April 2006 Volume 15, No. 4 www.aps.org/apsnews Highlights What Exactly Is Michael Crichton’s APS NEWS “Scientific Method”? A Publication of the American Physical Society By James Hansen Page 4

"Big D" Hosts APS April Meeting Coast to Coast

ver 1000 physicists will head to Dallas this month Ofor the April APS meet- ing, to be held April 22-25, in conjunction with the annual Sherwood Fusion Theory Conference. The meeting will include three plenary sessions, approximately 75 invited sessions, and more than 100 contributed sessions and poster sessions, covering the Dallas Skyline latest astrophysics, nuclear physics, particle physics, and social implications of cochlear quark discovery and the latest plasma physics. There will also be implants. At Session V1: carbon results from Fermilab's Tevatron a number of sessions on physics nanotubes; the search for gravity machine. Session C14 looks at a education, physics history, and waves with LIGO; and physics and novel accelerator scheme where Photo credit: Ken Cole physics and society. Some poten- engineering issues for the prospec- beams of muons would collide. Retiring APS President Marvin Cohen of Berkeley (left) passed the tial highlights follow. The com- tive International Linear Collider. Colliding beams of electrons with coveted presidential gavel, symbol of the awesome power of the APS plete program is on the web at On Monday as well, there will beams of heavy ions (Session J2) presidency, to his successor, John Hopfield of Princeton, at the http://www.aps.org/meet/APR06/. be a special lunchtime talk at 12:45 is still another way to probe mat- Executive Board meeting in College Park in early February. Plenary Talks. Three slates of by Norman Augustine, former ter, especially for looking at the plenary presentations will cover a Chairman and CEO of Lockheed quark content of protons and the cosmic range of topics: At Session Martin Corporation, and Chair of nucleus in general. Speakers in Does the “Impact Factor” Impact A1, Voyager 1 and 2 at the edge of the National Academy of Sciences several sessions will look at the the solar system; the study of committee that provided the report new physics on the horizon at the Decisions on Where to Publish? "Rising above the gathering Large Hadron Collider (LHC), quark-gluon plasma; and results The impact factor, a numerical These statistics are compiled by the storm". presently under construction at from the MiniBoone neutrino score that claims to rank the impor- Institute for Scientific Information High-Energy Machines. CERN, where high energy protons experiment. At Session O1: the tance of scientific journals, may be (ISI). Discerning the subtle logic of sub- will collide head on, and the pro- cosmological role of neutrinos; resulting in unnecessary pressure on Does the impact factor provide an microscopic matter requires beams posed International Linear Collider learning about astrophysical plas- researchers to publish in journals with accurate measure of a journal’s impor- of high potency. Session J1 centers (ILC), where electrons would mas through experiments on Earth; high values for that score. tance? In counting citations, only on the 10th anniversary of the top April Meeting continued on page 7 and the physics, engineering, and With some qualifications, the papers published in the past two years impact factor is a measure of the aver- are considered, though many research Special Events Public Event Features Lisa Randall age number of citations for papers papers may be influential for much published in a particular journal. It is longer than two years. Also, items Friday, April 21 High School Physics Teachers’Day Those attending the April meeting in calculated by counting the total num- such as news articles and editorials 8:00 a.m. – 2:45 p.m. Dallas can join interested members of the ber of citations papers in the journal that some journals publish are not public for “An Evening of Cosmology and receive, and dividing by the number counted in the denominator of the Student Reception String Theory” with Lisa Randall, at 6:30 of papers published in the journal. Impact Factor continued on page 5 8:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. pm on Monday, April 24. The event takes place in the Landmark A Ballroom in the Saturday, April 22 Hyatt Regency. APS Helps Boy Scouts Explore Welcome Reception Randall, a Harvard University physics 5:30 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. Nuclear Science professor, is the author of Warped Scientific Professionalism and the Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of With the help of the APS Division He and the DNP Education Physicist: The Skills You Need to the Universe. She is best known for co- of Nuclear Physics Education Committee wrote to the Boy Scouts Succeed in Physics-based Careers authoring two seminal 1999 papers in Committee, the Boy Scouts of of America, offering to 7:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. Lisa Randall Physical Review Letters with Raman America has revised its Atomic help revise the handbook. It Sundrum: “Large mass hierarchy from a New Reports from Major Energy merit badge program. The turned out that BSA was already in small extra dimension,” and “An alternative to compactification.” National Studies new merit badge, now called the process of updating the 7:15 p.m. – 8:45 p.m. Each has been cited more than 2500 times. “Nuclear Science,” updates the pro- badge. Matis was able to serve as an Randall’s research has been covered by The New York Times, the gram and increases the emphasis on advisor. Sunday, April 23 Economist, the Los Angeles Times, and The Dallas Daily News, as well science. The old Atomic Energy badge Meet the Editors as Science, Nature and New Scientist. Warped Passages is her first book Howard Matis, a nuclear physi- program focused on engineering, 3:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. for a general audience. cist at Lawrence Berkeley Lab and and did not emphasize the science Awards Program, Presidential member of the DNP educa- enough, said Matis. “We want- Address & Lilienfeld Prize Talk Largest APS Prize Targets tion committee, noticed ed to put science back into 5:15 p.m. – 6:45 p.m. Young Physicists that the Atomic Energy the requirements.” Monday, April 24 merit badge program He worked with a CSWP/DPF Luncheon for The George E. Valley, The prize will be given needed updating when writer to help make sure Women in Physics Jr. Prize is given bienni- for the third time this year. a local scout troop vis- the science in the new 12:00 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. ally by the APS to Nominations are currently ited his lab. Some of booklet was correct and the requirements for the included the most mod- Students Lunch with the Experts recognize the achieve- being sought for outstand- 12:30 p.m. – 2:00 p.m. ments and the potential ing candidates in any field old merit badge were con- ern model of the nucleus. He of a physicist within five of physics, with a nomina- fusing, and the handbook’s infor- also added some information, Special Invited Talk: "Rising years of his or her PhD. tion deadline of July 1, mation was outdated and in some including a description of a career as above the gathering storm", Named in honor of a gen- 2006. This year's recipient cases wrong, said Matis. a nuclear scientist. Norman R. Augustine Matis has been involved with the The new Nuclear Science hand- 12:45 p.m. erous bequest from the will be announced in the estate of George E. George E. Valley, Jr. fall after the selection com- Boy Scouts for a long time. He is an book is an 88-page booklet that cov- COM/CSWP Reception Valley, Jr., the prize mittee's recommendation Eagle Scout (though he never ers nuclear science at a level acces- 5:30 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. carries with it a cash award of is approved by the APS Executive earned the Atomic Energy merit sible to 14-year olds with little prior $20,000, making it the largest single Board. badge), and now has a son who is a knowledge. It includes topics such as prize that the Society gives. Largest APS Prize continued on page 5 Boy Scout. Boy Scouts continued on page 5 2 April 2006 APS NEWS

This Month in Physics History April, 1935: British Patent for Radar System for Air Defense Granted to Robert Watson-Watt

"European and Asian students "I take a nice drinking glass, rotate any scientists and Chain Home, successfully definitely get it. I've yet to run it clockwise, and slide it down a engineers con- alerted the Royal Air Force to into one in Germany who thinks counter. Everyone thinks that it will Mtributed to the approaching enemy bombers, science is intrinsically bad or go to the right. That's the natural development of radar sys- and helped defend Britain awful." reaction from curling. But it goes tems, which played a vital against the German Luftwaffe –Robert Rosner, Argonne to the left, and the initial reaction role in the Allied victory in in the Battle of Britain. National Laboratory, contrast- [from curlers] is that I'm perform- WWII. Radar (the acronym The Chain Home system ing European and Asian attitudes ing some kind of magic trick." stands for RAdio Detection worked fairly well, but it towards science with American –Mark Shegelski, University And Ranging), detects dis- required huge antennas, and attitudes, USA Today, February of Northern British Columbia, tant objects such as airplanes used long wavelengths that 8, 2006 explaining some of the physics or ships by sending pulses Sir Robert Watson-Watt limited ability to pinpoint of curling, National Geographic of radio waves and measur- He graduated from University enemy aircraft accurately. "The majority of college stu- News, February 23, 2006 ing the reflected signal. One of College, Dundee, in 1912 and then During the day, fighter pilots dents are gaining little under- the greatest radar pioneers was worked as an assistant for Professor could see enemy bombers. But standing of science. And the stu- “I'm trying to bring out the Sir Robert Watson-Watt, who William Peddie, who encouraged soon the Germans began night- dent population with the least beauty of the wood and make a developed the first practical radar his fascination with radio waves. time bombing missions, so to help understanding of how science shape that is attractive to people, system that helped defend the In 1915, Watson-Watt hoped to fighter pilots locate enemy aircraft works is the elementary school while keeping the original beam British in WWII. go to work for the War Office, but at night, the British needed a education students. In a typical to preserve its history. My goal is The basic principles needed no suitable position in communica- shorter wavelength radar system class of elementary-education to create something that people for radar systems were estab- tions was available there, so he that was compact enough to majors, 30 percent of the students want to touch, so they connect lished in the 1880s, when joined the Meteorological Office. install in planes. in the class will tell you that the with the wood which has a her- German physicist Heinrich Hertz He was put to work developing This became possible when continents float on the oceans." itage and was once part of a liv- first produced and transmitted systems for detecting thunder- British engineers Harry Boot and –Carl Wieman, University of ing tree." radio waves across his laborato- storms. Lightning ionizes the air John Randall invented the cavi- Colorado, on math and science –Gary Carver, NIST (retired), ry. He discovered that the invis- and generates a radio signal, which ty magnetron in early 1940. The education, Rocky Mountain on his hobby, carving wooden ible waves were a form of elec- Watson-Watt could detect to map magnetron generated about 400 News, February 11, 2006 replicas of birds, the Frederick tromagnetic radiation, and the positions of thunderstorms. hundred watts of power at wave- News-Post, February 21, 2006 noticed that some materials trans- Possibly prompted by rumors lengths about 10 centimeters, "We have a different kind of mit radio waves while others that the Germans had produced a enough to produce echoes from war, an economic war. The “I’m lucky. I don’t think I’ll ever reflect them. “death ray,” in 1934 the Air airplanes many miles away. importance of investing in long- stop work. It’s too much fun.” Radio waves were quickly put Ministry asked Watson-Watt to Britain didn’t have the large- term research for winning that –Giacinto Scoles, Princeton to use. In 1901, Italian physicist investigate such a possibility. The scale manufacturing capability war hasn't been understood." University, on why he didn’t make Guglielmo Marconi sent the first Air Ministry had already offered to mass-produce the magnetron, –Robert Birgeneau, University time to watch the Olympics, Newark wireless radio communication 1000 pounds to anyone who could so in 1940 a mission led by Henry of California, Berkeley, on the Star-Ledger, March 2, 2006 across the Atlantic Ocean. In demonstrate a ray that could kill a Tizard secretly brought the mag- US losing its lead in science and 1904 German engineer Christian sheep 100 yards away. Watson- netron to the United States and technology, Time Magazine, Feb. "On average, our computers Huelsmeyer invented a crude sys- Watt concluded that such a device persuaded the US to help 13, 2006 are bigger than their computers." tem that used radio waves to pre- was highly unlikely, but wrote a develop and produce the device. –Eugene Stanley, Boston vent boats and trains from collid- memo saying that he had turned The MIT Radiation Laboratory, "Ten years ago in China, it University, on the advantage ing on foggy days. US navy his attention to “the difficult, but was set up and quickly became was virtually all derivative stuff. physicists have over economists researchers also discovered that less unpromising, problem of radio- one of the largest wartime proj- Students would sit and listen and in analyzing lots of data, Chicago they could detect ships using detection as opposed to radio- ects, employing about 4000 try to capture every word. Now Tribune, March 3, 2006 radio wave echoes, but their destruction.” Watson-Watt and his people. Researchers and workers they're asking lots of questions." invention was largely ignored. assistant made some calculations there made mass-production –Steven Chu, Lawrence “I’m not giving away the fam- Some work on early radar and applied some of the same versions of the magnetron and Berkeley National Lab, on ily secrets or the crown jewels. detection systems continued dur- techniques he used in his atmos- developed about 100 different China’s catching up to the US in What I’ve learned is through open ing the 1920’s and 1930’s in the pheric work. radar systems. science, Time Magazine, Feb. 13, sources.” United States and elsewhere. But In February 1935 Watson-Watt Germany and Japan also 2006 –Charles Ferguson, Center for the value of the technology was demonstrated to an Air Ministry invented their own radar systems, Nonproliferation Studies, on a class most obvious in Great Britain, committee the first practical radio but those were in general less "The bottom line: science at he gave at Georgetown University which was especially vulnerable system for detecting aircraft. The effective, and the Allies’ radar NASA is disappearing – fast." called “How to build a Nuclear to German air attack. Air Ministry was impressed, and in superiority is sometimes credit- –Donald Lamb, University of Bomb,” The Washington Post, Sir Robert Watson-Watt, a April Watson-Watt received a ed with the victory in WWII. Chicago, on scientific missions March 2, 2006 descendant of steam engine pio- patent for the system and funding After the war, many peaceful being cut back by NASA’s budg- neer James Watt, was born in for further development. Soon uses for radar technology were et, The New York Times, March 1, "There are a lot of problems Brechin, Scotland in April 1892. Watson-Watt was using found. Today air traffic control 2006 that you can represent in terms of pulsed radio waves to detect depends on radar to keep com- this language. We're providing airplanes up to 80 miles mercial aircraft from colliding. “I wanted to find a place where the technique. Whatever people away. Radar is essential for tracking I could express my love of chem- use it for, it's great for us." Shortly before World the weather. The cavity mag- istry, but I didn't want to be –Veit Elser, Cornell University, War II began, the British netron is now used to cook food involved with this black goo." on an algorithm he developed that constructed a network of in microwave ovens. And many –Donald Sadoway, MIT, on both processes x-ray diffraction radar stations along the motorists have been caught why he went into metallurgy data and solves sudoku coast of England using speeding by police radar guns, rather that study oil, the Boston puzzles, United Press International, Watson-Watts’ design. including, reportedly, Sir Watson- Watt himself. Globe, February 20, 2006 March 6, 2006 Chain home radar station These stations, known as

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Multiple Disciplines Converge in Embedded Wireless Sensor Networks By Jennifer Ouellette magine a world in which build- linked by wires and power lines. The broad range of climate types in North ings can detect their own struc- emergence of such networks is due America, Central America, and Itural faults and respond to earth- in part to the explosion in wireless- Australia; and aquatic systems, such quake tremors in real time. Public enabled consumer electronics, as coastal marine environments, health officials continuously monitor and the continued emphasis on urban rivers, and streams. contamination levels in water supplies miniaturization. Terrestrial Ecosystems and can even trace contaminants back CENS Director Deborah Estrin In California’s San Jacinto to their source. When bacterial lev- strives to foster a multidisciplinary Mountains, robotic arrays of sensors els in coastal waters get too high, innovation model that seeks to cre- and cameras–dubbed “treebots” surfers, swimmers and fishermen are ate a tight “feedback loop” between –move up and down cables attached alerted immediately. Every aspect of users and innovators. For many users, to trees to actively monitor changes modern life would be monitored via the result is “a tremendous innova- in temperature, humidity or sunlight. wireless linkages. tion in their ability to understand the The treebots are individual nodes in This might strike some people as physical processes they study.” a Networked Infomechanical System a futuristic scenario ripped from the The CENS collaboration involves (NIMS), which combines robotics pages of the latest science fiction researchers at the University of with multiple environmental sensors, novel, but it is becoming a techno- California, Los Angeles (UCLA), including actuated imaging systems Schematic diagram of an embedded wireless sensor network. logical reality. At the Center for the University of Southern California and a wireless network. The treebots the shape of objects in 3D. Embedded Networked Systems (USC), the University of California, are highly autonomous and can com- Aquatic Ecosystems Sound Bytes (CENS), an interdisciplinary team Riverside, CalTech, the University of municate with other devices. They Richard Ambrose heads the pub- of researchers from six California California, Merced, and California have their own servers and can use UCLA’s Mark Hansen has lic health program at UCLAand uses institutions combine microsensors, State University at Los Angeles. The wireless net links to send sample never been the sort of statistician embedded wireless sensing networks actuators, robotics, low-power elec- center’s work involves everything information and other measurement who stays inside what he calls to characterize urban streams. One tronics, and wireless network tech- from fundamental communication data back to the home laboratory, the “physics box.” In addition to area of interest is the problem of nology into compact, integrated pack- theory to embedded computing, net- located in this case at UCLA. his work with CENS developing excessive algae. When too many ages for distributed monitoring and working, electrical engineering, sen- Treebots are more flexible than statistical algorithms for embed- nutrients get into the water, whether control. sor technology and statistics princi- fixed nodes. They can be raised and ded wireless sensing networks, it’s a river, lake, or pond, the result These so-called embedded wire- ples. For UCLA’s William Kaiser, lowered as needed to collect data at he is an accomplished multime- is excess algae. less sensor networks can be designed there is a clear physics aspect to the different levels of the forest canopy. dia artist. And his science feeds Gaining detailed knowledge about to monitor and collect information on project. “We are making measure- Full-motion cameras mounted on directly into his art. the specifics of the relationship everything from plankton colonies, ments, and we need to optimize the high observation towers track wildlife In the late 1990s, when between excessive nutrients and too endangered species, soil and air con- information return relative to all the and changes in plant growth, while Hansen was at Bell Labs, the much algae is difficult in the real taminants, traffic flow, medical different sources in our environment, a “nestbox” collects time-lapsed company revived a program in world because there are so many fac- patients, and buildings and bridges. so we’re relying throughout on images to document wildlife nest- art technology that originated in tors that influence how much algae They are yielding an unprecedented physics principles,” he says. ing activity. There is even a micro- the 1960s, that teamed up engi- grows and where it grows, including level of hard scientific data. And they CENS is developing systems that climate array to collect climate data neers and scientists with New sunlight, which water substrates con- can do so far more cheaply, with can be used to characterize natural above and below ground. York City artists–among them tain the highest concentrations of greater energy efficiency, than the phenomena in two primary environ- Because the robotic nodes are Robert Rauschenberg and Andy nutrients, and how fast the water instruments now in use, which are ments: terrestrial ecosystems over a constantly changing location, the Warhol. Thirty years later, flows. There’s even a time factor, treebot system also boasts a capabil- Hansen hooked up with artist since algae can soak up nutrients like ity Kaiser calls adaptive sensing. Ben Rubin and produced the a sponge and store them for later. Adaptive sensing involves finding “Listening Post” [www. Using NIMS, researchers can the right data at the right time, thanks earstudio.com]: a multimedia observe all the variations in flow and to self-configuring systems that adapt installation that is also an exper- concentrations of contaminants with- to unpredictable environments where iment in sonofication–the Find the Physicists in a stream. One of the more inter- pre-configuration and manual inter- process of turning raw data into esting findings is that concentration Editor's Note: The following vention aren’t possible. “Any time sound, instead of plotting it onto said, “and I’ll make sure it’s fair and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus story doesn’t make a whole lot of you put down a number of static a graph. square.” On the day of the compe- vary with the time of day the samples sense, but it contains within it the nodes, they are in fixed locations, Hansen and Rubin built a data tition, Lila set off for the pond, but are collected. “NIMS gives us the names of 22 famous physicists (all which limits the spatial resolution stream using text from online her wagon was stuck in a rut. Her possibility of collecting data on a dead), spelled either forward (14) you can achieve,” he says. “But with bulletin boards and chat rooms, Ford was out of gas as well. [Ed. temporal scale that we would never or backward (8), ignoring spaces a robotic node that can move on com- as well as tracking users’ Web Note: this is an anachronism, be able to get otherwise,” says and punctuation. How many of mand, you can get 3D precision res- browsing activities. This data because Bausch and Lomb lived in Ambrose. “We can track the dynam- them can you find? For those who th olution.” was then processed by a voice the middle of the 19 century. ics of the nutrients so we can under- need a little more help, we list the Taken together, the network will synthesizer to “score” the video Henry Ford’s car idea was far in the stand that relationship better.” physicists alphabetically on page 7. help scientists understand the subtle portion of the installation: a long future]. With her wagon stuck and Currently, his cable system spans John Jacob Bausch and Henry changes that take place over time in panel of 231 small text displays, her car not working she was forced the stream in cross sections moving Lomb, founders of the famous light, humidity and CO levels, not each about the size of a candy to go with plan C, known also as 2 in 2D, with sensors that can move optics company Bausch and Lomb, to mention the growth of individual bar. walking. She decided she would across and along the stream. The ulti- were very competitive with one leaves and branches. Statistical tech- The end result is a visual and not wend her way through the mate goal is to have sensors that can another, and one day Lomb bet he niques are vital to achieving this. aural representation of data flow meadow, but would take the main also move down into the stream to could catch more fish in a local “One needs to be able to character- that proffers snippets of connec- road instead. “Oh, my!” she take measurements at different depths pond than Bausch could. The loser ize the incoming data stream from the tiveness, random glimpses of exclaimed, “it’s very far. A day’s to give a 3D picture rapidly. would buy the winner some sensors and use that to adaptively people interacting in the virtual journey at least.” That was an exag- CENS collaborator Tom Harmon German pancakes, which they each adjust the way in which a sensor world at any given moment. geration, but when the heel broke at UC-Merced is using NIMS to bet- loved to eat. Bausch said confi- operates, or where it moves to col- “Whether we like it or not, the on her right shoe, Lila got even ter understand the origin of toxic dently, “I concur. I even will give lect more data,” says Kaiser. flow of data exists to regulate our more upset. Finally, though, she material, algae, and bacteria in you odds.” But he was not satisfied Other new technologies that have movements through the world, made it to the pond in the early marine/coastal areas, using a system with the quality of American fish- been incorporated into the treebot’s our behaviors,” says Hansen. afternoon. of fixed buoys and robotic boats that ing rods, and he therefore sent for sensing network include a thermal “The Listening Post” was On the bank of the pond she saw automatically move to take samples the Bausch rod in Germany, from mapping device developed by featured on National Public four hoboes, in an arbor near the of the environment. The goal is to which country he had emigrated a Kaiser’s UCLA colleague, Phil Radio and won a 2003 Webby water. They were planning to steal determine how environmental change few years before. Lomb, mean- Rundel. It maps the surface temper- Award for Net Art. It will be up a canoe there. She said “Scram!” –whether natural or induced by while, was a stickler regarding his ature of objects as the robotic system and running again at the San peremptorily, and the hoboes ran human activity–can lead to exces- diet, and asked his wife, Lila, to scans. Rundel has used the device to Jose Art Museum this summer, off. Soon Bausch and Lomb sive growth of toxic bacteria or algae. cook him up his favorite bean dish study, for example, the thermal with the data stream expanded arrived, but the competition itself UCLA’s David Caron is using a to get ready for the competition. properties of unique alpine plants to include snippets from blogs, was something of an anticlimax. similar approach. His team has devel- “Not lima, honey” he told her, “I that inhabit very high elevations, news sources, even Wikipedia. Well into the second hour, Lomb oped a version of the robot system just want navy and pinto. You can’t and must therefore withstand Hansen and Rubin are now had caught nothing, and Bausch that can operate underwater, scan- beat lovely beans.” extreme temperature differences working on delivering real-time was reeling them in. In despera- ning a stream cross-section to deter- Bausch and Lomb agreed that between the very cold atmosphere data feeds to live actors, instead tion, Lomb told his children, “tie mine what kinds of contaminants are Lila, who despite being married to and the much warmer ground. of using voice synthesizers and more flies, please!”, but nothing flowing past. But the system also Lomb was known for her fairness, Rundel has also developed a laser a grid of text displays–bringing worked. Finally, Lomb conceded, precisely measures the flow in all could be the judge of the competi- and thus did Bausch win German mapper, which enables the treebot the human element back into the directions, including eddies and other technology. tion. “I’m refereeing this,” Lila pancakes. to scan the forest and reconstruct P&T Forefronts continued on page 5 4 April 2006 APS NEWS Letters Discovery of Superfluidity Clarified There were a few errors in the Also the Allen-Misener work What Exactly Is Michael Crichton’s “Scientific Method”? article about the discovery of super- measured flow through many par- By James Hansen ichael Crichton’s latest fluidity in This Month in Physics allel small-radius glass capillaries, fictional novel, State of History, APS News, January 2006. not a single narrow glass tube, as Fear, designed to dis- Allen and Misener did indeed stated in the article. M credit concerns about global warm- independently discover superfluid- The fact that Allen was ignored ing, purports to use the scientific ity in liquid He. However, they were in handing out the Nobel prize for method. The book is sprinkled with working at the Royal Mond the discovery of superfluidity is still references to scientific papers, and Laboratory in Cambridge a matter of controversy and mystery Crichton intones in the introduction University, not at the University of in the low temperature community. that his “footnotes are real.” But Toronto as the article states. The Kapitza only received the prize 40 does Crichton really use the scien- confusion probably arose because years after the seminal discovery tific method? Or is it something both Allen and Misener had been (not 30 years, as the article states), closer to scientific fraud? graduate students at the University which is a sure indication of many Several people have pointed out of Toronto (which had a thriving backroom discussions. Kapitza's to me that Crichton takes aim at my program on liquid He and Nobel talk is unique in that not a 1988 congressional testimony and superconductors since 1923) just single word is said about his low claims that I made predictions before they went to Cambridge. At temperature work, for which he got Figure 1. Annual mean global surface air temperature computed for scenar- about global warming that turned ios A, B and C. Observational data are an update of the analysis of Hansen Cambridge, Allen was like a "post- the prize! It discusses his work on out to be 300% too high. Is that and Lebedeff [J. Geophys. Res., 92,13,345, 1987]. Shaded area is an estimate doc" while Misener was a PhD stu- plasma physics. right? of the global temperature during the peak of the current interglacial period dent. Misener later returned to the I always enjoy reading the his- In my testimony in 1988, and in (the Altithermal, peaking about 6,000 to 10,000 years ago, when we estimate University of Toronto, while Allen tory column. Sorry to have to note an attached scientific paper written that global temperature was in the lower part of the shaded area) and the prior became a professor at the University a few errors!! with several colleagues at the interglacial period (the Eemian period, about 120,000 years ago, when we of St. Andrews in Scotland after Allan Griffin Goddard Institute for Space Studies estimate that global temperature probably peaked near the upper part of the WWII. Toronto, Ontario (GISS) and published later that shaded area). The temperature zero point is the 1951-1980 mean. Numbers Off By Millions and Billions year in the Journal of Geophysical volcano in 1995. scenario that we described as most In the February 2006 issue of discussion of "Room-Temperature Research (volume 93, pages 9341- In my testimony to congress I realistic is so far turning out to be APS News, you include a section Ice in Electric Fields," on page 9, 9364), I described climate simula- showed one line graph with scenar- almost dead on the money. Such "Physics News in 2005." This won- incorrectly states that freezing took tions made with the GISS climate ios A, B, C and observed global close agreement is fortuitous. For derful set of summaries of impor- place in fields of "106 V/m," signif- model. We considered three scenar- temperature, which I update in example, the model used in 1988 tant advances and discoveries in icantly lower than the predicted val- ios for the future, labeled A, B and Figure 1. However, all of the maps had a sensitivity of 4.2°C for dou- C, to bracket likely possibilities. the field is an excellent resource, ues of "109 V/m." The field strengths of simulated future temperature bled CO2, but our best estimate both for keeping up with advances should read 106 V/m and 109 V/m, Scenario A was described as “on that I showed in my congression- for true climate sensitivity is clos- the high side of reality,” because it outside one's own specialty as well respectively, as can be found in the al testimony were for scenario B, er to 3°C for doubled CO2. Climate as communicating high-level results Physical Review Letters paper ref- assumed rapid exponential growth which formed the basis for my tes- sensitivity is usually expressed as to the public. erenced in the summary (Choi et of greenhouse gases and it assumed timony. No results were shown for the equilibrium global warming There is, unfortunately, a fairly al., PRL 95, 085701 (2005)). that there would be no large vol- the outlier scenarios A and C. expected to result from doubling canoes (which inject small particles significant typographical error in Erik Iverson Back to Crichton: how did he the amount of CO2 in the air. one of these summaries. The Oak Ridge, TN into the stratosphere and cool the conclude that I made an error of Empirical evidence from the Earth) during the next half centu- 300%? Apparently, rather than Earth’s history indicates that cli- Scientists Must Stand Together Against Intelligent Design ry. Scenario C was described as “a studying the scientific literature, mate sensitivity is about 3°C, with One can hardly disagree with world. Of course one now has to ask more drastic curtailment of emis- as his footnotes would imply, his an uncertainty of about 1°C. A cli- Thomas Sheahen [letter to APS what made this designer–unless it sions than has generally been imag- approach was to listen to “global mate model yields its own sensi- News, January 2006] that scream- exists outside of time (eternal). ined,” specifically greenhouse warming skeptics.” One of the tivity, based on the best physics ing, name calling, and comparing So we now have an omniscient, gases were assumed to stop skeptics, Pat Michaels, has taken that the users can incorporate at one's opponents to arch villains rarely omnipotent, eternal creator. increasing after 2000. The interme- the graph from our 1988 paper with any given time. (The 2005 GISS advances the cause. I do, however, Ain't we seen this guy before? diate Scenario B was described as simulated global temperatures for model sensitivity was 2.7°C. It is take issue with his suggestion that It's not just the life sciences that “the most plausible.” Scenario B scenarios A, B and C, erased the suspected that the sensitivity of Intelligent Design is anything but are under attack. Creationism also had continued growth of green- results for scenarios B and C, and the 2005 model may be slightly old-hat Biblical Creationism wearing opposes modern physics, especially house gas emissions at a moderate shown only the curve for scenario too small because of the sea ice for- a new hat. cosmology and geophysics where rate and it sprinkled three large A in public presentations, pretend- mulation being too stable.) Intelligent Design implies an they conflict with Biblical literalism. volcanoes in the 50-year period ing that it was my prediction for cli- There are various other uncer- extraordinarily knowledgeable Even classical fluid mechanics is in after 1988, one of them in the mate change. Is this treading close tain factors that can make the designer. Infinitely so? Can't say, but trouble to the extent that it is incon- 1990s. to scientific fraud? Crichton’s warming larger or smaller (see our if it designed this whole universe it sistent with the Great Flood and the Not surprisingly, the real world approach is worse than that of papers at http://pubs.giss. must be so smart it would seem infi- parting of the Red Sea. We must has followed a course closest to Michaels. Crichton uncritically nasa.gov). But it is becoming clear nitely so to us mortals. By similar rea- therefore stand with our biologist that of Scenario B. The real world accepts Michaels’results, and then that our prediction was in the right soning it has to be extremely (infinite- colleagues. even had one large volcano in the concludes that Hansen’s predic- ballpark. So how did Crichton con- ly?) powerful in order to carry out Jonathan Allen 1990s, the eruption of Mount tion was in error “300%.” Where clude that our prediction was in (create) its design in the physical Titusville, NJ Pinatubo, which occurred in does he get this conclusion? error 300%? Beats me. Crichton 1991, while Scenario B placed a Let’s reproduce here the glob- writes fiction and seems to make al temperature curves from my up things as he goes along. He 1988 congressional testimony, doesn’t seem to have the foggiest without erasing the results for sce- notion about the science that he narios B and C. Figure 1 updates writes about. Perhaps that is okay observations of global temperature for a science fiction writer. using the same analysis of meteo- (Discussion of Crichton’s science The President’s Pledge: America Will Compete! rological station data as in our 1988 fiction is provided on the blog paper, which removes or corrects www.realclimate.org/index.php? By Michael S. Lubell, APS Director of principal components: a perma- But what will materialize six station data from urban locations. p=74.) However, I recently heard Public Affairs nent R&D tax credit, large invest- months from now is not easy to Note that the observed warming that, in considering the global In politics, six months is an ments in science education, visa forecast. It’s too far away. It’s an would be slightly less in our analy- warming issue, a US senator is eternity. It’s a well-worn adage. reforms, and a pledge to double the eternity. sis of observations if we combine treating words from Crichton as if And it’s usually accurate. President aggregate budgets of the DOE’s But if six months is an eterni- ocean temperature measurements they had scientific or practical Bush’s popularity may be tanking Office of Science, the NSF and ty, what is 10 years? Well, that’s with the meteorological station validity, and that Crichton was in the spring, and the public may the NIST Core Programs over a almost how long ago U.S News data. However, differences among invited to the White House for an be disgusted with Congress, but the 10-year period. and World Report published David alternative analyses of the obser- extensive interview with the 2006 election is still many months On February 6, the President Gergen’s editorial on the “7 vational data are generally less than President. Houston, we have a away. Anything can happen made a down payment on his fund- Percent Solution.” If you’re too 0.1°C. problem! between now and then. ing promise when he released his young to remember or too old to The observations, the black James Hansen is director of Much the same can be said proposed budget for FY 2007. It care, Gergen, an assistant to three curve in Figure 1, show that the NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space about the future of the President’s contained a 9.3% increase for the former Presidents, took his cue Earth is indeed getting warmer, as Studies, and a longtime advocate of innovation agenda. The White total of the three agencies, 14% for from the late D. Allan Bromley predicted. The observed tempera- combating global warming and House rolled out the American DOE Science, 8% for NSF and (George H.W. Bush’s science advi- ture fluctuates a lot, because the climate change. The above is Competitiveness Initiative (ACI) 24% for NIST Core. sor), who had been advocating for real world is a “noisy,” chaotic adapted from comments posted in the President’s State of the Pretty impressive, and in the a 10-year doubling of the federal system, but there is a clear on September 27, 2005. Figure 1 Union Address. Among its four eyes of many, decades overdue. Inside the Beltway continued on page 6 warming trend. Curiously, the courtesy of Makiko Sato. APS NEWS April 2006 5

High-Energy Physicists Hear Mixed Message From Washington Science Policy Leaders Melvyn J. Shochet of the construction of the ITER con- the physical sciences had fallen University of Chicago, advises trolled fusion facility, as an inter- behind while the NIH budget was both the DOE Office of Science national project, was a model for doubling. “This administration and the NSF about high-energy how the ILC project should be was not negative toward the phys- physics. Both Office of Science managed. ical sciences,” he said, “but had Director Ray Orbach and NSF Marburger traced the history priorities that made it difficult to Director Arden Bement addressed leading up to the ACI, saying that High-Energy Physicists continued on page 6 the group, as did Presidential Science Advisor John Marburger when the panel met in Unit Officers Share Ideas Washington in early March. Orbach called himself “a child of Sputnik”, and described Photo Credit: Alan Chodos President Bush’s state of the Listening to a presentation at the HEPAPmeeting are (l to r) : Presidential union speech, in which he science advisor John Marburger; DOE Office of Science Associate Director unveiled the American for High-Energy Physics Robin Staffin; HEPAPChair Melvyn Shochet; NSF Competitiveness Initiative (ACI), Director Arden Bement (partially obscured); and NSF Physics Division as “a comparable moment to Director Joseph Dehmer. Sputnik”. But he worried that the 14% requested increase for the Members of the High-Energy makers, but they also were given Office of Science would be a “sit- Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP) a cautionary outlook for the con- ting duck” in a year when most heard generally encouraging struction of the International of the rest of US discretionary words about the prospects for Linear Collider (ILC) over the spending is being cut, and urged physical science from three of next decade and more. the physics community to sup- Washington’s scientific decision HEPAP, currently chaired by port the request as it makes its way through Congress. Orbach said that if the request is enact- APS Member Honored for Intelligence Photo credit: Ken Cole ed, DOE facilities will be able to Marilyn Gunner of CCNY, Chair-elect of the Division of Biological APS member Dwight Williams awarded to each Fellow to per- operate at or near full capacity, has been elected one of the first form government intelligence tech- Physics, makes a point during the APS Unit Convocation in February. and instead of 2200 people los- The unit convocation brings together leaders from APS divisions, Director of National Intelligence nology research. ing their funding, as happened topical groups, forums and sections to discuss topics of mutual inter- fellows. DNI Fellows are nominated by last year, funding to 2600 PhDs est, and to learn more about how the Society operates. This year, 76 The DNI Fellows Awards pro- the science and technology organ- and graduate students will participants, representing all but one of the 39 units, attended the gram recognizes and rewards out- izations of the Intelligence be restored. convocation. standing technical achievement Community and selected annual- Commenting on the lessons within the Intelligence Community. ly by the Office of the Associate learned from the Superconducting Director of National Intelligence Director of National Intelligence Super Collider, which was ter- P & T FOREFRONTS CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 John Negroponte presented the first for Science and Technology. They minated by Congress in 1993, circulations. This allows them to suburban areas to more rural and DNI Fellows Awards to nine mem- are chosen based upon their out- Orbach pointed to a decrease in compute not only the concentration wild settings. She also hopes to com- bers of the Intelligence Community standing technical contributions, the Office of Science budget in of the contaminant in the San Joaquin bine this new observational capabil- at a ceremony in February. “These the expectation of significant tech- 1995, and said “if you kill a proj- River, for example, but at what rate ity with remote sensing and existing distinguished experts are the best nical advances based upon their ect in high-energy physics, the it is flowing downstream. GIS-based modeling facilities. of the best–professionals in whom track record of achievement, and funding for condensed matter Another example of a distributed we have enormous trust and con- the potential for the DNI fellow- On the Horizon goes down. And I believe the con- sensor-based observatory is fidence,” said Negroponte, “As ship to facilitate subsequent tech- The potential applications for verse is also true.” Noting the Earthscope, which connects thou- globalization spreads technology to nical work and collaboration across such systems extend far beyond the importance of support from all sands of stations to map Earth’s inte- the far corners of the globe, the the Intelligence Community. study of complex ecosystems. parts of the physics community rior and study crust deformation, Intelligence Community’s S&T Dwight Williams serves as the DARPA is interested in using them for the ILC, he said “I’d like to searching for clues to the planet’s leaders must devise ways to main- Principal Nuclear Physicist in to monitor battlefield conditions. see the APS make a statement early evolution. tain our competitive advantage.” the Defense Intelligence Embedded sensing could also be and get all the Divisions behind Ultimately, rampant proliferation A $200,000 research grant is APS Member Honored continued on page 6 incorporated into concrete bridges to it.” He also pointed out that the monitor vibration, stress, changes in should bring the center’s innovation “feedback loop” full circle. The IMPACT FACTOR CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 temperature, even cracking. Attaching nodes to water or miniaturization and wireless impact factor, but citations to those said Martin Blume, APS Editor-in- when applying for jobs. They believe power meters in residential neighbor- trends in consumer electronics news articles may be included in the Chief. In fact, Blume says he makes some universities may simply look at hoods could make existing meter paved the way for developing pro- numerator, inflating the impact fac- a point of trying not to pay attention the impact factors of journals they’ve reading methods obsolete. Placing totype embedded sensing networks tor of journals that publish those types to the impact factor. published in, rather than carefully nodes along a sensor-equipped high- for scientific applications, but as of articles. Blume and others are more con- review the individual’s work. way would enable police to better they proliferate, more consumer- Review articles, such as those cerned that in some cases hiring and Paul Kwiat of the University of monitor traffic flow. oriented urban sensing applications published in Reviews of Modern tenure committees or funding agen- Illinois recently co-authored a The next step, according to Estrin, will emerge. Estrin foresees a day Physics, are often much more high- cies may use the impact factor inap- paper on quantum computation involves more widespread prolifer- when individuals make use of ly cited than the average original propriately as a way to evaluate that was published in Nature. But ation of embedded wireless network acoustic, imaging, or personal- research paper, so the impact individual researchers. “There is no the impact factor, which Kwiat systems among scientists–in every health-monitoring sensors, commu- factor of review journals can be quite quantitative metric of excellence. had never heard of, wasn’t considered discipline. She cites NEON as one nicating with and through their high. High impact factor journal publica- in the decision of where to example of a continental multiscale already omnipresent cell phones: In some fields, there have been tion is not a measure of excellence of publish. sensor network. NEON is being “That’s when we’ll start to see this reports of journals that have raised the individual,” said Blume. "We chose Nature because we designed to track changes in various proliferate out into non-scientific their impact factors by such tactics as Ivan Schuller of UCSD says he thought we had an item that might environments, from urban and applications.” adding news articles, accepting papers likes to publish in the Physical Review have some general public interest, preferentially that are likely to raise journals, because he wants his work while being novel science," Kwiat LARGEST APS PRIZE CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 to be read by physicists. But some of the journal’s impact factor, or even said. "I'm not sure I know any kind The selection committee consists Kondo Effect in Single Electron his students feel that publishing in asking authors to add citations to other of quantitative 'impact factor', but of the President and two immediate Transistors" and Ivo Souza, at UC Physical Review instead of Science or articles in the journal. surely scientists know that some jour- past-Presidents of the APS, the pre- Berkeley, "for fundamental advances Nature, which have higher impact APS journals have not been much nals are more prestigious than others, vious recipient of the Prize, and a in the theory of polarization, factors, puts them at a disadvantage affected by these types of problems, partly in view of the difficulty of get- chairperson to be elected by the APS localization and electric fields in ting published in them." Council. A sixth, non-voting, mem- crystalline insulators" . BOY SCOUTS CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 Some of the latest (2004) impact ber of the committee is George C. George E. Valley, Jr. received his the history of nuclear science, mod- ing irradiated foods and seeds, and factors: Valley, son of George E. Valley, Jr. PhD in physics from the University ern atomic models, particle acceler- building a model of a nuclear Physical Review A: 2.902 and, like his father, a physicist. of Rochester in 1939. He was named ators, radiation and its uses, nuclear reactor. Physical Review B: 3.075 Further details on rules of eligibili- a National Research Fellow in energy, and careers related to nuclear The scouts may also visit a place Physical Review C: 3.125 ty and nomination procedures may nuclear physics in 1940 and was Physical Review D: 5.156 Project Supervisor and senior staff science. where radiation is used, or visit a Physical Review E: 2.352 be found on the APS web site at To earn the badge, scouts must national lab or research group that Phys Rev Letters: 7.218 http://www.aps.org/praw/valley/ member of the Radiation Laboratory show that they understand these top- studies nuclear science. This pro- Rev Mod Physics: 32.771 index.cfm . at MIT from 1941 to 1945. He was ics. They must also complete sever- vides a perfect opportunity for Science: 31.853 The two previous recipients of on the faculty at MIT from 1946 to al activities, choosing from a vari- nuclear physicists to be involved in Nature: 32.182 the prize were David Goldhaber- 1974, was one of the founders of ety of options, including building outreach, said Matis. “Any physics More than half of all science journals Gordon, currently at Stanford MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and was models of atoms, constructing an lab or research group can be part of counted by the ISI have an impact University, "for the discovery and Chief Scientist of the Air Force in factor below 1. electroscope or cloud chamber, test- the requirements.” elucidation of the physics of the 1957-58. 6 April 2006 APS NEWS

Gershenfeld Hopes To Spearhead a Fab-ulous Revolution

and a little training and creativ- Fab: The Coming Revolution on ways, the people were remark- Children are often the most ity, one really can make almost Your Desktop–from Personal ably similar. “The community enthusiastic users of the fab labs, anything. Computers to Personal figures we work with are all the says Gershenfeld, who often Though the fab lab doesn't Fabrication. same. They're not technical, but brings his own kids, eight year-old construct objects subatomic par- Gershenfeld realized that the they have this tremendous sense twins Grace and Eli, to the lab at ticle-by-subatomic particle, like labs could actually be most use- of opportunity for technology. MIT. They've produced furniture the “Replicator” on Star Trek, ful in some of the world's most The ways people work seem to for their teddy bears and dolls and Gershenfeld's research is heading undeveloped and impoverished span across very different cul- a cardboard construction set they in that direction. In fact, says places. Fab labs are now running tural backgrounds,” says say is more fun than Legos. Now, Gershenfeld, who heads MIT’s in South Boston, Ghana, Costa Gershenfeld. when they want something–a new Center for Bits and Atoms, Rica, India, Norway, and one is In India, fab lab users made toy, perhaps–they always say, “There's a pretty solid road map being built in South Africa. “They electronic monitoring devices to “Let's go to MIT,” rather than to making a Star Trek-style have exploded around the world. test milk for freshness and con- dragging their dad to a toy store molecular assembler.” We're drowning in demand. tamination. In northern Norway, to buy something that someone Gershenfeld originally put Everywhere we go, we're inun- a group of shepherds made a else designed. These youngsters Neil Gershenfeld together the fab lab machines for dated with people with com- wireless radio network to track seem to have absorbed the idea his own research. His work at the pelling problems they're desper- sheep. In the fab lab in Ghana, of making things themselves, evi- In his lab at MIT, Neil interdisciplinary Center for Bits ate to solve,” says Gershenfeld. people are developing inexpen- dence that Gershenfeld's vision Gershenfeld can build almost and Atoms explores how the con- These places are very different sive ways to harness the abundant of personal manufacturing is anything. The lab contains a few tent of information relates to its from each other, and the people solar power, and are working on already taking hold. high-tech machines that togeth- physical representation. “We're have unique problems, but a machine to process cassava, a –Courtesy of Physics Central: er make it possible for individu- just starting to see nature as infor- Gershenfeld found that, in some staple food in the region. www.physicscentral.com als to design and build almost mation processing,” he says, and anything they can imagine. the lab's goal is to “bring togeth- INSIDE THE BELTWAY CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4 People have used the lab to make er the best features of the bits of all kinds of weird gizmos to suit new digital worlds with the atoms science budget as a matter of long- American Electronics Association worked harder than Norman their personalities and needs– of the physical world. ” The lab term economic necessity. had released its report, Losing the Augustine, retired CEO of from a web browser for parrots to studies everything from atomic Gergen’s no mathematical Competitive Advantage; in Lockheed-Martin; Craig Barrett, a dress that puffs up when other nuclei to global networks. Among slouch, and he knew that it takes October 2005, the National Chairman of the Board of Intel; people approach too closely. other things, Gershenfeld's annual increments of 7 percent to Academies, in response to a Burton Richter, former Director But the “fab lab”, as research led to the development reach the doubling goal over a request from Senators Lamar of SLAC and Chairman of the APS Gershenfeld calls it, is not just a of molecular logic used to imple- decade. He also knew that “The 7 Alexander (R-TN) and Jeff Physics Policy Committee; high-tech tool for making odd ment the first complete quantum Percent Solution” had a lot more Bingaman (D-NM), had rolled out Senators Lamar Alexander, Jeff gadgets. He has set up similar computation. punch than “Doubling the Science a set of competitiveness policy Bingaman and Pete V. Domenici labs in undeveloped areas around After setting up the fab lab Budget.” recommendations in Rising Above (R-NM); and Representatives the world, where people with few machines, Gershenfeld found But neither Gergen’s punch nor the Gathering Storm; in November Frank Wolf, Sherwood Boehlert resources can use the tools to himself spending a lot of time Bromley’s clout had much impact 2005, the House Democratic lead- (R-24th NY), Judy Biggert (R-13th build things they need to sub- teaching others to use them, so he on the Clinton White House or on ership had announced its IL); Vern Ehlers (R-3rd MI), stantially improve their lives. decided to offer a course, which the Republican Congress. Innovation Agenda; and in early George Miller (D-7th CA), Anna Gershenfeld thinks that these fab he called “How to Build (Almost) Lobbying efforts focused on avert- December, at the request of Eshoo (D-14th CA) and Zoe labs will eventually allow regu- Anything.” He expected to have ing looming disasters. In that Representative Frank Wolf (R-10th Lofgren (D-16th CA). lar people to make exactly what a few advanced engineering stu- respect they succeeded. VA), the Commerce Department It’s hard to predict whether the they want or need, rather than dents sign up. Instead, he was But except for a brief up-tick in hosted The National Summit on goals of ACI will be met a decade buying a mass-produced item at overwhelmed by about a hundred Clinton’s final year in office, fed- Competitiveness. They all con- from now, and even whether this a store, a prospect he believes is students, many with relatively eral support for the physical cluded that without aggressive fed- year’s down payment will materi- as revolutionary as the personal non-technical backgrounds, clam- sciences continued to stagnate– eral action, America’s number one alize, once Congress has disposed computer. oring to enroll. until last year when the floor vir- ranking on the world’s economic with what the President has Gershenfeld has always liked They all had ideas for things tually collapsed under the DOE sci- stage was unlikely to endure. proposed. But without a doubt, making stuff himself. As a child, they wanted to make. Many of ence budget. National labs Over the past decade, there have were he still alive, Allan Bromley he liked to build things and play them were quirky. For instance, sent out lay-off notices; user facil- been many heroes–inside and out- would be smiling broadly. In a real with all sorts of gadgets. one student made a “defensible ities announced reductions in run- side government–in the fight to sense, the ACI began with him “Growing up I did a lot of tinker- dress” that was inspired by the ning time; and Brookhaven said make innovation and competitive- nearly a decade ago. And in ing,” he says, “Taking stuff apart, porcupine's and blowfish's meth- that it would mothball the ness Beltway buzzwords. But in Washington that’s an eternity of though not necessarily putting it ods of defending their space by Relativistic Heavy Collider for a the last four years, few have eternities. back together again.” For a while puffing up. Sensors in the dress year. Unless its funding were he wanted to go to trade school, detect when someone else gets restored in the next few years, APS MEMBER HONORED CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5 to learn hands-on skills like weld- too close to the wearer, and stiff insiders speculated that Brookhaven ing and auto mechanics, but he wires then cause the dress to bil- might be forced to close. Agency’s Science and Technology Carolina State University and his ended up following a college- low out, defending the wearer's Such was the bleak physical Brain Trust within the Directorate Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering from prep program and then going to personal space. science budget landscape as for Measurements and Signatures the University of Maryland. Swarthmore College. Another student, an artist with Christmas 2005 approached. But Intelligence (MASINT) and He said he felt honored to Even while studying physics, little electronics background, following a series of mid- Technical Collection. He earned receive the DNI Fellows award. “I Gershenfeld spent a lot of time in made a portable sack for scream- December meetings between his B.S. and M.S. degrees in was actually kind of humbled by it,” the machine shop at Swarthmore. ing. When someone yells into the industrial CEO’s and high-level Nuclear Engineering from North he said. After obtaining a PhD in applied sack, the scream is silenced, so Administration officials, includ- physics from Cornell, people nearby can't hear it, but it ing Vice President Cheney, OMB HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICISTS CONTINUED FROM PAGE 5 Gershenfeld worked at Bell Labs, is also recorded, so the scream- Director Josh Bolten, White House where he caused some trouble er can play it back at a more Chief of Staff Andrew Card and fill that hole.” He added, “the Bement characterized the value because he wanted to operate the appropriate time. Presidential Senior Advisor Karl ACI improves conditions for of high-energy physics as three- machines himself, rather than just Other fab lab students have Rove, rumors began to circulate many, if not all, areas of physi- fold: transformational science, have the machinists build things made weird items such as an that President Bush was willing cal science.” technological impact, and the pro- for him. He's never liked the idea alarm clock that forces you to to make competitiveness a prime But Marburger stressed that duction of highly trained scientists that machining was supposed to play a game to prove you're domestic policy issue. In a matter neither high-energy physics nor who then enter diverse fields. He be done only by specialist awake, and a web browser for of a few weeks, innovation and space science are among the areas noted that $15 million would be machine operators. So it isn't sur- parrots. “It's not about making competitiveness had gone from explicitly covered by the ACI. added to the high-energy physics prising that he had the idea for things you need, but making the work of policy wonks to draft “The priority and thrust is toward budget in the NSF research and personal fabrication. things you want,” says language in the State of the Union Basic Energy Sciences and other related activities account, which The fab (for fabrication, or Gershenfeld about these rather Address. areas related to competitiveness. he said would become significant fabulous, whichever you prefer) eccentric projects. Personal Of course, in Washington, noth- The ACI is neutral toward parti- over time as the budget com- labs, which cost about $20,000, Fabrication, as Gershenfeld calls ing other than sex and bribery cle and nuclear physics.” pounded. He mentioned the RSVP contain high-tech tools such as a it, is about making things for a moves at lightning speed. And the Marburger said it is danger- experiment at Brookhaven, which laser cutter to cut shapes out of “market of one.” He envisions ACI was no exception. In ous to try to sell high-energy had been planned to look for rare a variety of materials, a sign cut- that someday soon the cost of a December 2004, the Council on physics on the basis of its tech- symmetry violating processes, but ter that makes flexible electrical fab lab will come down, and peo- Competitiveness had published its nological spinoffs. “Intellectual which was canceled last year connections and antennas, a ple will use them routinely to report, Innovate America; in excitement drives the field,” he “with great regret because of a milling machine for making cir- build their own things, rather than February 2005, the Task Force on said. “We have a responsibility to complex set of reasons.” On the cuit boards and precision parts, just buy things that are available the Future of American Innovation share the excitement of the field positive side, Bement cited NSF’s and tools for programming tiny at Wal-Mart. Gershenfeld had issued its analysis, with the people who are helping continuing involvement in the high speed microcontrollers. With describes this revolutionary new Benchmarks of our Innovation to fund it. Our sponsors are the prospect of constructing a deep these tools, some basic materials, business model in his recent book Future; that same month, the people of the world.” underground laboratory. APS NEWS April 2006 7

APRIL MEETING CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 JOB FAIR collide. (Sessions H5, L1, E1, Q6) tion programs for reducing pover- orthodoxies" when it comes to APRIL 2006 Radiation Markers. Physicists ty in developing nations. (Session untangling nature's mysteries. APS April Meeting Job Fair continue to find creative and use- C4) (paper B5.1) April 23 – 24, 2006 ful applications for naturally and Sakharov in the Gray Zones. Cosmic Evolution. Speakers at Dallas, TX artificially created radiation. The battle for protecting the human a Monday afternoon session will Don’t miss the opportunity to connect with employers and job Vincente Guiseppe of the rights of scientists did not end with present some of the latest and most seekers from all areas of physics and physical sciences. This is the University of Maine will explain Andrei Sakharov and the former compelling evidence of how the perfect opportunity to reach high-level candidates who will bring skill, how radon-222, a naturally Soviet Union–it is still going on universe, Earth and life have dedication, and energy to your organization. occurring radioactive gas dissolved today. Session L6 will explore pro- evolved. Joel Primack (University Recruiters: in groundwater, can provide grams to support and provide safe of California, Santa Cruz) is the co- • Showcase your company with a Recruitment Booth information on groundwater mix- haven for scholars persecuted for author (with Nancy Ellen Abrams) • Advertise open positions ing and flow (B8.4). Taking their speech, ethnicity, gender, and of The View From the Center of • Interview qualified job candidates advantage of the fact that fission citizenship. Yuri Orlov, who is the the Universe: Discovering Our • Search resumes specific to the meeting energy reactors emit large num- first recipient of the APS Sakharov Extraordinary Place in the Job Candidates: bers of antineutrinos, Nathaniel Prize, helped establish Human Cosmos. Primack will review key • Network with technical staff and human resource recruiters Bowden of Sandia National Rights Watch and was one of the observations that support modern • Post resumes and search jobs Laboratory and his colleagues will early defenders of Sakharov. He cosmology, describe some sym- • Interview for positions explain how these antiparticles will describe "difficult areas of bolic ways of understanding the For more information, please contact Alix Brice at (301) 209-3187 might be useful for measuring the human rights activity in which modern cosmos, and discuss some or [email protected]. reactor's power and plutonium human rights defenders cannot possible implications of a cosmic inventory through the reactor's fuel reach a consensus on how to pro- perspective for our 21st century Distinguished Traveling Lecturer Program cycle (Paper B8.3). ceed, and even on how to define the worldview. Penn State’s James in Laser Science Cosmic Rays and Biodiveristy. problem." An Iranian physicist sen- Kasting will discuss climate and The Division of Laser Sciences (DLS) of APS announces its lec- The fossil record shows that Earth's tenced to 10 years of prison for life on early Earth. Duane Jeffrey, ture program in Laser Science, and invites applications from schools biodiversity fluctuates on an advocating democracy and open- a professor of integrative biology to host a lecturer in 2006/2007. Lecturers will visit selected academ- approximately 62-million-year ness, Hadi Hadizadeh, now at Ohio at Brigham Young University, will ic institutions for two days, during which time they will give a pub- cycle. Until now, there has been no University, will describe the closed- talk about the evolution of biolog- lic lecture open to the entire academic community and meet satisfactory explanation for this door trials that he and ical diversity. (Session Q5) informally with students and faculty. They may also give guest biodiversity oscillation. University fellow scholars experienced in Iran. Cool Roofs Save Money. White lectures in classes related to Laser Science. The purpose of the pro- of Kansas researchers Mikhail (Session L6) roofs with a high reflectivity or gram is to bring distinguished scientists to colleges and universities Medvedev and Adrian Melott show Astrophysics in the “albedo” have a long history of in order to convey the excitement of Laser Science to undergraduate that this cycle can be explained by Laboratory. Plasma physicists keeping buildings cool, and graduate students. a change in the flux of cosmic rays have produced in a laboratory some especially in the Mediterranean, The DLS will cover the travel expenses and honorarium of the lec- reaching Earth as the solar system of the extreme conditions and fas- according to Arthur Rosenfeld turer. The host institution will be responsible only for the local expens- moves through the galactic plane. cinating phenomena observed in of the California Energy es of the lecturer and for advertising the public lecture. Awards to host This is due to differences in shield- the sun and in space. Plasmas and Commission. Closer to home, so- institutions will be made by the selection committee after consulting ing by galactic magnetic fields, magnetic fields in space often form called “cool roofs” have been with the lecturers. Priority will be given to those institutions that do and to variations in cosmic ray pro- loops, which merge, twist and shown to reduce A/C demand in not have extensive resources for similar programs. duction and propagation in the reconnect, releasing energy and California by as much as 10%, and Applications should be sent to the DTL committee Chair Rainer galactic interstellar medium. jets of particles. This magnetic to slow the formation of ozone. Grobe ([email protected]) and to the DLS Secretary-Treasurer John Cosmic rays can influence cloud reconnection is believed to under- Rosenfeld will report on his recent Fourkas ([email protected]). The deadline for application for formation and atmospheric chem- lie many solar phenomena, but sci- investigation into the positive visits in Fall 2006 is April 30. istry, and thus affect climate. In entists don't have a complete under- environmental impacts of wide- Detailed information about the program and the application addition, energetic cosmic rays standing of how it works, and the spread deployment of cool roof procedure is available on the DLS-DTL home page: produce showers of energetic par- details can be hard to study in technology. Among other benefits, http://physics.sdsu.edu/~anderson/DTL/ ticles that can damage organisms' space. In an experiment at “cooling the planet” with such DNA. (paper H7.1) Swarthmore College, Michael technology could save hundreds Lecturers for the 2006-2007 Academic Year: How Round is a Pulsar? Brown, along with a group of of billions of dollars annually •Lee W. Casperson, University of North Carolina. Pulsars are some of the most spher- undergraduate researchers, gener- worldwide. (Paper W5.2) •Eric Cornell, University of Colorado. ical objects in the sky. Generally, ates and merges loops of extreme- Lessons from Katrina. Coastal •Jim Kafka, Spectra Physics. however, physicists could only ly hot gas suspended on magnetic and riverine flooding and hurri- •Marsha Lester, University of Pennsylvania. measure the shapes of the stars fields. These loops have many cane-driven storms have long •Christopher Monroe, University of Michigan. indirectly, by watching the rate that properties of the much larger loops plagued US residents who live or •Luis A. Orozco, University of Maryland. a pulsar's rotation slows. Data from observed on the surface of the sun, work near shorelines. The devas- •Carlos Stroud, University of Rochester. LIGO (Laser Interferometer including temperatures up to 1 mil- tation wrought last year by •Ron Walsworth, Harvard University. Gravitational Wave Observatory) lion degrees, strong magnetic Hurricane Katrina has brought the has now placed limits on the shape fields, and high velocities. Brown problem to national attention. Now Appearing in RMP: M. Hildred Blewett Gerald Galloway of the University of pulsars, including the one at the and colleagues have used hundreds Recently Posted Reviews of Maryland will review the devel- Scholarship for heart of the Crab nebula, through of tiny magnetic detectors to map and Colloquia attempts to directly detect gravita- out the entire complex 3-dimen- opment of the US program for pro- Women Physicists tional waves coming from the stars. sional structure of loops in the viding structural protection, dis- You will find the following This scholarship has been process of intertwining and recon- cuss the effectiveness of levees, in the online edition of Matthew Pitkin of the University Reviews of Modern Physics at established to enable women to return of Glasgow, on behalf of the LIGO necting. Brown will compare this dams, floodways, and storm barri- http://rmp.aps.org to physics research careers after Scientific Collaboration, will pres- structure, which had never been ers, and explore what new having had to interrupt those careers for ent the analysis of the most recent mapped out before, to similar struc- approaches might be taken to be Onsager and the theory of family reasons. The scholarship and most sensitive LIGO data col- tures in reconnecting magnetic better prepared for such disasters, hydrodynamic turbulence consists of an award of up to $45,000. lected so far, and discuss the lim- fields in the magnetosphere. In based on post-Katrina planning. Gregory L. Eyink and The applicant must currently be a its that the current and forthcom- their newest measurement, the (Paper W5.3) Katepalli R. Sreenivasan legal resident or resident alien of ing LIGO data puts on pulsar Swarthmore researchers used Reaching for the Stars. In Besides Osager's well-known the US or Canada. She must be shapes (Paper C7.2). Doppler spectroscopy to measure 1925, a little-known female contributions to physics and currently in Canada or the US and Funding Research in Poor high-velocity (40 km/s), bi-direc- astronomer named Cecilia chemistry, he had a life-long must have an affiliation with a Countries. International scientif- tional jets coming out of a recon- Payne-Gaposchkin published a interest and made ground-break- research-active educational institution ic collaboration and research pro- nection event. Brown will report on monograph on the composition of ing discoveries in the subject of or national lab. She must have grams have a largely unrealized his observations and compare them the stars and universe that was hydrodynamic turbulence. His completed work toward a PhD. potential to promote innovation to observations in a solar context hailed as “the most brilliant PhD 1949 paper stimulated consider- Applications are due June 1, 2006. and economic development in poor (paper L16.4). thesis ever written in astronomy” able later work, but it is in his pri- Announcement of the award is countries. As session C4 will show, Why Aristotle Took so Long to by one renowned colleague. It com- vate letters and unpublished expected to be made by August 1, 2006. governmental and public/private Die. Aristotle's view of physics bined observations of stellar spec- notes that some of the most orig- Details and online application can be found at http://www.aps.org/educ/ programs are reaching out to a and cosmology reigned for many tra with the then-new atomic inal ideas appeared. In at least cswp/blewett/index.cfm wider range of nations and world centuries as the definitive model of theories in physics. Yet like many four cases, the theories were Contact: Sue Otwell in the physical reality among the philo- other early women in astronomy, developed and published only regions than before. Arden Bement, APS office at [email protected] director of the National Science sophical thinkers of Islam and today she has been largely forgot- decades later by others. Foundation, will talk about NSF's Christendom, even after ten. Her story is among those fea- international outreach through a Copernicus and Galileo came on tured at a session honoring pio- (See Zero Gravity on page 3): variety of initiatives in Africa and the scene. Dennis Danielson neering women in astronomy. The elsewhere. At session E4, officials (University of British Columbia) early 19th century astronomer Ampere Dirac Maxwell Rutherford from UNESCO, the World Bank, considers why this was and sug- Henrietta Leavitt will also be fea- Bethe Faraday Meitner Schrodinger and NSF's International Science gests how, by attempting to see tured, and Jill Tarter of the SETI Bohr Fermi Newton Schwinger and Engineering Division will dis- things from Aristotle's point of Institute will wrap things up with Born Galileo Noether Volta cuss burgeoning efforts to devel- view, we might be better able to her personal experiences in a Carnot Hamilton Ohm op science, technology, and educa- "avoid getting stuck in our own male-dominated field. (Session J5) Curie Henry (twice) Planck 8 April 2006 APS NEWS The Back Page When Worldviews Collide: Science and Religion Face Off Again By Lawrence M. Krauss

eligion and science are in work get mentioned in high-school the leading proponents of ID make collision again today, as they textbooks. a bedrock assumption which is utter- Rhave been periodically in the ID advocates want to skip all the ly false. Their presupposition is that past. In Afghanistan in 2001, the intermediate steps. They want to take evolutionary theory is antithetical Taliban blew up the monumental their theory straight into high school to the existence of a supreme being Buddha statues at Bamiyan. They textbooks. And that’s not fair. ID and to religion in general. Repeatedly destroyed them because their religion advocates are unwilling to play by in this trial, Plaintiffs’ scientific forbade the reproduction of human the same rules as scientists. If they experts testified that the theory of faces and bodies. The Taliban had believe ID is a scientific theory, they evolution represents good science, is nothing specific against Buddhism; should welcome the requirement that overwhelmingly accepted by the sci- they wanted to destroy all statues. they go through all the steps that entific community, and that it in no This was a clear example of religion other scientists have to go through way conflicts with, nor does it deny, attacking science–in this case, before their work makes it way into the existence of a divine creator… archaeology–inasmuch as these textbooks. ID’s backers have sought to avoid the sculptures were amazing specimens We face a vast problem in the scientific scrutiny which we have of antiquity. What motivated this public understanding of science. now determined that it cannot with- attack? In a word, fear. Photo credit: http://www.phys.cwru.edu/~krauss/ Consider some depressing statistics. stand by advocating that the contro- Similar collisions between sci- Lawrence Krauss (right) with Captain Kirk (aka William Shatner) in the In a June 2005 Harris Poll, 54% of versy, but not ID itself, should be ence and religion, based on fear, galley of the Starship Enterprise respondents said they disbelieved in taught in science class. This tactic is have taken place in the United States. evolution. Only 38% accepted it. at best disingenuous.…the fact that Former House Majority Leader Tom scientific method, because the the president of the National Asked what they do believe about a scientific theory cannot yet render DeLay–who has, amazingly, a scientific method is based on the Academy of Sciences protested, as human origins, only 22% said human an explanation on every point should degree in biology–once argued that assumption that natural effects have did many other individuals and beings evolved from earlier species. not be used as a pretext to thrust an the Columbine school shootings natural causes and that human groups. The proposed curriculum In contrast, 64% said human beings untestable alternative hypothesis happened “because our school sys- beings can try to understand those passed. were created directly by God, and grounded in religion into the science tems teach our children that they are causes. That’s incompatible with 10% said they believed in ID. Asked classroom or to misrepresent well- nothing but glorified apes who have their particular theological view of Dishonest and Unfair what should be taught in public established scientific propositions…” evolutionized out of some primordial reality–and that is the heart of the The marketing campaign for ID schools, a mere 12% of respondents As a result of this decision, we mud.” That’s in the Congressional problem. (Of course, science is not in this country has been well run and said that only evolution should be were recently able to convince the Record. Meanwhile, public policy inherently atheistic. The existence strategically ingenious. It’s designed taught. Twice as many, 23%, thought Ohio State School Board to revise regarding Intelligent Design (ID) of God simply isn’t a scientifically to exploit revered American values, only creationism should be taught. their science standards, and remove has been defined by people like testable proposition.) including: open-mindedness (“We Most of the rest, 55% in fact, thought the offending lesson plan. This suc- President George W. Bush. Talking In 2002, the Ohio Board of can’t have this closed, dogmatic view creationism, evolution, and ID should cess, and others like it around the about evolution versus ID, Bush Education was developing a new of evolution.”); honesty (“Let’s talk be taught–on grounds of fairness, of country, suggest the disingenuous recently declared that “Both sides science curriculum, and there was a about the fact that there are some course. effort to introduce ID as a scientif- ought to be properly taught so peo- statewide controversy over whether people who don’t believe in evolu- Conventional American intuitions ic theory in schools may have ple can understand what the debate to include ID. Stephen Meyer, a vice tion.”); and fairness (“We should about fairness are simply out of place peaked. However, if history is any is about.” The sentence assumes that president of the pro-ID Discovery just allow different people to express in genuine scientific debate. Science guide, the efforts of those whose there are two “sides” and that there Institute, made a bold rhetorical their views in classrooms.”) It’s not itself is not fair–and that very fact religious convictions are inconsistent is a debate. There isn’t. move that turned out to be the first enough for defenders of evolution to may be science’s greatest legacy. In with scientific knowledge will The ID conflict unfolds against a appearance of a clever new theme in talk about the science. I think the science, not all ideas are treated “evolve” once again. background of desperate problems in ID’s marketing campaign: teaching argument we have to present is that equally. In most scientific contro- Why should we care so much education. Our public schools are the controversy. the ID strategy is in fact dishonest and versies, one side is simply wrong. about textbook stickers, a few sen- not teaching science effectively. As Everyone expected Meyer to get unfair. Science’s power lies precisely in its tences read before class, or whatev- a society, we should be spending our up and say, “We want ID to be taught The dishonesty of ID lies in its ability to prove false things to be er the next ID initiative may turn time and energy trying to teach sci- in schools.” Instead he declared, proponents pointing to a controver- false. If certain contentions do not out to be? For some, it’s an issue of ence better in the classrooms, not “You know what? We’re not dogmat- sy when there really is no controver- hold up with experiment, we can church/state separation, but that’s worse. The argument over evolution ic. We want to compromise. Let’s just sy. A friend of mine did an informal just stop talking about them. not my bottom line. To me, the cru- versus ID is a huge waste of time. teach the controversy.” Meyer survey of more than 10 million arti- Many people suggest that because cial point is that, whenever teachers Having to focus our energies on this implied that there is a controversy, cles in major science journals dur- the majority of adults in this coun- are made to soft-pedal evolution or attack on science keeps us from which there isn’t, and that there are ing the past twelve years. Searching try apparently don’t believe in evo- teach a controversy that isn’t there, finding better ways to teach how grounds for compromise, which is for the key word evolution pulled lution, we should “teach the contro- we are forcing teachers to lie. The remarkable science is in illuminat- also not true. up 115,000 articles, most pertaining versy”. But the purpose of education minute we force teachers to lie in one ing various aspects of our universe. When the Board of Education to biological evolution. Searching is not to validate ignorance; it’s to place, we make it easier to force finished the new science standards, for Intelligent Design yielded 88 overcome it. If we’re doing a crum- them to lie in others. I view lying and The Real Target we saw how effective Meyer’s teach- articles. All but 11 of those were in my job of teaching science in misinformation–not religion–as the ID doesn’t amount to much more the-controversy strategy had been. engineering journals, where, of America–and we are–then we need greatest threat to our democracy. than simply being opposed to evo- Tacked on at the very end of the sci- course, we hope there is discussion to do a better job in teaching many The universe as it really is is a lution. But evolution is a straw man. ence standards was a phrase that of intelligent design. Of the 11, eight different kinds of science, including profoundly remarkable place. What people are challenging is sci- required students to learn “how sci- were critical of the scientific basis for evolutionary biology. Far from water- Science education should awaken ence itself, and the methods by which entists continue to investigate and ID theory and the remaining three ing it down or teaching a nonexist- American students to that fact. We it investigates the universe. People critically analyze aspects of evolu- turned out to be articles in conference ent controversy, we need to teach it also need to get the point across who oppose evolution are really try- tionary theory.” proceedings, not peer-reviewed better. that science is not a threat to a moral ing to take a stand against science and There’s nothing inherently wrong research journals. In December, the effort to install world. Quite the contrary, science rationality as such. This is why I, a with that statement, but it was in the The ID strategy is also unfair in ID in science classrooms received a has an ethos based on honesty, physicist, got involved in the public wrong place. It should appear at the a very particular way. Consider how major blow, as Judge John Jones III open-mindedness, creativity, egalitar- policy issue. beginning of the science curriculum real-world science gets done. ruled that a short anti-evolution state- ianism, and full disclosure. If those Years ago, my state of Ohio was and say something like, “Students Suppose you have a novel scientif- ment read by school administrators things were realized as thoroughly one of the first to experience a con- should learn how scientists are con- ic claim. You do some research on to students in Dover, Pennsylvania, in the rest of the world as they already certed attack on science standards. tinuing to investigate and critically it. You then submit an article to jour- accompanied by a recommendation are in science, the world would be a A local group called Science analyze all scientific theories.” After nals. The journals send it out to idiots to read a creationist text called better place. Excellence for All Ohioans–associ- all, that’s the way science works. called peer reviewers, and those “Pandas and People”, was uncon- Lawrence Krauss is a theoreti- ated with televangelist James Putting the statement so late in the idiots tell you why you’re wrong, stitutional, violating the separation of cal physicist at Case Western Dobson–accused in its literature: document, where it pertained only to and then you have to fight with them church and state. Judge Jones’s 139- University and a best-selling author “Science standards use a little-known the science standards concerning and tell them why they’re idiots, and page ruling, available on the inter- and lecturer. His most recent book rule to censor the evidence of design. evolution, had the effect of making it goes on and on. If you’re lucky, you net, is a masterpiece of scholarship, is Hiding in the Mirror: The The rule, which is usually unstated, evolution seem suspect. get published. What happens next? examining not merely the legal Mysterious Allure of Extra is often referred to as methodologi- Not surprisingly, instead of pro- If your work is interesting, other aspects of the Dover case, but the his- Dimensions. The above was con- cal naturalism.” We have a different ducing a lesson plan that showed people will begin to look at it and do tory of ID and its precursors and the densed and updated from a longer name for it where I come from. It’s how students were critically analyz- follow-up research. If it’s really inter- nature of science, including evolu- article in the April/May 2006 issue called the scientific method. ing evolutionary theory, it produced esting, you’ll build a scientific con- tionary biology. As Judge Jones of Free Inquiry, the magazine of the Advocates of creationism and ID a lesson plan critical of evolutionary sensus, which may take ten, 20, 30, stated: Council for Secular Humanism, ultimately stand opposed to the theory. It was so badly flawed that or 40 years. Only then does your “Both defendants and many of www.secularhumanism.org.

APS News welcomes and encourages letters and submissions from its members responding to these and other issues. Responses may be sent to: [email protected].