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12 Questions To... Natami Team - Part 1
12 questions to... Natami Team - part 1 Banter (c) Polski Portal Amigowy (www.ppa.pl) Today I will tell you about something unique. I will present you the latest 68k CPU! You may wonder... What actually is N68050? The N68050 (N050) is a new 68k family processor developed by the Natami Team. It runs inside the FPGA together with the Natami chipset. The 050 is the first revision of our 68k CPU architecture. Further on, we will extend the architecture to the N68050E and later the N68070 specification. The N68050 softcore will be the default CPU of the Natami system. But if the user wants to, he could also get a separate CPU card with a physical 68060 for his Natami system, connected to the mainboard over the SyncZorro bus. The development history of the N68050 core. One could say it started in 1998, when Gunnar tried to write his first 68k softcore. But FPGAs were unfortunately too small to accomplish this task back then. The actual development of the Natami softcore started two years ago, after we dismissed Coldfire as a possible CPU for the Natami. Coldfire was interesting, but our testing and estimates showed us that solving it with our own softcore is even better. The first "N68070" softcore design idea was similar to a crossbreed of 68000 and Coldfire. Our first concept was to use a pipeline similar to the Coldfire V3 pipeline. To improve performance we changed this and reworked the pipeline to be longer. Our goal for the softcore was to reach a higher clockrate and to be in all regards better than the original Motorola 68060 clocked at the same speed. -
Lecture 1: Course Introduction G Course Organization G Historical Overview G Computer Organization G Why the MC68000? G Why Assembly Language?
Lecture 1: Course introduction g Course organization g Historical overview g Computer organization g Why the MC68000? g Why assembly language? Microprocessor-based System Design 1 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course organization g Grading Instructor n Exams Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna g 1 midterm and 1 final Office: 401 Russ n Homework Tel:775-5120 g 4 problem sets (not graded) [email protected] n Quizzes http://www.cs.wright.edu/~rgutier g Biweekly Office hours: TBA n Laboratories g 5 Labs Teaching Assistant g Grading scheme Mohammed Tabrez Office: 339 Russ [email protected] Weight (%) Office hours: TBA Quizes 20 Laboratory 40 Midterm 20 Final Exam 20 Microprocessor-based System Design 2 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Course outline g Module I: Programming (8 lectures) g MC68000 architecture (2) g Assembly language (5) n Instruction and addressing modes (2) n Program control (1) n Subroutines (2) g C language (1) g Module II: Peripherals (9) g Exception processing (1) g Devices (6) n PI/T timer (2) n PI/T parallel port (2) n DUART serial port (1) g Memory and I/O interface (1) g Address decoding (2) Microprocessor-based System Design 3 Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna Wright State University Brief history of computers GENERATION FEATURES MILESTONES YEAR NOTES Asia Minor, Abacus 3000BC Only replaced by paper and pencil Mech., Blaise Pascal, Pascaline 1642 Decimal addition (8 decimal figs) Early machines Electro- Charles Babbage Differential Engine 1823 Steam powered (3000BC-1945) mech. Herman Hollerith, -
RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (Built 15Th February 2018)
RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (built 15th February 2018) CONTENTS I RTEMS CPU Architecture Supplement1 1 Preface 5 2 Port Specific Information7 2.1 CPU Model Dependent Features...........................8 2.1.1 CPU Model Name...............................8 2.1.2 Floating Point Unit..............................8 2.2 Multilibs........................................9 2.3 Calling Conventions.................................. 10 2.3.1 Calling Mechanism.............................. 10 2.3.2 Register Usage................................. 10 2.3.3 Parameter Passing............................... 10 2.3.4 User-Provided Routines............................ 10 2.4 Memory Model..................................... 11 2.4.1 Flat Memory Model.............................. 11 2.5 Interrupt Processing.................................. 12 2.5.1 Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler...................... 12 2.5.2 Interrupt Levels................................ 12 2.5.3 Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS...................... 12 2.6 Default Fatal Error Processing............................. 14 2.7 Symmetric Multiprocessing.............................. 15 2.8 Thread-Local Storage................................. 16 2.9 CPU counter...................................... 17 2.10 Interrupt Profiling................................... 18 2.11 Board Support Packages................................ 19 2.11.1 System Reset................................. 19 3 ARM Specific Information 21 3.1 CPU Model Dependent Features.......................... -
Computing :: Operatingsystems :: DOS Beyond 640K 2Nd
DOS® Beyond 640K 2nd Edition DOS® Beyond 640K 2nd Edition James S. Forney Windcrest®/McGraw-Hill SECOND EDITION FIRST PRINTING © 1992 by James S. Forney. First Edition © 1989 by James S. Forney. Published by Windcrest Books, an imprint of TAB Books. TAB Books is a division of McGraw-Hill, Inc. The name "Windcrest" is a registered trademark of TAB Books. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. The publisher takes no responsibility for the use of any of the materials or methods described in this book, nor for the products thereof. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Forney, James. DOS beyond 640K / by James S. Forney. - 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: MS-DOS beyond 640K. Includes index. ISBN 0-8306-9717-9 ISBN 0-8306-3744-3 (pbk.) 1. Operating systems (Computers) 2. MS-DOS (Computer file) 3. PC -DOS (Computer file) 4. Random access memory. I. Forney, James. MS-DOS beyond 640K. II. Title. QA76.76.063F644 1991 0058.4'3--dc20 91-24629 CIP TAB Books offers software for sale. For information and a catalog, please contact TAB Software Department, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17294-0850. Acquisitions Editor: Stephen Moore Production: Katherine G. Brown Book Design: Jaclyn J. Boone Cover: Sandra Blair Design, Harrisburg, PA WTl To Sheila Contents Preface Xlll Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. The unexpanded system 1 Physical limits of the system 2 The physical machine 5 Life beyond 640K 7 The operating system 10 Evolution: a two-way street 12 What else is in there? 13 Out of hiding 13 Chapter 2. -
Procesory Ve Směrovačích Firmy Cisco Motorola MPC857DSL
Procesory ve směrovačích firmy Cisco Pokročilé architektury počítačů Marek Malysz, mal341 Obsah Motorola MPC857DSL.............................................................................................................................1 Motorola 68360.........................................................................................................................................2 Motorola 68030.........................................................................................................................................3 Motorola MPC860 PowerQUICC............................................................................................................3 PMC-Sierra RM7061A.............................................................................................................................4 Broadcom BCM1250................................................................................................................................5 R4600.........................................................................................................................................................5 R5000.........................................................................................................................................................6 R7000.........................................................................................................................................................6 QuantumFlow Processor...........................................................................................................................6 -
Communication Theory II
Microprocessor (COM 9323) Lecture 2: Review on Intel Family Ahmed Elnakib, PhD Assistant Professor, Mansoura University, Egypt Feb 17th, 2016 1 Text Book/References Textbook: 1. The Intel Microprocessors, Architecture, Programming and Interfacing, 8th edition, Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2009 2. Assembly Language for x86 processors, 6th edition, K. R. Irvine, Prentice Hall, 2011 References: 1. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 5th edition, J. Hennessy, D. Patterson, Elsevier, 2012. 2. The 80x86 Family, Design, Programming and Interfacing, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002 3. The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers, Assembly Language, Design, and Interfacing, 4th edition, M.A. Mazidi and J.G. Mazidi, Prentice Hall, 2003 2 Lecture Objectives 1. Provide an overview of the various 80X86 and Pentium family members 2. Define the contents of the memory system in the personal computer 3. Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers 4. Differentiate and represent numeric and alphabetic information as integers, floating-point, BCD, and ASCII data 5. Understand basic computer terminology (bit, byte, data, real memory system, protected mode memory system, Windows, DOS, I/O) 3 Brief History of the Computers o1946 The first generation of Computer ENIAC (Electrical and Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was started to be used based on the vacuum tube technology, University of Pennsylvania o1970s entire CPU was put in a single chip. (1971 the first microprocessor of Intel 4004 (4-bit data bus and 2300 transistors and 45 instructions) 4 Brief History of the Computers (cont’d) oLate 1970s Intel 8080/85 appeared with 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus and used from traffic light controllers to homemade computers (8085: 246 instruction set, RISC*) o1981 First PC was introduced by IBM with Intel 8088 (CISC**: over 20,000 instructions) microprocessor oMotorola emerged with 6800. -
Intel: 3002, 4004, 4040, 8008, 8080, 8085, MCS48, MCS51, 80X86 up To
Intel: 3002, 4004, 4040, 8008, 8080, 8085, MCS-48, MCS-51, 80x86 up to 80386, 80860, 80960, SA-110 Intel 80486: 80486, 80486 overdrive Intel Pentium: Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium Overdrive, Mobile Pentium Intel Pentium II: Boxed Pentium II, Boxed Pentium Pro, Mobile Pentium II and Celeron modules Intel Pentium III: Pentium III markings, Mobile Pentium III and Celeron modules Intel modern CPUs: Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, Core Duo, Core Solo, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Extreme, Xeon, Pentium Dual Core, Celeron, Celeron D, Celeron Dual Core Intel 287 adapter Intel 3002 Intel 478-pin FC-PGA Thermal Sample Intel 80188 Intel 80486 Mech sample Intel 8080A Intel 80P23T-25 Intel A100 UM80536UC600512 Intel A110 UM80536UC800512 Intel A80186 Intel A80186-10 Intel A80188 Intel A80188-10 Intel A80286-10 Intel A80286-12 Intel A80286-8 Intel A80376-16 Intel A80376-20 Intel A80386-16 Intel A80386-20 Intel A80386-25 Intel A80386DX-16 Intel A80386DX-16 IV Intel A80386DX-20 Intel A80386DX-20 IV Intel A80386DX-25 Intel A80386DX-25 IV Intel A80386DX-33 IV Intel A80386DX16 Intel A80386EXI Intel A80387-16 Intel A80387-20 Intel A80387-20B Intel A80387-25 Intel A80387DX-16 (with logo) Intel A80387DX-16-33 Intel A80387DX-20 Intel A80387DX-25 Intel A80387DX-33 Intel A80486DX-33 Intel A80486DX-50 Intel A80486DX2-50 Intel A80486DX2-66 Intel A80486DX4-100 Intel A80486DX4-75 Intel A80486SX-16 Intel A80486SX-20 Intel A80486SX-25 Intel A80486SX-33 Intel A80486SX2-50 Intel A80487SX Intel A80860XP-40 Intel A80860XP-50 Intel A80860XR-25 Intel A80860XR-33 Intel -
Mikroişlemcilerin Tarihi
D9 Mikroişlemcilerin Tarihi 1 D9 Mikroişlemcilerin Tarihi Mikroişlemcili sistemlerin kalbi olarak kabul edilen mikroişlemciler, genel amaçlı elemanlardır ve farklı uygulamalarda amaca uygun olarak kullanılırlar. Kullandığımız bilgisayarlar ister masaüstü, ister sunucu isterse de dizüstü bilgisayar olsun tüm cihazlarda temel eleman mikroişlemcidir. 2 D9 Mikroişlemcilerin Tarihi Diğer taraftan kullandığımız mikroişlemci bir Pentium, Athlon, PowerPC, SPARC veya Alpha yada herhangi bir marka olabilir, ancak tüm işlemciler benzer yöntemlerle benzer işler gerçekleştirir. İşlemleri yerine getirmede mantıksal devreleri kullanan mikroişlemcilerde temel elektronik eleman olarak transistörler kullanılır. 3 D9 Mikroişlemcilerin Tarihi Mikroişlemcili sistemlerin ve bilgisayarların en önemli parçası olan bu eleman başlangıçtan günümüze kadar hızlı bir gelişim süreci sergilemiştir. 8086 işlemcisiyle beraber Intel ailesinin mikroişlemcilerde kullandığı mimariye Intel Mimarisi (Intel Architecture-IA) denilmiştir. 4 D9 Mikroişlemcilerin Tarihi Mikroişlemcileri bir kerede işleyebildikleri bit sayısına göre sınıflandırmaya tabi tutarsak; – 8 bitlik mikroişlemciler – 16 bitlik mikroişlemciler – 32 bitlik mikroişlemciler – 64 bitlik mikroişlemciler Şeklinde sınıflama yapabiliriz. 5 D9 Birinci Kuşak Mikroişlemciler Bu kuşak mikroişlemciler eski orijinal IBM PC, XT tipi ve benzer makinalarda kullanılmıştır. O günlerin şartlarına göre mükemmel fakat günümüze göre oldukça sınırlı yeteneklere sahip bu makinelerle günümüz makineleri kıyaslanırsa çok ilkel -
Prozessorenliste
Fach Bezeichnung Stepping Taktfrequenz Anmerkung 1A Intel C4001 7347 0,74 MHz ROM Intel P4002-1 0488D RAM Intel D4002-2 X1191128 RAM Intel P4003 F8956 Shift Register Intel P4004 5199W Prozessor Intel P1101A 7485 MOS SRAM 1B Intel D8008 I1220098 Intel P4040 5869W 1C Intel D3001 I3320035 Intel D3002 I3370036 1D Intel P8259A-2 L8360894 10 MHz PIC Intel P8254-2 L0421586 10 MHz PIT 1E Intel P8080A 2194B 2 MHz Intel P8086-2 L4151756B 5 MHz 1F Intel P8088 L5500345 5 MHz Intel C8087 L5380043 Math. CP 1G Intel P8031 L61100346 12 MHz Intel P8085 L5500055 3 MHz 1H Intel 8237A L0311554 5 MHz DMA Contr. Intel P8274 L7440107 MPSC Intel D8742 U2420277 12 MHz 8 Bit SMC 2A AMD N80186, N80186 91939DFE7 10 MHz, 12 MHz 335BCWD AMD 80286, Intel 80188 918KPSC L5322539 2B Intel 80286, 80286 L8500401 6, 12 MHz L9080860 2C Intel 80287 L9190444 10 MHz Math. CP 2D Intel 80286 L2140286 6 MHz Harris 80286 F3360 16MHz 2E Intel NG80386SX L1121576 16 MHz 2F Intel A82596SX SZ649 20 MHz 2G Intel 80486SX SX676 25 MHz 2H Intel A80501 SX835 60 MHz FDIV Bug 3A Intel Pentium II SL357 400 MHz Deschutes 3B Intel 80386DX SX366 33 MHz IIT 3C87 KY9220 40 MHz Math. CP 3C IT´s ST 80486DX4 100 MHz 3D UMC GREEN CPU U5S 9439K 33 MHz Not for US Sale 3E Intel 80386DX/DXL SX218 25 MHz IIT 3C87 ID9143.8 33MHz Math. CP 3F M27128AFI 88723S EPROM 3G Intel Pentium 4 SL79L 3,0 GHz Prescott Intel Pentium 4 SL6RZ 2,4 GHz Nortwood 3H Intel Celeron SL2WM 300 MHz Mendocino 4A Intel Pentium II SL357 400 MHz Deschutes 4B Intel i80960 L8373305B0 33 MHz RISC 4C Intel i80860XR SX438 40 MHz RISC 4D Intel -
Computer Architectures an Overview
Computer Architectures An Overview PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 25 Feb 2012 22:35:32 UTC Contents Articles Microarchitecture 1 x86 7 PowerPC 23 IBM POWER 33 MIPS architecture 39 SPARC 57 ARM architecture 65 DEC Alpha 80 AlphaStation 92 AlphaServer 95 Very long instruction word 103 Instruction-level parallelism 107 Explicitly parallel instruction computing 108 References Article Sources and Contributors 111 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 113 Article Licenses License 114 Microarchitecture 1 Microarchitecture In computer engineering, microarchitecture (sometimes abbreviated to µarch or uarch), also called computer organization, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented on a processor. A given ISA may be implemented with different microarchitectures.[1] Implementations might vary due to different goals of a given design or due to shifts in technology.[2] Computer architecture is the combination of microarchitecture and instruction set design. Relation to instruction set architecture The ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the execution model, processor registers, address and data formats among other things. The Intel Core microarchitecture microarchitecture includes the constituent parts of the processor and how these interconnect and interoperate to implement the ISA. The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be everything from single gates and registers, to complete arithmetic logic units (ALU)s and even larger elements. -
Upgrade of Linac Control System with New Vme Controllers at Spring-8
8th International Conference on Accelerator & Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, 2001, San Jose, California WEAT005 physics/0111131 UPGRADE OF LINAC CONTROL SYSTEM WITH NEW VME CONTROLLERS AT SPRING-8 T. Masuda, T. Ohata, T. Asaka, H. Dewa, T. Fukui, H. Hanaki, N. Hosoda, T. Kobayashi, M. Kodera, A. Mizuno, S. Nakajima, S. Suzuki, M. Takao, R. Tanaka, T. Taniuchi, Y. Taniuchi, H. Tomizawa, A. Yamashita, K. Yanagida SPring-8, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan Abstract In September 1999, we started to upgrade the present linac system to the new one by replacing a part of We integrated an injector linac control system to the hardware and introducing a standard software scheme as SPring-8 standard system in September 2000. As a result described in below. At this time, we also introduced the of this integration, the SPring-8 accelerator complex was standard database system for the linac control [3,4]. controlled by one unified system. Because the linac was Because the linac played a role as an injector to the continuously running as the electron beam injector not booster synchrotron and the NewSUBARU storage ring, it only for the SPring-8 storage ring but also for was necessary to avoid downtime due to the integration NewSUBARU, we had to minimize the hardware procedures. We separated the hardware upgrade work into modification to reduce the time for the development and two phases, that is, we replaced the system with minimum testing of the new control system. The integration method modification at the first phase and postponed an overall was almost the same as that of the integration of the replacement to the near future. -
RIP Architecture L Technical Information
L Technical Information RIP Architecture A raster image processor (RIP) is a computer with a very specific task to perform. It translates a series of computer commands into something that an output device can print. For an imagesetter, this means the instructions that instruct the laser to expose certain areas on the film. Acronyms ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit RIP architecture refers to the CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer 1An excellent source of design of the RIP, particularly CPU Central Processing Unit information on computer EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only technology is The Computer the hardware and software Memory Glossary by Alan Freedman. that make the RIP work. It is I/O Input/Output It is available from The impossible to discuss RIP MHz Megahertz Computer Language architecture without MIPS Million Instructions Per Second Company, (215) 297-5999. mentioning a number of 1 (also the name of a company that computer buzz words , many manufactures CPUs) of which are acronyms (see PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory list to right). And so to begin, RIP Raster Image Processor we’ll start with a review of RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer computer basics, and see how SPARC Scalable Performance ARChitecture those principles apply to RIPs. TAXI Transparent Asynchronous Xmitter receiver Interface XMO eXtended Memory Option Computer basics The CPU of a computer is where the bulk of the computing gets done. Microprocessor designations The CPU may also be called the Intel Corporation microprocessor if the CPU is built on a • 8080, 8088 single miniaturized electronic circuit (i.e. • 8086, 80286, 80386, 80486 chip).