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ABSOLVENTSKÁ PRÁCE Historie Počítačů

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ABSOLVENTSKÁ PRÁCE Historie Počítačů Vyšší odborná škola a St řední pr ůmyslová škola elektrotechnická Olomouc, Božet ěchova 3 ABSOLVENTSKÁ PRÁCE Historie po číta čů 2006 Jaromír MATUCHA Absolventská práce – Historie po číta čů Zde bude vloženo oficiální zadání (ve 2. výtisku jeho kopie). Absolventská práce – Historie po číta čů Prohlašuji, že jsem vypracoval absolventskou práci, Historii po číta čů , samostatn ě pod vedením ing. Ji řího Rudolfa a ing. Josefa Kolá ře. ………….……………….. Jaromír Matucha Prohlašuji, že lze používat tuto absolventskou práci k dalšímu studiu tj. je možné si ji p ůjčovat a používat p ři výuce na škole. ………….……………….. Jaromír Matucha 5. kv ětna 2006 Absolventská práce – Historie po číta čů OBSAH Úvod..................................................................................................................................6 1. Po četní pomůcky.......................................................................................................7 1.1 Kosti (p řed 25 000 lety) ....................................................................................7 1.2 Po čítání na prstech (5. století p ř.n.l.) ................................................................7 1.3 Abakus (kolem roku 5 000 p řed n.l.) ................................................................8 1.3.1 Salamínská deska (300 p ř.n.l.) ..................................................................9 1.3.2 Liny (15. století)........................................................................................9 1.3.3 Suan-pan (13. století)..............................................................................10 1.3.4 Soroban (16. - 17. století)........................................................................10 1.3.5 Sčot (17. století) ......................................................................................10 1.3.6 Školní po čítadlo (20. století)...................................................................11 1.4 Logaritmické tabulky (1614)..........................................................................11 1.4.1 Grafické pom ůcky...................................................................................11 1.5 Napierovy kostky (1617).................................................................................12 1.6 Logaritmické pravítko (17. století) .................................................................12 2. Mechanické po čítací stroje......................................................................................14 2.1 Mechanické po čítací stroje na principu "ozubených kol"...............................14 2.1.1 Mechanická kalkula čka (1623) ...............................................................14 2.1.2 Mechanická kalkula čka Pascaline (1642) ...............................................14 2.1.3 Krokový kalkulátor (1673)......................................................................15 2.1.4 Arithmometer (1820) ..............................................................................16 2.1.5 Odhner ův systém po čítacího stroje (1873) .............................................16 2.2 Mechanické stroje na principu "d ěrných štítk ů" .............................................17 2.2.1 Tkalcovský stav (1805)...........................................................................17 2.2.2 Analytický stroj (Analytical Engine) (1833) .........................................17 2.2.3 Děrnoštítkový stroj (1890) ......................................................................20 3. Po číta če ...................................................................................................................21 3.1 0. generace po číta čů (1938 – 1944) ................................................................21 3.1.1 Kalkulátor pro řešení komplexních diferenciálních rovnic (1931).........21 3.1.2 Z1 (1938).................................................................................................22 3.1.3 Z2 (1940).................................................................................................22 3.1.4 Complex Number Calculator (1940).......................................................23 3.1.5 ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) (1941)..............................................23 3.1.6 Z3 (1941).................................................................................................24 3.1.7 Z4 (1941).................................................................................................24 3.1.8 MARK I (1943).......................................................................................24 3.1.9 Colossus (1943).......................................................................................25 3.1.10 SAPO (1957)...........................................................................................26 3.2 1. generace po číta čů (1944 - 1956).................................................................27 3.2.1 ENIAC (1944).........................................................................................28 3.2.2 MANIAC (1945)....................................................................................29 3.2.3 SSEC (1948) ...........................................................................................32 3.2.4 Manchester Mark (1948).........................................................................33 3.2.5 Whirwind (1949).....................................................................................33 3.2.6 EDSAC (1949)........................................................................................33 3.2.7 BIAC (1949) ...........................................................................................34 3.2.8 UNIVAC (1951) .....................................................................................34 3.2.9 EDVAC (1952) .......................................................................................34 4 Absolventská práce – Historie po číta čů 3.2.10 EPOS I (1963).........................................................................................35 3.3 2. generace po číta čů (1956 - 1964).................................................................35 3.3.1 První programovací jazyky (FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL)................37 3.3.2 IBM 1401, National Elliot 803, MINSK.................................................37 3.3.3 MINSK 22 (první polovina 60. let).........................................................37 3.3.4 MSP (1965).............................................................................................39 3.3.5 DP 100 (1967).........................................................................................39 3.3.6 EPOS II (1969).......................................................................................39 3.3.7 MINSK 32 (1971)...................................................................................40 3.4 3. generace po číta čů (1964 - 1972).................................................................41 3.4.1 IBM 360, Siemens 4004..........................................................................43 3.4.2 JSEP (projekt) (1968)..............................................................................43 3.4.3 JSEP 1 (projekt) (1968–1974).................................................................44 3.4.4 TESLA 200 (1969)..................................................................................45 3.5 3,5. generace po číta čů (1971 - 1981)..............................................................46 3.5.1 Vývoj mikroprocesor ů (1971- 1980) ......................................................47 3.5.2 ADT (1973).............................................................................................50 3.5.3 SMEP ( řada) (1974 ) ...............................................................................50 3.5.4 SM3-20....................................................................................................50 3.5.5 SM4-20....................................................................................................51 3.5.6 SM 52/11.................................................................................................51 3.5.7 JSEP 2 (projekt) (1977)...........................................................................51 3.6 4. generace po číta čů (1981 – 1989) ................................................................53 3.6.1 Vývoj prvních grafických karet ..............................................................54 3.6.2 Vývoj mikroprocesor ů (1982-1991) .......................................................55 3.6.3 Vývoj 8-mi bitových osobních po číta čů .................................................58 3.6.4 Vývoj 16-ti bitových osobních po číta čů .................................................86 3.7 5. generace po číta čů (od roku 1990)...............................................................99 3.7.1 Vývoj mikroprocesor ů (1992-2006) .....................................................100 3.7.2 Vývoj 32 bitových osobních po číta čů ...................................................121 Záv ěr .............................................................................................................................126 Resumé..........................................................................................................................127 Resume..........................................................................................................................128 Seznam použité literatury..............................................................................................129
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