Earth image of 2014 and 2017. As shown in the Google Earth image, comparing to year 2014, the northern embankment of Tuan River was eroded, widening the river valley, the bank slope stratum of the lower Tuan River is double-layer structure, the upper part of which is heavy silt loam while the lower part is sand with thin layer of clay. Due to the poor anti-scouring ability of sand, under the scouring of flood during flood season, the concave bank is eroded seriously, with bank slope gradually receding. For a long time, the river channel is lack of management, with uneven river bed topography and strong soil permeability, which cause direct scouring by the flood. In addition, the disorder and excessive excavation in the river course by local masses also resulted in bunkers everywhere.

357. Figure V-29 shows the silting trend of convex bank at lower reach of Tuan River by comparing the Google Earth image of 2012 and 2014. It is found that the convex bank of Tuan River was seriously silted in 2014 compared to 2012, where a floodplain was formed, resulting in the reduction of flow capacity of the Tuan River and the reduction of flood control and disaster mitigation capacity of the river bank. Therefore, it is more likely to cause floods of varying degrees across the levees during flood season, leading to flooding of residential houses and arable land, seriously threatening the safety of life and property of residents on both sides of the river as well as the development of regional national economy.

358. The project interventions will not disturb the Tuan River morphological process. Moreover, the dredging in project will be beneficial to addressing such silting issue, relieving the silting trend of convex and increasing the flow capacity, flood control capacity and disaster mitigation capacity of Tuan River.

Figure V-28: Erosion Trend of Concave Bank at Upper Reach of Tuan River

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Figure V-29: Silting Trend of Convex Bank at Lower Reach of Tuan River

13. Pollution Reduction

a. Current Pollution Load Projection in Tuan River Basin

359. In the Tuan River basin, non-point pollution from agricultural activities is the primary pollution source to the downstream part of Tuan River. The non-point pollution is mainly composed of fertilizer/pesticide from farmlands, excessive nutrients from improperly managed crops, sediments from streambank erosion, feces from livestock and solid wastes from the surrounding region of the river. Table V-19 presents the summary of current pollution load in Tuan River Basin.

Figure V-30: Illustration of Point and Non-Point Source

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Table V-19: Summary of Pollution Load Projection in Tuan River Basin Pollution Source COD Ammonia TP TN (t/year) (t/year) (t/year) (t/year) Industrial 934.6 583.3 Domestic 2993.4 290.9 37.6 582.2 Livestock 1440.4 70.0 9.4 133.7 Agriculture (non-point source) 4283.2 836.6 104.6 1255.0 Total 9651.6 1780.9 151.6 1970.8

b. Pollution Reduction by the Project Interventions

Methodology

360. The pollution load reduction by WWTP and wetland can be derived from the designated influent/effluent data. The non-point source pollution load calculation is based on the Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs)24. Due to lack of local EMCs studies in Dengzhou City, a literature review has been carried out on the major cities in northern china (Table V-20). The pollution load can then be estimated by EMCs, size of each project intervention (Table V-21), and the local precipitation (723.8 mm) in Dengzhou.

361. The total suspended solids (TSS) concentration has a strong correlation with other common pollutant levels, e.g., COD, TN, TP. The TSS reduction rate can be referred to the China National Sponge City Regulation25.

9 W = S  R  j  C 10 −

362. W is the pollution load; S is the underlying area; j is runoff coefficient; C is pollutant concentration.

Table V-20: EMCs Estimation for Tuan River Basin Urban EMC (mg/L) Runoff Coe Underlying COD TN SS TP Surface 150 6 250 0.4 0.8

Table V-21: Sizing the Underlying of Each Project Intervention Item underlying Size Remarks (m2) Green Corridor Park Green Space 441,840.7 Public green open space, bio-shield Pervious 24,860.5 Pervious pedestrian Pavement Tuan River North Green Space 312,051.9 Public green open space, bio-shield Shore Green Park Pervious 3,527.1 Pervious pedestrian Pavement Water Diversion Canal Green Space 110,265 Greening along the canal Pervious 21,000 Pervious pedestrian Pavement Drainage Open Green Space 56,954 Greening along the canal Channel Pervious 12,056 Pervious pedestrian Pavement Restoration Lower Green Space 1,250,000 Eco-embankment, bio-shield to intercept Tuan River NPS pollution load from cultivated land

24 Butcher, J. 2007. Buildup, washoff, and event mean concentrations. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39: 1521–1528. 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04436.x. 25 http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201411/t20141102_219465.html 136

Pollution Reduction by the Proposed Parks and Associated Drainage Channels

Table V-22: Pollution Reduction by the Proposed Parks and Associated Channels Item Land use Reduction Reduction in Non-Point Source (%) Pollution (ton/year) COD TN SS TP Green Corridor Park Green Open Space 55% 21.110 0.844 35.180 0.056 Pervious Pavement 80% 1.730 0.069 2.880 0.005 Tuan River North Shore Green Open Space 55% 14.910 0.596 24.840 0.040 Green Park Pervious Pavement 80% 0.250 0.010 0.410 0.001 Water Diversion Canal Green Open Space 55% 5.270 0.211 8.780 0.014 Pervious Pavement 80% 1.460 0.058 2.430 0.004 Drainage Open Green Open Space 55% 2.720 0.109 4.530 0.007 Channel Pervious Pavement 80% 0.840 0.034 1.400 0.002 Total Reduction (ton/year) 104.160 4.170 173.610 0.280

Pollution Reduction by the Tuanbei WWTP

Table V-23: Pollution Reduction by the Tuanbei WWTP Pollution Reduction Capacity Item (t/year) (m3/d) COD NH3-N TP BOD5 Tuanbei Wastewater Treatment Plant 30,000 2,956.5 279.23 29.57 1,699

Pollution Reduction by the Township WWTPs at Rangdong and Jitan Townships

Table V-24: Pollution Reduction by the Township Wastewater Treatment Plant Influent Pollution Load Reduction Capacity Item (mg/L) (t/year) (m3/d) COD NH3-N TP BOD5 COD NH3-N TP BOD5 Rangdong 2,000 300 27 3 152 182.5 16.06 1.82 103.66 WWTP Jitan Township 1,500 300 27 3 152 136.88 12.04 1.37 77.75 WWTP Total Pollution Reduction (t/year) 319.38 28.1 3.19 181.41

Pollution Reduction by the Lower Tuan River Embankment

363. The control sub-catchment of the lower Tuan River is approximate 2,808 ha (Figure V-31). That is, the designated ecological restoration along the lower Tuan River will intercept portion of the non-point source pollution from the sub-catchment.

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Figure V-31: The Control Sub-Catchment of The Lower Tuan River (The Polygon in Cyan)

Table V-25: Pollution Reduction by the Ecological Restoration of Lower Tuan River Control Sub- Non-point Source Pollution Reduction Length Size Item catchment (t/year) (km) (m2) (ha) COD TN SS TP Restoration of Lower 13.8 1,250,000 2,808 1341.4 53.7 2235.7 3.6 Tuan River

Pollution Reduction by Ecological Dredging

364. The estimated polluted sedimentation volume is 207,000 m3 in lower Tuan River. The estimated density of sludge is approximate 1.15g/ml (80% of moisture content). It’s therefore the calculated existing pollution load in lower Tuan River is, organic substance 100kg, TP 378,609 kg, TN 853,062 kg, respectively.

365. It’s assumed that the ecological dredging will lead to 90% of pollution load reduction. The estimated pollution load is show in Table V-26.

Table V-26: Pollution Reduction by the Ecological Dredging Pollution Reduction (ton) Length Volume Item 3 Organic (km) (m ) TP TN / Substance Ecological Dredging of Lower 13.4 207,000 0.09 340 768 / Tuan River

Overall Pollution Load Reduction by Project Interventions

366. The project interventions will improve the rural livelihood, environmental quality, and the Tuan River ecosystem. The pollution load reduction by each of the project interventions are summarized in Table V-22 to Table V-26.

367. Indicated in Table V-27, the project interventions will lead to an overall pollutant reduction in Tuan River basin, e.g., 48% of COD load reduction, 30% of NH3, and 25% of TP. 138

For instance, the breakdown of COD reduction by ADB project interventions can be referred to Figure V-32.

Table V-27: Overall Pollution Reduction by the Project Interventions COD NH TP TN Item 3 (t/year) (t/year) (t/year) (t/year) Current Pollution Load in Tuan River Basin 9651.6 1780.9 151.6 1970.8 Reduction by Project Interventions 4721.44 534.3 36.4 408 Reduction (%) 48% 30% 25% 23%

Figure V-32: COD Reduction of ADB Load Project (unit: t/y)

14. Stormwater management & Low Impact Development

368. The proposed Dengzhou Green Corridor Park and Tuan River Shoreline Green Park will include the implementation of the Sponge City design and Low Impact Development (LID) approach in the engineering design. A variety of practices that mimic or preserve the natural drainage processes will be adopted in the parks for effective stormwater management, such as rain garden, vegetated swale, sunken grass, etc.

369. The LID designs will help to attenuate the rainwater to reduce the risks of flooding. The LID designs in the project will also help reducing the amount of pollutant-laden stormwater draining into local water bodies; these designs will be beneficial for the water quality in the lower reaches of the Tuan River.

370. The LID works with more pervious ground surfaces will also promote the seepage of stormwater into the ground and thus play a positive in recharging the groundwater aquifers in the Tuan River basin as the groundwater in the project areas is over exploited.

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371. Figure V-33 to Figure V-36 show the Sponge City and LID approaches adopted in the project, and a comparison between traditional stormwater management and the innovative LID interventions in this project.

Figure V-33: Concept of Sponge City/LID under The ADB Loan

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Figure V-34: Typical LID Measures in this Project

Figure V-35: Conventional Stormwater Management

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Figure V-36: Low Impact Development (LID) Water Management Strategy by the Project Interventions

a. The Project and LID Benefits

372. Most of the current Tuanbei New Town District is farmland/undeveloped land, with small portion of low density residential/villages (Figure V-37). The rainfall related pollution load or first flush would occur during a rainfall event, lead to most of the pollution load is transported in the initial part of the event discharge volume, and polluted the Tuan River.

373. Stormwater runoff cannot infiltrate through impervious surfaces; it flows through these impervious surfaces and farmlands picking up pollutants along the way. Stormwater runoff, as a part of the surface runoff, eventually enters storm drains or water bodies without any treatment and reduce the water quality in the surrounding regions. The non-point pollution associated with stormwater runoff affects the Tuan River in many ways. First, stormwater runoff can contain nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants from fertilizers before reaching the river. Second, it infiltrates into the ground and can potentially contaminate groundwater, which makes up the baseflow to the Tuan River.

374. It was assumed that a rainfall volume of greater than 10mm per day (and rainfall intensity greater than 2mm/hr) would give rise to runoff. The daily volume of runoff estimated for each catchment was multiplied with the runoff concentrations (Event Mean Concentrations, EMCs) to derive the rainfall related loading into Tuan River.

375. Upon completion of the project (Figure V-39), by adding Sponge City / LID solutions into the two proposed parks, the natural or man-made swales, depressions and vegetated areas capture and retain water onsite, allowing time for water to soak into the soil where it is naturally filtered. The project interventions will provide both environmental and economic benefits to Tuanbei New District and Tuan River ecosystem.

376. Improving water quality. Stormwater runoff can pick up pollutants such as oil, bacteria, sediments, metals, hydrocarbons and some nutrients from impervious surfaces and discharge these to surface waters. Using LID practices will reduce pollutant-laden stormwater reaching Tuan River. Better water quality increases property values and lowers government clean-up costs.

377. Reducing the frequency of flooding events. In communities of Tuanbei area that rely on ditches and drains to divert runoff to Tuan River, waterlogging or flooding can occur when large volumes of stormwater enter surface waters very quickly. Holistically incorporating LID practices reduces the volume and speed of stormwater runoff and decreases costly flooding and property damage.

378. Restoring aquatic habitats. Rapidly moving stormwater from Tuanbei area erodes Tuan River stream banks and scours stream channels, obliterating habitat for fish and other aquatic life. Using LID practices in the two parks reduces the amount of stormwater reaching a surface water system and helps to maintain natural stream channel functions and habitat.

379. Improving groundwater recharge. Runoff that is quickly shunted through ditches and drains into surface waters cannot soak into the ground. LID practices in the project retain more rainfall on-site, allowing it to enter the ground and be filtered by soil as it seeps down to the water table.

380. Increasing aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood. Conventional stormwater management practices are main-made structures mainly comprised of outfalls, concrete channels, fenced basin and pipes. LID, on the other hand, focuses on conservation and on- 142 site natural features to improve water quality. By applying LID approaches in the two parks specified in the project design, the communities around the parks will benefit from increased aesthetic appeal as well as property values.

Figure V-37: Aerial Image of Tuanbei Pilot Area (Blue Arrow Indicates the First Flush into Tuan River)

Figure V-38: The Location Plan of Project Interventions

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Figure V-39: The Photomontage of Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park and Tuan River North Shore Green Park, and the Associated Channels

b. New Town Green Corridor Park

381. In the Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park (Figure V-40), the targeted runoff control rate is to be 90% within the area. This means 90% of rainfall will be infiltrated or on-site control by the LID facilities. The selected LID techniques in the project is shown in Figure V-41.

Figure V-40: Layout Plan of the Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park

Figure V-41: The LID Techniques Endorsed in Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park

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c. Tuan River Shoreline Landscape Park

382. In the Tuan River North Shore Green Park (Figure V-42), the pervious pavement, bio- swale and raingarden are selected.

Figure V-42: The LID Techniques in Tuan River North Shore Green Park

d. Livelihood Improvement

383. In the two proposed parks, different tree species are selected to be planted in the different zones to improve the landscape. All the tree species are native including conifers and broadleaf, fallen leaves, evergreen trees.

384. In the Tuanbei New Town District, it is anticipated water systems within canals and parks will be connected to ensure the water quality of Tuan River by Dengzhou Cultural Heritage Park. An area of 4.42 ha green space will be increased by construction of this park, and 3.12 ha in Tuan River North Shore Landscape Park. The parks will create a suitable place for nature and people, and livelihood improvement will be anticipated.

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Figure V-43: Livelihood Improvement by Project Interventions

385. The Tuan River Shoreline Landscape Park also includes the construction of a connecting bridge of 245 m length (Table III-1), which will extend across the Tuan River to Dengzhou City.

15. Tuan River Conveyance Capacity

a. Current Situation in Tuan River

386. Sedimentation in Tuan River. Sediment is the loose sand, clay, silt and other soil particles that settle at the bottom of a waterbody. Sediment can come from soil erosion or from the decomposition of plants and animals. Wind, water and ice help carry these particles to rivers, lakes and streams (Figure V-44). The continuity in-expedient dispose of urban/rural solid waste and direct sewage discharge from the unsewered area (mainly rural area) have caused serious siltation problems in Tuan River.

387. Polluted sediment. The internal pollution source in Tuan River is the polluted sediment. Tuan river is the receiving water for large amount of domestic, industrial and agriculture pollution. The sediment accumulated massive of nutrients, as well as substantial toxic substance and heavy metal. The internal pollution may be released from sediment during a storm. The two rounds of sediment survey indicated high level of nutrients exist in Tuan River.

388. The particular organic matters deposited into the sediment bed undergo a decomposition or mineralization process, referred to as diagenesis. Dissolved inorganic nutrients in the sediment bed can then be recycled back to water column in the form of sediment fluxes. Nutrients released from the sediment bed and SOD (Sediment Oxygen 146

Demand) can contribute significantly to eutrophication problems, even after external sources have been substantially reduced.

389. Sediment to reduce river capacity. Moreover, sediment in stream beds disrupts the natural food chain by destroying the habitat where the smallest stream organisms live and causing massive declines in fish populations. Nutrients transported by sediment can activate blue-green algae that release toxins and can make people sick. Sediment deposits in rivers can alter the flow of water and reduce water depth, which makes navigation and recreational use more difficult.

390. Sediment depth in Tuan River. The existing averaged sediment depth is approximate 0.2 m in Tuan River. The current estimated sedimentation volume is 207,000 m3 in lower Tuan River.

Figure V-44: River Siltation Reduces the Conveyance Capacity

391. Accumulative sedimentation to reduce the river conveyance capacity. The typical cross-section and the current sedimentation are shown in Figure V-45, and the correlation between water level and sectional cross area in Figure V-46. The estimated river conveyance capacity reduction is approximate 5%-10% by the accumulated sediment.

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Figure V-45: Typical Cross-section of Tuan River and the Polluted Sedimentation

Figure V-46: Typical Correlation of Cross Sectional Area and Water Level in Tuan River

b. Ecological Dredging to Increase River Conveyance Capacity

392. Conveyance capacity improvement. The project intervention, ecological dredging will be conducted along the lower Tuan River with 13.4 km in length. The averaged desilting will be 0.2 m in depth (207,000 m3), which will improve the Tuan River conveyance capacity by 5%-10% in average.

393. Domestic dredging of rivers is generally carried out by conventional dredging to expand the cross-sectional area and improve the flood carrying capacity of river. The dredging of the lower reaches of the Tuan River in this project will be done through ecological dredging for water pollution control in the river.

394. Ecological dredging is a way of implementing environmental protection measures to improve the water quality of rivers by removing sediment pollutants accumulated on the river bottom. Dredged sediments will be disposed effectively to avoid secondary pollution.

Figure V-47: Ecological Dredging / Desilting

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F. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

395. Climate projections. Climate data from Nanyang City (55 km north-east of Dengzhou) was used to develop climate projections for the project due to the lack of longterm data for Dengzhou. Nanyang City is also located in the south-western region of Henan Province and is situated on a large, flat plain with low undulating hills, similar to Dengzhou. Daily (mean, maximum and minimum) temperature and precipitation data over 1961-2012 at Nanyang was obtained from China Meteorological Bureau.

396. Climate change risks were assessed for all project subcomponents based on the output of daily temperature and precipitation statistical downscaling models driven by six CMIP5 general circulation models (GCM), to predict climate changes from 2021 to 2050 under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios. It is projected that annual mean temperature will increase by 1.28°C and 1.51°C under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Annual precipitation suggests an increase of 27.1 mm per year and 31.0 mm per year under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 during the period 2021-2050.

397. According to the projection, the number of extreme hot days (daily mean temperature reached or higher than 30 °C) may increase from 101.6% to 133.0%; the number of dry days (daily precipitation lower than 0 mm) decrease from 2.3% to 2.5%, and the number of rainy days (daily precipitation higher than 50 mm) increase between 58.3% and 67.8%.

398. Daily precipitation changes during 2021-2050 are projected to increase from 37.7% to 51.7% and from 4.8% to 25.4% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively, compared to the period 1971-2000. Currently, 1-in-50 year daily rainfall events are about 212.8 mm. Under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios, the precipitation event of such intensity is likely becoming 318.0 mm and 234.1mm, respectively. This suggests that there is chance for once-every-50-years precipitation events in 2021-2050 to be similar to or even more than the current once-every-100-years precipitation value (246.5 mm) for Nanyang City.

399. The projected temperature and precipitation scenarios results show that mean temperature and number of hot days will obviously increase in the future with high probability in Nanyang, which will lead to enhanced frequencies of heat wave and droughts. Nanyang also has a high risk of experiencing increased total rainfall, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events which likely cause severe storms and floods. Drought events caused by high temperature will increase with high probability due to a dramatic increase in temperature.

400. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The GHG emissions will be generated during operation from the use of energy, including electricity from management offices and operational equipment and vehicles at each subproject. In addition to CO2 emission from the burning of fossil fuels, other non-CO2 GHGs, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), are also contributing to global warming. In this project. Those non-CO2 GHGs are calculated as CO2 equivalent. The total GHG emissions will be offset by carbon sequestration from the establishment of the greenbelts, parks, and constructed wetlands, which will sequester CO2 during plant growth and store carbon above surface and in soils.

401. Annual GHG emissions during project operation (Table V-28) were estimated using IPCC (2011) guidelines and conversion factors and estimates of projected electricity consumption provided in the project Feasibility Study Report. Key electricity demands will from O&M of the Tuanbei WWTP, Jiulong WSP and Sangzhuang WSTP to be constructed under the project: these are estimated to emit 58,873.500, 5,981.868 and 5,981.868-ton CO2e per year, respectively. The other project components (O&M of the channels, pipelines, and embankments) are assumed to require limited electricity consumption. Total emissions from electricity consumption is estimated to 70,837.236-ton CO2e.

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Table V-28: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Operation of the Project Facilities Project Activity A B C D E Total (1000 Conversion GHG Net Electricity use KVA/yr KWh/yr KWh/yr) Factor (GPGGI, Emission 2011) (ton CO2e) 1KVA=0.8KW E=CXD C=A+B KWh=KW*3600 Tuanbei New District 0 0 0.801 0 channels, canals, pipelines Lower Tuanbei 0 0 0.801 0 embankments Tuanbei WWTP 24,000 4,380,000 73,500 0.801 58,873.500 Jiulong WSP 1,600 2,860,000 7,486 0.801 5,981.868 Sangzhuang WSP 7,486 0.801 5,981.868 1,600 2,860,000 Total 88,436 0.801 70,837.236 WTP = water supply plant, WWTP = wastewater treatment plant.

402. In addition to GHG emission from consuming electricity, wastewater is also releasing non-CO2 greenhouse gases such as CH4 and N2O, which are also an important GHG contributing to global warming. The CH4 emission from wastewater without WWTP and with WWTP has been estimated by the equation 6.1 from IPCC (2006). The estimation of CH4 emission from wastewater treatment process is shown in Table V-29, where the values of BOD, TOW (total organics in wastewater) refers to the FSR report. The B0 (maximum CH4 producing capacity refers to Table 6.2 from IPCC (2006) and CH4 correction factors (termed “MCF”; MCF=1, a CH4 correction factor for aerobic decomposition) refer to the case of stagnant sewer before project and the case of centralized aerobic treatment plant after project in Table 6.3. Total annual CH4 emission is estimated to be 499.32 ton CH4 per year before projection and 3.94 ton CH4 per year after project.

403. The CH4 emission from wastewater without and with two sewage treatment stations (STS) (Zidong and Jitan). The constructed wetlands (CW) will contribute to water treatment. Two CW designs will be applied: surface flow (SF) and vertical subsurface flow (HSSF). The CH4 emission of two STSs and CW have been estimated together. The MCF from the CW refer to Table 6.4 of IPCC (2013). The total annual CH4 emission is roughly estimated 58.25 and 1.89 ton CH4 per year without and with two STSs and CS. The total reduction of CH4 emission s 1103.50 ton CO2e after the wastewater treatment project.

404. Emission factor for N2O emissions (EF) without and with WWTP is obtained from Table 6.11 in (IPCC, 2006) and that with STS and VSSF is obtained from Table 6.7 of IPCC (2013). The estimated N2O emission is shown in Table V-30. The total annual N2O emission is roughly estimated to 916.16 and 398.3 ton CO2e before and after wastewater treatment project. Here the global warming potentials used for CH4 and N2O are 25 and 298 (IPCC, 2013). The N2O emission after the project will be largely reduced by 517.86 ton CO2e compared to that before the operation of the project.

405. Solid waste of approximately 15,419.64 ton per year will be generated during the operation of the proposed sub-projects. Treatment and disposal of solid waste will produce significant amounts of CH4. The estimation of CH4 emissions from solid waste is based on the First Order Decay methods and Equation 3.1~3.3 in (IPCC, 2006) and the responding parameters refer to Hao (2015). The total annual CH4 emission is estimated to be 10,279.76 ton CO2e during operation of the project.

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Table V-29: Estimates of Methane Emission from Wastewater treatment Subproject A B C D E F G Wastewater BOD TOW (ton B0 (ton MCF EF (ton Methane 3 (m /d) (mg/L) BOD/yr) CH4/ton CH4/ton emissions BOD) BOD) (ton CH4/yr) C=A*B*365*10(- F=D*X*E G=C*X*F 6) Tuanbei Before 30000 152 1664.4 0.6 0.5 0.3 499.32 WWTP After 30000 152 1664.4 0.6 0 0 0 30000 6 65.7 0.6 0.1 0.06 3.94 Two STSs Before 3500 152 194.18 0.6 0.5 0.3 58.254 and CWs After STS 3500 152 194.18 0.6 0 0 0 SF 3500 10 7.665 0.6 0.4 0.24 1.8396 VSSF 3500 10 7.665 0.6 0.01 0.006 0.04599 Reduction 1103.497 (Ton CO2e)

Table V-30: Estimates of N2O Emission from Wastewater treatment A B C D E F G Wastewater Nitrogen in EF Conversion Emissions Total N2O Total CO2 (m3/d) effluent (ton factor of from WWTP emissions emissions (ton N/yr) N2O- ton N2O -N (default=zero) (ton N2O /yr) (Ton CO2e) N/ton N) into Kg ton (kg N2O/yr) N2O F=BXCXD+E G=FX298 Before 30000 350.4 0.005 44/28 0 2.75 820.44 Project 3500 40.88 0.005 44/28 0 0.3212 95.7176 After WWTP 30000 164.25 0.005 44/28 0 1.29 384.58 Project STS+SF 3500 19.1625 0.0013 44/28 0 0.039 11.66 STS+VSSF 3500 19.1625 0.00023 44/28 0 0.0069 2.06 Reduction 517.8576

Table V-31: Estimates of GHG Emission by Solid Waste during Project Operation A B C D E Total solid CH4 generation potential, Oxidation Total CH4 GHG waste Ton CH4/ ton solid waste factor (OX) emissions Emission (ton/yr) (ton CO2e) B = (MCF* DOC* DOCf *F) D=A*B(1-C) E=D*25 *16/12 Tuanbei New District 379.6 MCF=1 (CH4 correction 0 10.12 253.07 channels, canals, factor for aerobic pipelines decomposition) Lower Tuan River 578.032 DOC=8% (degradable 15.41 385.35 embankments organic carbon in the year of Tuanbei WWTP 9907.97 deposition., fraction. 264.21 6605.31 DOCf=50% (fraction of DOC Jiulong WSP 2277.02 that can decompose 60.72 1518.01 F=50% (faction of CH4) Sangzhuang WSP 2277.02 16/12=molecular weight ratio 60.72 1518.01 Ch4/C (ratio) Total 15419.64 411.19 10,279.76

406. The major mitigation action in the project implementation is revegetation. This will contribute to GHG reduction by carbon sequestration from the establishment of ecological protection forest belt, river protection belt, and planting trees in WWTP and WSPs. The values of areas of the revegetation are described in detail in Table V-32 (sourced from the FSR). An estimate of carbon sink capacity of the tree/plant/grass plantations is applied, using the calculation method of carbon sinks in Section 4.4 of the IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2006). These will reduce GHG emission by 3,682.428 ton CO2e annually.

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407. Annual increase in carbon stock was converted to units of CO2 emission by multiplying the carbon change by -44/12. According to the above progress, the conversion factors are estimated to be -17.095 tons CO2e per ha for the green belts, parks, and wetlands. It can be estimated tree/plant/grass subprojects will achieve 4991.03 tons CO2e of carbon sink per year.

408. In summary, the project will generate an annual net GHG emission by 74530.61-ton CO2e per year, which is less than ADB threshold of 100,000 ton CO2e per year. Based on our calculations, it can be concluded that the proposed project is a low-carbon project.

Table V-32: Estimates of GHG Reduction or Carbon Sequestration by the Project Greenbelts, Parks, and Constructed Wetlands Subproject Area (ha) Conversion GHG Emission Factor (ton CO2e yr) (tons CO2e / ha) Tuanbei New District channels, canals, pipelines 93.98 -17.095 -1,606.59 Lower Tuan River embankments 1.16 -17.095 -19.87 Tuanbei WWTP 117.14 -17.095 -2002.382 Jiulong WSP 1.87 -17.095 -32.05 Sangzhuang WSP 1.26 -17.095 21.54 Xingshan Plantation 71.86 -17.095 1,228.45 Total 4,911.03

Table V-33: Estimates of net GHG Emission by the Project Conversion GHG Emission Total Reference Factor (ton CO2e) Total annual net emissions after the project a Net of Electricity use (‘000 88,436 0.801 70,837.236 GPGGI, 2011 kWh/yr) IPCC, 2006, b Wastewater treatment -1,675.36 2013 c Solid waste 10,279.76 IPCC, 2006 Carbon sequestrated by d -4,911.03 IPCC, 2006 Revegetation (ton CO2e yr) Total 74530.61

G. Indirect, Induced, and Cumulative Impacts

409. Indirect or induced impacts as a result of the project may include greater water use, production of wastewater, and discharge of polluted water into the Tuan River, due to the improved water supply and treatment facilities under the project. These risks are considered low: (i) water allocation quantities have been assessed and confirmed to be sufficient to meet the project needs; (ii) the project interventions will result in improved water use efficiency through the provision of piped water; (iii) the project treatment designs and standards will ensure that highly treated water is discharged into the Tuan River that is one to three classes higher than the current untreated wastewater discharged to the river; (iv) the design capacity for the water supply and treatment plants and pipelines are based on population growth projections for Dengzhou City and its development master plan.

410. The risk of cumulative impacts is also assessed to be low. Dengzhou City is a relatively small urban center and the development of the Tuanbei New District is the largest project of the local government. The ADB-funded project forms part of the larger plans for environmental and economic improvement of the prefecture that is centered around completion of the new district, and, the improvement of public infrastructure for water treatment and supply in nearby small rural towns. Much of the new district has already been completed or is underway: a road 152 network, residential building complexes, and the Tuanbei Reservoir. At the new district, the ADB-funded interventions will help address critical links to enable effective operation of the facilities: the water supply channels, drainage channels, water resources management, and greenbelts. For the rural townships, the water treatment and supply facilities will provide the first treated and piped water for these communities. Overall, the project interventions will help offset the impacts of growing human populations and their needs, aligned with local and provincial development plans, rather than adding new pressures.

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VI. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

411. In terms of the environmental consideration for alternatives, the primary objective was to identify and adopt options with the least adverse environmental impacts and maximum environmental benefits.

A. No Project Alternative

412. The outcome of “doing nothing” would be (i) riverbank scouring and erosion; (ii) limited economic development affecting rural-urban integration and rural revitalization; (iii) unsecured water supply in rural areas; and (iv)continued and increased wastewater flow of wastewater into rivers.

B. Water Supply

413. Water sources. The existing water source is groundwater with high fluoride concentration. The middle route of south-to-north water transfer project is guaranteed in terms of water quality and quantity, and the location of the project is about 7.5 km away from the gate No. 2 of the main trunk canal of the middle route of south-to-north water transfer project. The water diversion project has been completed by relevant departments. Combined with relevant policies and convenient conditions, the middle route of south-to-north water transfer project is the most suitable water source with abundant water and good water quality.

414. In addition to the water transferred from the South-to-North Project, rainwater is an alternative water source that can be used for residential or agricultural purposes. Rainwater harvesting can be applied to residential, commercial and industrial sites. For small-scale residential applications, rain barrels are typically used to provide storage of rooftop runoff. Larger storage tanks and cisterns can be utilized to capture rainwater for non-potable water supply.

415. Pre-treatment of raw water for drinking supply. Options for pretreatment of raw water to be used for drinking water supply include chemical preoxidation (chlorine or chlorine dioxide preoxidation, potassium permanganate preoxidation, ozone preoxidation), biological pretreatment, and powder activated carbon adsorption. The advantage of the chemical pretreatment method is that it is not affected by the water temperature of raw water, and the time and amount of adding chemical materials can be determined based on the water quality of raw water. Considering the low organic pollution of raw water in the "middle route of south- to-north water transfer project", combined with the operation of other local surface water plants, the chemical preoxidation method will be adopted by the project for the new water supply plants, specifically pre-chlorination. In the event that raw water supply would be lower than expected and require additional pretreatment, potassium permanganate pre-oxidation method and powdered carbon would be utilized.

C. Embankment Design

416. Four different methods for regular sections, including concrete grid with vegetation, ecological blocks, ecological bags and grass vegetation as in the Table below.

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Table VI-1: Embankment Method Comparison Factors Option 1: Option 2: Option 3: Option 4: Grass Considered Concrete grid Ecological blocks Ecological bags vegetation Parameters: 30 12 23 thickness, cm Parameters: length, 12.19 12.19 12.19 12.19 m Parameters: 0.658 1.46 2.8 12.19 volume, m3/m Cost, RMB/m2 342 456 493 30 Advantage/Disadva Harmonize with Flush resistant; Flush resistant; Harmonize with ntage natural Stabilized slope; Material easily natural environment; Low earth spill; accessible; environment; no construction Easy to control More greening no construction waste or noise; construction space; waste or noise; less impact from progress and High cost less impact from seasonal weather; quality; seasonal weather; short construction High cost. short construction period. period. Low cost. Lowest cost.

417. The grass vegetation option was selected due to its cost effectiveness, while it also matches the natural based river concept adopted in this project. The grass vegetation covers on the river banks are more permeable than other options. Based on the hydraulic soil groups in the project area, surface flow can easily infiltrate towards ground layers. By reducing surface runoff, less sediment and erosion will occur along the river banks. On the other hand, vegetative cover provides aesthetic values to the project.

D. Dredging Methods

418. Three types of dredging methods, i.e. dry, semi dry and wet dredging were assessed and the dry-dredging method with consideration of the low flow during dry season in the river channel is recommended.

Table VI-2: Comparison of Dredging Methods Wet Dredging Semi-dry Item Dry Dredging Mini-type Cutter Pneumatic Pump Dredging Suction Dredger Dredger Soil Adaptability Good Good Relevant Good Relevant Good Shallow Water Good Good Relevant Good Relevant Good Adaptability Implementation Low Low High Medium Efficiency Flatness of Excavation Poor Poor Relevant Good Relevant Good Errors of Excavation Small Small Small Small Positioning and Moving No No pile, cable pile, cable Mode Loading and manual work or manual work or Pipe Pipe Discharging digger digger Equipped Shipping No No Anchor boat Anchor boat Construction Cost High High Low Low Maintain Cost Low Low Relevant High Relevant Low Shipping Cost No No Relevant High Low Impacts on Large Large Small Small Environment Secondary Pollution Relevant Small Relevant Small Controllable Small

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Technology well- Technology not Other No No rounded refined Source: FSR

419. From the above table, it can be drawn that the dry and semi-dry dredging are more suitable for Small-scale River projects with wider surrounding environment and fewer residents. According to the characteristics of small amount of water in non-rainy season, the dry or semi-dry dredging methods are adopted in this project. Since dredging will be carried out under water, it is likely to cause surrounding environmental pollution during transportation. therefore, sediment can be transported only after it is cleared out of the river by drying.

E. Sewer Pipe Material

420. Two types of pipe materials were compared: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) double-wall corrugated pipe, and reinforced concrete pipe. Reinforced concrete pipe was adopted for drainage pipes with diameter > 600 mm due to lower cost. For drainage pipes with diameter<600 mm, HDPE double wall corrugated pipe was selected due to ease of construction, less scale formation, flexibility, and high resistance to shock, pressure and corrosion.

Table VI-3: Comparison of Sewer Pipe Material Alternatives HDPE Double Wall Reinforced Concrete Item Corrugated Pipe Pipe Roughness Coefficient 0.010 0.013 Corrosion Resistance Good Medium Quality of Pipe Works Hot melt used for pipe connection – The joint is subject to damage; and Maintenance Cost less subject to damage, quality of impermeability is poor. The quality of pipe installation improved. whole works cannot be guaranteed. Maintenance cost relatively low. Maintenance cost relatively high. Length of Unit Pipe 1-6 m 2-5m Unit Price High Low Weight 5% of reinforced concrete pipe Very heavy Environmental Impact Good for groundwater due to less Leakages more likely, resulting in seepage groundwater pollution Service Life 60 years 60 years

F. Wastewater Treatment Plants

421. In recent years, modified advanced oxidation processes improve the efficiency to generate and to use hydroxyl radicals. With the advancement of research of catalysts, oxidation reactions, oxidizing agents and other subjects, advanced oxygen technology has a promising future forward in wastewater treatment industries

422. Currently, advanced oxidation technology can be categorized into seven types: O3 /H2O2; O3 /UV; H2O2/ UV; Fenton technology with the use of light; oxidation reaction induced by ozone; reactions induced by water. After considering utilization and efficiency of the technologies, projects usually choose two types of advanced oxidation technology. The first one is about oxidation reactions induced by ozone by using metal oxidants as catalysts. The range and coverage area of reactions induced by ozone can be improved through electromagnetic fields. The second is advanced Fenton oxidizing technology.

423. Oxidizing Reactions: Use of Ozone Oxidizing Technology. Oxidizing procedures through ozone can be separated into direct reactions between ozone molecules and indirect reactions with hydroxyl radicals; both indirect and direct reactions follow the momentum theory. 156

The ratio of reactants depends on conditions for reactions and oxidation reduction potential (ORP). Since the difference of ORP between hydroxyl radicals and ozone molecules （2.80v/2.07v）. The direct reaction of ozone molecules is selective; bonds that are not fully saturated with electrons are broken first; the efficiency to oxidize some organic compounds like carboxylic acid is relatively low. Consequently, oxidation reactions when only using ozone molecules cannot completely oxidize organic compounds. Indirect reactions between hydroxyl radicals with ozone should be utilized as the major technology to oxidize and neutralize organic compounds.

424. Oxidation reactions induced by ozone molecules utilizes the technique of switching electromagnetic (EM) fields. Through making changes to electromagnetic fields, the composition of water molecules, molecules for organic compounds and ion cloud are changed to adjust physical, chemical and molecular characteristics of wastewater; those changes increase dissolving capability of zone molecules, the reaction time between ozone molecules and organic wastes and the efficiency of catalysts. In the meantime, by switching electromagnetic fields using catalysts, hydroxyl radicals are produced directly. Under the influence of strong oxidizing capacity, long chains of organic compounds are broken, and organic compounds with short chains are generated. These organic compounds with short chains are easier to be disintegrated; some organic compounds are directly oxidized to be carbon dioxide and water molecules during the oxidizing procedures. The removal of remaining organic compounds is achieved through treatment in following units to ensure that COD levels meet the standards.

425. Oxidizing Reaction: Fenton Technology. This technology is used to induce oxidizing reactions through catalysts; a modified form is the Fenton fluidized bed. Fenton is a highly effective oxidizing technology and is based on inorganic reactions. In 1893, chemist H.J. Fenton found that the mixture of H2O2 and Fe has strong oxidizing ability, and it can transfer many organic chemicals into inorganic conditions.

G. Solid Waste Treatment

426. The advantages and disadvantages of various solid organic waste treatment technologies are demonstrated in Table VI-4.

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Table VI-4: Comparison of Solid Organic Waste Treatment Technologies Solid waste treatment Advantages Disadvantages technologies Sanitary landfills Low cost • Occupy a large amount of land • Contaminate ground water, soil due to leachate from food waste with high moisture content • Odor Thermal Energy recovery • Mixed food waste with high treatment moisture content and other wastes results in the decrease of temperature in combustion chamber, leading to the overuse of combustion adjuvant and increased operation costs Bio-Star micro- • Reduce transport costs by CNY350,000/year -- biological • Reduce cost of solid waste treatment by degradation CNY350,000/year • Address leachate leakage caused by multi- level shipments of urban management department; reduce difficulties of cleaning the waste transfer stations and urban streets • Avoid secondary pollution caused by food waste combustion and landfilling

427. Compared with sanitary landfill and thermal combustion methods, the Bio-Star microbiological degradation technique has promising benefits for organic wastes treatment. The Bio-Star method is advantageous because of the economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits it provides.

H. Constructed Wetland

428. For the constructed wetland, comparison between different technical designs and analysis of their characteristics are shown in Table VI-5. Both horizontal flow and vertical flow will be adopted in parallel to demonstrate the functional process of constructed wetland.Error! R eference source not found.

Table VI-5: Comparison between Different Types of Wetlands Type Main characters Advantages Disadvantages Suitable Location Free water Wastewater flows Less investment, Low treatment. Suitable for south flow the surface of easy construction Sanitation poor areas with high constructed wetlands. Water temperature, low wetlands level is shallow requirement Horizontal Wastewater flow Efficient treatment High investment, Suitable for many flow over the bed of and high load of much civil works, places constructed wetlands wastewater. Less constructed wetlands wetlands impact by the weather unstable in within stable treatment, removal of temperature, and N. P is not as good sanitation in good as free water flow condition wetlands. Vertical flow Water vertically Effective treatment High investment, Suitable for many constructed flows to base of bed and high load of much civil works, places wetlands from top to down wastewater. Less restrict requirement impact by weather of construction, within the stable easily induced temperature mosquitoes. 158

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VII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

429. Meaningful public participation and consultation during project feasibility study, design and implementation are important safeguard requirements. The PRC Environmental Protection Law and Regulations on the Administration of Construction Project Environmental Protection (Order No. 253 of the State Council) require that the opinions of organizations concerned and villagers and residents within and near the project sites are consulted. In August 2012, the PRC National Development and Reform Commission issued a requirement for “Social Risk Assessment of Large Investment Projects”, which emphasizes the importance of public consultation in an effective manner and requires that the results of public consultation are clearly summarized in the DEIA report, including the dates of consultations, number of stakeholders, who the affected people are, and the comments received.

430. ADB’s SPS (2009) also requires meaningful public participation, consultation and information disclosure. The process for this project followed PRC law and the SPS, including the following approaches to ensure meaningful consultation: (i) the provision of the draft project designs, safeguard risks, and mitigation measures, in a two-stage approach (at the early and middle stages of the project) to affected communities and local agencies; (ii) the provision of this information through a range of media (website disclosure, posters in public spaces, community meetings); (iii) consultations with communities identified to be potentially affected by the project works and/or operation e.g. through noise or other disturbance; and (iv) a gender-balanced approach.

431. This section describes the public consultations for the environmental assessment, undertaken by the domestic EIA institute and implementing agencies. Consultation included: (i) information disclosure; (ii) questionnaire surveys; (iii) informal visits to villages and households in the project areas; and (iv) public meetings attended by representatives of the affected public and other concerned stakeholders, including a questionnaire survey after the meeting. A social and poverty analysis was also conducted by the TrTA social and resettlement experts based on group discussions with key agencies, beneficiaries, and adversely affected communities, with emphasis on poverty villages and potential gender issues. For the preparation of resettlement plans, information disclosure and public consultations were conducted, by questionnaire surveys, community meetings, and focus group discussions.

A. Information Disclosure

432. Two rounds of information disclosure for the project were conducted during the project preparation by the DEIA institute and IAs in each project district/village with the support by the TrTA consultant.

433. The first round of information disclosure was carried out during the early stage of IEE preparation. The advertisement for feedback about the project was posted on the official website of the Dengzhou City Government26 on January 16, 2019. The information disclosed mainly included a description of the project scope and contact details of the Dengzhou PMO. The second round of information disclosure was undertaken in March 2019 after preparation of the draft DEIA and project IEE, to solicit public comments and suggestions on the preliminary findings of the assessment, including the potential impacts identified, proposed mitigation measures and conclusions. A summary of the IEE findings was posted in March 2019 for 20 working days on village and township government information boards in all administrative centers where the project facilities will be located. This included Jitan, Sangzhuang, Jiulong, and Yaodian towns and Zhanglou County.

26 http://www.dengzhou.gov.cn/portal/hdjl/myzj/myzj/webinfo/2019/01/1547440563556855.htm 160

Sanzhuang Town (Sangzhuang WSP) Jitan Town (Tuan River Rehabilitation and Jitan WWTS

Houwang Village of Jiulong Town Sunzhuang Village of Jitan Town (Tuan (Jiulong WTP) River Rehabilitation) Figure VII-1: Community Information Posters

434. Future information disclosure. Further disclosure will be as follows.

(i) The full text of the domestic environmental assessments will be disclosed on the website of Dengzhou EPB for at least 10 days before approval. Contact information (address, fax, email address and telephone number of Dengzhou EPB) will be provided on the website.27 The public will be invited to provide feedback to Dengzhou EPB within 10 working days after disclosure. (ii) Copies of the domestic assessments are available on request at Dengzhou EPB. (iii) Public notice boards will be set at each work site to provide information on the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site (contractors, IAs), and the project level Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). Contact information of all GRM entry points and the Dengzhou PMO will be disclosed on the construction site information boards. (iv) This final draft project IEE has been disclosed on the ADB website and is available at: https://www.adb.org/projects/52023-001/main. (v) Environment progress and monitoring reports will be prepared on a semi-annual basis and will be disclosed on the project website of ADB at www.adb.org.

27 As of 17 June 2019 the feasibility study report (FSR) was under domestic review for final approval. Per domestic procedures, approval of the domestic EIA occurs after FSR approval.

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B. First Round of Consultation

435. The purpose of the first round of public consultation is to identify residents’ understanding towards the project proposed, to address needs and concerns of residents within the project area and to find ways to better assist women, minority groups and low income families that are affected by the project. In January 2019, TrTA consultants along with 9 investigators visited 22 villages and 11 towns (Table VII-1) in the project area to conduct the first round of public consultation, which is in accordance with the project social survey plan approved by the ADB. The total number of households surveyed is 450, and 448 out of 450 questionnaires are valid; the total numbers of events organized are 18 for focus group meetings (FGM) (Table VII-1) and 30 for key informant interviews (KII).

Table VII-1: Social Survey of Henan Dengzhou Ecological Protection and Integrated Rehabilitation Project Town Sampling Village Questionnaire Survey Public Consultation No. of Effective Workshops Households Questionnaire Dazhuang, Gongjia, 1(Common), 1(Female), Zhanglou Huangzhuang, Dingwan, 100 102 3 1(Low-income) Xiaoding Yaodian Mairendian 20 20 1 1(Common) Rangxi Community, Rangdong 40 40 2 1(Common), 1(Minority) Zhaizhuang Jitan Jitan、Sunzhuang 40 41 1 1(Common) Sangzhuang Sangzhuang 40 40 2 1(Common), 1(Female) Community, Tianying Xiaoyangying Sunzhuangjie 20 19 1 1(Low-income) Wenqv Mazhuang, Haolou 40 46 2 1(Common), 1(Female) Jiulong Houwang, Yaoying 40 49 1 1(Low-income) Zhangbei Community, 1(Common), 1(Low- Zhangcun 40 44 2 Zhangnan Commnunity income) Pengqiao Gaoying 20 16 1 1(Female) Gaoji Yangzhuang, Zhaishang 40 31 2 1(Common), 1(Minority) 4(Female), 3(Minority), Total 440 448 18 (Low-income)

436. Public consultation workshop. The details regarding 18 public consultation workshops conducted during the public consultation are shown in Table VII-2 and Figure VII-2.

Table VII-2: Overview of 18 Public Consultation Workshops NO. Town/Village Time Participants 1 Zhanglou / Dazhuang 2019/01/21 20 2 Zhanglou / Gongjia 2019/01/21 20 3 Zhanglou / Xiaoding 2019/01/21 20 4 Yaodian / Mairendian 2019/01/22 20 5 Rangdong / Rangxi Community 2019/01/22 20 6 Rangdong / Zhaizhuang 2019/01/22 20 7 Jitan / Jitan 2019/01/22 20 8 Jitan / Sunzhuang 2019/01/22 20 9 Sangzhuang / Sangzhuang 2019/01/23 20 10 Sangzhuang / Tianying 2019/01/23 5 11 Xiaoyangying / Sunzhuangjie 2019/01/23 10 12 Wenqv / Haolou 2019/01/23 10 13 Wenqv / Mazhuang 2019/01/23 10 14 Jiulong / Houwang 2019/01/24 20 15 Jiulong / Yaoying 2019/01/24 20 16 Pengqiao / Gaoying 2019/01/24 20 162

17 Gaoji / Zhaishang 2019/01/24 15 18 Gaoji / Yangzhuang 2019/01/24 15

1 2 3 3

4 5 6 6

7 8 9

12 10 11

13 14 15

163

16 17 18

Figure VII-2: Site Photos of Public Consultation Workshops

437. Household surveys. The total number of households surveyed is 450, including 102 households in the Zhanglou Town, 20 households in the Yaodian Town, 40 households in Rangdong Town, 41 households in Jitan Town, 40 households in the Sangzhuang Town, 19 households in Xiaoyangying Town, 46 households in Wenqu Town, 49 households in Jiulong Town, 44 households in Zhangcun Town, 16 households in Pengqiao Town and 31 households in Gaoji Town (Table VII-3).

Table VII-3: Location of Sampling Households NO. Town Households Village 1 Zhanglou 102 Dazhuang, Gongjia, Huangzhuang, Dingwan，Xiaoding 2 Yaodian 20 Mairendian 3 Rangdong 40 Rangxi Community, Zhaizhuang 4 Jitan 41 Jitan, Sunzhuang 5 Sangzhuang 40 Sangzhuang Community, Tianying 6 Xiaoyangying 19 Sunzhuangjie 7 Wenqv 46 Mazhuang, Haolou 8 Jiulong 49 Houwang, Yaoying 9 Zhangcun 44 Zhangbei Community, Zhangnan Community 10 Gaoji 31 Yangzhuang, Zhaishang 11 Pengqiao 16 Gaoying Total 448 22

438. Among 448 surveyed households, 282 respondents are male, and 166 respondents are female. Males and females constitute 62.95% and 37.05% of the total respondents respectively. (Table VII-4 and Figure VII-3)

Table VII-4: Overall Gender Structure of Respondents Gender Subtotal Proportion Male 282 62.95% Female 166 37.05% Total 448

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Male Female

Figure VII-3: Overall Gender Structure Chart of Respondents

439. Gender structures of different sampling towns are shown in Table VII-5, Zhanglou town has the largest number of people, while the gender structures of the Jitan town and the Pengqiao town are relatively balanced.

Table VII-5: Gender Structure of Different Sampling Town NO. Town Male Female Total Quantity Proportion Quantity Proportion 1 Zhanglou 65 63.73% 37 36.27% 102 2 Yaodian 13 65% 7 35% 20 3 Rangdong 28 70% 12 30% 40 4 Jitan 21 51.22% 20 48.78% 41 5 Sangzhuang 18 45% 22 55% 40 6 Xiaoyangying 14 73.68% 5 26.32% 19 7 Wenqv 29 63.04% 17 36.96% 46 8 Jiulong 41 83.67% 8 16.33% 49 9 Zhangcun 19 43.18% 25 56.82% 44 10 Gaoji 26 83.87% 5 16.13% 31 11 Pengqiao 8 50% 8 50% 16 Total 282 62.95% 166 37.05% 448

440. Ethic structure of overall sampling households is shown in Table VII-6 and Figure VII-4. In this survey, the number of households of ethnic minorities is 76, accounting for 16.96% of the total households. The number of households of Han is 372, accounting for 83.04%

Table VII-6: Ethic Structure of Overall Sampling Households Nation Subtotal Proportion Minority (Hui) 76 16.96% Han 372 83.04% Total 448 100%

165

Minority (Hui) Han

Figure VII-4: Ethic Structure Chart of Overall Sampling Households

441. Income structure of sampling households is shown in Table VII-7. Among the 448 households surveyed, 190 belong to poor and low-income families (accounting for 42.41%), of which 39 are registered poor families, accounting for 8.71% of the total. The number of mid- income households is 258, accounting for 57.59% of the total.

Table VII-7: Income Structure of Sampling Households Income Subtotal Proportion Han Proportion Hui Proportion 1.Low-income family 190 42.41% 157 42.24% 33 43.42% Registered poor family 39 8.71% 35 9.4% 4 5.26% 2.Not low-income family 258 57.59% 215 57.76% 43 56.58% Total 448 100% 372 100% 76 100%

442. Baseline demographic characteristics. Total population of sampling households is shown in Table VII-8. The total number of respondents over the entire survey is 2067, and an average number of respondents in each household is 4.6.

Table VII-8: Total Population of Sampling Households Town No. of Households Total Population Per Capita Population Zhanglou 102 457 4.5 Zhangcun 44 200 4.5 Yaodian 20 87 4.4 Xiaoyangying 19 93 4.9 Wenqv 46 207 4.5 Sangzhuang 40 211 5.3 Rangdong 40 169 4.2 Pengqiao 16 68 4.3 Jiulong 49 263 5.4 Jitan 41 190 4.6 Gaoji 31 122 3.9 Total 448 2067 4.6

443. Gender. The gender structure of the respondents is shown in Table VII-9. Out of all the respondents, 1,099 were male, 968 were female, accounting for 53.16% and 46.84%, respectively.

Table VII-9: Sex Structure of Sampling Households NO. Town Male Proportion Female Proportion Total 1 Zhanglou 239 52.30% 218 47.70% 457 2 Yaodian 52 59.77% 35 40.23% 87 3 Rangdong 85 50.30% 84 49.70% 169 4 Jitan 96 50.53% 94 49.47% 190 5 Sangzhuang 111 52.61% 100 47.39% 211 166

6 Xiaoyangying 52 55.91% 41 44.09% 93 7 Wenqv 110 53.14% 97 46.86% 207 8 Jiulong 145 55.13% 118 44.87% 263 9 Zhangcun 107 53.50% 93 46.50% 200 10 Gaoji 68 55.74% 54 44.26% 122 11 Pengqiao 34 50.00% 34 50.00% 68 Total 1099 53.16% 968 46.84% 2067

444. Age. The age structure of the respondents is shown in Table VII-10. In general, the age groups of the respondents are mainly from 0 to 17 and from 18 to 35, accounting for 27.14% and 25.79% respectively, followed by the age groups from 36 to 50 accounting for 20.90%, from 51 to 60 accounting for 14.03%, and over 60 accounting for 12.14%.

Table VII-10: Age Structure of Sampling Households 0- Proportio 18- Proportio 36- Proportio 51- Proportio >6 Proportio Tota Town 17 n 35 n 50 n 60 n 0 n l 12 12 Zhanglou 27.35% 27.57% 87 19.04% 75 16.41% 44 9.63% 457 5 6 Yaodian 16 18.39% 27 31.03% 19 21.84% 16 18.39% 9 10.34% 87 Rangdong 49 28.99% 47 27.81% 33 19.53% 20 11.83% 20 11.83% 169 Jitan 53 27.89% 46 24.21% 35 18.42% 31 16.32% 25 13.16% 190 Sangzhuan 72 34.12% 54 25.59% 35 16.59% 27 12.80% 23 10.90% 211 g Xiaoyangyi 24 25.81% 25 26.88% 14 15.05% 19 20.43% 11 11.83% 93 ng Wenqv 41 19.81% 57 27.54% 46 22.22% 30 14.49% 33 15.94% 207 Jiulong 73 27.76% 66 25.10% 62 23.57% 27 10.27% 35 13.31% 263 Zhangcun 59 29.50% 40 20.00% 40 20.00% 29 14.50% 32 16.00% 200 Gaoji 31 25.41% 28 22.95% 39 31.97% 8 6.56% 16 13.11% 122 Pengqiao 18 26.47% 17 25.00% 22 32.35% 8 11.76% 3 4.41% 68 56 53 43 29 25 206 Total 27.14% 25.79% 20.90% 14.03% 12.14% 1 3 2 0 1 7

445. Education. Out of the 1,506 respondents whose ages are greater than 15 years, 39.71% have junior high school level of education, and 31.67% have the primary school education as shown in Table VII-11. About 18% of respondents have high school education, 4.8% have college level of education, and 5.8% have university education.

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Table VII-11: Degree of Education of Sampling Households (> 15 years old) Primary School Junior Technical Town Proportion Proportion High School Proportion Proportion University Proportion Total and below High School College Zhanglou 95 28.61% 128 38.55% 69 20.78% 20 6.02% 20 6.02% 332 Yaodian 15 21.13% 27 38.03% 20 28.17% 5 7.04% 4 5.63% 71 Rangdong 28 23.33% 43 35.83% 32 26.67% 7 5.83% 10 8.33% 120 Jitan 25 18.25% 66 48.18% 31 22.63% 5 3.65% 10 7.30% 137 Sangzhuang 46 33.09% 53 38.13% 21 15.11% 11 7.91% 8 5.76% 139 Xiaoyangying 20 28.99% 27 39.13% 8 11.59% 5 7.25% 9 13.04% 69 Wenqv 70 42.17% 70 42.17% 16 9.64% 3 1.81% 7 4.22% 166 Jiulong 74 38.95% 75 39.47% 28 14.74% 5 2.63% 8 4.21% 190 Zhangcun 52 36.88% 60 42.55% 21 14.89% 1 0.71% 7 4.96% 141 Gaoji 39 42.86% 34 37.36% 13 14.29% 4 4.40% 1 1.10% 91 Pengqiao 13 26.00% 15 30.00% 13 26.00% 6 12.00% 3 6.00% 50 Total 477 31.67% 598 39.71% 272 18.06% 72 4.78% 87 5.78% 1506

446. Occupation. Occupation of the respondents covers a wide range of categories, with the largest group being farmers, followed by temporary workers and students. Some are employees in state-owned enterprises. (as shown in Table VII-12 and Table VII-13)

Table VII-12: Occupation Categories of Different Sampling Towns Self-employed Self-employed State- business Private business Government Temporary Town owned organization Vendor Farmer Student Housewife Retiree Unemployed Disabled Others Enterprise organization far department worker Enterprise within the from the family family Zhanglou 0.66% 9.63% 2.19% 1.75% 4.16% 20.35% 1.31% 19.91% 20.79% 7.00% 3.06% 2.19% 0.22% 6.78% Yaodian 0.00% 20.69% 1.15% 0.00% 3.45% 14.94% 0.00% 24.14% 19.54% 2.30% 4.60% 0.00% 0.00% 9.20% Rangdong 0.00% 8.88% 11.83% 0.00% 4.14% 15.38% 1.18% 16.57% 18.34% 4.14% 0.00% 6.51% 0.59% 12.43% Jitan 1.58% 8.42% 12.63% 1.05% 2.63% 14.21% 1.58% 21.05% 22.11% 4.74% 3.16% 0.00% 0.00% 6.84% Sangzhuang 0.00% 5.21% 7.11% 0.95% 3.32% 17.54% 0.00% 19.43% 34.60% 4.74% 1.42% 0.00% 0.00% 5.69% Xiaoyangying 0.00% 8.60% 8.60% 4.30% 5.38% 12.90% 0.00% 25.81% 24.73% 4.30% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 5.38% Wenqv 0.00% 14.98% 1.93% 0.48% 0.48% 27.54% 0.00% 29.95% 12.08% 6.76% 2.42% 1.45% 0.97% 0.97% Jiulong 1.14% 14.45% 1.52% 0.00% 1.52% 20.15% 1.14% 30.80% 22.81% 1.14% 1.90% 1.52% 0.00% 1.90% Zhangcun 0.00% 11.00% 13.50% 0.50% 0.00% 14.00% 7.00% 16.50% 26.00% 2.00% 1.00% 2.50% 0.00% 6.00% 168

Gaoji 0.00% 1.64% 2.46% 0.00% 0.00% 14.75% 0.00% 48.36% 17.21% 3.28% 0.00% 0.82% 0.00% 11.48% Pengqiao 0.00% 10.29% 0.00% 0.00% 7.35% 10.29% 0.00% 22.06% 25.00% 7.35% 0.00% 5.88% 0.00% 11.76% Total 0.44% 10.26% 5.61% 0.87% 2.71% 17.95% 1.35% 23.95% 22.06% 4.55% 1.89% 1.84% 0.19% 6.34%

Table VII-13: Occupation of Sample Households with Different Nationalities and Income Levels Self-employed Self-employed business business State-owned Private Government Temporary Profession organization organization Vendor Farmer Student Housewife Retiree Unemployed Disabled Others Enterprise Enterprise department worker within the far from the family family Han 0.51% 10.45% 5.22% 0.91% 2.78% 18.63% 1.08% 23% 22.88% 4.94% 2.16% 1.19% 0.11% 6.13% Hui 0.00% 9.15% 7.84% 0.65% 2.29% 14.50% 2.94% 29.41% 17.32% 2.29% 0.33% 5.56% 0.65% 7.52% Low-income family 0.28% 5.34% 3.79% 0.28% 1.69% 18.54% 1.69% 31.6% 18.54% 5.34% 1.54% 3.23% 0.56% 7.58% Not low-income 0.52% 12.84% 6.57% 1.18% 3.25% 17.64% 1.18% 19.93% 23.91% 4.13% 2.07% 1.11% 0.00% 5.68% family

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447. Ethic distribution. Ethic distribution of sampling towns is shown in Table VII-14. The numbers of Han and Hui respondents were 1,761 and 306 respectively, accounting for 85.2% and 14.8% respectively.

Table VII-14: Ethic Distribution of Surveyed Respondents Town Han Proportion Hui Proportion Total Zhanglou 455 99.56% 2 0.44% 457 Yaodian 87 100.00% 0 0.00% 87 Rangdong 57 33.73% 112 66.27% 169 Jitan 178 93.68% 12 6.32% 190 Sangzhuang 211 100.00% 0 0.00% 211 Xiaoyangying 93 100.00% 0 0.00% 93 Wenqv 135 65.22% 72 34.78% 207 Jiulong 263 100.00% 0 0.00% 263 Zhangcun 136 68.00% 64 32.00% 200 Gaoji 78 63.93% 44 36.07% 122 Pengqiao 68 100.00% 0 0.00% 68 Total 1761 85.2% 306 14.8% 2067

448. Survey results. The results on respondent’s knowledge about the project are shown in Table VII-15. About 35% respondents knew about the project, and 63% respondents did not know much about the project.

Table VII-15: Respondent’s Understanding of the Project Low-income Not low- Opinions Subtotal Proportion Male Female Han Hui family income family Very 4 0.89% 4(1.42%) 0(0%) 4(1.08%) 0(0.00%) 1(0.53%) 3(1.16%) understanding Basic 18 4.02% 14(4.96%) 4(2.41%) 16(4.30%) 2(2.63%) 6(3.16%) 12(4.65%) understanding Hear about it 140 31.25% 92(32.62%) 48(28.92%) 124(33.33%) 16(21.05%) 44(23.16%) 96(37.21%) Not very 190 42.41% 118(41.84%) 72(43.37%) 156(41.94%) 34(44.74%) 74(38.95%) 116(44.96%) understanding Know nothing 96 21.43% 54(19.15%) 42(25.30%) 72(19.35%) 24(31.58%) 65(34.21%) 31(12.02%) Total 448 100% 282(100%) 166(100%) 372(100%) 76(100%) 190(100%) 258(100%)

449. The types of news media through which respondents obtained the project information are shown in Table VII-16. Most of the respondents (97.53%) obtained relevant information from others through the of words of mouth, and about 9.26% respondents obtained information from Internet news.

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Table VII-16: News Medium through which Respondents Obtain Project Information Low-income Not low- Approach Subtotal Proportion Male Female Han Hui family income family Television 9 5.56% 5(4.55%) 4(7.69%) 9(6.25%) 0(0.00%) 2(3.92%) 7(6.54%) Newspaper 3 1.85% 3(2.73%) 0(0.00%) 2(1.39%) 1(5.56%) 0(0%) 3(2.70%) Network News 15 9.26% 10(9.09%) 5(9.62%) 9(6.25%) 6(33.33%) 3(5.88%) 12(10.81%)

Hear from others 158 97.53% 106(96.36%) 52(100%) 140(97.22%) 18(100%) 51(100%) 107(96.40%)

Total 162 110 52 144 18 51 111

450. Respondent’s opinion of the community environment is shown in Table VII-17. Most of the respondents (82.81%) rated the community environment as “not very good”, while 15.18% respondents rated it as “good”.

Table VII-17: Respondent’s Assessment of the Community Environment Gender Nation Income Opinions Subtotal Proportion Not Low- Male Female Han Hui Low-income income Very 3 0.67% 3(1.06%) 0(0%) 3(0.81%) 0(0%) 2(1.05%) 1(0.38%) good Good 68 15.18% 46(16.31%) 22(13.25%) 64(17.2%) 4(5.26%) 20(10.53%) 48(18.60%) Common 371 82.81% 230(81.56%) 141(84.94%) 300(80.65%) 71(93.42%) 165(86.84%) 206(79.84%)

Bad 6 1.34% 3(1.06%) 3(1.81%) 5(1.34%) 1(1.32%) 3(1.58%) 3(1.16%)

Total 448 100% 282(100%) 166(100%) 372(100%) 76(100%) 190(100%) 258(100%)

451. Classification of environment problems in residential areas is shown in Table VII-18. Most of the respondents (68.53%) believed that the major environmental problem is water pollution, followed by garbage waste (47.77%) and air pollution (29.69%).

Table VII-18: Classification of Environmental Problems in Residential Areas by Respondents Gender Nation Income Problems Subtotal Proportion Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low-income Air 133 29.69% 85(30.14%) 48(28.92%) 110(29.57%) 23(30.26%) 58(30.53%) 75(29.07%) Pollution Water 307 68.53% 194(68.79%) 113(68.07%) 242(65.05%) 65(85.53%) 144(75.79) 163(63.18%) Pollution Noise 56 12.50% 36(12.77%) 20(12.05%) 47(12.63%) 9(11.84%) 16(8.42%) 40(15.05%) Waste 214 47.77% 138(48.94%) 76(45.78%) 179(48.12%) 35(46.05%) 88(46.32%) 126(48.84%) Ecological 90 20.09% 53(18.79%) 37(22.29%) 72(19.35%) 18(23.68%) 53(27.89%) 37(14.34%) Impact Others 48 10.71% 30(10.64%) 18(10.84%) 46(12.37%) 2(2.63%) 14(7.37%) 34(13.18%) Total 448 / 282 166 372 76 190 258

452. Public opinion on the proposed project works for the Tuan River. Respondent’s assessment of Tuan River is shown in Table VII-19. About 49% of the respondents considered the environment quality of Tuan River to be medium, while 26.36% considered the river pollution to be serious.

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Table VII-19: Respondent’s Assessment of Tuan River Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low-income Households Households Very Serious 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Serious 53 26.36% 33(26.4%) 20(26.32%) 30(17.34%) 23(82.14%) 20(25.32%) 33(27.05%) Common 99 49% 62(49.6%) 37(48.68%) 95(54.91%) 4(14.29%) 39(49.37%) 60(49.18%) Not Serious 32 15.92% 19(15.20%) 13(17.11%) 32(18.50%) 0(0%) 11(13.92%) 23(17.21%) Not polluted 14 6.96% 11(8.8%) 3(3.95%) 13(7.51%) 1(3.57%) 8(10.13%) 6(4.92%) Unclear 3 1.49% 0(0%) 3(3.95%) 3(1.73%) 0(0%) 1(1.27%) 2(1.64%) Total 201 100.00% 125(100%) 76(100%) 173(100%) 28(100%) 79(100%) 122(100%)

453. Respondent’s opinions of Tuan River restoration project is shown in Table VII-20. The majority of respondents (60%) believed that the project is necessary, while 37.81% considered it to be absolutely necessary.

Table VII-20: Respondent’s Assessment of Tuan River Restoration Project Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low- Not Low- income income Absolutely 76 37.81% 52(41.6%) 24(31.58%) 63(36.42%) 13(46.43%) 32(40.51%) 44(36.07%) necessary Necessary 121 60.19% 71(56.8%) 50(65.79%) 106(61.27%) 15(53.57%) 43(54.43%) 78(63.93%) Common 3 1.49% 2(1.06%) 1(1.32%) 3(1.73%) 0(0%) 3(3.80%) 0(0%) Unnecessary 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Absolutely 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) unnecessary Unclear 1 0.49% 0(0%) 1(1.32%) 1(0.58%) 0(0%) 1(1.27%) 0(0%) Total 201 100% 125(100%) 76(100%) 173(100%) 28(100%) 79(100%) 122(100%)

454. The results of a total of 201 respondent’s response about the potential benefits of the Tuan River restoration project are listed in Table VII-21. Majority of the respondents believed that the project will bring the improvement to environmental conditions, including fewer mosquitoes and flies, fresher air, increased quantity of fish, and provision of a good place for recreation.

Table VII-21: Respondent’s Assessment of Tuan River Restoration Project Gender Nation Income Benefits Subtotal Proportion Not Low- Male Female Han Hui Low-income income 1.Fewer mosquitoes 173 86.07% 109(87.20%) 64(84.21%) 146(84.39%) 27(96.43%) 60(75.95%) 113(92.62%) and flies 2.Fresher air 189 94.03% 116(92.80%) 73(96.05%) 164(94.80%) 25(89.29%) 78(98.73%) 111(90.98%) 3.Increase the 70 34.83% 51(40.80) 19(25%) 57(32.59%) 13(46.43%) 25(31.65%) 45(36.89%) quantity of fish 4.Provide a good 164 81.59% 100(80%) 64(84.21%) 143(82.66%) 21(75%) 62(78.48%) 102(83.61%) place for recreation 5.Provide a new place for washing 21 10.45% 13(10.40%) 8(10.53%) 18(10.40%) 3(10.71%) 9(11.39%) 12(9.84%) clothes 6.Promote the development of 59 25.37% 33(26.40%) 26(34.21%) 49(28.32%) 10(35.71%) 24(30.38%) 35(28.69%) tourism 7.Reduce flood 19 9.45% 9(7.20%) 10(13.16%) 16(9.25%) 3(10.71%) 10(12.66%) 9(7.38%) damage 8.Other positive 1 0.49% 0(0%) 1(1.32%) 1(0.58%) 0(0%) 1(1.27%) 0(0%) effects 172

9.No positive effects 1 0.49% 1(0.8%) 0(0%) 1(0.58%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(0.82) 10.Not clear 1 0.49% 0(0%) 1(1.32%) 1(0.58%) 0(0%) 1(1.27%) 0(0%) 11.Not care about 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Total 201 125 76 173 28 79 122

455. Opinions about Existing Water Supply Systems. Respondent’s assessment of the existing water supply systems is shown in Table VII-22. Most people (51.18%) considered the water supply systems to be medium, while 41.75% people were not satisfied with the current water supply systems. Less than 4% of the respondents were satisfied about the existing water supply systems.

Table VII-22: Respondent’s Assessment of Existing Water Supply System Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low- income Very satisfied 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Satisfied 13 4.37% 8(4.44%) 5(4.27%) 12(4.82%) 1(2.08%) 5(4.17%) 8(4.52%) Common 152 51.18% 88(48.89%) 64(54.70%) 123(49.40%) 29(60.42%) 51(42.50%) 101(57.06%) Unsatisfied 124 41.75% 81(45%) 43(36.75%) 107(42.97%) 17(35.42%) 61(50.83%) 63(35.59%) Very 8 2.69% 3(1.67%) 5(4.27%) 7(2.81%) 1(2.08%) 3(2.50%) 5(2.82%) unsatisfied Total 297 100% 180(100%) 117(100%) 249(100%) 48(100%) 120(100%) 177(100%)

456. Opinions about the proposed new water supply systems. Respondent’s opinions about the newly proposed water supply systems in this project is shown in Table VII-23. Most people (60.94%) considered them to be necessary, while 35.35% people believed that they are absolutely necessary.

Table VII-23: Respondent’s Assessment of New Water Supply System Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low- Not Low- income income Absolutely 105 35.35% 64(35.56%) 41(35.04%) 82(32.93%) 23(47.92%) 46(38.33%) 59(33.33%) necessary Necessary 181 60.94% 110(61.11%) 71(60.68%) 159(63.86%) 22(45.83%) 68(56.67%) 113(63.84%) Common 5 1.68% 2(1.11%) 3(2.56%) 4(1.61%) 1(2.08%) 4(3.33%) 1(0.56%) Unnecessary 5 0.68% 4(2.22%) 1(0.85%) 3(1.20%) 2(4.17%) 2(1.67%) 3(1.69%) Absolutely 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) unnecessary Unclear 1 0.33% 0(0%) 1(0.85%) 1(0.4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(0.56%) Total 297 100% 180(100%) 117(100%) 249(100%) 48(100%) 120(100%) 177(100%)

457. Respondent’s suggestions on the new water supply systems are shown in Table VII-24. The majority respondents (85.85%) suggested to improve water quality, and 56.23% respondents suggested to improve reliability, and 50.17% respondents suggested to improve water pressure.

Table VII-24: Respondent’s Suggestions of New Water Supply System Recommendation Subtotal Proportion 1.Improve water supply equipment 139 46.8% 2.Improve water quality 255 85.85%

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3.Improve water pressure 149 50.17% 4.Improve reliability 167 56.23% 5.Reduce water fee standard 135 45.45% 6.Others 2 0.67% 7.No recommendation 1 0.33% Total 297

458. Assessment of Existing Wastewater Treatment System. Respondent’s assessment of existing wastewater treatment system is shown in Table VII-25. Most respondent rated the existing wastewater treatment systems as medium, while 34.8% were not satisfied.

Table VII-25: Respondent’s Assessment of Existing Wastewater Treatment System Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low- income Very satisfied 12 5.88% 11(8.66%) 1(1.30%) 12(6.82%) 0(0%) 6(7.50%) 6(4.84%) Satisfied 18 8.82% 12(9.45%) 6(7.79%) 16(9.09%) 2(7.14%) 6(7.50%) 12(9.68%) Common 96 47.06% 57(44.88%) 39(50.65%) 87(49.43%) 9(32.14%) 30(37.50%) 66(52.23%) Unsatisfied 71 34.8% 43(33.86%) 28(36.36%) 55(31.25%) 16(57.14%) 35(43.75%) 36(29.03%) Very unsatisfied 4 1.96% 2(1.57%) 2(2.60%) 3(1.70%) 1(3.57%) 1(1.25%) 3(2.42%) Unclear 3 1.47% 2(1.57%) 1(1.30%) 3(1.70%) 0(0%) 2(2.50%) 1(0.81%) Total 204 100 127(100%) 77(100%) 176(100%) 28(100%) 80(100%) 124(100%)

459. Opinions on the proposed wastewater treatment system. Respondent’s opinions on the new wastewater treatment system under the project is shown in Table VII-26. The majority respondents (about 92% in total) considered it to be necessary (46.57% rated it as absolutely necessary and 46.07% as necessary).

Table VII-26: Respondent’s Assessment of New Wastewater Treatment System Gender Nation Income Opinions Subtotal Proportion Low- Not Low- Male Female Han Hui income income Absolutely 95 46.57% 65(51.18%) 30(38.96%) 76(43.18%) 19(67.86%) 43(53.75%) 52(41.94%) necessary Necessary 94 46.07% 52(40.94%) 42(54.55%) 86(48.86%) 8(28.57%) 34(42.50%) 60(48.39%) Common 5 2.45% 4(3.15%) 1(1.30%) 4(2.27%) 1(3.57%) 0(0%) 5(4.03%) Unnecessary 6 2.94% 4(3.15%) 2(2.60%) 6(3.41%) 0(0%) 1(1.25%) 5(4.03%) Absolutely 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) unnecessary Unclear 4 1.96% 2(1.57%) 2(2.60%) 4(2.27%) 0(0%) 2(2.50%) 2(1.61%) Total 204 100% 127(100%) 77(100%) 174(100%) 30(100%) 80(100%) 124(100%)

460. Solid waste management. Existing disposal method of domestic waste. The surveyed disposal methods of domestic waste are shown in Table VII-27. The majority of people (99%) would throw the domestic waste to the trash bins, while 13.73% would sell the domestic wastes if possible.

Table VII-27: Disposal Methods of Sampling Households on Domestic Waste Disposal Method Subtotal Proportion Throw to the outside trash can 101 99% Sell the trash 14 13.73% Burn the trash 0 0% 174

Throw to the outside place 6 5.88% Others 0 0% Total 102

461. The distance between landfills and surveyed households is shown in Table VII-28. Most landfills (43.59%) were located between 1000 m and 3000 m away from the respondents, while 30.77% landfills were located less than 500 m away from the respondents.

Table VII-28: Distance between Landfill and Sampling Households Distance between landfill and sampling households Subtotal Proportion <500 m 12 30.77% 500m-1000m 6 15.38% 1000m-3000m 17 43.59% >3000m 4 10.26% Total 39

462. Opinions on Improving Disposal Method of Domestic Waste. Respondent’s opinons about improving disposal method of domestic waste is shown in Table VII-29. About 35.29% respondents considered it to be absolutely necessary to improve the current practices of waste disposal, and 35.29% respondent considered it as necessary, but 19.61% respondents believed it was unnecessary.

Table VII-29: Respondent’s Assessment of Improving Disposal Method of Domestic Waste Gender Nation Income Opinions Subtotal Proportion Not Low- Male Female Han Hui Low-income income Absolutely 36 35.29% 23(35.61%) 13(33.33%) 26(35.62%) 10(34.48%) 17(53.13%) 19(27.14%) necessary Necessary 36 35.29% 21(33.33%) 15(38.46%) 35(47.95%) 1(3.45%) 5(15.63%) 31(44.29%) Common 10 9.8% 4(6.35%) 6(15.38%) 3(4.11%) 7(24.14%) 5(15.63%) 5(7.14%) Unnecessary 20 19.61% 15(23.81%) 5(12.82%) 9(12.33%) 11(37.93%) 5(15.63%) 15(21.43%) Absolutely 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) unnecessary Unclear 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Total 102 100% 63(100%) 39(100%) 73(100%) 29(100%) 32(100%) 70(100%)

463. Opinions on Current Traffic Condition in Tuanbei New District. Respondent’s assessment of the traffic situation in the Tuanbei New District is shown in Table VII-30. Most respondents (49.02%) rated the existing traffic condition as medium , while 37.25% respondents rated it as good.

Table VII-30: Respondent’s Assessment of Traffic Situation in Tuanbei New District Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low- income Very good 8 7.84% 6(9.38%) 2(5,26%) 8(7.92%) 0(0%) 5(10%) 3(5.77%) Good 38 37.25% 24(37.5%) 14(36.84%) 37(36.63%) 1(100%) 17(34%) 21(40.38%) Common 50 49.02% 30(46.88%) 20(52.63%) 50(49.50%) 0(0%) 27(54%) 23(44.23%) Bad 6 5.88 % 4(6.25%) 2(5.26%) 6(5.94%) 0(0%) 1(2%) 5(9.62%) Very bad 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Total 102 100% 64(100%) 38(100%) 101(100%) 1(100%) 50(100%) 52(100%)

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464. Opinions on Proposed New Roads. Respondent’s opinions on the newly proposed roads under the project are shown in Table VII-31. The vast majority of people (96.08%) considered them to be necessary. The benefits of the new roads are summarized in Table VII-32, 98.97% respondents thought that the new roads will improve road connections and 82.47% respondents indicated that the new roads will help improve the surrounding environment.

Table VII-31: Respondent’s Opinions on the Newly-built Roads Name Necessary Unnecessary Unclear Dongfang Bridge 98(96.08%) 0(0%) 4(3.92%) Fusheng Road 98(96.08%) 0(0%) 4(3.92%) Tuanbin North Road 98(96.08%) 0(0%) 4(3.92%)

Table VII-32: Respondent’s Reasons of the Newly-built Roads Reason Subtotal Proportion Improve road network 96 98.97% Improve the surrounding environment 80 82.47% Our house price will increase 20 20.62% Improve business and income 9 9.28% Others 9 9.28% Total 97

465. Respondent’s suggestions on the proposed new roads are summarized in Table VII-33. The majority of respondents (69.61%) suggested to manage the traffic behavior strictly, 67.65% respondents suggested to repair and widen some existing old roads, and 53.91% respondents advised to strengthen management of parked vehicles in specific areas.

Table VII-33: Respondent’s Suggestions on the Newly-built Roads Suggestion Subtotal Proportion 1. Control the level and scale of the road, not too wide to avoid significant impacts 42 41.18% of land acquisition and demolition 2. Building affordable housing near these roads to benefit low-income people 31 30.39% 3. Repair and widen some existing old roads 69 67.65% 4. Strict management of traffic behavior 71 69.61% 5. Strengthen management of parked vehicles in specific areas 55 53.91% 5. Medium and large trucks are strictly prohibited from crossing urban roads during 24 23.53% the daytime 6. Install more electronic cameras to monitor traffic behavior 39 38.24% 7. No vehicles whistling in urban areas 36 35.29% 8. Others 6 5.88% Total 102

466. Public opinion on existing conditions of the Tuan River. Respondent’s evaluation on national environmental conditions of the lower Tuan River basin is shown in Table VII-34. Most respondents (75%) considered it as medium, while some people (14%) considered it to be bad.

Table VII-34: Respondent’s Evaluation on the Lower Reaches of Tuan River Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low- Not Low- income income Very good 3 1.5% 3(2.4%) 0(0%) 3(1.74%) 0(0%) 2(2.56%) 1(0.82%) Good 19 9.5% 9(7.2%) 10(13.33%) 18(10.47%) 1(3.57%) 8(10.26%) 11(9.02%) Common 150 75% 90(72%) 60(80%) 131(76.16%) 19(67.86%) 59(75.64%) 91(74.59%) Bad 28 14% 23(18.4%) 5(6.67%) 20(11.63%) 8(28.57%) 9(11.54%) 19(15.57%) 176

Very bad 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Total 200 100% 125(100%) 75(100%) 172(100%) 28(100%) 78(100%) 122(100%)

467. As shown in Table VII-35, 54% respondents evaluated the integrated construction subprojects on green landscape and wetland construction to be necessary, and 45.5% respondents evaluated it as absolutely necessary.

Table VII-35: Respondent’s Opinions on Landscape and Wetland Constructions Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low-income Absolutely 91 45.5% 61(48.8%) 30(40%) 75(43.6%) 16(57.14%) 44(56.41%) 47(38.52%) necessary Necessary 108 54% 64(51.2%) 44(58.67%) 96(55.81%) 12(42.86%) 33(42.31%) 75(61.48%) Common 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Unnecessary 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) Absolutely 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) unnecessary Unclear 1 0.5% 0(0%) 1(1.33%) 1(0.58%) 0(0%) 1(1.28%) 0(0%) Total 200 100% 125(100%) 75(100%) 172(100%) 28(100%) 78(100%) 122(100%)

468. The rationale that the respondents supported the integrated construction subprojects is summarized in Table VII-36. The majority of respondents considered that the subprojects will improve the ecological environment of the project area (95%), improve the quality of life in Dengzhou City (81.5%), and provide local residents with more places for recreation, leisure and entertainment (89%).

Table VII-36: Respondent’s Reasons on the Integrated Construction Project of Lower Reaches of Tuan River Reason Subtotal Proportion 1.Improve the ecological environment of the project area 190 95% 2.Improve the city quality of Dengzhou City 163 81.5% 3.Give local residents more places for recreation, leisure and entertainment. 178 89% 4.Drive the business activities and economic development of Dengzhou City 98 49% 5.Our house price will increase 13 6.5% 6.Improve business and income 10 5% 7.Improve the water quality of Tuan River 120 60% 8.Others 0 0% Total 200

469. Table VII-37 shows the suggestions by the respondents about the construction of ecological environment. They suggested that these parks be open to local residents free of charge (95%), provide more places for public recreation, entertainment and facilities (89.5%), and be equipped with barrier-free facilities for disables (58.5%).

Table VII-37: Respondent’s Suggestions on the Construction of Ecological Environment Suggestion Subtotal Proportion 1.The parks should be medium 97 48.5% 2. The parks should provide more places for public recreation, entertainment and facilities. 179 89.5% 3. Some affordable housing should be planned near these parks so that low-income 72 36% residents can benefit from these parks. 4.These parks should be open to local residents free of charge 190 95% 5.These parks should be equipped with barrier-free facilities for the disabled 117 58.5% 6. These parks should employ as many local residents as possible 105 52.5%

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7.Others 5 2.5% Total 200

470. Public opinion on the proposed environmental and education center. Opinions of respondents on the environment research and education center are listed in Table VII-38. 56.25% of the respondents rated the center to be necessary, while 26.79% of the respondents rated the center to be absolutely necessary.

Table VII-38: Respondent’s Opinions on the Environmental Research and Education Center Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income Male Female Han Hui Low- Not Low- income income Absolutely 120 26.79% 76(26.95%) 44(26.51%) 95(25.54%) 25(32.89%) 62(32.63%) 58(22.48%) necessary Necessary 252 56.25% 170(60.28%) 82(49.40%) 216(58.06%) 36(47.37%) 97(51.05%) 155(60.08%)

Common 31 6.92% 16(5.67%) 15(9.04%) 23(6.18%) 8(10.53%) 9(4.47%) 22(8.53%) Unnecessary 19 4.24% 12(4.26%) 7(4.22%) 16(4.3%) 3(3.95%) 7(3.68%) 12(4.65%) Absolutely 1 0.22% 0(0%) 1(0.6%) 1(0.27%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(0.39%) unnecessary Unclear 25 5.58% 8(2.84%) 17(10.24%) 21(5.65%) 4(5.26%) 15(7.89%) 10(3.88%) Total 448 100% 282(100%) 166(100%) 372(100%) 76(100%) 190(100%) 258(100%)

471. Respondents provided some suggestions on the Environmental Research and Education Center, which are summarized in Table VII-39. The majority of respondents suggested that giving access of the center to local residents free of charge (86.16%), organizing training activities regularly that allow the public to participate (84.38%), and disclosing all information about the center (48.44%).

Table VII-39: Respondent’s Suggestions on the Environmental Research and Education Center Suggestions Subtotal Proportion 1. Organize training regularly and the public can participate free of charge 378 84.38% 2. The center should be located close to the downtown area 119 26.56% 3. The scale of the center should be moderate, not too big 183 40.85% 4. The center should be built inside the wetland park 156 34.82% 5. The center should be open to local residents free of charge. 386 86.16% 6. The center should be equipped with accessible facilities for the disabled. 215 47.99% 7. The center should hire as many local residents as possible 204 45.54% 8.All information about the center should be disclosed 217 48.44% 9.Others 7 1.56% Total 448

472. Conclusions. Opinions on the project impact on the surveyed households during the construction phase are summarized in Table VII-40. The majority of respondents (47.32%) believed that there will not be impact to them, and 28.35%, 23.21%, 19.64%, 17.41% of the respondents indicated that the project construction may have impact on noise, water pollution, waste disposal and air pollution, respectively.

Table VII-40: Project Construction Influences on the Sampling Households Opinions Subtotal Proportion Gender Nation Income 178

Male Female Han Hui Low- Not Low- income income Air Pollution 78 17.41% 44(15.60%) 34(20.48%) 62(16.67%) 16(21.05%) 33(17.37%) 45(17.44%) Water Pollution 104 23.21% 67(23.76%) 37(22.29%) 72(19.35%) 32(42.11%) 48(25.26%) 56(21.71%) Noise Pollution 127 28.35% 80(28.37%) 47(28.31%) 112(30.11%) 15(19.74%) 49(25.79%) 78(30.23%) Waste Pollution 88 19.64% 58(20.57%) 30(18.07%) 78(20.97%) 10(13.16%) 43(22.63%) 45(17.44%) Ecological Impact 19 4.24% 12(4.26%) 7(4.22%) 15(4.03%) 4(5.26%) 14(7.37%) 5(1.94%) Others 18 4.02% 9(3.19%) 9(5.42%) 12(3.23%) 6(7.89%) 9(4.74%) 9(3.29%) No influence 212 47.32% 134(47.52%) 78(46.99%) 180(48.39%) 32(42.11%) 89(46.84%) 123(47.67%) Total 448 282 166 372 76 190 258

473. Opinions on the project impact on the surveyed households during the operational phase are summarized in Table VII-41. The majority of respondents (57.37%) considered that there will not be impact, and 21.21%,14.96%, 14.73%, 12.72% of the respondents indicated that the project operation may have impact on noise, air pollution, waste disposal and water pollution, respectively.

Table VII-41: Project Operation Influence on the Sampling Households Gender Nation Income Opinions Subtotal Proportion Not Low- Male Female Han Hui Low-income income Air Pollution 67 14.96% 37(13.12%) 30(18.07%) 53(14.25%) 14(18.42%) 28(14.74%) 39(15.12%) Water Pollution 57 12.72% 40(14.18%) 17(10.24%) 38(10.22%) 19(25%) 30(15.79%) 27(10.47%) Noise Pollution 95 21.21% 57(20.21%) 38(22.89%) 77(20.70%) 18(23.68%) 45(23.68%) 50(19.38%) Waste 66 14.73% 39(13.83%) 27(16.27%) 58(15.59%) 8(10.53%) 39(20.53%) 27(10.47%) Ecological 17 3.79% 11(3.90%) 6(3.61%) 14(3.76%) 3(3.95%) 13(6.84%) 4(1.55%) Impact Others 15 3.35% 6(2.13%) 9(5.42%) 9(2.42%) 6(7.89%) 8(4.21%) 7(2.71%) No influence 257 57.37% 166(58.87%) 91(54.82%) 223(59.95%) 34(44.74%) 98(51.58%) 159(61.63%) Total 448 282 166 372 76 190 258

474. Each respondent had expressed their opinions on the social and economic benefits of the project to Dengzhou City (as shown in Table VII-42). Most respondents believed that the project will improve living quality of the city (95.09%), will increase employment opportunities (86.61%), and promote economic development (86.38%). The opinions are similar among different gender groups, ethnic groups, and income levels.

Table VII-42: Regional Social and Economic Benefits Gender Ethnic Group Income Opinions Subtotal Proportion Low- Not Low- Male Female Han Hui income income Promote economic 387 86.38% 242(85.82%) 145(87.35%) 314(84.41%) 73(96.05%) 172(90.53%) 215(83.33%) development Increase employment 388 86.61% 244(86.52%) 144(86.75%) 329(88.44%) 59(77.63%) 162(85.26%) 226(87.60%) opportunities Improve 426 95.09% 266(94.33%) 160(96.39%) 352(94.62%) 74(97.37%) 186(97.89%) 240(93.02%) living quality Improve public 249 55.58% 158(56.03%) 91(54.82%) 192(51.61%) 57(75%) 120(63.16%) 129(50%) transportation No change 1 0.22% 0(0.00%) 1(0.60%) 1(0.27%) 0(0.00%) 1(0.53%) 0(0%) Total 448 282 16 372 76 190 258

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475. The majority of respondents (55.13%) considered that these projects were necessary, and 42.19% respondents considered that they were absolutely necessary. In addition, nobody thought that the projects were unnecessary.

476. The overall opinion on the project as a whole by respondents is shown in Table VII-43. The majority of respondents (55.13%) indicated that the project is necessary, and 42.19% respondents considered that it is absolutely necessary. No respondents indicated that the project is unnecessary.

Table VII-43: General Evaluation of Overall Sampling Households Gender Nation Income Opinions Subtotal Proportion Male Female Han Hui Low-income Not Low-income Absolutely 189 42.19% 126(44.68%) 63(37.95%) 144(38.71%) 45(59.21%) 90(47.37%) 99(38.37%) necessary Necessary 247 55.13% 149(52.84%) 98(59.04%) 217(58.33%) 30(39.47%) 95(50%) 152(58.91%) Medium 12 2.68% 7(2.48%) 5(3.01%) 11(2.96%) 1(1.32%) 5(2.63%) 7(2.71%) Unnecessar 0 0% 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) y Total 448 100% 282(100%) 166(100%) 372(100%) 76(100%) 89(100%) 359(100%)

C. Second Round of Consultation

477. The second round of public consultations was undertaken in the project villages in the form of forums during 29-30 March, 2019. The second round of consultations was more focused than the first round, and used to focus on the specific villages and communities where the project works will be located. Public meetings were held in three villages and one town, to: (i) present the main anticipated impacts and proposed mitigation measures as defined in the DEIAs and project IEE; and (ii) introduce the project grievance redress mechanism (GRM). A total of 73 residents, including 51 male and 22 females from potential affected villages and communities near the proposed sites attended the public forums. All participants fully supported the project. The details are summarized in Table VII-44.

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Table VII-44: Summary of Second Round of Public Consultations Subject Venue Participants Issues Reponses Workshop photos Sangzhuang Sang 18 No special concerns raised. The IA (Water Resources Bureau) WTP Zhuang Residents eager to use cleaner water, explained the project schedule Village from South-North Water Transfer and will accelerate the project as it Canal. Have expected the project for can. a long time. Current water source is groundwater and the quality of groundwater is not good

Tuanbei Gongjia 20 No special concerns raised. The The effectiveness of the mitigation WWTP, Village participants hope all mitigation measures will be inspected and channels measures are well implemented not verified by PMO and external and green just on paper. environmental monitor. The corridor monitoring reports will be available to the public. If there is concern, the public can report through the GRM entry points.

Tuan River Jitan 21 Due to construction of rubber weirs A weir would retain the water but downstream Town upstream, the flow rate of Tuan River deprive downstream users. rehabilitation is less than it was before. Not enough Another subproject will divert and Jitan water flows to the downstream part of water from South-North Transfer WWTS the river for ecosystems to function Canal to Tuanbei New properly. Several villagers suggested Development Area then flow into to build a weir to keep water in the Tuan River, which will increase Tuan River. the flow of Tuan River in the future. Jiulong WTP Houwang 14 No special concerns raised. The IA (Water Resources Bureau) Village Residents eager to use cleaner water explained the project schedule (from South-North Water Transfer and will accelerate the project as it Canal). Have expected the project for can. a long time. The current water source is groundwater and the quality of groundwater is not good.

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478. The project designs and safeguards were updated based on the public consultations, as follows:

Project designs • Public comment: entry to the project-funded parks and environmental center should be free of charge for residents. Outcome for project: confirmed. • Public comment: the parks should include access for the disabled. Outcome for project: confirmed. Public paths, entries and restrooms will be designed to be accessible for the disabled. • Public comment: places for public recreation, entertainment and facilities should be included in the project-funded parks. Outcome for project: Done. The park designs include cultural and recreational areas and recreation and sports areas. • Public comment: employ local residents to help operate the project facilities. Outcome for project: confirmed. Targets include about 3,000 jobs for local residents during construction and about 150 jobs for operation. Environmental safeguards • Ensure traffic is managed during construction. Outcome for project: confirmed. Traffic management measures are included in the EMP (Appendix 1) and include designated pedestrian crossings for the public and workers, warning signs, and site-specific worker and community safety plans to be prepared by the contractors.

D. Future Consultation

479. Dialogue will be maintained with project communities throughout implementation. Future consultation will be undertaken by the PMO Environment and Social Officers, via questionnaire surveys, household visits, workshops, and public hearings (see attached EMP).

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VIII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

480. During the DEIAs and project IEE preparation, the grievance redress mechanism (GRMs) was developed in the project districts and county in compliance with ADB’s SPS (2009) requirement to address environmental, health, safety, and social concerns associated with project construction, operation, and land acquisition. The GRM is designed to achieve the following objectives: (i) provide channels of communication for local villages and communities to raise concerns about environmental and social-related grievances which might result from the project; (ii) prevent and mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts to villages and communities caused by project construction and operation, including those associated with resettlement; (iii) improve mutual trust and respect and promote productive relationships between the project agencies and local villages and communities; and (iv) build village and community acceptance of the project. The GRM is accessible to all members of the villages and communities, including women, youth, minorities and poverty-stricken villagers and residents. Multiple points of entry are available, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, e-mail, and social media.

481. Public grievances to be addressed by the GRM will most likely include disturbance of agricultural activities, traffic, dust emissions, construction noise, odor caused by sediment dredging, soil erosion by embankment, inappropriate disposal of construction wastes, damage to private houses, safety measures for the protection of the public and construction workers, and/or water quality deterioration. Grievances related to involuntary resettlement may relate to the lack, or un-timely payment of, compensation monies, other allowances, and/or lease monies as per entitlements described in the resettlement plan and associated documents.

482. Currently in Dengzhou City (and generally in the PRC), when residents or organizations are negatively affected by a construction or development, they may complain, by themselves or through their village or community committee, to the contractors, developers, the local EPB, direct appeal to the local courts, or a national public environmental compliant hotline (12369). The weaknesses of this system are: (i) the lack of dedicated personnel to address grievances; and (ii) the lack of a specific timeframe for the redress of grievances. This project GRM addresses these weaknesses.

483. The GRM meets the regulatory standards of the PRC that protect the rights of citizens from construction-related environmental and/or social impacts. Decree No. 431 Regulation on Letters and Visits, issued by the State Council of PRC in 2005, codifies a complaint acceptance mechanism at all levels of government and protects the complainants from retaliation. Based on the regulation, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) published updated Measures on Environmental Letters and Visits (Decree No. 15) in December 2010.

484. The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of the villages and community, including more vulnerable groups such as women, minority and poor. Multiple points of entry, including face-to-face meetings, written complaints, telephone conversations, or e-mail, will be available.

485. The details of the GRM, including a time-bound flow chart of procedures, are included in the project EMP (Appendix 1).

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IX. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

486. A project EMP has been prepared (Attachment 1). Development of the EMP drew on the domestic EIA reports, discussions with the PMO, implementing agencies, EPBs, other government agencies, and local communities. The EMP defines mitigation measures for the anticipated environmental impacts, institutional responsibilities, and mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance with PRC’s environmental laws, standards and regulations and ADB’s SPS. The EMP specifies major environmental impacts and mitigation measures, roles and responsibilities, inspection, monitoring, and reporting arrangements, training, and the GRM. The EMP will be updated by the LIEC after detailed design, as needed. It will be included as separate annex in all biding documents for subcomponents involving civil works. Contractors will be required to develop site-EMPs that are fully responsive to the EMP.

X. PROJECT ASSURANCES

487. All ADB-funded projects are required to comply with a standard set of loan assurances for environmental safeguards, which focus on compliance with national laws and the project EMP. In addition, the following project-specific assurances are included in the project agreement between ADB and the DCG. Refer to the project agreement for the final wording of the assurances.

(i) DCG will, and will cause the IAs and PIUs to, ensure that the river dredging required for the Project will only be conducted between the calendar months of October to May each year (the dry season).

(ii) DCG will, and will cause the IAs and PIUs to, ensure that (a) any existing water and wastewater services will continue to be provided to communities during the Works; (b) any interruptions to such services are as limited as possible; and (c) prior to any such interruptions, consultations are held with all affected communities.

(iii) DCG will, and will cause the IAs and PIUs to, ensure that all planting activities under the Project, including re-vegetation, embankment construction, wetlands, landscaping, and rehabilitation of construction sites, will only use plant species which are (a) native (i.e. naturally occurring) to the Tuan River basin, and (b) are sourced from local stock within Dengzhou City. In the event that non-native seedlings are required for rapid stabilization of exposed soils and sites, DCG will and will cause the IAs and PIUs to ensure that only sterile seedlings are used to prevent the spread of weeds.

(iv) DCG will, and will cause the IAs and PIUs to, ensure that all re-vegetation activities under the project, including for the wetlands, landscaping, and embankments, will be subject to operation and maintenance procedures after planting, to ensure the planted vegetation is adequately protected and maintained.

(v) DCG will, and will cause the IAs and PIUs to, ensure that to avoid pollution of the Tuan River, no pesticides and no top-dressing fertilizers will be used for any of the revegetation, planting, or landscaping activities under the Project.

(vi) DCG will ensure that if any changes are made to the Tuanbei Reservoir, an Associated Facility to the Project, which would significantly impact its capacity or function and as a result the viability of the Project, ADB is immediately advised of such changes. The DCG will assess the Project impact and prepare a corrective action plan, if necessary, to be agreed with ADB.

(vii) DCG will ensure that adequate public waste disposal capacity is available to ensure the

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timely disposal of the construction and domestic solid wastes to be generated by the project. This will include: (a) recycling and treatment of such wastes; and/or (b) timely completion of the planned Jingmai incineration plant, with fully operational status at least one year before completion of the Project.

(viii) DCG will ensure that asbestos-containing material is not used for any of the project construction materials or works. This requirement will also be included in all bidding documents for the project works.

(ix) DCG will and will cause the IAs to ensure that: (i) during the detailed design stage, a third round of sediment sampling will be conducted, to test for the presence of selected pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the specific sections of the Tuan River to be dredged. If the presence of such pollutants in the sediments is confirmed, the procedures for impact assessment, mitigation, and sediment disposal described in the IEE and EMP will be implemented.

XI. CONCLUSIONS

488. It is concluded that full and effective implementation of the safeguard measures described in the IEE and its EMP will combine to minimize adverse environmental impacts of the project and contribute to the project achieving its goal of pleasant living environments, social inclusiveness, effective governance, and prosperity. The EMP and loan assurances ensure that these measures are implemented in an appropriate institutional framework and are supported through comprehensive training, monitoring and reporting arrangements.

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APPENDIX 1: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Objectives

1. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is for the Henan Dengzhou Ecological Protection and Integrated Rehabilitation Project (the Project). The EMP is to be implemented in all phases of the project – design, pre-construction, construction, and operation. The EMP is to ensure project compliance with PRC environmental laws and ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009). The EMP describes: the roles and responsibilities of all project agencies to implement this EMP; anticipated impacts and mitigation measures; inspection, monitoring, and reporting arrangements; training and institutional strengthening; grievance redress mechanism (GRM); and future public consultation.

2. In the engineering design stage the Project Management Office (PMO) will pass this EMP to the design institutes for incorporating mitigation measures into the detailed engineering designs. The EMP will be updated at the end of the detailed design, as needed. To ensure that bidders will respond to the EMP’s provisions, the PMO will prepare and provide the specification clauses for incorporation into the bidding documents: (i) a list of environmental management requirements to be budgeted by the bidders in their bids; (ii) environmental clauses for contractual terms and conditions; and (iii) the project IEE and updated EMP.

B. Institutional Responsibilities

3. As executing Agency (EA), the Dengzhou City Government (DCG) will be responsible for the overall implementation and compliance with loan assurances and the EMP (including Environmental Monitoring Plan). A Project Leading Group (PLG) was established 4 April 2018 (Reference Letter Dengzhou Government Office (2018) No.17). The PLG, chaired by the Executive Vice Mayor of Dengzhou City and comprises senior officials from relevant government agencies, to facilitate inter-agency coordination. The PMO established under the DCG will be in charge of daily project coordination.

4. There are three Implementing Agencies (IAs) under this Project, namely the Dengzhou Environmental Protection Bureau (Denghzou EPB), the Dengzhou Water Resource Bureau (WRB) and the Integrated Urban–Rural Development Pilot Area Administration Bureau.

Table EMP-1: Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation Agency Environmental Management Roles and Responsibilities Executing Agency (EA)- • Coordinate with DCG; Dengzhou City Government • Coordinate on project preparation and implementation; and Dengzhou City Project • Facilitate the inter-agency coordination; and Leading Group (DPLG) • Liaison with the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Dengzhou Project • Supervise and manage project implementation; Management Office (PMO) • Manage the daily activities during project preparation and implementation; • Assign the PMO environment and social officers; • Coordinate with ADB on the project progress and monitoring reports; • Submit the bidding documents, biding evaluation reports, and other necessary documentations to ADB for necessary approval; • Procure the project implementation consulting services (PIC) ，including the loan implementation environment consultant (LIEC); • Consolidate environmental monitoring reports prepared by IAs

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and environmental monitoring agencies (EMA) and submit them to ADB for disclosure; • Engage a procurement agency which supports the PMO and IAs; Environment officers within • The PMO has main EMP coordination responsibility. The PMO PMO and IAs has designated an Environmental Specialist (PMO-ES) to be responsible for the environmental issues during the project implementation. The officer will take charge of (i) coordinating the implementation of the EMP and developing implementation details; (ii) supervising the implementation of mitigation measures during project design, construction and operation; (iii) ensuring that environmental management, monitoring, and mitigation measures are incorporated into bidding documents, construction contracts and operation manuals; (iv) submitting semi-annual EMP monitoring and progress reports to ADB; (v) coordinating the GRM; and (vi) responding to any unforeseen adverse impacts beyond those mentioned in this EMP. The PMO-ES will be technically supported by the loan implementation environment consultant (LIEC). Each of the three IAs will nominate one environmental officer and one social officer to check the overall implementation of environmental management provisions of this EMP, and to work in close coordination with PMO-ES. Implementation Agencies- • Implement project components in their jurisdiction, including Dengzhou Environmental finance and administration, technical and procurement Protection Bureau matters, monitoring and evaluation, and safeguard (Dengzhou EPB), the compliance. Dengzhou Water Resource • Coordinate with PMO for project management and Bureau (WRB) and the implementation; Integrated Urban–Rural • Assign PMO environment officer as EMP coordinator; Development Pilot Area • Incorporate EMP into bidding documents; Administration Bureau. • Establish GRM; • Supervise and monitor EMP implementation and annual reporting to the PMO (with support of LIEC); • Participate in capacity building and training programs; • On behalf of IAs, submit bidding documents, bid evaluation reports and other necessary documentations to PMO and ADB for approvals; • Submit withdrawal applications to Dengzhou City finance bureaus; • Engage design institute to complete engineering designs; • Tendering contractors and equipment with assistance of the international tendering agency; • Administer and monitor contractors and suppliers; • Construction supervision and quality control; • Contract local EMA to conduct environmental monitoring; • Procure and manage construction supervision companies (CSC) for subproject implementation; • Commission the constructed facilities. Facilities Operators • With PMO, commission the constructed facilities; • Operate and maintain completed facilities, including environmental management, monitoring and reporting responsibilities. Start-up Environment • Assist in updating the EMP and environmental monitoring Consultant program; • Assist the PMO and IAs establish project GRM and provide trainings. Loan Implementation • A LIEC will be hired under the loan implementation consultant Environment Consultant services. The LIEC will advise the PMO, contractors and (LIEC) CSCs on all aspects of environmental management and

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monitoring for the project. The LIEC will (i) supervise the implementation of the mitigation measures specified in the EMP; (ii) on behalf of the PMO, prepare the annual EMP monitoring and progress .on the PRC’s environmental laws, regulations and policies, ADB SPS 2009, EMP implementation, and GRM in accordance with the training plan defined in Table EMP-6; (iii) identify any environment-related implementation issues, and propose necessary corrective actions; (iv) undertake site visits for EMP inspection as required. Construction Contractors, • Construction contractors will be responsible for implementing and Construction Supervision relevant EMP mitigation measures during construction, under Companies the supervision of the CSCs and PMO. Contractors will develop site-specific EMPs based on this EMP. CSCs will be selected through the PRC bidding procedure by the PMO. • The CSCs will be responsible for supervising construction progress and quality, and EMP implementation on construction sites. Each CSC shall have at least one environmental engineer on each construction site to: (i) supervise the contractor’s EMP implementation performance; (ii) undertake simple and cost-effective on-site quantitative measurements to regularly check that the construction complies with the environmental monitoring standards and targets, especially for noise, and water turbidity (during the dredging and embankments), using a basic hand-held meter; and (iii) prepare the contractor’s environmental management performance section in monthly project progress reports submitted to the PMO and IAs. External Monitoring Station • The external environmental monitoring (Table EMP-5) will be (EMS) conducted by a certified environmental monitoring Station (EMS), that will be engaged through a public tendering process. The agency will report the results of the monitoring to the IA, PMO, local EPB and ADB.

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C. Summary of Potential Impact and Mitigation Measures

5. Table EMP-2 summarize the potential impacts and environment safeguard issues of the sub-components during pre-construction, construction and operation as identified by the environmental impact assessments and set out in this IEE, as well as corresponding mitigation measures designated to minimize those impacts and address these issues.

6. The mitigation measures defined in the EMP will be (i) checked and where necessary re-designed by the design institutes; (ii) incorporated into tender documents (where appropriate), construction contracts, and operational management plans; and (iii) implemented by contractors and LMC under supervision of the PMO. The effectiveness of these measures will be evaluated based on the results of the environmental impact monitoring conducted by the EMC, and through EMP compliance verification conducted by the PMO and LIEC.

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Table EMP-2: Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Design, Preconstruction and Construction Phases Item Environmental Issues Mitigation Measure Who Implements Who and Impacts Supervises

1.1 Design Detailed design • Finalize detailed designs for all infrastructure. IAs, LDI PMO stage (embankments, • Include habitat features for aquatic and riverside flora, fauna and landscaping, wetland birds in the design of embankments and landscaping; constructed wetland, • Include all agreed climate change adaption design measures in WSPs and WWTP) final design. various LIC PMO experts (CS01) Confirm seasonal water • For riverside shelterbelts and green corridor, undertake seasonal IA, LDI, LIC PMO availability for irrigation water balances to ensure that there is sustainable water supply, taking into account the CRVA finding of future water scarcity. Asbestos • Confirm all project facilities will not use any materials containing IA, LDI, LIC PMO asbestos. Third round sediment • Conduct third round of sediment sampling to test for the presence of IA, LDI, LIC PMO sampling most common pesticides and herbicide used in recent years and POPs in the dredge sections. • The sampling agency’s report will include: (a) historical analysis of the general landscape in the context of pesticides, herbside and POPs; (b) a detailed map of the sampling sites; a list of the potential toxicants measured; and (c) description of methodology for the sampling and analysis, including a list of ecotoxicological tests to be undertaken. • If the presence of such pollutants in the sediments is confirmed, the following procedures will be taken: (a) the level of risk to people and the environment will be re- assessed, based on the level of toxicity and extent of contamination in the sections of tributaries to be dredged; (b) sediment tested positive for pollutants listed as hazardous under PRC regulations, the World Health Organization, and/or the World Bank’s EHS, these sediments will be disposed at the Nanyang Kangwei Hazard Waste Disposal Center; • (c) for sediments that are not classified as hazardous: the volumes of remaining sediment for disposal in landscaping will be revised; then, the specific final locations for disposal will be assessed

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based on the guidelines for Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water (2010) of Western Australia.28 Public consultations • Conduct consultation in each District on the EMP, including key LIEC PMO environmental issues, poverty, resettlement, and GRM

1.2 Establish • Contract a Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant (LIEC), PMO ADB Implementation implementation support wetland and river ecology specialists, and various sectorial Support positions specialists (water and wastewater, solid waste) • Contract Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS) for external IAs LIEC monitoring of construction and operations. Establish environmental • Appoint PMO Environment Specialist (PMO-ES) PMO, IAs PMO, LIEC staff positions at • Appoint IA Environment Specialists (IA-ES) in each IA different levels of supervision 1.3 Construction Update EMP • Review EMP to assess if the current mitigation measures need to PMO-ES, IAs-ES, PMO, ADB, Preparation be updated due to any changes in the final engineering design. For LIEC Stage changes in project locations, sites, or other changes that may cause new or greater environmental impacts or involve additional affected people: the PMO will conduct additional environmental assessment and public consultation. The revised environmental assessment reports will be submitted to the PMO, EPB and ADB for approval and disclosure. Environmental • Prior to construction, the PMO and/or IAs will hire an EMS, to IAs, EMS PMO, ADB monitoring plan conduct environmental monitoring in accordance with the EMP monitoring plan; • Prepare detailed monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring framework defined in this EMP. Contract documents • Prepare and include clauses referencing this EMP in the terms of IAs with LDI PMO-ES, reference for bidders for construction contracts. LIEC • Prepare environmental contract clauses for contractors, especially the EMP and monitoring plan. Grievance Redress • Implement the GRM described in this EMP. PMO-ES, LIEC ADB, PMO Mechanism (GRM) • Establish complaints recording procedures within PMO.

28 Department of Environment and Conservation. 2010. Contaminated Sites Management Series. Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water

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• Publicize GRM at all construction sites. Construction site • Prepare Site-specific EMP (SEMP), including health and safety Contractors IAs-ES, PMO- planning plan and an emergency preparedness and response plan for ES construction emergencies. • Assign onsite environment engineer, OEE • IAs and PMO review and approve each SEMP Construction solid • Refine the construction solid waste and spoil volume and consult Contractors, IA PMO-ES, waste and spoil the Dengzhou Urban Administration Bureau on reuse and disposal Dengzhou management plan plan; Urban • Develop construction solid waste and spoil disposal plan and apply Administration approval from Dengzhou Urban Administration Bureau. Bureau

Environmental • Provide training on implementation of this EMP to all relevant LIEC, PMO-ES, PMO, ADB Protection Training agencies, especially the IAs and contractors. Degzhou EPB Construction Phase

2.1 Water Domestic wastewater • Provide portable toilets and small package wastewater treatment Contractors CSC, IAs, from construction sites plants and/or septic tanks on construction sites and construction PMO camps for the workers. If there are nearby public sewers, install interim storage tanks and pipelines to convey wastewater to public sewers. • Toilets are emptied regularly and sewage transported to existing Dengzhou No.1 WWTP. Construction Site planning, management and safeguards will cover the following: Contractors CSC, IAs, wastewater (washing • storage facilities for fuels, oil, and other hazardous materials within PMO aggregates, pouring / secured areas on impermeable surfaces, and provided with bunds curing concrete, and cleanup installations; machinery repairs) is • collect and treat site runoff from construction sites and construction managed camps with drainage provisions. • vehicles and equipment properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; • vehicle, machinery and equipment maintenance and refueling properly carried out so that spilled materials do not seep into the soil; • oil traps provided for service areas and parking areas; and

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• Fuel storage and refilling areas will be located on the part of the construction site furthest from the river; and material stockpiles will be protected against wind and runoff waters which might transport them to the river. Handling of hazardous • Guidelines for handling and disposal, including spill responses, are Contractors CSC, IAs, and harmful materials prepared and included in the SEMP. PMO • Construct storage facilities (including fuel and oil storage), with bunds and clean-up equipment. • Fuel supplier is properly licensed and follows the proper protocol for transferring fuel, and complies with JT 3145-88 (Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods). • Vehicle, machinery, and equipment maintenance and refueling are carried out so that spilled materials do not seep into the soil or into water bodies. • Fuel storage and refilling areas are located at least 300 m from stormwater drains, Tuan River and its tributaries. Impact of embankment • A dredging plan will be prepared, to be approved by Dengzhou Contractors CSC, IAs, and dredging EPB and Dengzhou WRB. PMO construction on river • Technical requirements and mitigation measures for dredging will hydrology be included in the bidding documents and construction contracts. • The contractor’ site EMP will included dredge machinery maintenance, de-watering, emergency preparedness and response mechanism. • Dredging will only be conducted in the dry season (late October to late March). • Dredging sections will be <300 m to minimize extent of the disturbance at any one time. • Temporary silt traps and fences will be placed at the downstream end of each channel section being dredged and also along the nearby channel banks, to further reduce the risk of high silt loads being dispersed downstream. • Earth berms or drainage channels will be constructed around the perimeter of the dredge sediment storage and disposal sites to prevent washing away from rainfall. • On-site storage will be limited to de-watering. Supernatant water from the spoil will be treated to meet PRC Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB 8978-2002).

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• Odor impacts will be minimized by: (i) timely community consultations to ensure awareness of the issue prior to dredging; (ii) rapid on-site treatment of dredge spoil to minimize time near communities; (iii) transport in sealed containers to avoid odor; (iv) minimizing the release of odor by dredging in short sections (<300 m) at any one time. • Once de-watered, sediment will be transported in sealed containers to reuse or disposal sites to minimize odor and leakage onto roads. • Final disposal of the dredged sediments will be pending the results of the second round of sediment sampling. 2.2 Air Generation of dust by • Transport containers and vehicles carrying soil, sand or other fine Contractors CSC, IAs, construction activities materials to and from the sites are covered. EMS • Materials storage and stockpile sites are covered or sprayed with water. • Water is sprayed on bare earth surfaces at construction sites and access roads twice daily. • All roads and tracks used by vehicles of the contractors or any subcontractors or supplier are kept clean and clear of all dust, mud, or extraneous materials dropped by vehicles. Air emission from • Equipment and machinery is maintained to a high standard to Contractors CSC, IAs, vehicles and equipment ensure efficient running and fuel-burning. EMS • A regular inspection and certification system for equipment and machinery is initiated. 2.3 Noise and Noise from vehicles • Ensure that noise levels from equipment and machinery conform to Contractors IAs, PMO, Vibration and construction PRC standard of GB12523-2011 (revised). Properly maintain EMS machinery construction vehicles and machineries to minimize noise. • Apply noise reduction devices and methods for high noise equipment operating within 200 m of the sensitive sites e.g. schools, villages, residential areas. • Locate high-noise activities (e.g. rock crushing, concrete-mixing) >1 km from sensitive areas. • Prohibit operation of high-noise machinery, and movement of heavy vehicles along urban and village roads, between 20:00 and 07:00. • Take special caution at construction sites that are close to such sensitive sites as schools and hospitals. When construction activities are unavoidable during the school seasons, the use of

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heavy equipment will be restricted to weekends and non-class hours. • Place temporary hoardings or noise barriers around noise sources during construction. • Monitor noise at sensitive areas at regular intervals. If noise standards are exceeded, equipment and construction conditions shall be checked, and mitigation measures shall be implemented to rectify the situation. • Conduct regular interviews with residents/villagers adjacent to construction sites to identify noise disturbance. Community feedback will be used to adjust work hours of noisy machinery. • For households that will be within 60 m of construction works, particular attention will be provided. This will include: (a) follow-up consultations with all of these households prior to the start of any works, to specify the exact planned dates and schedule of works, nature of works, equipment to be used, safety measures, and public access around the works during construction; (b) installation of noise barriers to reduce as much of the emissions as possible, and/or installation of additional layers on the windows of the affected homes, pending assessment of the most technically effective method and feedback from the community consultations; (c) agreement on the duration of daily works; and (d) provision of temporary housing if required. CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE TARGET: For the 84 households most at risk from noise impacts, the installed noise barriers reduce noise levels by at least 80% (as measured with a handheld meter on each side of the barrier). 2.4 Soil Quality Sediment dredging • (i) The third round of sediment sampling will be undertaken during Contractors IAs, PMO, the detailed engineering designs (DED). Sampling and analyses EMS will be conducted by a certified agency that has the capacity to sample for pesticides and POPs; (ii) sampling locations will be the specific sections of the Tuan River to be dredged; (iii) the levels of the target chemicals in the sediment will be compared against international standards; (iv) if the presence of such pollutants is confirmed, the procedures described in the IEE and EMP will be implemented, to ensure safe and effective dredging, transport, and disposal of the sediments; and (v) a report describing the

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methodology for sampling and analyses, sampling locations (including maps), and the results, will be provided to PMO and ADB. • The report on the third round of sediment sampling will include: (a) historical analysis of the general landscape in the context of pesticides, herbicides and heavy metals; (b) a detailed map of the sampling sites; (c) a list of the most common chemical compounds measured that are likely to be the most common in the sediments and which present potential risk to health or the environment; and (d) description of methodology for the sampling and analysis. • Prepare the detailed engineering designs will include a detailed dredging plan. • The contractor will be required to develop a sound environmental management plan, including dredging machinery maintenance, dredged material dewatering site management, internal monitoring procedures, emergency preparedness and response mechanism. • Dredging will only be conducted from October to March (dry season), the time of lowest water depth and slow flow. Temporary flow diversions (dam height 2.0-2.5 m) will be used during the dredging and will be designed to withstand a 1/5-year flood event. • Dredging will dredge will take place section-by-section and be limited to short (<300 m) sections of channel at any one time to minimize disturbance. • The “ecological dredge method” will be applied and employs a specialized ‘cutter head’, which sucks up sediment and limits dispersion and therefore turbidity impacts. • The temporary silt traps and fences will be placed at the downstream end of each section being dredged, and along the nearby channel banks, to further reduce the risk of high silt loads being dispersed downstream. • Earth berms or drainage channels will be constructed around the perimeter of the dredge sediment storage and disposal sites to prevent washing away from rainfall. • A small temporary earth drain will be established around each drying site to drain the water into a small sedimentation pond, to further increase settling and sedimentation. • On-site storage will be limited to de-watering; the sediment will then be transported to the disposal sites.

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• About 10 villages occur within 200 m each side of the lower Tuan River. Potential odor impacts will be minimized by: (i) timely community consultations to ensure awareness of the issue prior to dredging; (ii) rapid on-site treatment of dredge spoil to minimize time near communities; (iii) transport in sealed containers to avoid odor; (iv) minimizing the release of odors by dredging in short sections (≤300 m) at any one time. Impacts will be temporary as odors are dispersed. • Transport will be over short distances (<10 km) as the spoil will be used for establishment of the nearby green belts and embankments. • Final disposal of the dredged sediments will be pending the results of the third round of sediment sampling. 2.5 Soil erosion Erosion from • For embankment, constructors can reuse excavation Contractors CSC, IAs and stability construction sites • In preliminary design phase, the mitigation of soil erosion caused by flooding should be taken into account to reduce the damage on environment and related plan should be prepared. • During construction of Tuan River ecological embankment, workers should: (a) maintain slope stability at cut faces by implementing erosion protection measures such as terraces and silt barriers; (b) construct berms or drainage channels around the perimeter of Tuan River to capture soil runoff and to reduce direct rainwater away. • Stabilize all earthwork disturbance areas of all sub-projects within 15 days after earthworks are completed. • Use appropriate compaction techniques for trench construction and minimize soil erosion impact. • Strip and stockpile topsoil, and cover (by geotechnical cloth) or seed temporary soil stockpiles. • Limit construction and material handling during periods of rains and high winds. • Tuan River Bridge. (i) A “hanging basket” technique (image below) will be used to control works in small, staged sections and to minimize the risk of construction debris entering the river; (ii) small, temporary coffer dams will be installed upstream of the bridge works to redirect flow; (iii) river banks will be protected by minimizing area of direct works and installing sediment curtains and traps along the banks to reduce soil runoff to the river; and (iv)

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machinery storage sites and spoil piles will be located at least 50 m from the river banks to avoid the risk of chemical or soil runoff. Shelterbelt • On sloping lands, all preparation for plantations must be conducted IAs, contractors PMO establishment according to technical specifications of soil and water conservation for sloping land set in Soil and Water Conservation Law of PRC (2010). In particular, soil tillage on terraces must be carried out along contours, keeping any existing vegetation between contour terraces to prevent soil erosion in-stream of Tuan River. • Maintain the survival rate of plantation higher than 80%. 2.6 Solid waste Domestic waste from • Existing domestic waste containers will be used for domestic waste Contractors CSC, IAs, construction sites collection at work sites. Domestic waste will be collected on a PMO regular basis by the local sanitation departments and transported for recycling, reuse, or disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant PRC regulations and requirements; • A centralized waste collection point will be established at each project site; • Construction waste dumpsters will be provided at all construction sites. Construction waste will be collected on a regular basis by a licensed waste collection company and transported for recycling, reuse, or disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant PRC regulations and requirements; • Construction and demolition waste will be recycled and reused, or, in the case of wood, concrete, or rock debris, used for filling and foundations of the project works; • Site borrow area and spoil disposal site for station construction at least 300 m from residential areas so as to reduce potential dust and noise impacts from these sites; • Rehabilitate and vegetate spent borrow area and spoil disposal site within one month after closure to prevent soil erosion and dust generation; • Contractors will be held responsible for proper removal and disposal of any significant residual materials, wastes, spoil, that remain on the site after construction. Construction wastes • Construction wastes that cannot be reused will be regularly Contractors CSC, IAs, causing adverse transported off-site for disposal, and not allowed to accumulate on PMO impacts on surrounding site over long periods. environments.

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CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE TARGET: No uncollected waste at close of construction activities each day. 2.7 Flora and Habitat retention • To minimize impacts on existing wetlands and riverside habitats: IAs PMO, LIC Fauna (i) prohibit construction activities at night; (ii) avoid water pollution from construction spoils and oil leakage; (iii) erect warning signs to prohibit horn blowing and garbage throwing from diverted traffic; and (iv) awareness building and training of construction workers. In all cases, the taking or harming of any wildlife by construction workers will be strictly prohibited. • Cleared sites will be immediately re-vegetated afterward. All revegetation will use native plant species of local origin, to maintain genetic fitness and reduce the risk of introducing non-local and invasive species. • Prior to construction, vegetation and habitats will be clearly demarcated, as no-go zones for workers and machinery. Invasive species Prohibit the use of any plant species classified in the PRC as weeds, LDI, IAs, PMO, LIEC as defined by the China National Invasive Plant Database contractors (http://www.agripests.cn; 229 species) and by the MEE and Chinese Academy of Sciences (19 species). 2.8 Social and Traffic management – A traffic control and operation plan must be prepared by the contractor Contractors CSC, PMO, Cultural all components in consultation with the local traffic management authority prior to any local traffic construction. The plan will include: police (i) Selection of haulage routes to reduce disturbance to regular traffic. (ii) Trucks hauling treated dredge spoil to landfill will have light loads (not exceeding 10 t per trip), and fully covered. (iii) Divert or limit construction traffic at peak traffic hours. Work camp health and • Ensure construction sites, canteens, food, water and food Contractors CSC, IAs hygiene handling, and toilets, are maintained under hygienic conditions • Construction site operations comply with PRC State Administration of Worker Safety Laws and Regulations. Community safety (all • At all times during construction, safe and convenient passage must Contractors CSC, IAs sites) be given for community vehicles, pedestrians, and livestock to and from side roads. • Consultations with nearby communities before and during construction, as part of the ongoing consultation and information disclosure.

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• Place signs around the construction areas to facilitate traffic movement, provide directions to various components of the works, and provide safety advice and warnings. • At the end of each day, all sites and equipment will be made secure (through fencing and/or lock-down of equipment) to prevent public access. Construction site safety • To the furthest extent possible, protect all persons and nearby Contractors CSC, IAs (all sites) property from construction accidents. • Provide a clean and sufficient supply of fresh water for construction sites and camps. Provide adequate number of latrines at construction sites and work camps and ensure that they are cleaned and maintained in a hygienic state. • Provide personal protection equipment to comply with PRC regulations e.g. safety boots, helmets, gloves, protective clothing, goggles, ear plugs. • Emergency preparedness and response plan for accidents and emergencies, including environmental and public health emergencies associated with hazardous material spills and similar events. These plans will be submitted to the local EPBs for review and approval. Emergency phone link with hospitals in the project towns will be established. A fully equipped first-aid base in each construction camp will be organized. • Occupational health and safety matters will be given a high degree of publicity to all work personnel and posters will be displayed prominently at construction sites. • All workers will be given basic training in sanitation, general health and safety matters, and work hazards. An awareness program for HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases will be implemented for workers and the local communities. • Core labor standards will be implemented. Civil works contracts will stipulate priorities to: (i) employ local people for works; (ii) ensure equal opportunities for women and men; (iii) pay equal wages for work of equal value and pay women’s wages directly to them; and (iv) not employ child or forced labor. Specific targets for employment have been included in the project gender action plan. • Guidelines for handling and disposal, including spill responses, are

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prepared and included in the SEMP. • For residents, next to construction (especially loud noise), ensure residents are aware of the duration and nature of works, potential hazards, and offer to provide ear plugs/dust masks/other basic safety equipment. • Construct storage facilities (including fuel and oil storage), with bunds and clean-up equipment. • Fuel supplier is properly licensed and follows the proper protocol for transferring fuel, and complies with JT 3145-88 (Transportation, Loading and Unloading of Dangerous or Harmful Goods). • Ensure sites and machinery are sealed or closed at night and off- limits to the general public. • During heavy rains / emergencies, suspend all work.

CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE TARGET: Camps clean, emergency response plans in place, and at least 90% of workers aware of emergency response procedures. Construction site safety Trenches will be dug, pipes laid, and the trenches closed, in the same Contractors CSC, IA (pipe-laying) operation. This will ensure that open trenches are not left over an extended period to pose a safety risk or to erode and cave-in. Hazardous and The following measures will be taken to protect people and the Contractors IA polluting materials environment: (i) Storage facilities for fuels, oil, and chemicals will be within secured areas on impermeable surfaces, provided with bunds and cleanup installations; (ii) Vehicles and equipment will be properly staged in designated areas to prevent contamination of soil and surface water; (iii) Fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 300 m from drains, the Tuan River or any of its tributaries. Cultural, physical and • Rehabilitation of supporting structures for the cenotaph of Contractors CSC, IAs, natural heritage Huo Qubing. (i) Photographic documentation of the site prior and PMO protection measurements of the dimensions and inclination of the cenotaph and supporting structures, prior to works; (ii) gradual replacement of supporting structures in a staged approach to avoid risk of damage or failure of supporting structures; (iii) monitoring and confirmation of works by the Dengzhou cultural resources bureau.

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• For chance finds of undocumented physical culture resources. (i) Dengzhou cultural resources bureau and PMO will be promptly notified; (ii) construction will be halted until the bureau has investigated the site and instructed on next steps; (iii) works will resume only after investigation and with the permission of the appropriate authority. • The clause for protection of unknown underground cultural relics will be included in construction contracts, to ensure that contractors comply with the PRC's Cultural Relics Protection Law and Cultural Relics Protection Law Implementation Regulations in the event cultural resources are discovered during construction.

2.9 Vibration Vibration from • Prohibition of pilling and compaction operations at night, which will Contractors construction effectively reduce the vibration impact; • No sensitive receptor site is closer than 20 m from a construction area, although some residential areas are between 20 m and 100 m of construction areas; • High noise activities, such as compaction operations will be prohibited at night; • Communities will be consulted prior to large earthworks to ensure they are informed; • To avoid sensitive timing e.g. Exams at nearby schools or festivals. 3.0 Unexpected If unexpected environmental impacts occur during project construction IA PMO, LIEC environmental phase, immediately inform the PMO; assess the impacts; impacts Corrective actions will be developed, and the EMP updated, then submitted to ADB for endorsement Operation Phase 3.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 1. Air quality Odor gas (NH3, H2S) • The treatment units of the coarse grid and the inlet pump house, WWTP O&M Units IA, PMO the fine grid, the aerated grit chamber, the biological pool and the second settling tank are all sealed. The odor is collected and sent to the biofilter treatment system for centralized treatment, and then discharged through the 15 m exhaust pipe. • According to the prediction, after the completion of the project, the protection distance of the project's sanitation environment is 100 m, and environmentally sensitive receptors such as new residential

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areas, schools and hospitals shall not be planned within the control distance. • Trees have a certain ability to absorb malodorous gases. In addition to the greening area of the plant to meet the requirements (>30%), it is recommended to plant tall tree isolation belt around the plant to reduce the impact of malodorous gases. • The project site implements three-dimensional greening, and green isolation belts are provided between each structure. • Some sewage treatment facilities are prone to breeding mosquitoes and flies in the summer. Without affecting the normal operation of the facilities, the plant management personnel should regularly carry out the work of killing mosquitoes and flies. • The solid waste generated in the grid and sludge dewatering room should be treated in time to avoid long-term accumulation. When transporting sludge, special closed transport vehicles should be used to avoid stench and pollution.

2. Noise the noise generated by • Motors with a power greater than 30 kW should be equipped with WWTP O&M Units IA, PMO the pumps, dewatering noise enclosures. machines, blowers and • The provision of acoustic louver at ventilation fans can provide other equipment during significant reduction in noise levels. It is recommended that operation. acoustic louvers be provided at the discharge point of ventilation fans with a minimum noise reduction of 10 dB(A). • The operation room which including ventilation fans and pump should be equipped with sound insulation room to reduce noise. • Increasing the green area of the Tuanbei WWTP will help reduce noise. 3. Solid Waste domestic garbage, grid • Sludge treatment and disposal should follow the principle of WWTP O&M Units IA, PMO slag, grit and sludge reduction, stabilization and harmlessness. The sludge treatment facilities should be planned, constructed and operated simultaneously with the sewage treatment facilities. • Strengthen the daily management of the temporary storage of sludge to ensure that the moisture content of the stored sludge is below 70%, reduce the amount of sludge, and ensure that the sludge disposal rate reaches 100%. • The ground of the sludge storage room needs to be hardened and covered with a cover plate to meet the requirements of no scattering or loss. Protective forest green belts should be set

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around the sludge dumping site to reduce the impact of foul odor on the surrounding environment. • The sludge temporary storage yard should have perfect drainage facilities, and the wastewater should be sent to the sewage treatment plant for treatment and then discharged. • Limit the stacking height of sludge and its temporary stacking time should not exceed 5 days, and should be transported to Dengzhou City Garbage Disposal Site in time to prevent mosquito and fly breeding and malodorous gas generation. • Units engaged in sludge transportation should have relevant road cargo operation qualifications. At the same time, sludge transport vehicles should adopt measures such as sealing, waterproofing, anti-leakage and anti-sagging. During transportation, monitoring and management should be carried out to prevent exposure and spillage. 4. Water quality domestic sewage, • Wastewater will be discharged after being treated in the sewage WWTP O&M Units IA, PMO deep-bed denitrification treatment plant filter flushing water and • the sewage pipeline should be regularly repaired and maintained to sludge dewatering prevent accidental discharge, and the sewage treatment facilities machine wastewater; and sludge disposal facilities should be treated with anti-seepage Affect the groundwater: and anti-corrosion treatment. To carry out the zone prevention and leakage of sewage control measures, the sludge pool and dewatering zone, and the treatment facilities and sewage treatment zone are the key anti-seepage zones, and the sludge disposal other areas of the site are general anti-seepage zones. facilities, sewage seepage into groundwater; cracking or aging of sewage pipe network leading to dripping; infiltration after tail water discharge 5.Health and Health and safety of • Compulsory use of safety equipment and clothing as necessary, WWTP O&M Units IA, PMO Safety WWTP operating staff including shoes or boots with non-slip soles, protective and chemical resistant clothing, safety goggles; • Wearing of respiratory mask in the sludge dewatering and de-odor workshops and when moving and transporting sludge;

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• Posting and briefing on safety instructions for the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals, and entry into confined spaces Hazardous materials • The chlorination room and chemical storage area will be equipped WWTP O&M Units IA, PMO handing with automatic alarms, which will be triggered by chlorine dioxide leakage. • The hazardous materials shall be with limited access to certified personnel; handling by certified personnel; • The duty room will be equipped with gas masks, oxygen breathing apparatus and other rescue materials • An emergency response plan will be developed and implemented. 3.2 Water Supply Plants 1. Air quality cooking fumes come The cooking fumes can be collected by the exhaust fan and then treated WSP O&M Units IA, PMO from staff canteen by the lampblack purifier and discharged through the special exhaust pipe. 2. Noise noise of pumps • All high noise equipment is installed indoors. All kinds of water WSP O&M Units IA, PMO pumps use shock-absorbing bases, flexible joints are used at the inlet and outlet pipes, and muffler is installed at the inlet and outlet of the fan. • Various pumping equipments use an independent basis to reduce the noise caused by resonance. • Strengthen the maintenance and repair of the equipment during operation phase to avoid the effects of abnormal friction. • Strengthen the greening of the plant area, especially planting trees in the north and west of the plants. 3. Solid Waste sludge, machine repair Sludge, domestic waste and machine repair solid waste shall be WSP O&M Units IA, PMO solid waste, domestic uniformly cleared and transported by the local sanitation department, waste and laboratory and the laboratory waste liquid shall be entrusted to qualified units for waste liquid disposal. 4. Water quality domestic sewage, • Sedimentation tank sludge water and backwashing water would be WSP O&M Units IA, PMO sedimentation tank discharged into the landscape pond (8400 m3). The supernatant is sludge water, filter partially reused and partially used for greening. The rest would be backwashing water and discharged to the ditches near the plant area. laboratory wastewater • Domestic sewage and laboratory wastewater would be discharged into septic tanks for treatment and used for fertilization in surrounding fields.

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5.Health and Health and safety of • Compulsory use of safety equipment and clothing as necessary, WSP O&M Units IA, PMO safety WSP operating staff including shoes or boots with non-slip soles, protective and chemical resistant clothing, safety goggles; • Wearing of respiratory mask in the sludge dewatering and de-odor workshops and when moving and transporting sludge; • Posting and briefing on safety instructions for the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals, and entry into confined spaces Hazardous materials • The chlorination room and chemical storage area will be equipped WSP O&M Units IA, PMO handing with automatic alarms, which will be triggered by chlorine dioxide leakage. • The hazardous materials shall be with limited access to certified personnel; handling by certified personnel; • The duty room will be equipped with gas masks, oxygen breathing apparatus and other rescue materials • An emergency response plan will be developed and implemented. 3.3 Tuanbei Comprehensive Water Environment Improvement Project 1. Air quality automobile exhaust, Strengthen traffic management, promote air circulation and facilitate O&M Unit IA, PMO mainly CO, NO2, THC the diffusion of pollutants. 2. Noise traffic noise adopts mitigation measures such as using low-noise road surface, O&M Unit IA, PMO controlling vehicle speed, and prohibiting whistling near sensitive points. 3. Solid Waste domestic waste domestic waste would be collected by garbage bins and disposed of by O&M Unit IA, PMO generated by tourists the sanitation department. 4. Water quality domestic sewage The sewage generated during the operation is treated by the septic O&M Unit IA, PMO tank and then enters the municipal pipe network. 3.4 Tuan River Ecological Restoration Project 1. Air quality WWTS: malodorous • Trees have a certain ability to absorb malodorous gases. In O&M Units IA, PMO gas which discharged addition to the greening area of the plant to meet the requirements from the grid, the (>30%), it is recommended to plant tall tree isolation belt around regulating tank, the plant to reduce the impact of malodorous gases. Membrane bioreactor • The project site implements three-dimensional greening, and green (MBR), and the sludge isolation belts are provided between each structure. dewatering room, etc. • Some sewage treatment facilities are prone to breeding The main pollutants are mosquitoes and flies in the summer. Without affecting the normal NH3, H2S. operation of the facilities, the plant management personnel should regularly carry out the work of killing mosquitoes and flies.

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Item Environmental Issues Mitigation Measure Who Implements Who and Impacts Supervises

Environmental • The solid waste generated in the grid and sludge dewatering room Research and should be treated in time to avoid long-term accumulation. When Education Center: transporting sludge, special closed transport vehicles should be organic waste gas in used to avoid stench and pollution. the experimental • The sludge dewatering room should be sprayed with process, including corresponding deodorizing measures such as biological deodorant. gaseous pollutants During the operation phase, the operating parameters should be such as acetone, adjusted in time according to the climate and water temperature methanol and ethanol. conditions to reduce the generation of malodorous gases.

➢ The laboratories of the center are equipped with ventilation equipment, and the exhaust gas generated by the operation of gas chromatography, atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence and other instruments is collected through the universal collecting hood. ➢ All operations involving volatile materials should be carried out in the fume hood. ➢ The fume hood or the gas collecting hood can collect a small amount of volatile gas, transport it to the activated carbon adsorption purification device through the ventilation pipe, and then discharge it through the exhaust pipe set on the roof. 2. Noise WWTS: mechanical In order to reduce the impact of noise on the environment, low-noise O&M Unit IA, PMO noise generated by equipment should be used in engineering design. Noise enclosures sewage pump, return and shock absorbers are added to the outside of the blower to reduce water pump, sludge noise. At the same time, these noisy devices should be located indoors pump, blower, screw or underwater, so as to reduce noise. conveyor and high pressure sludge The center should select low-noise equipment for the fan, and the dewatering machine. testing equipment should be located indoors and placed in the center of the laboratory and subjected to shock absorption. Environmental Research and Education Center: the equipment noise generated by the laboratory sample testing equipment.

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Item Environmental Issues Mitigation Measure Who Implements Who and Impacts Supervises

3. Solid Waste WWTS: grid slag and • After the sludge is mechanically dehydrated, it should be O&M Unit IA, PMO grit, and the excess transported together with the grid slag and grit to the Dengzhou sludge produced by the City landfill for sanitary landfill treatment. MBR. • Enterprises should set up a special management agency to be responsible for the storage and transportation of sludge. Environmental • Semi-closed dump trucks should be used for solid waste Research and transportation to avoid secondary pollution. Education Center: • Temporary storage yards for sludges shall be set up in the plant experimental waste and area. The temporary storage time shall not exceed one week. domestic waste • The ground shall be treated with anti-seepage treatment, and structures such as cofferdams and waterproof ditch shall be constructed around the dumping site to reduce the environmental impact.

Domestic waste is handled by municipal sanitation department, and experimental waste is collected and stored, and regularly disposed by qualified units. 4. Water quality WWTS: tail water The wastewater can be collected and discharged into the sump before O&M Unit IA, PMO treated by the sewage the coarse grid through the sewage pipe in the plant, and treated treatment station, the together with the urban sewage. domestic sewage generated by the Domestic sewage and experimental waste should be entered the employees, and the septic tank for pretreatment, and discharged into the municipal sewage wastewater generated pipe network after reaching the standard. All the sewage from the by the sludge center would be discharged into the Denghzou No.1 sewage treatment dehydration process. plant and discharged into Tuan River. After the completion of Tuanbei WWTP, the final wastewater of the center would be discharged into the Environmental Tuanbei WWTP via the urban sewage pipe network. Research and Education Center: domestic sewage and laboratory wastewater. 3.5 Household waste recycling in Rangdong Town Health and Health and safety of All workers shall be equipped with necessary personnel protective O&M Unit IA, PMO safety solid waste treatment equipment (PPE), such as gloves and safety glasses and be properly facility operating staff trained and fitted for using the equipment.

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Item Environmental Issues Mitigation Measure Who Implements Who and Impacts Supervises

All plantation Activities Propoer use of Non-source pollution The application of fertilizers and pesticides for the project greenbelts will O&M Unit IA, PMO persticides and from pesticeds and utilize only low-toxicity, biodegradable pesticide.29 Pesticides listed as fertilizer fertilizers hazardous or for restricted use will be prohibited.30

All components 3.7 Unexpected All areas If unexpected environmental impacts occur during project operations, All O&M Units IAs, PMO environmental immediately inform the PMO; assess the impacts; and update the EMP impacts Note: ADB = Asian Development Bank, DI = design institute, IEE = Initial Environmental Examination, EPB = Environment Protection Bureau, IA = Implementing Agency, DI = Design Institute, DCG = Dengzhou City Government, LIEC = Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant, O&M = Operation and maintenance, PMO = Project Management Office, SEMSP = Site Environmental Management and Supervision Plan, WSP = Water Supply Plant, THC= Total Hydro Carbons, WWTS = Wastewater Treatment Station.

29 Pesticides recommended by Ministry of Agriculture: List of main varieties of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides used in crop production (2016). 30 http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/ZZYGLS/201709/t20170911_5810706.htm

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D. Environmental Monitoring, Inspection and Reporting

7. Three types of project monitoring will be conducted under the EMP: (i) Internal monitoring to be conducted by the contractors and the Construction Supervision Companies (CSCs). (ii) External monitoring, contracted by the PMO/IAs. (iii) EMP compliance monitoring, to be conducted by the LIEC on behalf of the PMO and EMS to ensure the EMP is being effectively implemented.

8. Internal environmental monitoring. During construction, the CSCs and the IAs will be responsible for conducting internal environmental monitoring in accordance with the monitoring plan. Results will be reported through the CSC monthly reports to the IAs and PMO.

9. External monitoring. The IAs will contract a certificated EMA to conduct environmental monitoring in accordance with the monitoring program (Table EMP-4). Monitoring will be conducted during construction and operation phases, and the monitoring activities will not stop until a project completion report (PCR) is issued. Semiannual monitoring reports will be prepared by the EMA and submitted to the PMO and IAs.

10. EMP compliance monitoring is the systematic evaluation of the overall progress of the entire EMP. The LIEC will review project progress and compliance with the EMP based on field visits, and the review of the environmental monitoring reports provided by the EMAs. The findings of the LIEC will be reported to ADB through the semiannual EMP monitoring and progress reports. The reports will include (i) progress made in EMP implementation, (ii) overall effectiveness of the EMP implementation (including public and occupational health and safety), (iii) environmental monitoring and compliance, (iv) institutional strengthening and training, (v) public consultation (including GRM), and (vi) any problems encountered during construction and operation, and the relevant corrective actions undertaken. The LIEC will help the PMO prepare the reports and submit the English report to ADB for disclosure.

11. Project completion environmental audits. Within three months after each subproject completion, or no later than a half year with permission of the local EPB, environmental acceptance monitoring and audit reports of each subproject completion shall be (i) prepared by the IA or capable environmental monitoring institute in accordance with the PRC Guideline on Project Completion Environmental Audit (2017); and (ii) finally reported to ADB through the semiannual EMP monitoring and progress reporting process.

Table EMP-3A: Environmental Monitoring Program for Project Duration

Monitoring Estimated Monitoring Frequency Who Who Cost Item Parameter Location and Implements Supervises (USD) Duration Pre-Construction Phase Prelimanry 20,000 parameters of Polychlorinated Sames Once biphenyl （PCB）, sampling as the The third during the Ceritficated chlordane, 2nd round of round of detailed third heptachlor, sediment testing IA (EPB) sediment engineering independent hexachlorobenzene, in lower Tuan sampling design party River (refer to Dimethoate (subject (DED) to confirmation at Figure IV-4) the detailed design stage) Construction Phase

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Internal monitoring (contractors, CSCs, PMO and PMO-ES and IA-ES) Visual 10,000 Dust mitigation inspection at all measures proposed construction Ambient air Weekly Contractor, PMO, in the EMP, sites quality Real time CSC LIEC equipment Continuous maintenance real-time monitoring Weekly or 8,000 LAeq: measured Construction more during Contractor, PMO, Noise with hand-held site boundary peak CSC LIEC meter season Visual 6,000 Municipal waste inspection at all Contractor, PMO, Solid waste and construction construction Daily CSC LIEC waste sites and work camps Visual 6,000 inspection at Soil erosion spoil sites and Weekly; and Soil erosion intensity and all construction immediately Contractor, PMO, and re- survival rate of re- sites, especially after heavy CSC LIEC vegetation vegetation embankment rainfall sections of Tuan River Inspection at all 6,000 Occupational Camp hygiene, construction Contractor, PMO, health and safety, availability of Monthly sites and work CSC LIEC safety clean water, PPEs camps Subtotal 36,000 External monitoring by EMA Quality of 10,000 Domestic sewage and Quarterly pH, SS, NH3-N, wastewater discharge during EMA EPB, PMO CODCr, petroleum discharge at channels at construction work camps work camps 100 m 10,000 upstream and 500 m downstream of embankment and dredging Quarterly Construction SS, petroleum, pH sections of during EMA EPB, PMO wastewater Tuan River; (ii) construction at wastewater discharge points of all construction sites All construction 12,000 sites (at least 1 point upwind, 1 Quarterly Ambient air TSP, PM10, PM2.5 point downwind during EMA EPB, PMO quality and nearby construction sensitive receptors Quarterly 8,000 Boundaries of during Noise LAeq all construction EMA EPB, PMO construction sites (twice a day:

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once in daytime, once in nighttime, for 2 consecutive days) Visual 5,000 Solid waste inspection at all Quarterly (garbage, Work camps and construction during EMA EPB, PMO construction construction sites sites and work- construction wastes) camps Visual 5,000 inspection at At least spoil sites and 1/year, and construction Soil erosion 1 time after sites, especially EMA, LIEC EPB, PMO intensity completion embankment of Soil erosion and dredging construction and re- sections of Tuan vegetation River At least 5,000 Visual Re-vegetation of 1/year, and inspection at embankments, spoil 1 time after sites, and EMA, LIEC EPB, PMO disposal sites and completion temporary construction sites of occupied lands construction Work camp 5,000 Inspection at all Occupational hygiene, safety, construction At least health and availability of clean EMA, LIEC EPB, PMO sites and work- once a year safety water, emergency camps response plans Subtotal 60,000 Operation phase Boundary of 8,000 pump stations; EMA, O&M Noise LAeq (ii) boundary of Twice a year PMO, EPB unit WWTP, WSPs, WWTSs. Ph, SS, DO, NH3-N, 500 m 8,000 Water quality oil, CODcr, BOD5, downstream of EMA, O&M of Tuan TN, TP, chloride, dredging Twice a year PMO, EPB unit River NO3-N, total sections of Tuan coliforms River Soil and Plant survival and All re-vegetated Spot check, 2,000 PMO EPB vegetation coverage sites Twice a year Ph, SS, DO, NH3-N, 12,000 Outlet of oil, CODcr, BOD5, Effluent Tuanbei WWTP, EMA, O&M TN, TP, chloride, Quarterly PMO, EPB quality Rangdong and unit NO3-N, total Jitan WWTSs coliforms Subtotal 30,000 Total 128,000

Table EMP-3B: Applicable Standards Phase Indicator Standard Pre- Chemicals in Lower • Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Construction Tuan River Soil Contamination of Develooment Land (GB36600- sediment 2018)

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• Guidelines for Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water (2010) of Western Australia, Department of Environment and Conservation, Australia, 2010.

Construction Noise at Emission Standard of Environmental Noise for construction Boundary of Construction Site (GB12523-2011) boundary Dust at construction Integrated Air Pollutants Emission Standard site boundary (GB16297-1996) Dust at sensitive Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3095-2012) receptors Noise at sensitive Acoustic Environment Standard (GB3096-2008) receptors Operation Odor Classification of Temporary Odor Intensity Noise at WWTP, Emission Standard for Industrial Enterprises Noise WWTS and WSP Boundary (GB12348-2008) Effluent of WWTP Discharge Standard for Municipal Wastewater ad WWTS Treatment Plant(GB18918-2002) Surface water Surface Water Ambient Quality Standard (GB3838- quality 2002) Built habitats Survival rate of planted vegetation>75%

Table EMP-4: Reporting Plan

Reports From To Frequency Pre-construction Phase Review of Ensure that site-specific LIEC, PMO ADB Once detailed measures for the dredging and engineering other EMP actions are included designs in the designs and are consistent with the EMP Construction Phase Internal Construction Implementation Contractor, IAs Monthly monitoring Report CSC Environmental monitoring report CSC PMO, LIEC Quarterly External Environmental monitoring report EMS EPB, PMO, Semi-annual monitoring IAs Compliance Environment progress and PMO ADB Semi-Annual monitoring monitoring reports Acceptance Environmental acceptance Licensed PMO, IAs, Once; within 3 report report acceptance EPB months of institute completion of physical works Operational Phase Internal Environmental monitoring report IA PMO, LIEC Quarterly monitoring (first year of operation) Environment Compliance with EMP measures LIEC, PMO ADB Annually monitoring report (until PCR is issued) report External Environmental monitoring report EMS EPB, PMO, Annually monitoring (until PCR is issued IAs Project EMP implementation completion PMO, LIEC ADB At PCR stage Completion Report ADB = Asian Development Bank; EPB = Environment Protection Bureau; EMS = Environmental Monitoring Station; LIEC = Loan Implementation Environment consultant; PMO = Project Management Office

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E. Training and Capacity Building

12. The capacity of the PMO and IAs to implement this EMP will be strengthened through training. Initially the training will be in formal workshops, then will continue with on the job training by the LIEC and other specialists hired under the consulting services. The formal training will cover EMP implementation, supervision, and reporting, and the Grievance Redress Mechanism (Table EMP-5). Training will be facilitated by the LIEC with the support of other experts under the loan implementation consultant services. Attendees from the IAs will be staff from their environmental units and supervising engineers. raining of WTP and landfill operation and maintenance unit supervisors in environmental safeguards, and occupational safety will be undertaken by a contracted specialist. For all government personnel and contractor positions involved in implementing the EMP, if personnel leave and/or are replaced, the new individuals will be required to undergo the same training. This will help maintain smooth implementation of the EMP.

Table EMP-5: Training Program

Total No. Cost (CNY Total Training Attendees Contents Times Days trainees / person / CNY day) EMP PMO, IAs, EMP roles and Once prior to, 2 20 500 20,000 implementation contractors responsibilities, and once after, monitoring, supervision, the first year of reporting procedures, project review of experience implementation (after 12 months) Grievance PMO, IAs, Roles and Once prior to, 2 20 500 20,000 Redress contractors responsibilities, and once after, Mechanism Procedures the first year of project implementation Environmental PMO, IAs, Pollution control on Once (during 1 20 500 10,000 protection and EPB construction sites (air, project monitoring noise, waste water, solid implementation) waste) WSP operation WTP O&M Operation of treatment Once (before 1 10 500 5,000 safeguards supervisors processes, plant environmental commissioning) safeguards and safety (disinfection operation) WWTP WWTP Operation of treatment Once (before 1 10 500 5,000 operation O&M processes, plant safeguards supervisors environmental commissioning) safeguards and safety (disinfection operation) Solid Waste Solid waste Operation of treatment Once (before 1 5 500 2,500 Pilot facility pilot facility processes, plant operation O&M environmental commissioning) safeguards supervisors safeguards and safety Training in Staff of O & Training in management Prior to Project 1 10 500 5,000 wetland and M agency of wetland ecological implementation Greenland for wetland, processes and habitat management shelterbelt protection.

and landscaping. Training in integrated pest management

Other trainings All staff Operation of treatment Regularly follow Included in the ordinary operation budget to be O&M processes, the training consucted by environmental program of the the WSP and safeguards and safety, plant WWTP emergency response operators Total estimated cost: 77,500

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F. Grievance Redress Mechanism

13. The Environmental and Social Officers of the PMO and three IAs will be the lead coordinators for GRM implementation. However, all project agencies and staff will be trained in the GRM and will take an active role in supporting these staff as and when necessary.

14. At the PMO level, the PMO Environmental Officer and Social Officer will establish a GRM tracking and documentation system, conduct daily coordination with the PMOs’ officers, arrange meetings and conduct site visits as necessary, maintain the overall project GRM database, and prepare the reporting inputs for progress reports to ADB. They will also instruct contractors and CSCs on the GRM procedures, and coordinate with the local EPBs and other government divisions as necessary. PMO staff will be trained and supported by the LIEC and Loan Implementation Social Consultant (LISC).

15. The contact persons for different GRM entry points, such as the PMO Environmental and Social Officers, contractors, operators of project facilities (OPFs), and local EPBs, will be identified prior to construction. The contact details for the entry points (phone numbers, addresses, e-mail addresses) will be publicly disclosed on information boards at construction sites and on the websites of the local EPBs.

16. On-site procedures: (i) all contractors and CSC staff will be briefed by the PMO-ES and IA-ES on the GRM. Contractors and workers will be instructed to be courteous to local residents and, in the event they are approached by the general public with an issue, to immediately halt their work and report the issue to the foreman; (ii) at least one sign will be erected at each construction site providing the public with updated project information (the purpose of the project activity, the duration of disturbance, the responsible entities on-site), the GRM process, and contact names and details for the GRM entry points.

17. Non-project agencies: Prior to project construction, the PMO-ES will notify all relevant agencies about the project and GRM, so that if these agencies receive complaints, they know to contact the PMO-ES and follow up as necessary. This will include, but not be limited to, the Dengzhou EPB, and local police.

18. Once a complaint is received and filed, the PMO officers will identify if complaints are eligible. Eligible complaints include those where (i) the complaint pertains to the project; and (ii) the issues arising in the complaint fall within the scope of environmental issues that the GRM is authorized to address. Ineligible complaints include those where: (i) the complaint is clearly not project-related; (ii) the nature of the issue is outside the mandate of the environmental GRM (such as issues related to resettlement, allegations of fraud or corruption); and (iii) other procedures are more appropriate to address the issue. Ineligible complaints will be recorded and passed to the relevant authorities, and the complainant will be informed of the decision and reasons for rejection. The procedure and timeframe for the GRM is as follows and also summarized in Figure EMP-1.

19. The procedure and timeframe for the GRM is shown in Figure EMP-1 and is as follows.

• Stage 1: If a concern arises during construction, the affected person may submit a written or oral complaint to the contractor. Whenever possible, the contractor will resolve the issue directly with the affected person. The contractor shall give a clear reply within five (5) working days. The contractor will keep the PMO fully informed at all stages.

• Stage 2: If the issue cannot be resolved in Stage 1, after five calendar days, the PMO will take over responsibility. Eligibility of the complaint will be assessed and a recommended solution given to the complainant and contractors within five (5)

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working days. If the solution is agreed by the complainant, the contractors and/or facility operators (in operation) will implement the solution within seven (7) calendar days. Written records will be made of all stages and outcomes.

• Stage 3: If no solution can be identified by the PMO, and/or the complainant is not satisfied with the proposed solution, the PMO will organize, within ten (10) calendar days, a stakeholder meeting (including the complainant, contractor and/or operator of the facility, local EPB, PMO). A solution acceptable to all shall be identified including clear steps. The contractors (during construction) and facility operators (during operation) will immediately implement the agreed solution. Written records will be made of all stages and outcomes.

20. The GRM does not affect the right of an affected person to submit their complaints to any agency they wish to, for example the local village committee, community leaders, courts, PMO, CMG, district/county government, and/or ADB.

21. The PMOs shall bear any and all costs of implementing the GRM, including meeting, travel, and/or accommodation costs of the project staff or affected person. The GRM will be implemented throughout project construction and at least the first year of operation for each project facility.

22. If the above steps are unsuccessful, people adversely affected by the project may submit complaints to ADB’s Accountability Mechanism. The Accountability Mechanism provides an independent forum and process whereby people adversely affected by ADB- assisted projects can voice, and seek a resolution of their problems, as well as report alleged violations of ADB‘s operational policies and procedures. Before submitting a complaint to the Accountability Mechanism, affected people should make a good faith effort to solve their problems by working with the concerned ADB operations department (in this case, the ADB East Asia Department). Only after doing that, and if they are still dissatisfied, should they approach the Accountability Mechanism.

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Grievance/Complaints by APsADB

Oral or written Oral or written complaint complaint Solution found (5 working days) Local EPBs, IAs, Contractors, CSCs, Residental Committees LIEC

Forward Inform if solved, forward if not solved

PMO Environment and/or Social Officers

Record complaint, assess eligibility of complaint, inform relevant stakeholders including ADB and Dengzhou City Environment Protection Bureau

Solution not found Consult LIEC, IAs, Contractors, and CSCs to identify solution

Conduct stakeholders meeting (contractor, IA, APs, EPBs and LIEC) Solution to identify solution and action plan found (10 calendar days)

Solution found

Implement Solution

During During Operation construction

Contractors and CSCs IAs and district/conuty EPBs

Figure EMP-1: The Project Grievance Redress Mechanism.

Stakeholders involved will depend upon the nature of the complaint and will include as a minimum the affected person(s), PMO, IA (for the district), Dengzhou City EPB. Other stakeholder agencies relevant to particular concerns can be called upon to contribute through the PLG. Note: AP = affected person, EPB = environmental protection bureau, O&M = operation and maintenance, PMO = project management office; IA = Implementing Agency.

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G. Public Consultation and Awareness Raising

23. Consultation. Meaningful consultation to safeguard the environment and local residents will be performed before construction and operation phases. The objectives of the public consultation are to discuss dates, to address concerns from citizens; scheduled dates for consultation need to avoid public holidays. The PMO and the IAs will be responsible for organizing the public consultations, with the support of the loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC). Civil works contractors will be required to frequently communicate and consult with the communities in the project area of influence, especially those near the project areas. Consultation will focus on public complaints about public nuisances from construction and operation activities, such as water quality, noise, asphalt fume nuisance, dust, odor, traffic disturbance.

Table EMP-6: Environment Consultation and Communication Plan Organizer Format Frequency Subject Attendees Cost (US$) Construction Phase PMO, IAs, Public Conducted before Adjusting of mitigation Residents in 2,000 LIEC consultation & the construction measures, if necessary; project areas site visits phase and verify construction impact; once a year comments and afterward suggestions

PMO, Expert As needed, based Comments and Experts of 2,000 LIEC workshop on public suggestions on mitigation various consultation measures, public opinion sectors, EPB Operation Phase (first year of operation until project completion report) PMO, Public opinion Once at MTR stage Public satisfaction with Residents in 2,000 LIEC survey EMP implementation project areas PMO, IAs, Public Once in the first Effectiveness of mitigation Residents in 2,000 LIEC consultation year measures, impacts of project areas and site visits operation, comments and suggestions LIEC, Public Once at PCR stage Public satisfaction with Residents in 2,000 PMO satisfaction EMP implementation. project areas survey Comments and suggestions Total 10,000 Note: EPB = Environmental Protection Bureau, PMO = Project management office, LIEC = Loan implementation environment consultant; MTR = midterm review; PCR = project completion review.

H. Cost Estimates

24. The cost for EMP implementation comprises three items: mitigation measures (Table EMP-3); environmental monitoring (Table EMP-4); and training and GRM (Table EMP-6). These costs are summarized in Table EMP-7. Not included in the budget are (i) detailed design revisions and adjustments, (ii) infrastructure costs which relate to environment and public health but which are already included in the project direct costs and (iii) remuneration for the PMO-ES and loan implementation consultants. Costs for mitigation measures and training are based on estimates provided in the domestic EIA and TrTA team’s experience in similar projects. The cost for implementing the mitigation measures during the operation phase is covered by the ordinary operation and maintenance budget that is not listed here. Monitoring costs were estimated by the TrTA team based on experience in similar projects and agreed with the PMO during discussions in the project preparation phase.

Table EMP-7: Estimated Budget for Implementation of the Environmental Management Plan Over Six Years

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EMP Item Implementing Agency Estimated Cost $ Dengzhou Dengzhou Integrated Environmental Water Urban–Rural Protection Resource Development Bureau Bureau Pilot Area Administration Bureau Mitigation Soil erosion and contamination $60,000 $60,000 $70,000 $250,000 Measures Dust control $50,000 $50,000 $60,000 $160,000 during Noise and vibration $50,000 $50,000 $60,000 $160,000 construction Wastewater management $60,000 $60,000 $70,000 $190,000 (included in Solid waste $50,000 $50,000 $60,000 $160,000 civil work Protection of flora and fauna $60,000 $60,000 $70,000 $190,000 contract) Community health and safety $50,000 $50,000 $60,000 $160,000 Occupational health and safety $50,000 $50,000 $60,000 $160,000 Subtotal $1,080,000 Monitoring Environmental impact monitoring / / / $88,000 by EMA (External) Internal monitoring / / / $38,000 3rd sediment testing 20,000 / / $20,000 Subtotal $146,000 Training Table EMP-5 $11,194 Public Consultation Table EMP-6 $10,000 Total $1,248,194 Source: DEIA and TrTA Consultants estimate Note: Internal monitoring during construction is covered under construction costs; and during operations by the O&M Unit.

25. The IAs will pay for the external environmental monitoring costs during construction. The contractors will pay for all mitigation measures during construction, including those specified in the contract documents and any unforeseen impacts due to construction activities. The IAs will bear the costs related to environmental supervision during construction and operation. The PMO will bear the costs for training, the GRM, and the LIEC.

I. Mechanisms for Feedback and Adjustment

26. Based on environmental inspection and monitoring reports, the PMO shall decide, in consultation with the LIEC, whether (i) further mitigation measures are required as corrective actions, or (ii) some improvements are required for environmental management practices. The effectiveness of mitigation measures and monitoring plans will be evaluated by a feedback reporting system. Adjustment to the EMP will be made, if necessary. The PMO Environmental Officer and the LIEC will play critical roles in the feedback and adjustment mechanism.

27. If during inspection and monitoring, substantial deviation from the EMP is observed or any changes are made to the project that may cause substantial adverse environmental impacts or increase the number of affected people, then the PMO will immediately consult with ADB and form an environmental assessment team to conduct additional environmental assessment. If necessary, further public consultation will be undertaken. The revised DEIAs and project IEE, including this EMP, will be submitted to the ADB for review, appraisal, and public disclosure. The revised EMP will be passed to the contractors, CSCs and operators of the project facilities, for implementation.

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APPENDIX 2. ASSESSMENT LEVELS FOR SEDIMENTS

The third round sediment sampling will follow the guideline from: Department of Environment and Conservation. 2010. Contaminated Sites Management Series. Assessment levels for Soil, Sediment and Water, Australia. Website: https://www.der.wa.gov.au/images/documents/your- environment/contaminated-sites/guidelines/2009641_- _assessment_levels_for_soil_sediment_and_water_-_web.pdf

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APPENDIX 3: DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENT POSITIONS

A. PMO Environment Officer

1. Scope and Duration of Work

1. The officer will work on behalf of the project management office (PMO) to implement the project environment management plan (EMP). The officer will report directly to the PMO. The person will be employed for the entire project duration (6 years including five years of construction and one year of operation).

2. Qualifications

2. The officer will have: (i) an undergraduate degree or higher in environmental management or related field; (ii) at least 5 years of experience in environmental management, monitoring, and/or impact assessment, including specific experience on the management and monitoring of hydropower projects; (iii) ability to communicate and work effectively with local communities, contractors, and government agencies; (iv) ability to analyze data and prepare technical reports; (v) willingness and health to regularly visit the project construction sites and in different seasons; and (vi) ideally, proficiency in spoken and written English.

3. Detailed Tasks

3. The officer will have detailed understanding of the project EMP and supporting documents, including the domestic environmental reports, initial environmental examination (IEE), and environmental assurances. The officer will have the following tasks.

(i) Assess whether the EMP requires updating due to any changes in project design, which may have occurred after the EMP was prepared. (ii) Distribute the Chinese language version of the EMP to all relevant agencies, including the implementing agencies, and provincial and municipal agencies for environment protection. This should occur at least 3 months before construction begins. (iii) Conduct meetings with agencies as necessary to ensure they understand their specific responsibilities described in the EMP. (iv) Ensure that relevant mitigation, monitoring, and reporting measures in the EMP are included in the bidding documents, contracts, and relevant construction plans. (v) Confirm that the implementing agencies responsible for the internal environment monitoring described in the EMP understand their tasks and will implement the monitoring in a timely fashion. (vi) At least 2 months before construction begins, establish and implement the project grievance redress mechanism (GRM) described in the EMP. This will include: (a) preparation of a simple table and budget identifying the type, number, and cost of materials needed to inform local communities about the GRM and starting dates and scope of construction; (b) design, prepare, and distribute these materials, and plan and conduct the community meetings; (c) prepare a form to record any public complaints; (d) preparation of a summary table to record all complaints, including dates, issues, and how they were resolved; and (e) ensure that all relevant agencies, including contractors, understand their role in the GRM. (vii) Prior to construction, ensure that the implementation agencies and their contractors have informed their personnel, including all construction workers, of the EMP requirements. This will include all mitigation measures relating to impacts to air, water, noise, soil, sensitive sites, ecological values, cultural values, worker and community health and safety, respectful behavior when communicating with local communities, and responding to and reporting any complaints.

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(viii) During project construction, make regular site visits with the loan implementation environment consultant to assess progress, meet with contractors and/or local communities, and assess compliance with the EMP. (ix) Ensure that all relevant agencies submit required progress reports and information, including environmental monitoring and reports of any issues or grievances. (x) Compile, review, and store environmental progress reports from the implementation agencies, records of any grievances, and any other relevant issues. Maintain digital copies of all information. When necessary, enter data into summary tables in digital format (e.g., to transfer records of grievances from hard copy forms). Ensure that all information is stored in the PMO filing system, backed up, and can be easily retrieved. (xi) Prepare semiannual environment progress reports. (xii) Work closely with the PMO, implementing agencies, contractors, loan implementation consultants, and other agencies as necessary to conduct these tasks.

4. Reporting Requirements

4. Semiannual environment monitoring reports using the template provided by ADB or a domestic format reviewed and approved by ADB.

B. Loan Implementation Environmental Consultant

1. Background

5. The project will be coordinated by the Dengzhou City Government (DCG); the overall responsibility of the DCG includes implementation of the project EMP. At the field level, the project will be implemented by three Implementing Agencies (IAs). The DCG and IAs will be assisted by a loan implementation consultant team. The loan implementation environmental consultant (LIEC) will be a part of this team and will support the DCG and IAs to implement the project EMP.

2. Scope and Duration of Work

6. This position could be a firm or an individual engaged by the DCG. It is an independent position. It is not part of the DCG in-house environmental team or the implementing agencies. The specialist will report directly to the DCG. The position will be spread over the entire project duration of construction. The LIEC should be recruited as soon as possible after loan effectiveness, as the first task is to confirm project environmental readiness.

3. Qualifications

7. The specialist is required to have: (i) a master’s degree or higher in environmental management or related fields; (ii) at least 12 years of experience in environmental management, monitoring, and/or impact assessment, including specific experience on the management and monitoring of hydropower projects; (iii) clear understanding of ADB project management requirements and national environmental management procedures; (iv) ability to communicate and work effectively with local communities, contractors, and government agencies; (v) ability to analyze data and prepare technical reports; (vi) willingness and health to regularly visit the subproject sites; and (vii) proficiency in spoken and written English.

4. Tasks

8. Working closely with the DCG and PMO Environmental Officers, the LIEC will do the following.

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9. Before construction:

(i) Ensure project environmental readiness, including: (i) all contractor contracts include, and will comply with, the EMP; and (iii) relevant sections of the EMP are incorporated in construction plans and contracts. (ii) Assist the DCG and IAs to implement the GRM, including: (i) establish and publicize the GRM; and (ii) collate and evaluate grievances received. (iii) Develop procedures to: (i) monitor EMP implementation progress; (ii) collate and evaluate data collected in the EMP environmental monitoring program; and (iii) prepare and submit the semiannual environmental monitoring reports to ADB (to continue until project completion report). (iv) Undertake training of project agencies as required by the EMP training plan. (v) Provide hands-on support and on-the-job training to the DCG, IAs, and contractors on the specific requirements of the EMP as required.

10. During project implementation:

(i) Undertake site visits to all implementing agencies during subproject construction and operating phase. (ii) Assist in the ongoing public consultation process as described in the project IEE. (iii) Conduct EMP compliance assessments, identify any environment-related implementation issues, and propose necessary responses in corrective action plans. (iv) Undertake training of project agencies as required by the EMP training plan. (v) Undertake simple and cost-effective on-site quantitative measurements to regularly check that the construction complies with the environmental monitoring standards and targets, especially for noise, and water turbidity (during the dredging and embankments), using a basic hand-held meter (vi) Assist the DCG to prepare semiannual environmental monitoring progress reports for submission to ADB.