I “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR

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I “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” i KATA PENGANTAR Assalammu’alaikum Wr.Wb. Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas limpahan rahmat dan karunianya semata sehingga Buku Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Proses Penganggaran Berbasis Kearifan Lokal ini dapat tersusun dengan baik . Buku ini bertujuan untuk menyampaikan berbagai gagasan pemikiran hasil kajian maupun penelitian dalam upaya mengembangkan pengetahuan dan wawasan keilmuan secara teoritis maupun praktis. Perkembangan zaman tidak mempengaruhi aktivitas lokal yang dilakukan di Suku Tengger sebagai kajian dalam buku ini. Proses penganggaran yang merupakan aktivitas rutin dilakukan di berbagai tingkatan, baik desa, kecamatan, kabupaten, propinsi maupun negara merupakan proses untuk menjaring aspirasi masyarakat karena pada hakekatnya masyarakat yang tahu kebutuhannya. Hadirnya buku ini semoga memberi gambaran terhadap proses penganggaran daerah yang ada di Pemrintah Daerah. Kami menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa dalam penyusunan buku ini masih terdapat kekurangan maupun keterbatasan, untuk itu kritik dan saran sebagai upaya perbaikan dan kesempurnaan sangat diharapkan. Dalam kesempatan ini tidak lupa perkenankan kami mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Universitas Widyagama Malang serta berbagai pihak yang membantu terlaksananya kegiatan smeinar dan tersusunnya prosiding ini. Wassalammualaikum Wr.Wb. Malang, 2 Oktober 2017 Penulis Ana Sopanah “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” i PROSES PENGANGGARAN DAERAH BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL Penyusun : Dr. Ana Sopanah, SE.,Ak.,CA.,CMA.,CIBA. Penerbit : Badan Penerbitan Universitas Widyagama Malang Jl. Borobudur 35 Malang, 65128 Tahun Terbit : 2017 iiii “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... ii Bab 1. Pendahuluan ................................................................................... 1 A. Good Governance B. Dasar Hukum Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan C. Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan D. Mekanisme Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan E. Partisipasi Masyarakat Jauh Dari Harapan 1. Partisipasi Semu 2. Dominasi Penguasa F. Implementasi Nilai Lokal Dalam Perencanaan dan Penganggaran G. Sekilas Partisipasi Masyarakat Suku Tengger Bab 2. Suku Tengger, Melawan Modernisasi dengan Mempertahankan Budaya Lokal .................................................................................12 A. Desa-desa Tengger 1. Desa Ngadiwono 2. Desa Wonokitri 3. Desa Ngadas a. Sistem Pemerintahan Desa Ngadas b. Adat Istiadat Desa Ngadas 4. Desa Ranupane 5. Desa Ngadisari B. Asal-usul Suku Tengger 1. Asal Usul Nama Tengger C. Sistem Pemerintahan D. Kepercayaan dan Agama E. Kebiasaan, Adat dan Budaya F. Pendidikan G. Mata Pencaharian Bab 3. Menggali Kearifan Lokal Ritual Adat Tengger ........................... 37 A. Pengertian dan Konsep Nilai Kearifan Lokal “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” iii B. Menggali Nilai Kearifan Lokal Suku Tengger Melalui Ritual Adat 1. Kepatuhan Melaksanakan Upacara Adat 2. Kegotong Royongan Mempersiapkan dan Mengikuti Upacara Adat 3. Kejujuran Melaksanakan Upacara Adat C. Internalisasi Nilai Kearifan Lokal Dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Tengger 1. Aturan Adat 2. Konsep Hidup 3. Kelembagaan 4. Konsep Ruang - Kepala Administrasi dan Kepala Adat (Dukun) 5. Kebiasaan dan Sikap Hidup 6. Penganggaran Bab 4. Kepatuhan: Partisipasi Masyarakat Suku Tengger Dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan ....................................................... 57 A. Potret Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan 1. Kepatuhan Suku Tengger Melaksanakan Musrenbang Desa 2. Musrenbang Kecamatan Sukapura – Hanya Sebatas Formalitas 3. Forum Sinkronisasi Kecamatan dan SKPD Kabupaten Probolinggo – Dominasi Birokrasi 4. Musrenbang Kabupaten Probolinggo: Pertemuan Multi Stakeholders – Dominasi Pejabat B. Kendala Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Perencanaan Penganggaran: Sebuah Persoalan Bersama 1. Eksekutif dan legislatif sengaja membatasi partisipasi tidak langsung yang tidak memiliki konsekuensi mengikat mereka (no binding) iviv “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” 2. Penganggaran daerah terikat pada skedul yang ketat dan berkaitan d 3. Penganggaran dianggap wilayah sakral eksekutif dan legislatif engan penganggaran di level pemerintahan yang lebih tinggi 4. Keterbatasan informasi kunci dan dokumen perencanaan pembangunan C. Harmonisasi Musrenbang Formal Versus Informal: Sebuah Indeksikalitas Kepatuhan 1. Musrenbang Desa Tengger 2. Rembug Warga Tengger Bab 5. Kegotongroyongan: Partisipasi Masyarakat Suku Tengger Dalam Pelaksanaan Pembangunan ............................................ 82 A. Dominasi Penguasa dalam Pembangunan Menyebabkan Kegagalan B. Realisasi Pembangunan Hasil Musrenbangdes Suku Tengger – Desa Ngadisari C. Indeksikalitas Kegotongroyongan: Berpartisipasi Dalam Pelaksanaan Pembangunan 1. Sayan 2. Sesanti pancasetia D. Mempertahankan nilai kegotong royongan, mendukung pelaksanaan pembangunan Bab 6. Kejujuran: Bentuk Pertanggungjawaban Ala Masyarakat Suku Tengger ......................................................................................... 99 A. Ceremonial Accountability: Sebuah Akuntabilitas Formal B. Menguak Motif di Balik Panggung Pertanggungjawaban Langsung “Ala Rakyat” Bupati Probolinggo C. Indeksialitas Kejujuran Dalam Pertanggungjawaban Petingi Suku Tengger Bab 7. Refleksivitas Nilai Kearifan Lokal: Memformalkan Kelembagaan Partisipasi Masyarakat ............................................................... 114 “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” v A. Musrenbang Dalam Dilema 1. Kekurangan Musrenbang 2. Kearifan Lokal, Solusi Kekurangan Musrenbang B. Menghidupkan Kembali Nilai Kearifan Lokal: Mengurangi Dominasi Kekuasaan Bab 8. Formalisasi “Rembug Tengger”: Sebagai Model Partisipasi Berbasis Kearifan Lokal .............................................................120 Bab 9. Penutup ....................................................................................... 122 DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................126 vivi “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” Bab 1 Pendahuluan Dalam kosep good governance, ada tiga stakeholder utama yang saling berinteraksi dan menjalankan fungsinya masing-masing, yaitu negara, sektor swasta, dan masyarakat (Sukardi, 2005; 37) Wong Tengger tidak paham good governance, tetapi semua masyarakat, tokoh adat, pamong desa bekerja bersama-sama untuk menciptakan pemerintahan desa yang baik dan transparan (Supoyo, Petinggi Tengger, 30 Januari 2010) A. Good Governance Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, di negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia, isu good governance menjadi perdebatan. Hal tersebut dikarenakan ada tuntutan perubahan dalam pengelolaan kehidupan kenegaraan. Perubahan dari sisi pemerintah yang diharapkan adalah perubahan dalam penggunaan sumber daya publik yang lebih efisien dan efektif (Edralin, 1997; Gaebler dan Osborne, 1992; 184; Yeremias, 2000; 2, Sumarto, 2004; 1, Sukardi, 2009; 36). Sementara itu, perubahan dari sisi masyarakat terdapat peningkatan demokratisasi yang ditandai salah satunya dengan peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan urusan publik (Callahan, 2002; Ebdon, 2002; Muluk, 2007; dan Syarifudin, 2010). Kendati sering disebut dalam berbagai peristiwa dan forum oleh berbagai kalangan, pengertian good governance masih berlainan antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Beberapa institusi global yang sukses “mengekspor” paket good governance ke seluruh dunia di antaranya United Nation Development Program (UNDP), World Bank, dan Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). UNDP (1997) mendefinisikangovernance sebagai “the exercise of political, economic, and administrative authority to manage a nation’s affair at all levels”. Sementara Word Bank (2006) mendefinisikan good governance sebagai “the way state power is used in managing economic and social resources for development of society”. Sedangkan CIDA (1997) mendefinisikan good governance sebagai upaya pemerintah untuk menciptakan keefektifan, kejujuran, transparansi, dan akuntabilitas. Berbeda dengan definisi yang disampaikan oleh UNDP dan World Bank, Effendi (2005) menyatakan bahwa good governance merupakan suatu proses “Proses Penganggaran Daerah Berbasis Kearifan Lokal” 1 yang dinamis dan berlangsung secara terus-menerus, sedangkan prinsip transparansi, akuntabilitas, dan partisipasi dianggap sebagai nilai intrinsik bagi setiap proses. Sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam kutipannya sebagai berikut: “Ada tiga pilar pokok yang mendukung kemampuan suatu bangsa dalam melaksanakan good governance yakni: goverment (pemerintah), civil society (masyarakat adat, masyarakat madani, masyarakat sipil), dan pasar atau dunia usaha. Good governance akan tercapai apabila dalam penerapan otoritas politik, ekonomi dan administrasi ketiga pilar tersebut setara dan sinerjik. Interaksi dan kemitraan tersebut dapat berkembang baik jika ada kepercayaan (trust), transparansi, partisipasi, serta tata aturan yang jelas dan pasti. Good governance yang sehat juga akan berkembang sehat dibawah kepemimpinan yang berwibawa dan memiliki visi yang jelas” (Sukardi, 2009; 38) Berdasarkan konsep governance di atas, Sukardi (2009; 41) membagi konsep tersebut dalam dua alur pemikiran.
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