DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeology Unit Archaeology Report Series

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeology Unit Archaeology Report Series #8 NALANDA–SRIWIJAYA CENTRE ARCHAEOLOGY UNIT ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT SERIES Tonle Snguot: Preliminary Research Results from an Angkorian Hospital Site D. KYLE LATINIS, EA DARITH, KÁROLY BELÉNYESY, AND HUNTER I. WATSON A T F Archaeology Unit 6870 0955 facebook.com/nalandasriwijayacentre Nalanda–Sriwijaya Centre ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute F W 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, 6778 1735 Singapore 119614 www.iseas.edu.sg/centres/nalanda-sriwijaya-centre E [email protected] The Nalanda–Sriwijaya Centre Archaeology Unit (NSC AU) Archaeology Report Series has been established to provide an avenue for publishing and disseminating archaeological and related research conducted or presented within the Centre. This also includes research conducted in partnership with the Centre as well as outside submissions from fields of enquiry relevant to the Centre's goals. The overall intent is to benefit communities of interest and augment ongoing and future research. The NSC AU Archaeology Report Series is published Citations of this publication should be made in the electronically by the Nalanda–Sriwijaya Centre of following manner: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. Latinis, D. K., Ea, D., Belényesy, K., and Watson, H. I. (2018). “Tonle Snguot: Preliminary Research Results from an © Copyright is held by the author/s of each report. Angkorian Hospital Site.” Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Archaeology Unit Archaeology Report Series No. 8. ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute accepts no responsibility for facts presented and views expressed. Responsibility Cover image: Natalie Khoo rests exclusively with the individual author or authors. Authors have agreed that permission has been obtained from appropriate sources to include any Editor : Foo Shu Tieng content in the publication such as texts, images, maps, Cover Art Template : Aaron Kao tables, charts, graphs, illustrations, and photos that are Layout & Typesetting : Foo Shu Tieng not exclusively owned or copyrighted by the authors. Authors have also agreed that proper referencing, Editorial Committee: acknowledgement and accreditation has been exercised according to professional standards. Terence Chong Kwa Chong Guan D. Kyle Latinis Lim Chen Sian The NSC AU Archaeology Report Series cannot be Andrea Acri Hélène Njoto republished, reprinted, or reproduced in any format Foo Shu Tieng without the permission of the paper’s author/s. For any submissions or inquiries, please refer to the website or contact [email protected]. Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Archaeology Unit Archaeology Report Series No. 8 (March 2018) ISSN (electronic): 2529-7295 Latinis et al.: Tonle Snguot NSC AU Archaeology Report Series No. 8 CONTRIBUTORS Dr. D. Kyle LATINIS was the Field School Director for the 2017 NSC Archaeological Field School and is a Visiting Fellow at NSC. He currently researches the Historical Ecology of Southeast Asia an approach combining ethnographic, historic, environmental and archaeological data. Research also addresses internal and external socio-economic factors and resource exploitation. Dr. Latinis oversees projects and Field training in Mainland Southeast Asia, having over 25 years of experience in Southeast Asia and the Asia-Pacific. Dr Latinis earned a PhD at the National University of Singapore (2008) and a PhD in Ecological Anthropology at the University of Hawaii (1999). Dr. EA Darith was the Field School Co-Director for the 2017 NSC Archaeological Field School and is Deputy Director, Angkor International Center for Research and Documentation. He is also Head of the Chair of the Angkor Ceramics Unit, APSARA Authority, and was a Visiting Fellow at NSC (2014-2015). Dr Ea received his BA from Royal University of Fine Arts (1995), His MA from Kyoto University (2000), and PhD from Osaka Ohtani University (2010). He has coordinated a spectrum of diverse projects between APSARA Authority and numerous international teams. His main research interests include Khmer stoneware ceramic industries and kilns; having excavated more than 10 stoneware kilns throughout the Angkor region. He has co-directed previous joint research and field-school projects where he has produced a seminal paper on the Torp Chey kilns and provided seminars on current Cambodian Archaeological research. He is currently working on a book on Angkor entitled Angkor Wat in World Consciousness: A Khmer Perspective. Dr. Károly BELÉNYESY was the Field School Senior Affiliate Advisor for the 2017 NSC Archaeological Field School. He is an Archaeologist, Cultural Heritage Expert, and Team Leader of the Archaeological Mission in Cambodia, Hungarian Southeast Asian Research Institute; Budapest, Hungary. Dr Belényesy earned his MA in Archaeology and Museology (1999) and PhD in Medieval History (2014) at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest. From 2005, Dr Belényesy has been a Reader at Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Horticultural Science. His specialties include medieval and post medieval urban archaeology, metallurgy, and medieval rearms. His research also includes analyzing historical environments and landscapes. He has directed Archaeology projects at Koh Ker to include LiDAR analysis. Hunter I. WATSON is a PhD Candidate at the Department of Southeast Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. He holds a BA in philosophy and religious studies from the USA, and an MA in oriental epigraphy from Silpakorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He studies ancient inscriptions and languages, and especially Sanskrit, Pali, Thai, Khmer and Mon. Currently he is researching the art and archaeology of Southeast Asia with a focus on ceramics and religious iconography. 1 Latinis et al.: Tonle Snguot NSC AU Archaeology Report Series No. 8 Tonle Snguot: Preliminary Research Results from an Angkorian Hospital Site ABSTRACT Tonle Snguot is an 11th/12th century CE hospital site at the northern gate of Angkor Thom, Siem Reap, Cambodia. It was partially excavated by an international team from the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), APSARA Authority, and East Asia Summit (EAS) training participants in 2017. This was part of an EAS research and training mission supported by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Singapore, the NSC and the ISEAS- Yusof Ishak Institute. Statuary and habitation remains were recovered. Cursory analysis is provided throughout the report ranging from large-scale settlement concerns to smaller- - -specific topics. The following report is inte theory-method focused while other sections provide descriptive results. The overall intent was to explore and identify habitation sites related to the hospital compound. conceived as complementary. Keywords: Archaeology, Tonle Snguot, Cambodia, Angkor, Medical Industry, Ancient Hospitals, Settlement Patterns 2 Latinis et al.: Tonle Snguot NSC AU Archaeology Report Series No. 8 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 2 CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 7 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 8 1.2: Settlement Area Dating, Urbanization, Abandonment, and Continuity Models .................................................................................................................... 11 2: PROJECT PURPOSE ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1: General Concerns .................................................................................................. 16 2.2: Specific Goals .......................................................................................................... 18 3: SETTLEMENT HISTORY, LANDSCAPE, HOSPITALS AND THE TONLE SNGUOT SITE .............................................................................................................. 19 3.1: Large-Scale Settlement, Landscape Modification, Ecological, Economic and Social History ................................................................................................. 19 3.2: Surface Surveys and Hydrological Systems ........................................................ 25 3.3: Large Landscape Features in the General Area .................................................. 26 3.4: Hospital Site Components and Features ............................................................. 34 3.5: Tonle Snguot Name and Meaning ....................................................................... 38 3.6: Hospital Staff .......................................................................................................... 39 3.7: Tonle Snguot Site Dimensions ............................................................................. 40 3.8: Additional Features ............................................................................................... 41 3.9: Settlement and Dating Considerations (revisited) ............................................ 43
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Khmer Civilization in Isan Khemita Visudharomn School of Architecture, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand
    AU J.T. 8(4): 178-184 (Apr. 2005) Khmer Civilization in Isan Khemita Visudharomn School of Architecture, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand Abstract Follow the footsteps of Khmer civilization from Angkor Wat to the center of cultural heritage in northeastern Thailand, Phimai, Phanom Rung and Mueang Tam. This paper is both an introduction and guide to Khmer temples in Isan. The first part begins with historical details tracing the Angkorean from the 8th to 12th century, and introduces a background to the religious traditions of the Khmer, which both inspired and governed the concept and execution of all their art and architecture. The second part is an emphasis on architecture and decorative art, which appear in Khmer temples. In its heyday the main concentration of Khmer temples extended far west to the border and associated with an area of the middle Mekong River in the southern part of northeastern Thailand. Keywords: cultural heritage, Phimai, Phanom Rung, Mueang Tam, the Angkorean, religious traditions, architecture and decorative art 1. Introduction The other sources of information on this period are Chinese accounts and references, in The name “Isan” refers to the these to tributary states such as Funan and northeastern part of Thailand .It covers an area Chenla. of one third of the Kingdom. Isan, is also th th known as the Khorat Plateau. The Phetchabun 2.1 Angkorean (8 - 12 century) Rage separates Isan from the Central Region while the Dongrek Mountains in the south The art and architecture of the Khmer has separate Thailand from Cambodia. The Mun been classified into periods, by French art and Chi Rivers drain the majority of the historians.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodia-10-Contents.Pdf
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Cambodia Temples of Angkor p129 ^# ^# Siem Reap p93 Northwestern Eastern Cambodia Cambodia p270 p228 #_ Phnom Penh p36 South Coast p172 THIS EDITION WRITTEN AND RESEARCHED BY Nick Ray, Jessica Lee PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to Cambodia . 4 PHNOM PENH . 36 TEMPLES OF Cambodia Map . 6 Sights . 40 ANGKOR . 129 Cambodia’s Top 10 . 8 Activities . 50 Angkor Wat . 144 Need to Know . 14 Courses . 55 Angkor Thom . 148 Bayon 149 If You Like… . 16 Tours . 55 .. Sleeping . 56 Baphuon 154 Month by Month . 18 . Eating . 62 Royal Enclosure & Itineraries . 20 Drinking & Nightlife . 73 Phimeanakas . 154 Off the Beaten Track . 26 Entertainment . 76 Preah Palilay . 154 Outdoor Adventures . 28 Shopping . 78 Tep Pranam . 155 Preah Pithu 155 Regions at a Glance . 33 Around Phnom Penh . 88 . Koh Dach 88 Terrace of the . Leper King 155 Udong 88 . Terrace of Elephants 155 Tonlé Bati 90 . .. Kleangs & Prasat Phnom Tamao Wildlife Suor Prat 155 Rescue Centre . 90 . Around Angkor Thom . 156 Phnom Chisor 91 . Baksei Chamkrong 156 . CHRISTOPHER GROENHOUT / GETTY IMAGES © IMAGES GETTY / GROENHOUT CHRISTOPHER Kirirom National Park . 91 Phnom Bakheng. 156 SIEM REAP . 93 Chau Say Tevoda . 157 Thommanon 157 Sights . 95 . Spean Thmor 157 Activities . 99 .. Ta Keo 158 Courses . 101 . Ta Nei 158 Tours . 102 . Ta Prohm 158 Sleeping . 103 . Banteay Kdei Eating . 107 & Sra Srang . 159 Drinking & Nightlife . 115 Prasat Kravan . 159 PSAR THMEI P79, Entertainment . 117. Preah Khan 160 PHNOM PENH . Shopping . 118 Preah Neak Poan . 161 Around Siem Reap . 124 Ta Som 162 . TIM HUGHES / GETTY IMAGES © IMAGES GETTY / HUGHES TIM Banteay Srei District .
    [Show full text]
  • Book Reviews - Matthew Amster, Jérôme Rousseau, Kayan Religion; Ritual Life and Religious Reform in Central Borneo
    Book Reviews - Matthew Amster, Jérôme Rousseau, Kayan religion; Ritual life and religious reform in Central Borneo. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1998, 352 pp. [VKI 180.] - Atsushi Ota, Johan Talens, Een feodale samenleving in koloniaal vaarwater; Staatsvorming, koloniale expansie en economische onderontwikkeling in Banten, West-Java, 1600-1750. Hilversum: Verloren, 1999, 253 pp. - Wanda Avé, Johannes Salilah, Traditional medicine among the Ngaju Dayak in Central Kalimantan; The 1935 writings of a former Ngaju Dayak Priest, edited and translated by A.H. Klokke. Phillips, Maine: Borneo Research Council, 1998, xxi + 314 pp. [Borneo Research Council Monograph 3.] - Peter Boomgaard, Sandra Pannell, Old world places, new world problems; Exploring issues of resource management in eastern Indonesia. Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, 1998, xiv + 387 pp., Franz von Benda-Beckmann (eds.) - H.J.M. Claessen, Geoffrey M. White, Chiefs today; Traditional Pacific leadership and the postcolonial state. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1997, xiv + 343 pp., Lamont Lindstrom (eds.) - H.J.M. Claessen, Judith Huntsman, Tokelau; A historical ethnography. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 1996, xii + 355 pp., Antony Hooper (eds.) - Hans Gooszen, Gavin W. Jones, Indonesia assessment; Population and human resources. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1997, 73 pp., Terence Hull (eds.) - Rens Heringa, John Guy, Woven cargoes; Indian textiles in the East. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998, 192 pp., with 241 illustrations (145 in colour). - Rens Heringa, Ruth Barnes, Indian block-printed textiles in Egypt; The Newberry collection in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Volume 1 (text): xiv + 138 pp., with 32 b/w illustrations and 43 colour plates; Volume 2 (catalogue): 379 pp., with 1226 b/w illustrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Temples Tour Final Lite
    explore the ancient city of angkor Visiting the Angkor temples is of course a must. Whether you choose a Grand Circle tour or a lessdemanding visit, you will be treated to an unforgettable opportunity to witness the wonders of ancient Cambodian art and culture and to ponder the reasons for the rise and fall of this great Southeast Asian civili- zation. We have carefully created twelve itinearies to explore the wonders of Siem Reap Province including the must-do and also less famous but yet fascinating monuments and sites. + See the interactive map online : http://angkor.com.kh/ interactive-map/ 1. small circuit TOUR The “small tour” is a circuit to see the major tem- ples of the Ancient City of Angkor such as Angkor Wat, Ta Prohm and Bayon. We recommend you to be escorted by a tour guide to discover the story of this mysterious and fascinating civilization. For the most courageous, you can wake up early (depar- ture at 4:45am from the hotel) to see the sunrise. (It worth it!) Monuments & sites to visit MORNING: Prasats Kravan, Banteay Kdei, Ta Prohm, Takeo AFTERNOON: Prasats Elephant and Leper King Ter- race, Baphuon, Bayon, Angkor Thom South Gate, Angkor Wat Angkor Wat Banteay Srei 2. Grand circuit TOUR 3. phnom kulen The “grand tour” is also a circuit in the main Angkor The Phnom Kulen mountain range is located 48 km area but you will see further temples like Preah northwards from Angkor Wat. Its name means Khan, Preah Neak Pean to the Eastern Mebon and ‘mountain of the lychees’.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded From
    J. van Lohuizen-de Leeuw Which European first recorded the unique Dvarapala of Barabudur? In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 138 (1982), no: 2/3, Leiden, 285-294 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/24/2021 08:35:46PM via free access J. E. VAN LOHUIZEN-DE LEEUW WHICH EUROPEAN FIRST RECORDED THE UNIQUE DVARAPALA OF BARABUDUR? In 1910 van Erp made an inventory of the Indo-Javanese sculptures which King Chulalongkorn of Thailand was allowed to take back to Bangkok as a memento of his extensive state visit to Indonesia in 1896. Owing to the First World War the article was not published until 1917. In 1923 and 1927 he wrote two more articles about this group of sculptures giving additional information. The piece the loss of which he most regretted was the unique dvarapala 1 of Barabudur (see PI. 1). According to van Erp this image was first noticed by an unknown visitor to Barabudur who stayed as a guest with the Resident, C. L. Hartmann, in May 1840.2 This anonymous person made the following note in his diary, which was later published in 1858 3: "A hill almost as high as that on which Boro Boedoer is situated and which rises almost immediately at its foot had for some time attracted my attention. The demang of Probolingo district, who acted as my guide, took me up this hill and told me that he wanted to show me the 'toekan' (architect) of that beautiful temple. For on the top of this hill stood a solid image of the same appearance and in the same attitude as the guardians at Prambanan but considerably smaller (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Only Cd Ou160053>
    TEXT PROBLEM WITHIN THE BOOK ONLY CD OU160053> Vedant series. Book No. 9. English aeries (I) \\ A hand book of Sri Madhwacfaar^a's POORNA-BRAHMA PH I LOSOPHY by Alur Venkat Rao, B.A.LL,B. DHARWAR. Dt. DHARWAR. (BOM) Publishers : NAYA-JEEYAN GRANTHA-BHANDAR, SADHANKERI, DHARWAR. ( S.Rly ) Price : Superior : 7 Rs. 111954 Ordinary: 6 Rs. (No postage} Publishers: Nu-va-Jeevan Granth Bhandar Dharwar, (Bombay) Printer : Sri, S. N. Kurdi, Sri Saraswati Printing Press, Dharwar. ,-}// rights reserved by the author. To Poorna-Brahma Dasa; Sri Sri : Sri Madhwacharya ( Courtesy 1 he title of my book is rather misleading for though the main theme of the book is Madhwa philosophy, it incidentally and comparitively deals with other philosophies such as that of Sri Shankara Sri Ramanuja and Sri Mahaveer etc. So, it is use- ful for all those who are interested in such subjects. Sri Madhawacharya, the foremost Vaishnawa philosopher, who is the last of the three great Teachers,- Sri Shankara, Sri Ramanuja and Sri Madhwa,- is so far practically unknown to the English-reading public of India. This is, therefore the first attempt to present his philosophy to the wider public. Madhwa philosophy has got two aspects, one universal and the other, particular. I have tried to place before the readers both these aspects. I have re-assessed the values of Madhwa and other philosophies, and have tried to find out also the greatest common factor,-an angle of vision which has not been systematically adopted by any body. He is a great Harmoniser. In fact mine isS quite a new approach, I have tried to put old things in a new way.
    [Show full text]
  • In Conservation Work of Angkor Complex
    Community Empowerment in Conservation Work of Angkor Complex Keiko Miura, who is engaged in fieldwork in Cambodia, has been working or involved in Siem Reap for more than six years. She contributed this article on the efforts of the local and foreign community in the area of conservation Thibaud Lepage National and international framework of conservation of Angkor Following the two decades of war and instability, and prior to the UN-sponsored national elections in Cambodia of May, 1993, Angkor was inscribed on the World Heritage List in December, 1992, when it was also declared a World Heritage Site in Danger for the proba- tionary period of three years. This was the culmination of years of preparatory efforts made by the Cambodian authorities and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). Then, the World Heritage Committee (WHC) made an exceptional decision to temporarily lift normally required inscription conditions pertaining to national mechanisms for site protection.1 Further development concerning the conservation of Angkor heritage site was made through the Tokyo Declaration of October 1993, which led to the establishment of the International Co-ordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor or ICC. Japan and France co-chair ICC, with UNESCO in charge of its secretariat. Ever since, the international conservation work in Angkor has been co-ordinated, and a framework to examine on-going projects and new ones has been established.2 Meanwhile, the legal framework for the conservation of the Angkor heritage site has been established by the Government of Cambodia, in co-operation with UNESCO and other international organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Groundwater Simulation
    Chapter 5. Groundwater Simulation The Preparatory Study on The Siem Reap Water Supply Expansion Project Chapter 5. Groundwater Simulation Daily water demand in Siem Reap has been estimated at a maximum of 86,300 m3/day in 2030. This amount is far more than the existing water supply capacity of SRWSA. Therefore, the existing water supply system has to be expanded. When the expansion plan is formulated, groundwater is considered as one of the options for water source. Simply considering from the groundwater recharge amount of 516,000 m3/day, that is about six times the estimated water demand. Hence, in case of available groundwater development amount evaluation from the viewpoint of balance between withdrawal and recharge, the value of 516,000 m3/day can be taken as the potential amount for groundwater development. However, not only the balance between groundwater recharge and withdrawal, but also the effect of groundwater development such as increasing of pumping volume in the future and selection of development areas has to be taken into consideration. In Siem Reap the most important effect from groundwater development is the groundwater level drawdown, because the groundwater drawdown can cause land subsidence. As mentioned in Chapter 4, 4-5-3 Summary of Groundwater Recharge Calculation, because Siem Reap lacks a deep and highly permeable aquifer, if all the recharge amount of 516,000m3/day were used for water supply, the groundwater level will fall to 5 m below the ground surface in the whole Siem Reap area. The actual water demand is about one sixth of the recharge amount.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia
    A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia NANCY H. DOWLING SCHOLARS FAMILIAR WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART HISTORY are well aware of a confusing chronology for early Cambodian sculpture. One reason for this situa­ tion is obvious. For nearly fifty years, Cambodian art history has been wed to the work of George Coedes. Praised as the dean of Southeast Asian history, he was a member of an elite group of French scholars who worked in Cambodia for decades before World War II. In 1944, he wrote Histoire ancienne des hats hindouses d'Extreme-Orient, in which he established a chronological framework for early Southeast Asian history based on an interplay of Chinese texts and indigenous inscriptions. Most Southeast Asian historians readily admit that "his book remains the basic source for early South East Asian history, and while much recent re­ search, based upon new inscriptional evidence or re-readings, modifies some of Coedes' specific conclusions, the structure remains his" (Brown 1996: 3). Such a singular dependency on Coedes had a stifling effect on Cambodian art history. When Jean Boisselier, carrying on the work of Philippe Stern and Gilberte de Coral-Remusat, made a comprehensive attempt to set in order Cambodian sculpture, the French art historian fitted the works of art into Coedes' ready­ made chronology. Unfortunately, this all happened as if it were preferable to adjust Cambodian sculpture to a preconceived notion of history rather than ques­ tioning the model. In this way, some basic mistakes have been made, and these seriously affect the chronology and interpretation of early Cambodian sculpture.
    [Show full text]
  • “Hala Bira!” Eastern Promises
    MAGAZINE FOR CEBU PACIFIC • JANUARY 2015 OUR IS COMPLIMENTARY • JANUARY 2015 • JANUARY IS COMPLIMENTARY Eastern promises “Hala bira!” HOW TO SPEND A THE BEAT GOES ON PERFECT SAMAR AT KALIBO’S WEEKEND ATI-ATIHAN FESTIVAL 000 COVER(JE)+Spine5mm-R1.indd 1 12/12/14 6:05 pm Presenting the past Temple of 44 www.cebusmile.com 044-052 FEATURE 1 BANTEAY CHHMAR.TS_RW.TS.indd 44 11/12/14 1:25 pm Presenting the past f the son Smile travels north-west of Siem Reap to trace a centuries-old story of loyalty, intrigue and rebellion with a cast of thousands, the same story that could hold the secret to Banteay Chhmar’s second act as an exciting, off -the-grid adventure spot BY MICHAEL AQUINO ’m a person, not a mountain goat, it’s directly in front of me: the Bayon- Chhmar’s component parts steadily I tell myself as I carefully position style “face tower” known as Tower 18, succumbed to war, neglect and greed my foot on an awkwardly angled its impassive visages held high, as if until a host of international NGOs took sandstone block and shift my human vices and the caprices of nature action in the 20th century to preserve weight. My traveling companions had not laid its surroundings low. the remnants that survived. areI coping with Banteay Chhmar’s Built on shakier ground than Angkor What remains today displays a topsy-turvy walking paths better Wat, the Cambodian temple of Banteay heartbreaking beauty, precisely than I am at the moment, leaving me Chhmar was doomed even before because much of what has been “lost” to bring up the rear.
    [Show full text]
  • Destination: Angkor Archaeological Park the Complete Temple Guide
    Destination: Angkor Archaeological Park The Complete Temple Guide 1 The Temples of Angkor Ak Yom The earliest elements of this small brick and sandstone temple date from the pre-Angkorian 8th century. Scholars believe that the inscriptions indicate that the temple is dedicated to the Hindu 'god of the depths'. This is the earliest known example of the architectural design of the 'temple-mountain', which was to become the primary design for many of the Angkorian period temples including Angkor Wat. The temple is in a very poor condition. Angkor Thom Angkor Thom ("Great City") was the last and most enduring capital city of the Khmer empire. It was established in the late 12th century by King Jayavarman VII. The walled and moated royal city covers an area of 9 km², within which are located several monuments from earlier eras as well as those established by Jayavarman and his successors. At the centre of the city is Jayavarman's state temple, the Bayon, with the other major sites clustered around the Victory Square immediately to the north. Angkor Thom was established as the capital of Jayavarman VII's empire, and was the centre of his massive building programme. One inscription found in the city refers to Jayavarman as the groom and the city as his bride. Angkor Thom is accessible through 5 gates, one for each cardinal point, and the victory gate leading to the Royal Palace area. Angkor Wat Angkor Wat ("City of Temples"), the largest religious monument in the world, is a masterpiece of ancient architecture. The temple was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and eventual mausoleum.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Christian Pastoral Approach to Cambodian Culture
    Thesis Title: Towards a Christian Pastoral Approach to Cambodian Culture In fulfilment of the requirements of Master’s in Theology (Missiology) Submitted by: Gerard G. Ravasco Supervised by: Dr. Bill Domeris, Ph D March, 2004 Towards a Christian Pastoral Approach to Cambodian Culture Table of Contents Page Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The world we live in 1 1.2 The particular world we live in 1 1.3 Our target location: Cambodia 2 1.4 Our Particular Challenge: Cambodian Culture 2 1.5 An Invitation to Inculturation 3 1.6 My Personal Context 4 1.6.1 My Objectives 4 1.6.2 My Limitations 5 1.6.3 My Methodology 5 Chapter 2 2.0 Religious Influences in Early Cambodian History 6 2.1 The Beginnings of a People 6 2.2 Early Cambodian Kingdoms 7 2.3 Funan 8 2.4 Zhen-la 10 2.5 The Founding of Angkor 12 2.6 Angkorean Kingship 15 2.7 Theravada Buddhism and the Post Angkorean Crisis 18 2.8 An Overview of Christianity 19 2.9 Conclusion 20 Chapter 3 3.0 Religions that influenced Cambodian Culture 22 3.1 Animism 22 3.1.1 Animism as a Philosophical Theory 22 3.1.2 Animism as an Anthropological Theory 23 3.1.2.1 Tylor’s Theory 23 3.1.2.2 Counter Theories 24 3.1.2.3 An Animistic World View 24 3.1.2.4 Ancestor Veneration 25 3.1.2.5 Shamanism 26 3.1.3 Animism in Cambodian Culture 27 3.1.3.1 Spirits reside with us 27 3.1.3.2 Spirits intervene in daily life 28 3.1.3.3 Spirit’s power outside Cambodia 29 3.2 Brahmanism 30 3.2.1 Brahmanism and Hinduism 30 3.2.2 Brahmin Texts 31 3.2.3 Early Brahmanism or Vedism 32 3.2.4 Popular Brahmanism 33 3.2.5 Pantheistic Brahmanism
    [Show full text]