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Der Ertrag Der Republikperiode (1912-1949) Für Die Modernisierung Des Chinesischen Rechts

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Der Ertrag Der Republikperiode (1912-1949) Für Die Modernisierung Des Chinesischen Rechts Heuser, Modernisierung des chinesischen Rechts, ZChinR 2009 AUFSÄTZE Der Ertrag der Republikperiode (1912-1949) für die Modernisierung des chinesischen Rechts Robert Heuser1 2 Die1während der ersten Dekade des 20. Jahr- ben betraut gewesen war, hatte keine Vorstellung hunderts2 betriebene Modernisierung des chinesi- von einem neuen System, einer neuen Ordnung schen Rechts hatte zwar systemare, konzeptionelle und keine Sympathie für politische Ideen und Insti- und terminologische Grundlagen geschaffen3, tutionen westlichen Ursprungs. In den Ereignissen erschöpfte sich aber weitgehend in der Erarbeitung seit 1911 erblickte er eher das mit einem Dynastie- von Gesetzesentwürfen, die wegen des baldigen wechsel einhergehende Chaos.5 Auch in der folgen- Niedergangs der Dynastie nicht mehr in Kraft tre- den 12-jährigen Periode der Regionalherrschaften ten konnten. Unter der an die Stelle der Monarchie (sog. junfa/Kriegsherren/warlords) konnte gesetz- getretenen Republik wurden die Modernisierungs- geberisch kaum etwas zum Abschluß gebracht wer- bemühungen fortgesetzt. Sie standen weiterhin den, dafür waren diese Jahre in intellektueller vornehmlich im Zeichen der Abschaffung der Hinsicht äußerst lebendig. Auch das Rechtsdenken Exterritorialität. Die Versailler Vertragsverhand- ist davon nicht unbeeindruckt geblieben. Mit dem lungen 1919 führten hierbei noch zu einer Verfesti- Jahre 1927 begannen unter der von der GMD in gung dergestalt, daß Japan durch den Vertrag Nanjing gegründeten Nationalregierung zehn rela- zugesichert wurde (Art. 156-158), in die von tiv stabile Jahre, während denen ein umfassendes Deutschland in Shandong aufzugebenden Privile- Gesetzgebungsprojekt nach dem andern abge- gien nachzufolgen. schlossen wurde und das System der chinesischen „Sechs Kodices“ zustande kam. Die Fülle der so Die Historiker sind sich darin einig, daß „die legislatorisch geschaffenen straf-, privat- und pro- Revolution von 1911 ihrem Wesen nach ein Zusam- zeßrechtlichen Konzepte konnte sich in den bald menbruch, nicht eine neue Schöpfung war“.4 Ein nach Fertigstellung des Kodifikationswerks einset- Neuanfang mit Sun Yatsen, der Ende 1911 in Nan- zenden internationalen und internen kriegerischen jing zum provisorischen Präsidenten eingesetzt Wirren nicht entfalten und wurde nach 1949 – sieht worden war, scheiterte nach wenigen Monaten. Der man ab von Taiwan – durch ein an der Sowjetunion dann eingesetzte Präsident Yuan Shikai (1859- orientiertes sozialistisches Entwicklungsmodell 1916), der seit den 1880er Jahren von der Qing- verdrängt. Seit den 1980 Jahren findet eine an Inten- Regierung mit verschiedenen militärischen Aufga- sität permanent zunehmende Rückbestimmung auf während der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte gewonnene Einsichten und Resultate der Rechtsmodernisie- 1 Prof. Dr. iur., M.A., Institut für Moderne China-Studien, Universität rung statt. Damit erweisen sich diese nicht mehr als Köln. 2 Abkürzungen: BDRC = Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Irrweg und Sackgasse früherer Reformbestrebun- (H. Boorman, R. Howard, eds.), 4 vols., New York and London, 1967- gen, sondern zunehmend als Quelle der Inspiration 1971; BFYJ = Bijiaofa yanjiu; FXJ = Faxuejia; FXPL = Faxue pinglun; und Referenzmaterial für die legislatorischen Her- GMD = Guomindang; JöR = Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts; NOAG = 6 Nachrichten der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens ausforderungen der Gegenwart. (OAG); XDFX = Xiandai faxue; ZFLT = Zhengfa luntan; ZGFX = Zhong- guo faxue. 3 Dazu Robert Heuser, Beginn eines Jahrhundertprojekts: Die Rechtsre- form unter der Späten Qing-Dynastie (1903-1911), in: ZChinR 2008, S. 193-205. 4 So John K. Fairbank, Geschichte des modernen China 1800-1985, deut- 5 Er konnte in dieser Sicht auch dadurch bestärkt werden, dass das sche Ausgabe, München 1989, S.170. Diese Revolution war gegen die Abdankungsedikt vom 12.02.1912 in der Begründung der Abdankung Herrschaft der Adelsschicht des Mandschurenvolkes gerichtet, sie hatte an die traditionelle Staatslehre anknüpfte, wonach die Legitimation zu eine rassistische Spitze. „Once the Manchu Emperor was removed, the herrschen (das „Himmelsmandat“) verloren geht, sobald der Herrscher arrow had no further target“ (Jerome Ch’en, Yuan Shih-K’ai 1859-1916, sich unfähig zeigt, die sittliche Weltordnung und damit auch die Wohl- London 1961, S. 135). fahrt des Volkes zu verbürgen. (Vgl. H.F. MacNair, op. cit., S. 721 ff.). 123 Heuser, Modernisierung des chinesischen Rechts, ZChinR 2009 A Beyyang-Gesetzgebung und Rechtsidee der zurück und leitete dort die neu gegründete Kodifi- Neuen Kulturbewegung (1912-1927) kationskommission. Sein Stellvertreter war der Kantonese Luo Wen’gan (1888-1941), der von 1906- I. Fortsetzung der Qing-Rechtsreform 1910 in Oxford zum Rechtsanwalt ausgebildet wor- den war und 1922 Justizminister in der Pekinger, 1. Neue Kodifikationskommission 1932 in der GMD-Regierung in Nanjing wurde.11 Da es sich bei dem „Republik China“ genannten Ein weiterer Vizevorsitzender der Kommission war Staat dem Anspruch nach um ein neues politisches Dong Kang (1867-1947), der in den 1890er Jahren System handelte, fiel nun der Verfassungsgesetzge- noch im Strafministerium (xingbu) tätig gewesen bung, die in den letzten Qing-Jahren zaghaft und war. Ende 1905 hatte er zu den Personen gehört, die nur formal begonnen hatte, eine größere Rolle zu. nach Japan zum Rechtsstudium geschickt worden Am 11. März 1912 trat die unter Leitung von Song waren. 1914 wurde er Präsident des Obersten 12 Jiaoren (1882-1913) ausgearbeitete „Vorläufige Ver- Gerichts. Mitglieder der Kommission waren auch fassung der Republik China“ (Zhonghua minguo Ausländer: der Franzose Georges Padoux, der als linshi yuefa) in Kraft.7 Song Jiaoren war ein naher französischer Diplomat bereits in Thailand (Siam) Mitarbeiter Sun Yatsens seit der Gründung der in der Gesetzgebungsberatung tätig gewesen war Tongmenghui 1905 in Japan, wo Song u.a. Recht stu- und zwei Japaner, 1921 kam der Franzose Jean 13 diert hatte.8 Hier ist Song zu erwähnen, weil er im Escarra hinzu. Januar 1912 zum Direktor des neu etablierten Gesetzgebungsbüros (fazhiyuan) ernannt wurde. 2. Gewohnheitsrechtsforschung Diesem oblag die Aufgabe, das Rechtsmodernisie- Gegenstände der Kommissionsarbeit waren rungswerk der Späten Qing fortzusetzen, was aber neben der Umarbeitung der von der Späten Qing mit dem Machtantritt Yuan Shikais und der Rück- hinterlassenen Gesetzesentwürfe auf dem Gebiet verlegung der Hauptstadt nach Peking im März des Straf-, Zivil-, Handels- und Prozeßrechts die 1912 beendet war, bevor es beginnen konnte. Song Erforschung der lokalen Gewohnheitsrechte und befaßte sich nun mit der Umorganisation der Tong- Rechtsbräuche. Diese Tätigkeit hatte schon unter menghui in eine für die kommenden innenpoliti- der Gesetzesrevisionsbehörde Shen Jiabens begon- schen Auseinandersetzungen geeignete politische nen und wurde seit Anfang der 20er Jahre bis 1925 Partei, wodurch im August 1912 die GMD zustande fortgeführt. 1930 veröffentlichte die GMD-Regie- kam.9 rung den „Bericht über die Untersuchung von 14 Die Pekinger Zentralregierung richtete 1916 Gewohnheiten in Zivil- und Handelssachen.“ Für eine neue Kodifikationskommission ein (fadian bian- die Gesetzgebung ist er dadurch bedeutsam gewor- zuan hui, ab 1918 xiuding falü guan) mit Wang den, daß das 1929/30 schließlich zustande gekom- Chonghui (1881-1958) als Vorsitzendem. Wang, mene ZGB häufig auf Gewohnheiten insofern Sohn eines protestantischen Pfarrers, hatte seine Bezug nimmt, als die betreffende gesetzliche Rege- Schulbildung in Hongkong genossen, studierte spä- lung nur gilt, sofern keine Gewohnheit entgegen- ter Rechtswissenschaft in USA, England und steht. Etwa wenn es dort heißt: „Der Eigentümer Deutschland, übersetzte 1907 das deutsche BGB ins eines Grundstückes mit einem Wasserlauf darf das Englische und wurde unter Yuan Shikai Justiz- 10 minister im Kabinett Tang Shaoyi. Nachdem 11 BDRC, vol. 2, S. 438 ff. Luo schloß sich 1938 der 1934 von Zhang Jun- Tang schon im Juni 1912 wegen Yuan Shikais Miß- mai (Zhang Jiasen/Carsun Chang) in Tianjin gegründeten Staatssozia- len Partei (guojia shehui dang) an. (Sie propagierte auf der Grundlage achtung der Verfassung zurückgetreten war, trat eines parlamentarischen Systems und dem Prinzip der loyalen Opposi- auch Wang zurück und übernahm den Posten eines tion ein Mehrparteiensystem und auf der Grundlage des Privateigen- Vizepräsidenten der Shanghaier Fudan-Universität. tums staatliche Kontrolle von Schlüsselindustrien). 12 In den zwanziger Jahren war er auch als Rechtsprofessor an der Su- Nach Yuan Shikais Tod kehrte er nach Peking zhou-Universität Law School in Shanghai tätig. Ab 1937 arbeitete er in Peking mit den Japanern zusammen. (Vgl. BDRC, 3 Bd., S. 340 f.). 13 Vgl. dessen Le droit chinois, Pékin, Paris 1936, S. 109. Kurz nach seiner 6 Statt vieler: Wu Keyou, Die zivil- und handelsrechtliche Gesetzgebung Berufung erstattete er der Kommission einen Bericht über Les Problèmes der Republik China und ihre beispielgebende Bedeutung (Jiu zhongguo Généraux de la Codification du Droit Privé Chinois, Pékin, 1922, in dem min-shang lifa ji qi jiejian yiyi), in: Min-shang-fa luncong, Bd. 10 (1998), er die Fragen erörterte, ob das Obligationsrecht vorab kodifiziert wer- S. 252 ff. den und ob darin das Handelsrecht enthalten sein sollte. Denn „dans leurs relations commerciales avec la Chine, c’est, avant tout, en matière 7 Dazu Robert Heuser, Der offene Weg: Ein Jahrhundert chinesischer Ver- d’obligations, que les étrangers ont besoin d’une législation
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